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Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture Notes of BCA and B Tech Student

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pawan kumar
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19 views

Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture Notes of BCA and B Tech Student

Uploaded by

pawan kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Onit-I Codlest- in instwction Code 14 a gto jnatsuct the Ht Listeuction Cade a “Qf bits thag esfasrn a SbCcifie Operation. Code - cormpures to Aan inataucton 1 Stoved in binay Coal Statement / An thotauction Code ia Q Command ox to -peafoam ome action in the compuses + Ad we: Janolo a compuser Can Undewstand only wo Symbols that oft: + So every instaecrions rmudt be ri 4o the: compures in the foam a 2 Go o'd and J'4- . an inarucHsn code & a Lo % I6— Dita 1 which ty divided into -+tnree pa @p oh-LWosld — jin > off eet ox opeard: 6377360399 9 ae am . ) Mow , name the tisat heading actolveed Conaicl Wows [al Words] ve ous Hernoxy Hone need aflenat 19 dyjtes identity a Hemoxy Wwathy zniquely : - So Gddseas part GC} clus inshruction —Cocte compains §|2- bits 4x0 [oto | ee bs ce preeeise gt ea the Add seeing mode Cater mn ued [4 >a dpeaty and 4 tox ind'sed addtain # Ol yyode] chisect adal seaaing Qn “the 1S" bit the inawuttion Code The Hethod th hich a 4axqer addxess OF id 8€Cogni2 wi i “ine emecive addsess fnapeuction: - \ “They Clorsitied into two paatd a) Oixect addsensing | &) Lnctevect add sessing i a) Divect acta yeaaing 5 The addsess ted Contain, =[iboolute) pre eryecve addscas % +h Op evar - * This add sessing mode reguised ore memory weqexence on : -2n hia rede, the ache | — = field Containg setewence Gf the eHective addxcad- + sequined two memo seqenencey « : » Md ta a slave in com{yasinon to hse addssessing }ernoxy q a0 | deo [-The inshucton in addin 25 hos rode bu Tel J [The addvtss ord ig the binary 6 quvaltrs | @\ 3co- [+ the optzird dound in Qdedlots (350 % then added to the Contin @4 AC uepies 19040 amend a] poe | My P ‘ CPs Sp eee 2p ¢ i o 9 NUS | e 4 Ka | i } | | ———s # Acumufaros veqigler +> This veaiaier ta ound < : in sin eS process and i -peatoms operations — With memaxy obevandy. Teen eee ee ene taht # 0? Code ra Q¢ dtandsy 408 opeaationae Cocle) = =» 3 bile [19,1314] ave used to pect yne operation to “be perfosmed - _ - Such Operations Lhe Add Huptaac, Melty sg opesations * l, . Te optsation CoA mud consists atleadt __ o_o given 3” ¢ digtinct opesations- 4 Mdd’seds *? Conideaing ous memory 0% Yogs wo Se 19 iy identity a memos word niga se ae UD odes 4q art ous ingtyuChion Code o tot . q a G@ python-woalt_in ESHER 49— TystaucHon dosmeadt 12 1 0 Is_ 14 Pious ye = eucoy +4p% 3) Prepay @ 5 4) Data tanater a . 9) Data Manipulation — thy “ : I. pond o : Vv Cause @4 dato {xo _ one (olation fo anothes Arc those Hat — mahing @b4 < Ayithoud Changing the perfosm asitmelty 4 change dH ¢ aos tege, sigh 2829 pan lf > Hon tne if Compuder Registen > Regiates axe. inbuil# memo [ = focation inside the CPO ~ and Jpaovide the 4aateat access * Regiastens ave Limied in Number Clue fo ther vey igh Coat: ; Sty > an Clectsonic Component thas towed infosmadion in toym o bits to % 0 and d: + Regiates mares the -pocessos 4adtes- © Regier wea the cells 4o Stove bid tha ia Cobled- 40ip {op = Regiater rade up % roultible Cells thot contain -bitd- + Udu regiatews axe 816 and 39 bit dut Commanly 39 bits seqistess Gre used + Reqiatesd axe a type memo dued to quickly Pere pand trrates ddta and —insfauch‘ond- “The Computes needs precedsos agus tos Hanifptcleting Data Gnd. a seAiates fos holding the Hem oy add st: > Tube Reg idtess P abawing irs ) a 4) 4C [ Aecurnulatos ] a) DR [ Data regiaiers ] 3) AR [Addaea vegisterd) 4) PC FP Proquam xe igiesa} > ola u) idles) G Python-world fn 5) TR [ Ter 6) LR [Dnsructon weaidtead) 6377369399 1) TNPR Eonpud reajaterd ] 8) OOTR [ outbut deqiaterd | 4) Bela e tf q = = SO fg iH Dupre: > Ub a Processor 5CGidte, | “THis id He moat foeqerd iy wed seplary Aue to Store cata faben 4yom mem ory - 1+ Size Avould be 16 bits dtave trom 0 fo 15. \a — Regiohes pita: I6 Yurpooe:> holds memory operand | + The operand i dtoved in the Data Req inter | Axor memox4 e Uohen a duke ow inclixect Ode sensing obevand i \ found +i id -placed ih the Data ~ seqistes- (+ woosd dize in Ray 16 bid go Das aegisie | Size wold be_lé- | 8) Add sees Register 7, \ \ \ \ Bita:> 1g Jurpooe:> holds @h address for Hemory ie CIV needs yead and trite Cada on memory: + Thid weaister id twed to dior mmemaay Suaed | 04 clea 408 (9D: 84 will tore tte adelweuy | _opeyands, on | uohich opeyasiond fo be ptrfatmed Ay te gtoyed | the oclelstas 1 these we 19 bY to blenny 0. | | | | Jpastarinr addxes iin memory : (-Consclering ux memayL O} Hong = 9” wore] + The Size OY OR to Cyyae “to Awidih oy Hem addstsd id dinechly related ty dize : Memosy be i Cordainy an % de mere yy! | Uy) Pesoqiuarn Counter: ev — = iho JZ Yuspose> ye holds the adldisess ay the indtyuction: + Stores Addacas O need indtsuction place in memau Sr points only “thoy Location whet fnatsuction ; exidt- Q6 Location id empty t+ 4will heves -porrds it- gs size Would be 12 Pg ° Every -soqram in Computes had Fanny ination IngtsuCHons ave ere fn Bur ~ all sequence 1 one ty one 4x0 top to bottom, to yun Qa psagsan tuhen the CPU id erecudin any paryiculas natucHon i to be eretuted nett: ~ The addsess um the nett induction = Mtoxed iin i lates ANawN ad Psogaam Counter | Q Ch becauge the pyoquam Counter Stoas the addaeds, we need 12 bites fo Identity a tnique adelaeas in memos [ cohaides'rg ous “memeky ib Y Yoe 4gords = 9? Words J Gp © | G oh-WOsld _ jn 5) Te aor Register: oe 5) Tempo y Regiat 3 Mais, 6377369399 Quapore: tala “Temporary data » The fembomnay deyioter 1d “used +o hold Temporary Clata- “Ao Te ova Sie oto lata, the ho a 4th ie Containd wy the Same @ the number its fn the dato A00rdl » & i aloe the onl le sead = And = waitin ~more~ than one Single fhd4gucH on - thot Gan be ina 6) Thsruchoy ketqigits- ae Oe Bitors 16 ; , | Pursppore *> hold an IaretCton . T 1a modt dignkfiGard bits if 0 ip means lit adolsess 214 Ud 4 then Y ghowd indive dae snot Loca Tq value of 0 ther clinectly 9° on i laos” juch dota and ives 0 accumula ; g indirect addlacedn9 > yoo 4 gt yatue 4 means ne to Jo jt Pocatio? Aghith poird to amd fined points 40 ad pocasion tren Hele 4 will snd Cada" : Ly pexana hog address y data on qpnich we hove fo peso operasion” 1) input nee Bite £8 = U= quapose:> pols Input Chaxader Jay dtos® dhe Chawactes uonithn 16 Cusse ent ox inputed 04 the crasacter 2) one te: i bye = 8 bit] TPR take 4 byte ~ Recieved data xo input clevicea bike noude; peypoard ec and provide that data to Qccum b and (0° 3) Ouutptet Reg iste + Bita> § Jusppove- holds ouput Chawacter’ at dtosea tre Chavackes to be ottpuded [ ma painted — J] ao the Chavatey ia one [I pyre = 8 bite) 4 nye yeceivs data fxm ALU and gi ’ : VQ) to ud devices Like peirdes vanes oe te Basic Compbusews veqiaieas ard Hernooy ‘ oS [6 bits hex Lord: Oo a tot ws 1 5 am] ° 6 (aa) [om] Lom | ‘lecalbsbed Bus ydiem Basic ae @P on_-Wwoald ld_in éight 7 6371369319 + Cordaol unit -G bud 2 a pais Y signal Lines that allows F mutt -bit cata to be trorufersred tom one gysrem +40 another i ove eggicrent Hettocl «f Common Rud mam Sending, data in @ qysiem Avith moubiiple ie the common bud Connects the oudputd 4 oo and Hero: & bug provides a means tos people to Communiate with one another ‘The tasic Combider & ‘steed and Memo conneton to @ Common bi dysiem ase atpicted- )A Common -ruy Uys ° +e the dota lw os a en fo traneger ©) common tine ; ate each +i a5 oo ons : ia degiates thsoul aohich binaxy ingoamadion 1a taakeayeaed - \Seblection Line cletetridad tvhich wegiste wit de Sebectect’ yiwe Can Combucr a bw waing the Hullpleres: D8} Ss! and 80 both aze ee Mublipleres dvill give the dette uwhich Cordain— indviauad pind veniver[a] Hence Wadia Avill be selected « Similasly iq [S120 and. So =l)_seqiates F| wit be . Setedted i4 [8-1 and 80 =0): {Gj wi be elected Avhen [Siz 1 S0=Hf yne & igtes _ vegster Icy qin ‘be selected 2) Numbes % Hubrpl ees needed will bE = The Numbes % itd iin — depenal upon the re +) Tre size Hox Awill geqiaicr . wit) be [hel ds NY NuMbey | 7 ae cate EG fae GE oe ~ -tcbby_ S77 ey 05 0. ae +: Compuier Tyaructiow spe basic computer rynes = Thace | yeqiates which Ca? clenott Oe sho3e line “th sylauclion cainslateang wea? 1 eyerace wh dhe dds aie. BD Hemny TH He b) Regpaer yeqesen ee «) Tid fold © Computes inatauctlord aro oi he Language | | g a pe aed Janey and recut eo” ean inghaceion —compsioe of gpsoube cabled die Thee qelde include: “The ofeaaion Coole (opcode) qietd which pee the operation fo bE pespoumed > The Mddsees Held which condaing He Loar GA the operand - reo nant oy pero Lo Hon ° Te Soole freld tuhich Apecifis how the Dpevsaind will be Locatect: J rede [ opecce | Opeaared / cdelyess - => a) Memory westsence thetuctions> These insiauchond sefewd fo aalol seas em opewand 16 a Gee 7 ae Ye os Ae f adklates » 3 bit Opeocle Cottey oe la ie add td 19 Mode 4oy dlixect and A oe sect etch and ctecode gyele 4we find out thas bt 1d Q sefotes setesence~ Ingtauction oy Cornplemerd: accu oo" Merce ,QC<-~AG Cole "Symbol Destaipdion 7800 Cir Cleas (tC 7400 (CLE Clear E | 4260 CHO Complemens AC 7100 CHE eet JE CIR Cixulas yght AC and E Tee ten nu det aC and E te 7 ° ie Thesemens AC avin odo 7 : oil ; Yap ned instucion i " 4010 SPM nl u " u AC N@ahve 4008 wit ek nou AC 2250 7004 S2ht uot vu tl £0 Took S2E Yalt Computer qoo! Hb Tiipud - oetpud LS acto one oz a an bee Cormrmun ication blw Treat aie ouride _ envisonment “The TR COT i) and IR (15) a 4 Loiggenentares uo oe m seater weqeren ce ingrauctona “The Hh 9 " eas i“ pe pect 77° spew x 6 vt) [ optodle -fyel x 5 1 a optocle = 009 £0 Heany clieCt aelolaess ji th 4 Heands indirect aclolsy 0] Exz> TR weniaiey Condany =000lHAAAXAATAL je py y a 4eeching and dec ool 4 inastaucyy, nll i) ig a memo e4eence ave dnd oud that 14 | inahucHon 4oy GOD opeycton. | Hence DR <- HAR] | AC <-ACtDR ,SC<-O 7 , Bat ec | | Hemadceimal Cole Decapton T=0 T=! orex BXXK wo Hemory word 4of 14a Qxxx Add Henry Word to f QXXxk — -HexxKX Load memod4 (oid tof BXxXk BAX uxx ¥ CX XX Bxxxk D«kk gxxx EAXK 8) ee fRegerence ‘l Regine Store Content A in mi Boanc uncondition Baanth and save actidh ave 208 tthe "tt 16 bitd iy in Ahe ema a0 ang se sei ey in mnt | ; adcl’s eee me pe utes Coptacle “yD 20] @ pyphon-wworld _in Dicsemend and Sif ife deteaence ing guction 6377369399 BD TR aGdter CondQing = 444440006000000 1'f-e IN? ep “en ee and clecode Cycle we 4ind ous re Pamir capes | a ut “TnagucHioh 4ex fnpuding Chaxactes ‘let nbd choo, fen pf ares 4 Trt suction Se Completeness a se 7 jnatauctions io dad to ¢ Complete i the Tornbises fetus a Gupicient number fingucti il : ne oj ination eacn a tne oe sean arin legit Ont Shi MAREN 3 fyitametc: Logica ard Ahiff —inatauctons poovidle computational Cau th Hes 408 paocesing the type ar data the ses May 4pidh to ermjplo¥y- . ot OH ira bu CHORD 407 moving indosrmation fo and 60m) memos, and — procasox iytev) 5 Nude arnount &% binary infoumetion 1 gored fn the Hens “unit | but ‘abl Computations Ase done in processes seninteas’ © Tratructo aohich) orgyold He byognaln togetes (with — ingteuction rot Chech — staaee Conatitions Foo inopuctiow uch byandh ins hucti or he aegueence in twhich the: Fyogram Cor aoe” usec, crANae me peowm id © nah ; Trbut andl output cn stauctions ‘ pear dito the and clad mud computer and the: age os an pe — tyana fewnedl User: “Jager # nan Herod” pees Saat. Ee Ue h AF Timing and Contsol om” =—S =. a condo olled aye + The fing fon aot 2 masters oc enex tod ri Clock _puetaes 08 _Ophl jo_atl_gE 4 yeoiater in the sore, fnctual"} : and asenidieas in Hype Coneol unit * + Cloch pulse clo ne chanoe_the diate Y q. yeigtes unless the ee y erabled ty a Cortisol dignal: - The contyol signald ave generate in the Cont mit and pride consol 1eputd fos the Huby. pleesd in the common “pus 1 condsol inputs in and icsoopesatom tox the procewor igtesd accunmiulot ¢ | A op_wwoold—IP | >Contaol Unit Ora 736534 | The Gonfsel Unik 08 cu is ee to Conte traide tne Compubt ac vite perforrned am the © austen: re complies gugiem 4 Main memo Franaqte. intoarmazion and Tnaucions fo 2 Conds unit + Componerdd Of Condval Unit | a = a Lo Components | thput Cormponerdd include ech and Con sol digna’ 4O9p OW - Cloge +> TH rae enables the Carrol Und 7 to Haintain Hime « os ; can be performed in ae + Hage- o required to cletermine the Y m the -precedin v i and the act Situs OH the Pr0 ie ca - Consol Signe trom thee Contwsl Pus: “The Consol sus ereeare conteol dignal duch 02 Adbrae ment “ond Irdemuits sighads: Thae Signals are 4 9g g ser 10. ihe Cae nid: =Ensucton weqiatey Control Si Within an Contiol 2 40 Qndol [ Bloch ee a Conpot Unit] = Lnyauction wets » $1 weed to dtoxing the inanucton which 1 cussenely 4peing, executed - Olerpler Component» the clwpida include be mp Cont sol Signals inside +he pero egos and “the Contant igre to the control bud a) Contool Signed insidle the pyocesr: + These: = giGnals aye ott 10 ranedes the cla Asorn— one vegiater jo. Another: aye. kg Pee ome re Siqnald aye abso 3p ORION or 4unchon ° Te) Signe’ , corset bus: hid th a i Yo “nero and gy Control Si nad to the memory hbgg signa jo the inpud / outbU? devices de qun cHon 4) Xf contvald data en oy Conttaol nt a oud imide fre. protesdoy ) & Gn fraesps the jryuctary ibull ol the: ay a nh tne onaibill fo contd ne aoe uh i g_u, data upper tn cormppeeree | i epayiond pike ¢eeching | yytuct ors” | Aw tne 6) tearayes the data 9h commande with. ue and device and corvsold al | taxed: sogaarnmed booed ( Sine le Levee and | uo” Levee) | ay Hawn Bye -> yw To implemented ih Al ce help pnyaied componelt ia (garea + ip afob 9 | olecosda ). | combinational —Ciacwita Should “be moa'gied which io a Vex Yicult Fas MD pny Charge ray ss'atry) Hoon —>| “Tnstochn cate] @ python wont, F design 6 Madigied oy Changed: ao the !O | | | | | | 63773 6.23 99 an Combinational: [> Corda Logic Cracuity oper Siqnabs > Le DHicwpopanmed Gaal BH : ~ 7 = Yd, Implemented by uding Paggraraming Appvoach: ey +A sequence OF Hicso~ opexations ig Caxsied out b Crecusing a -pregsarn gwohich Condar of maiteo - inatacecHions ° ; ; ay dpeed ig Slow became of the time BD tomes fo tetch micxoindtauctions rom Consol. Memaay « CAG yContal AAdSoy Rey Coka Ode Mert Odds Genewsos eS sy . feLratauction Ce @ Set af inyiauction Pyth Oh-LU0dld _ fy, - Pyoq yam ; i 6377364399 Sequence & imat : conaidtd OF a agile wat » Eveay program? . © id i In irasteucho ! insfguctiona~ each -ynown as int sucy} | going too number 6 é cycle: : + trey inataucton cycle follows following Seb. | 14) 4etch fnstaucrion txomM Flemoxty 2) Decode the fingtyucton TORE Rates > 3) Read the expectve addaess fxm Mernory 4) €reawte the fnspyucton « Frecude Cycle a] saer | tC —o ns euttien 9 ia4 w2, The cycle continu unvil oO Habe Cond! te mer: + apter Completing dne fhatauction tue will 4ollow the Same ee fox insguction — tool and ooon Until -twe seach at jhe end” % the paogaam’ ee Mgr HME Els + emo Condens 4 TAR] iy loaded 7 Treo in | :. ia Inesel cor it igtty [IR] and: 4 ee “Di we TR 12-14] | AR IR (o-N) A Te rTRCis) | dime LT ‘ae ET) aa bass 4 instauction aegiater | Qnd decoded and + | sans4feToed into Vaaious veQuiaed sey istea ard yasioble: [4 if Dit! >a Hernoxy aetexence | a) T=0 [pirect addaew } | b)L =! [Lretivect actdecn) | 15 ty 12) 9 |D= [= [opeete fecavexs | opcecle = 000 trcugh Io | Fey pel > Ub BG vegiores weferene ay To | instauctan | ae 1 & a = segerence | | (ei eee To Pi [jue | opcodes Hil 1 b) Tel, U wb lo ingfguchon 5 13 pil Jaw fim foam] ° opeete > I 7 T= I Decade she inshue so ecole by she proctay oe reer gems & | -The procedeor e any fe inatwuchon ast prone i _» 7 | eeautt cLastasciO po voce es He frseuc, .” oo oo “See paopem ~poundes ge is Loaded cldseaa disat fngquctio? fin the | bs eet ip cleave fo 01 it provides +ne Henig sgn se B jncyemerder apices Cloch pubse 1 SO that th | eg signed go theough TO. Ts 72,73 and Se ciated tvith tech and iE ic sop coasions asso I qecode pra aan be depaeserured av itr al jates — taandyer Sateen" | 4ollowi4 | # Sce 0 yan Te AR < PC wer" T,: TR HAR] 1 PC <_ Pet! ce % qparat 2 agit Ce) nine eee 04 [9c] “to adores S yeatter 0)’ floua Chast a | > yuthon-lwosld 7 @ ra n3 69399 etch eos i [Renna Ce ¥C41) __ Decode Opesation Code in TR(114) AR GIR Co-l), LS IR (15) | Decoae. Ta iacvial - rete a emnovey- fea 44 3ceo + Hemary ~weqeuen® “Tystaucer ' ined ' Hemor dejcuente gnstauctiond a det acti twoith The help Of 3 ee anat® ani i ey a Gore Te : | | Symbol Opesetron i 4 Decoded |__| | | ANO Do || aD0 D | Loe D2 | | Ta Ds vial « AC | | BUN Ou gc < AR BSG Ds HEAR] < E AR+] pe : | fica De HEAR | The Decoded ed Ob I Di 5; 40a i= 2 Oh 213141 § and 6 i Fam "the opexarion clecoclerr trot elo fo €ach frshuction ia included in the table: > The cnet Adtalsesd the insisucton 1 7M Ht addixesa ates oe and wo pled there AwUsING, &i T, when T20 oF dusting 4irné sfared “cones ae) ye auion 0 we memo = sefeaen ces insti Stastd with ime Signat Tey (1) avd: ae Ae AND. instauction implemeniy the ic operation on the dH collection # yre veqidies And tre memory awow Ha | fo ive by th Meck : "Ee | the eefective — ceatclat? vice operat " Doty: OR HEAR} Do Ts: fe SACADR S8eeo | apo Tat? yin = h Thid tnStauction aod the — Conderd: dword 4 aed tb the Value Oo} AC: spianeben @p Lh, Dy Ty: OR <— HAR] ante Dy Ts: AC & ACTOR 97736.)3G¢ £ <—Cout gc <—o 9 Load 40AC*L thin jngruction Hamyer the rere | poe) ward 4o AC micsop cvadion needled | to execute thid ing +yuction* |. Micwoope ation T= ty: OR HILAR] i DB: ac < OR: SCO i? ene kiss % Thio jngrUcHon stored the Comtent 4 be) qc io the mens aoord ince i oupur G4 AC 1 appre wo te bw A | dota input om memos} fg connected by bud } f I | Hicsoopengion | Dai? oar] < aC, SCO o BUN E exanch Uncondi-onadéy) This Instauction \ = = Jyars{ey the Paqgaam 1 oo 4o the insguction — Specgied: ee ee ee 8c <0 Dy Ty 2 OC eR | net — finStau cri er holt ib addsess the Cin pe executed 6 BSA »%xanch and save ser Addlueas a ogn byanch a Past a Thae insiyucions Ca : : Jorogsam +» whe yn ingreuction id -peetotmeg,, Ii Groue the adele Mh the NEF InStugy 4yom 9C ido Hae) Loved on tat oy clet amined by the ecive Addrtsd: Ds Ta! MEaR] PCr AR <—AR +] Ds B: 9% <_ AR, 8C <° 4) 187+ The fincxemerd 4 Zev CIS2) tnastectian qnceementd the = wow cletesmined by CAyecive add ater’ - yy the incyemented — Coat ig 2ev0, thug 9Cb freyemend ea oy 1 <( neoative value i daved fn dhe rremaxy wet Anrouon the byogaammey: - 34 can inluence the zero value | © e In incsemented Stbearedly. Thus, nari ie 4, and. dre ned inducion 16 Sribbed iy tin cyernt Dela? DR input wegiates ~ Gonats ert bits and: z olds an Albhanumeate “lp ifownatron - iFGL 3b bid Tip diay id a control 44 - flop i 2 4 ,uonen new find osmadion i available | in the xlb clevice = © when the frgoummaction ig acceptea by re CompUurcs® *Litialley 4al Be Ceased to 0° | Ora : 5 Dupes —reqiates_- conists eight — bit) 440 > j- bik Ol Alas ig & Gorbrel Yeib-4lop. if RS Cpe and Tera gnsteuchiond and data +xam the tder come (yo the Compwtes through dome iripatch clevice are) Yee compludanHonal » axe teanamitted to he uses thrcygh some dtelput clevice We have: mony input —_ahrd_oudpud_cheyiced | Sexiat Cornmunt cation Compu tt Begisy Lrseryare and “Flip- dof | rps /oulpiel Teaminee ee — 7 RE@INCY fe OUTR Paired Cy | inieasac. TNPR input yenishes — Combis erght bits and: . olds an adphanumearc lp infowmaxon - (Fg) 3 bit Tle flag ia @ Control 4Up - Hop |. 2 4 ;tonen new int oymasion 2 available | in the rib aevice | =o twhen the fngoumasion ig Accepted by | tre. COMPU” “Titiadhy {Gl Cleared 10 0 | OUTR 19 Ouxpud = ¥ ies - Gorvsta eiQh ~bity Ado 1 +3 ob Ag 8 cordaal {tib-dea} ee fa | 0 > do not Load New ue : 41> intoymation tam AC feanoferved in bowy, to OOTR: : |e inia AGo=! vinfosmaton from AC ib thee, | ean fo OOTR ard FGO 14 Cleasd to. Danput ~ Olupeet Tint Chol "Ho “tnyhuctions re nected tot dram Ac gen > fos Checking the tt . | = tod ed the indessupt 4acdity | Opeaaton Code = HII) yecognized by cntsol When a | 3] [ O12 7%3= b [éommm to ale =o ‘nstauctin) TR)= BIL bit in TR CO-) | “ Hito soe sation taanst eaing to G 2) Program Invenubt The -proctes Comm" deacaibed blu pont and = panees a3 -broorammedd 1 Uohee the comb ude sh mae eure gant and when tiny & tha th Soret Thgoamation — taanadeg: ini#ages ab donen TEN =O 1 He ge ; When LEN =) 5 she @nnos indeaupt Fi ity ; Computes — Gan ben MPearubieal - EA oat esyqn f pone 4 Basic Combuter ay he asic Ccombudes Saint : payclevave Comp onendas 4 the following i) A mnemoxy nit Leith Yoqs words each * 4 a) Nine aeqiatess TAR: PCr DR ACIP, TR: OTR wresse] ay Seven ob -+lops 4) ) 4Uib Hop [ ccbout infosmadton 4 ada xeasing mode] a) 8 Bib Hob [Stars Stop J are dip- tb F Used 4ob "caay") 4) R 4ab- dob F voed +08 ingesaupt] 5) 1eN Alib deeb i used 45 input 469) pal" egos 7 Pune #8 awpud 424) Two clecoclesd 4) 3x8 operation decodes: Vsed fo dlecoce the ouipud = T= = a4 TR bit 4) :9 Voed 10 decade tne time Q) 4x6 Hiring clecodet a 3 “signal generat hy Sequsence: [ courder* 5) Oh 1o- bit common -bud The panic Grnpusey hod egrt yequieD a memoxy unit , and @ Conbyol unit ~~ rd tree id G veyuiwernend % a path fo dyanades — inform ation oor one wequea 4 Qnothes and BIW nen 104 Gnd Waxes Sa 1p provide dnd path we Wwe Qa @mmon AW + 1) Contrast logue Aue 15 [14 13 12 Jo-I other, \ (oe es ae Decode 76543210 z— Incserner Tue) a vam CCLR) » The inpud to_t the contwal ogi Gre or Comes fan Fe input fsom | Hib -fobs 9. Tnpus trom the two cleco des 3: DnApur 4M o- Il bits G4 TR - u Othey inputs do the Cortsal | Logic gee 4) AC bw 0-Br to Cheek i Ac =o ard do clttch +re aiqn bit in AC C15) 2) OR C Dalia yenistes) bita o- [51 40 Chech i4 OR =O ane Chech the values Of Seven Rip - Hop: » The oudbut Cy fhe conan Logic cinctlt A) ignaly fo Contol th = wwii bids amt weaat ANA Ei nas to Contsol the fnbtets the Grohe kh ae segjates ee ee gre Contsan the AC addes Abd Pogic Csduit uy Signet do 8, Cleay ox Complernery 4 4¢¢ f “ented % C3ingle) {lip - flops The Condvol Gates 4oa the even 40p- debs Can be adepermined In Q Gimilay manner: 4g Acs SEN Ub Hop 4 90. s1EN <4 @Python-wosla jn Qe IE <9 637736 039g When 9? = D1IT3 And 61 BS Bé Gre bits 7 T ahd 6 % TR “Ma the jo % intesslpt Qycle » lEN id Cleaxéd t ie RT > !1€N<—O 5 Conbsol Fogic Gate fos lev di—1_ i Loy TS ATID a ee er Ro in to deaidier SRI a in feCoretsal Corman Bus P bw Select | {So ® % = —_——_ “4 qe above encodes WV the able Dy Ty * QC e—AR + Ds Tg 296 < AR + Boolean #7 > oy. Dy tDs ~The boolean uncon 408 the en docles dou 41 473 445 +x7 See XE HABA XO $47 Sh = XY +45 4X6 + ¥7. Fs esis’ cc fh Courmtutatos Loic ‘) ‘ correct ig req later 4oy # show —40m rere é Storage ci Akithrdtic And Logic do a computers ~~ CPO 4 one SU 16 inputs GIMy fsa the spud Ob C. anoint 8@h GL 16 inpuls cord form Fhe pera Reoiates (OR) . a trad ~ SO o ue inputs Comes 4am the inpur votes «The urputs C4 the _ addes and: segye_Oso Jrovide the cloda inputs 08 dhe PESTS! ; . an "ution pt ne do indiude log! gorg xolling the L INR and CLR iD ated —T88 de report and qos Oaretsall _e obesaon tne addes and 20916 ciytus U ‘ _— Dots * ace ach DR AND with DR D, Ts * ac <— AC+OR Ada with OR- prt: AC Payer eaey C) ave wed to a degidtea” ~The aasow ( ) denote a 4sanates OF. ink and the dixecvon @ feansqer” © comma (,) 19 Laed “to deporte two ot Hose opesation thar ave exearved Qh tt Same Hime Uoero dlo nat —acceas | =. these vegiotss These: wenfated ax fos ~ Gamputer 1) Accumulator « Sustem “aR 22> Her adtolacsa veg ISIS) AYE tnOdE- | ae yeqisized that hol the Qdidlxe3 fox" | : Memory unit | » HBR ia Hernoay Butler — yejidtes Hoses a Snaguction §=— andl clata Asorn the memo and — derd fom ne menos’ and Ser 40m dhe | Memory’ xeceived +E PRUs are : a ee ! ole Tana fee 0) bua Staucture conaioid of a sa Cormmn Lines one fox each bi? a a weoiates 1 thsough which ‘binany ‘nJoorasion Jransessed one @ ¢ ac ve in Seleq fine inhith iotey tag “fons Signal Actesmine pasiicular by dh bus dusing each Q@ commen bus SY Ser |* One ie a Conahaucting ip Avi rnudtipleress ~The Huh exes aches 4 infoamation id then PU ate igiey — Luhoae ein 4placed on she UA" ee oH pine common _ Bu ee ee | _ $19] ___|_ —___@ —}- z =f ot lls Ll ql 4x] Mure —b} HUY4 _-. 7 eo, C2 Bp Ay DG BA Do Co | eas 82 B, Bo | 4 4@ [32 1te [3 2 i Regiorca B Regusies Dp, TRAE gaa [a2 10] \ “eeqinkaD The dallowing block Diagsam Show A Bus cypsied for four weaiatend’ san wo conaiadcted with ine hep 4 fous 4™I- Hultipieress each faving jouw lata inppuda Co Hough 3) And two electon inputs (4! and 52) » Theae inputs ae Connected 4o the selection Inbursa a all multipleresd - slohen “both @ the Sele Line are a4 low Logic Fe SISO = 00> Ane 0 cata jnputd % al tour Mulkipleesd are selected and applied 40 the outputs thar 4osms the doug “Thuy: Caugey the bud Une +o deciee the Gorierd e sen idtes QA Gince: the aubud 0) thid seqates “are connecied to the ° © deta inbutd” o& tac’ Hultipleress © ily 4nen SISO =o} y the degigits B 1 selectedy and the bus Lines pill accive tre content provided by veqoree 8 So Regiatea soe a 7 ! ® ° e a 4 D Sn Gree’ pea bw System will raultibler R nee = T= wy bid each to preduce an -~tinl Corman ‘bud * «The no: oh Hult levees needed jo Constsudr the: bua ip equad to M1 the ho bi in each: nate oth size O each mubiplea MU De —\d @ mudiplad K data ined ° - The gumbo Matemend fox Q buy Aareger: | gus — “Cy Show ay dige ct fyanoye Dibe gl Bus: To Lp 3- gate Bue Bu Burygeus La bus ¢ Susie Cain ‘atao be constructed twin | three ~ ota" Op ® instecel Hultipleresos’ ieThe Thee Grate ates Can pe Gonidtacd as a: | digital ciscuit thod hod Fhvte Gated 40 Yh € Signo equivabend 40 fogie 4 and 0 43 in | o me cup e - Howwees) the thixd gate \ exhibits @ ‘nigh “impedance Stare - The Mosty commonly ued thee SHAY GUO \ tr Cane 4 the bud gysiern jo a buges Gait Symbol oH a thee - State buyer” The geopnial & \ Gee Sim be wepseserted Gd Nowrnal inputt— por y | Moana input B — ourpud Y= 4 C= | High - srnpedance 4 C=0 | ox > Bus Line wath thaee Sale buyer Bus Dine fay by 0 Aa > 9 T Qxy ; Python-wosla jn o Decoacler 6377369319 tL eee N . the oudpusd qyenewated by the four buyed Single bud Une: &nabk axe connected Jo fam @ - 4 clecectex only one bugges can be oy ache Sie at a given pad of Hime: The conte winpudd fo tre The fncsement And clecsemere micso- on) Ae Symbotiized by CE ang ‘91> - ilies) “Arithmetic operatiow Uhe Hulbtyply and divide ase nat inckucled in the basic See Lwcaorof> Cacdron G@ python-wwosktin 63171369399 He Binasty dclded To implement the add micwooperceion Lith H[o we need jorey thar old the cleda | > ¥ > Digiiae Componerd that pesto the aaithmetic- acldtien" toumg tie’ athe digital Ciscuit that aarinmec §=4um fwo bid And a" Aprerriotd Cart 16 cabled a - aades | i | [add two hits and one ang] | Bina Qaldes + > The ctigitae Ciycuis that Aenesate aft the aaithmenc dum fw binasy numbed C4 any Length id Called binary adele ss * “The pinay added 2 conaucted With qubl- adder connected “to cascode 7 With the output Casey tsorn one 4ub- adders connected = 40 the input: we O the NOt 4udo- adele Cae $ Bo Ye 6 Bo | | a tule adteles + = (%) > Gugend b11d +B) > aclderd bitd 4yom CO to C3 The Muy inputs Starts connected in a chain pryugn the Judl- ddlatexs Cy io a aeoutiant purple (jeneasted by the Cast roe - actctes ciacut © The oltput Cave from eat Aull adolea ig connected to. the input cass 4 tre hetp—- hah — oxtea {ule —Qoleler ” «The sum outputs (So 4° 83) opnencet the: weque’ sect axyithmttic Sum a augend ard addend bits 4 Bina Addex — Subisactor 5 Haxcuuase yequusement «yen idtew to hold Alata - . Sigfat Gomponmt Yo peatoam qudition ¢ tule acioles) | - £ycluglve - 08 e with each quel adder The Gubsteacken birnay numbesd @n & | done moat convient buy rneand Compiler a-B be cord Pa faking the Ql Coryplemers BR ard adding ‘a do OF The 2 Complemerd Gn be obyained bu Hi tre 1% Complement and — actatin on the Leads signidicard paisa i » The 1 compliment can be fe seu “n inveatees 1 and ane Gn reais wn OUD e Wbat a. } 4 | Qa idinmetic : ‘ . Oy) | +The avsithmesic Rob nee ibe addition 9 and — Sub Sfaaction be Combined into one: common cracked be “inducing an erchwive - OR gare Awith each duet addex be 4 3 Bo 8 q) + lo B So & | a Mode inpud candsal the ofpearHon Tae Heo the dacu 6 an actetes - wonen Hel the ciscult becomes & Sublaactos: »tonen H ia at Sow Logic we have BO 8 -wnen H id ad high Pever, we have B® 1-8 and Co=4 i Bina incaementor | aan aes | - Res | 2 a —addes* os enation ad&d one jy. «The jncaement inf0” ar ope i ) a ie wn able a binary Vasidbles a gare = Yr bid vege in a negigtes 400 id binary value allo snes a ee wh Co" one the value be peat von beab compnaH onag - + The incaemert micdo implemented 4 qa ue #,'* Gb) Wu Indi evuea’ A ff " bt lonag Ciyculs incat™ be 2epseet te ciy cuit rricyerners es: a Mo 4 : y HA HA BY eS s, % Jotlowin loth aiagga™ Sy incyerntnder Ciscuit yeceives bits tom FO ‘hesigh A3, add on * emensad — ouetfold Cy & + The ‘bina Hous it 1 and pees the in in So quan §3 The oubple ~ Gary CU will be 7 onby off Fceemerting binaay +441 G Python woald—in 6377369399 ey Steen Ck wnmaic Cacit dan rarinmeHe OC ations eae seves diggeaert iia ogo Singte Copaie” tre ‘asic Component %Y On Qarthmenie Ciacuch iy the parallel —adades: The cuagpam GA a U- bid Qaithrnelic Cacus Ano a -Qdldes Chacuit thd Cons tute: je Ue bit Qddes And 4 Hubrplerens 403° | Choad! 4 diggeaers pensions HP “these OX two Ubi inbuld A and B and 4 ye bit Oletbut D ous inputs fom PF go disecy fo the | The x fnputd eA the binasy adides «Zach the: four inyputd~ oom g conneceed +o tne dloxa inpusrd G@ tre Mubaip leress * »loaic- 0 18 a dave volige value and Logic Signal cn be joremnter Ansough an inverter’ whee mpl ~h O° the Le Hubeipleret® ae arayated bY a- Suecton input 1 S and So » pe G4 ¥4Cin SS ourpt ON binary gades PB Calcurladeo! Gp go> 4 input “GHhon wy Ba Y mp 6377346 an be | 222° Cin > anput eri 1 42 C2 ar _ RE cM 8 fe D2: Y3 Cy Coud jsp em Creation | Doyen ge y We Cogic F(1C0" Of cacetiony met i The logic Hits op enaation Spectdy bina opescedions doa S1aN)5 H doita — ose in neqioteas eg? Qe RI K—_RIA R2 \ Loe Specifies Qo je yniaa OpCattion fo be’ | eveeelecd — individ? brs 4 the vegioitea provided ind the Conta vaaiabie P24 Special Symboes 7 = Vy > on Hicroopewabion | A > AND. Hicsoofesceton | The — complernerel micaoopeacetion i the dame 4 phe 10. Complermend and wes Q baa on top | ay ine jysmbol Aad = denotes the segioter hae - | rH a4 te Symboe_hea -}wo P(eaning ( lone + actu in a Hicwodpeacdion 4 twill | denote an Craithinene pis 5 (Ohne tt ofeuss tin, 0 contwt Cor Boolean) dein tio ‘a will be denote OR operation - Q4O2 RI AR? RS) RU RS VRE Ly 4a cn OR opteation blo wo bina vooiable a Qa confaal fuuncHon >The + blw R2 and R3 Specitis an add Mucso— opcaation: ~The oR Higgoopeaadion 14 clesignated by the: Symbol ¥ lw aegisterd RS and R6- ay t Git & Lgic Hicaoop evasion “There age 16 ciggcacry _tenic opeaation Gy be peayoamed Y int tan bina variable = They Can be detesmined — t80™ alt -poddible 4 able ablained with Hue binary variable * de [08 Jato] de fore’ 6 o|ofofololel! olole lr fi f{tjololel eu Lifefo r{ to fol tte LTifo stteL te bLet tle tte » fach lb Columnd 4 ~ ne ‘olum 6 thwugh depreaens Q tat? Fable @ ore pomible coer eye fos tre two yasidble x andl 4» o7Oo 91° (en) oO ! “eke di |b d3)du as de |d7 i ( ) | _— [Boolean gunction | Hicaoopeaattion Mame: | 420 40 Clead | gr = ay § GAB AND | | ge 239! 4€ang! | 3-4 48 taanades A gue 2 4oalng AND jo 9 sek Tana § 4c = LOY § <0@B Exclyaire 08 gre tY 4 Ave OR | 4a = Cxty)! 4 © AVE NOR gas (x09) | Yo ROB 2rclvaive woe gles 6-8 Complemene B fe | aves x+y) 4 © AYR oR din = ad 4 1 0 }o « Dusing q Shidt aigra operation, the SCsiae« inpus deanayr bit into the Lefirnedt: boaitiore : 1 aellol agses Shit + ollo ead the dame fire that the bitd Axe” | Bhigieds the fiat gdp fob vecieva Ltd bina | intoamagion yom the dewiad jnpued | a Thee cae type > hooitel Shitd - fogitat Shipa Len : Pogitat Ships wighd = Catubs dhifd i “Cractulay Shift Lepy > Grlulay Shigo agra > Arithmehe Shift » Aaltomene Lega 7 a o aida Fl aogiat ou ay a Logical Ghife iO one thap fears fea [5] 4g we Seat al tnpud - 2 Shift Legt / a [i fo[fo[]i foi i Lapa CLLLL LL LR Left Sigs fo Hol El lao ifof-o : Seer inpug | Shift aig peel, i | | faa a E287 [She 3 Shige lege) T3ne Shibt 29ht J 2) Cizcwle’s dhe | the Giatulos = Shut Calo known as dorate opeeadis) ciacwiased the bit 4 Saal ayound the | po ends 4) ithoeud Q) ing oamadion - pl <— Cit RI J RL <— Cub Re @. Ff cay “ 6377 36 2399" [op nibs | - The Sign bi a) Loi) Shit the bi at end @pooidion in Hh Grorles Way" These io no Loot & bit rf frxitinmetic Shift a io wed to high the bid the aéqiatew to beeb Bo sign anchahgea * 4 d QR} <—ashk R) QR | sho RO % Suber - Let Hulziplo by a: - ape Hivide by Q i id 0 tos Pasisive and: L 40 aaulle Ex" snips 226+ Nos +3 eed opof! |i) | of iT oj? ag sexta ing mutate the Shift: | yordinaxe — implementation yp clock pulse fo needed fo Load data ‘into the: yegiater’ Cind QAhothes clock pubbe Yo needed legate inpet CLs) cixClud Selee Seiad 0 tor Shigd vight (clown) inpud CTe) 1 fos Shit (ear (up) po o Mux t—Ho —+—-1 Ag ————_ A, ——_ e— 8 nue |, oO Ar i Ag ; s MUX Ho Oo — 1 +o So) shift Operation % implemental with @ Grmbinationat Shift bée i Lp — Shit ight | + tunen S20 4 input data are Shifted sight Cdwn jn dhe diag san) . When $=} rinput data aae Shigled Leff | Crp in tne duagsam) (+ A Snifes with n dlata inputs nd ouput \ | : / pequises 1 Hubibleres HF Awithenehe togic Shia unis | “ALSu 2 a past “4 Gattometic fogic onit’ ow a Compute ws tn ss. on. CsCut = that p eafosry asitormneHe culadiona » £05, FL and anidd- opes ation * ' Srovead % ‘having individuad yeainteaa peotouni ane Hicwoopesariond — LIS CCY, combburey aysien

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