NOTES FOR MATH GEN.

Study Guide for Functions - Grade 11

General Mathematics Q1
1. Definitions
 Function: A function is a relation where each element of the
domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. This
means that for every input, there is a unique output. 1
 Domain: The domain of a function is the complete set of
possible values of the independent variable (input). 2
 Range: The range is the set of all possible output values
(dependent variable) that a function can produce. 2

2. Types of Functions
 Linear Functions: Functions that can be represented by the
equation y=mx+by=mx+b, where mm is the slope and bb is
the y-intercept.
 Quadratic Functions: Functions represented by the
equation y=ax2+bx+cy=ax2+bx+c. The graph of a quadratic
function is a parabola.

3. Representation of Functions
 Mapping Diagrams: A visual representation that shows how
each element in the domain is paired with an element in the
range. For example, if the input values are 10, 20, 30, and 40,
and the output values are 15, 25, 35, and 45, you can visualize
this relationship in a mapping diagram. 3

4. Important Concepts
  Identifying Functions: To determine if a relationship is a
function, check if any input corresponds to more than one
output. If it does, it is not a function. 4

5. Examples

 Example of a Function: The equation y=2x+1y=2x+1 is a

function because for every value of xx, there is exactly one
corresponding value of yy.
 Example of a Non-Function: The relation defined
by x2+y2=1x2+y2=1 is not a function because a single value
of xx can correspond to two different values of yy. 5

6. Practice Questions
 Define the terms domain and range.
 Given a mapping diagram, determine if the relationship is a
function.
 Write the equation of a linear function given two points.
This study guide should provide a solid foundation for understanding
functions in Grade 11 General Mathematics. Make sure to review
each section and practice with examples to reinforce your
understanding
Study Notes on Domain and Range
Key Concepts

 Domain: The set of all possible input values (x-values) for a

function.
 Range: The set of all possible output values (y-values) for a
function.

Finding Domain and Range

1. Identifying Domain:
o The domain consists of the first coordinates from ordered
pairs in a relation.
o Example: For the relation F={(1,2),(2,2),(3,5),
(4,5)}F={(1,2),(2,2),(3,5),(4,5)}, the domain is {1, 2, 3,
4} 1.
2. Identifying Range:
o The range consists of the second coordinates from
ordered pairs in a relation.
o Example: For the same relation FF, the range is {2, 5} 1.

Important Notes

 The domain must exclude any values that make the function
undefined, such as division by zero.
 Example: If a function has a denominator that equals zero, the
output is undefined 2.

Example Problems

1. Given Relation: F={(1,2),(2,3),(3,4),(4,5)}F={(1,2),(2,3),(3,4),

(4,5)}
 o Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}
o Range: {2, 3, 4, 5}
2. Function with Restrictions:
o For f(x)=1x−2f(x)=x−21:

 Domain: All real numbers except x=2x=2 (since the

denominator cannot be zero).
 Range: All real numbers except y=0y=0 (the
function never outputs zero).

Summary

 Always identify the first coordinates for the domain and the
second coordinates for the range.
 Be cautious of undefined values in the domain, particularly
with fractions.
These notes should help you grasp the concepts of domain and
range effectively! If you have any specific examples or further
questions, feel free to ask

Study Notes on Piecewise Functions

Definition
  A piecewise function is defined by multiple equations, where
each equation applies to a specific interval of the domain. For
example, if we have a function f(x)f(x), it can be expressed
as:f(x)=<mathpixcontent="{3x+2if x≥0−x2+3if x<0"></mathpix>f
(x)=<mathpixcontent="{3x+2−x2+3if x≥0if x<0"></
mathpix>This means for xx values greater than or equal to 0,
we use the equation 3x+23x+2, and for xx values less than 0,
we use −x2+3−x2+3 1.

Graphing Piecewise Functions

 To graph a piecewise function:
1. Identify the intervals: Determine where each piece of
the function applies.
2. Graph each piece: Plot the equations on their respective
intervals.
3. Check for continuity: Ensure that the function connects
smoothly at the boundaries of the intervals.
Example
 For the function defined above:
o Graph 3x+23x+2 for x≥0x≥0.

o Graph −x2+3−x2+3 for x<0x<0.

This creates a graph that changes slope at x=0x=0.

Applications
 Piecewise functions can model real-world scenarios, such as
billing systems or rates that change based on usage. For
instance, a mobile phone plan might charge differently based
on the number of messages sent 2.
Example Application
 LetT(M)T(M) represent the total cost based on the number of
messages MM:T(M)=<mathpixcontent="{10if M≤10010+
(M−100)⋅0.10if M>100"></
 mathpix>T(M)=<mathpixcontent="{1010+(M−100)⋅0.10if
M≤100if M>100"></mathpix>This means if you send 100
messages or fewer, you pay a flat fee
of 10.Foreverymessageover100,youpayanadditional10.Foreve
rymessageover100,youpayanadditional0.10 per
message.

Key Points to Remember

 Piecewise functions are useful for modeling scenarios with
different conditions.
 Always check the continuity at the boundaries of the
intervals.
 Graphing involves plotting each piece according to its defined
interval.
Use these notes to understand and apply piecewise functions
effectively!

Study Notes on Function Evaluation

Understanding Functions

 Definition: A function is a relation that assigns each input

exactly one output.

Evaluating Functions

 To evaluate a function, you replace the variable in the function

with a specific value from its domain. For example, if you have
 a function F(x)F(x), to evaluate it at aa, you write F(a)F(a) and
substitute aa for xx in the function definition 1.
Steps to Evaluate a Function
1. Identify the Function: Know the function you are working
with, e.g., F(x)=x2F(x)=x2.
2. Substitute the Value: Replace xx with the desired value. For
example, to evaluate F(1.5)F(1.5):
o F(1.5)=(1.5)2=2.25F(1.5)=(1.5)2=2.25 2.

Example Functions

 Example 1: Given Q(x)=x2−2x+2Q(x)=x2−2x+2:

o To evaluate at x=2x=2:
 Q(2)=22−2(2)+2=4−4+2=2Q(2)=22−2(2)+2=4−4+2=2 3
.
 Example 2: Evaluating F(x)=x2F(x)=x2 at x=2x=2:
o F(2)=22=4F(2)=22=4 4.
Key Points to Remember

 Always substitute the variable with the correct value from the
domain.
 Perform the operations step-by-step to avoid mistakes.
 Double-check your calculations for accuracy.

Practice Questions

 Evaluate the function F(x)=3x+5F(x)=3x+5 at x=4x=4.

 What is Q(1)Q(1) for the function Q(x)=x2−2x+2Q(x)=x2−2x+2?
These notes should help you grasp the concept of function
evaluation and provide a solid foundation for further studies!
Study Notes on Algebraic Expressions
Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions
Key Concepts
 To add or subtract algebraic expressions, you often need to
find a common denominator, especially when dealing with
fractions.
 Least Common Denominator (LCD): The smallest number
that can be divided evenly by all denominators in the
expression.
Example Problem
 Find the sum of 1331 and 2552:
1. Identify the denominators: 3 and 5.
2. The LCD of 3 and 5 is 15.
3. Convert each fraction:
o 13=51531=155
o 25=61552=156
4. Add the fractions:
o 5/15+6/15=1115155+156=1511 1

Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Key Concepts
 When multiplying fractions, multiply the numerators together
and the denominators together.
  You can simplify before multiplying by canceling common
factors.
Example Problem
 Find the product of 10212110 and 158815:
1. Multiply the numerators: 10×15=15010×15=150.
2. Multiply the denominators: 21×8=16821×8=168.
3. The product is 150168168150.
4. Simplify by finding common factors (both divisible by 6):
o 150÷6168÷6=2528 168÷6150÷6=2825 2

General Steps for Operations

1. Identify the operation: Addition, subtraction, multiplication,
or division.
2. Find the LCD for addition and subtraction.
3. Convert fractions to have the same denominator if
necessary.
4. Perform the operation: Add, subtract, multiply, or divide as
required.
5. Simplify the result if possible.

Practice Problems

 Add 2772 and 314143.

 Multiply 4994 and 3553.
 Subtract 512125 from 712127.
These notes should help you grasp the fundamental operations
involving algebraic expressions. Make sure to practice the examples
and problems provided!

Study Notes on Algebraic Expressions

Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions

Key Concepts
 To add or subtract algebraic expressions, you often need to
find the least common denominator (LCD) for fractions
involved. This ensures that all fractions can be combined
effectively.
Example
 To find the sum of 1331 and 2552:
1. Identify the denominators: 3 and 5.
2. The LCD of 3 and 5 is 15.
3. Convert each fraction:
o 13=51531=155
o 25=61552=156
4. Add the fractions: \frac{5}{15} + \frac{6}{15} = \
frac{11}{15} $$ <chunk>b6ee6fba-60ca-4078-af97-
f60493006d68</chunk>

Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Key Concepts
 When multiplying fractions, you can multiply the numerators
together and the denominators together. Simplification may be
necessary.
Example
 To find the product of 10212110 and 158815:
1. Multiply the numerators: 10×15=15010×15=150
2. Multiply the denominators: 21×8=16821×8=168
3. The product is:150168168150
4. Simplify if possible (both can be divided by 6): \frac{25}
{28} $$ <chunk>f094b942-dfb8-4aa3-abb7-
9831ac0c59f6</chunk>

Important Steps for Operations

 Finding the Least Common Denominator:

o List the multiples of each denominator.
o Identify the smallest multiple that is common to both
lists.
  Simplifying Fractions:
o Factor both the numerator and the denominator.
o Cancel out any common factors.

Practice Problems

1. Add 34+5643+65.
2. Subtract 710−15107−51.
3. Multiply 1215×9101512×109.
These notes should help you grasp the basics of operations with
algebraic expressions! If you have any questions or need further
examples, feel free to ask!