The Computer Revolution

-The computer is any sequence of devices that can be instructed to automatically perform
calculation and intelligent work. The computers’ capacity allows the computer work on the
general series of operations which can be treated as doing a wide range of tasks.
Importance of Understanding COMPUTER HISTORY
CONTEXT AND EVOLUTION
Understanding how technology has changed over time requires having a solid understanding of
computer history. It enables us to better understand the incredible advancements achieved from
the earliest mechanical devices to the cutting-edge computers we use today.
Technological Advancements
-The development of computers has been characterized by ground-breaking discoveries and
developments that formed the basis of the modern technology we take for granted.
-By studying the past, we can gain insights into the decisions and breakthroughs that have led
to the development of faster processors, smaller and more powerful devices, and more efficient
algorithms
Learning from Mistakes
Computer history is rife with failures and mistakes, some of which had significant
consequences. Understanding past failures helps us avoid making the same errors and
encourages a culture of learning from our mistakes to improve future technologies
Societal Impact
Computers have had a profound impact on society, shaping the way we work, communicate,
and live. By studying computer history, we can understand how these technological
advancements have influenced various industries, economies, and social structures
Preservation of Knowledge
Computer history serves as a record of human achievement in the field of technology. It is
essential to preserve this knowledge so that future generations can learn from it and build upon
it
Inspiring Innovation
Learning about the struggles and triumphs of computer pioneers can inspire and motivate future
innovators. It shows that groundbreaking ideas often arise from persistent efforts and
challenges the notion that success is achieved overnight
Problem-Solving Skills
Many historical breakthroughs in computing were the result of creative problem-solving.
Studying computer history can enhance problem-solving skills by exposing learners to a diverse
range of challenges and solutions
Understanding the Present
The development of current computing technologies is often a continuation of past
advancements. Understanding computer history helps us make sense of the present state of
technology and the reasons behind certain design choices and principle.

 Computer history is not just a matter of academic curiosity but a crucial aspect of
technological literacy. It helps us make informed decisions, fosters innovation,
and provides a deeper appreciation for the technology that surrounds us.

PRE COMPUTER ERA

EARLY MATHEMATICS - Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, and
Indians developed rudimentary mathematical concepts and methods for counting,
measurement, and basic arithmetic. This laid the groundwork for more complex mathematical
advancements in the future.
Abacus- The abacus, believed to have originated in ancient Mesopotamia or Egypt around
3000 BCE, is one of the earliest known calculating devices. It allowed for simple arithmetic
calculations and was widely used in different parts of the world for centuries.
Mechanical Calculators-Over the centuries, various mechanical devices were invented to aid
in calculations. One notable example is the "Antikythera mechanism," an ancient Greek analog
computer dating back to the 2nd century BCE, which was used for astronomical calculations
Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced
in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French
mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644
Slide Rule- The slide rule, developed in the 17th century, was a manual calculating tool based
on logarithms and could perform multiplication, division, and other mathematical operations.
Jacquard Loom- -In the early 19th century, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a mechanical
loom controlled by punched cards, allowing complex patterns to be woven into fabric. This early
application of punched cards foreshadowed their later use in early computers
-It has a Jacquard attachment which allows complex patterns to be woven. The punch cards
used in the Jacquard mechanism laid the foundation for modern computer programming
MECHANICAL ANALYTICAL ENGINES- In the 19th century, Charles Babbage designed
mechanical analytical engines, which were early programmable computers. Although they were
never fully built during his lifetime, his work significantly influenced the development of modern
computers
Charles Babbage is most famous for initiating the idea of a programmable computer and
inventing the world's first mechanical computer
Electromechanical Computers- The revolution began with the advent of electromechanical
computers in the early 20th century. Notably, the Harvard Mark I and the Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC) played significant roles in advancing computation.
These machines used a combination of mechanical components and electrical switches to
perform calculations and data processing tasks. They were developed during the mid-20th
century and represented a crucial step in the evolution of computing (IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator)
First Generation Computers
FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS, ALSO KNOWN AS "VACUUM TUBE COMPUTERS,"
WERE THE EARLIEST ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS DEVELOPED DURING THE LATE 1940S
AND 1950S. THEY USED VACUUM TUBES AS THE PRIMARY ELECTRONIC COMPONENT
FOR PROCESSING DATA. THESE COMPUTERS WERE LARGE, EXPENSIVE, AND
CONSUMED A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY. DESPITE THEIR LIMITATIONS,
THEY REPRESENTED A SIGNIFICANT LEAP FORWARD IN COMPUTING

ENIAC - THE FIRST ELECTRONIC COMPUTER- In 1945, the Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC) was developed. It was the first general-purpose electronic computer and
marked a turning point in computing history and used over 17,000 vacuum tubes for
calculations.

UNIVAC I- (Universal Automatic Computer I) developed by J. Presper Eckert and John

Mauchly's company, the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, was the first commercially
available computer. It was delivered to the United States Census Bureau in 1951. UNIVAC I
used around 5,200 vacuum tubes and was primarily used for scientific and business
applications. A commercial data-processing computer, intended to replace the punched-card
accounting machines of the day
EDSAC - (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) was built at the University of
Cambridge in the United Kingdom and became operational in 1949. It was one of the first
stored-program computers and used mercury delay lines for memory storage. EDSAC played a
crucial role in advancing computer science and was used for various scientific calculations

EDVAC- (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was another early stored-program
computer design. It was based on the work of John von Neumann and his team at the Institute
for Advanced Study in Princeton. Although EDVAC was not completed until the early 1950s, its
design heavily influenced subsequent computer architectures.
- Automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking
with an ultrasonic serial memory having a capacity of 1,024 44-bit words

BIRTH OF PROGRAMMING
The birth of programming is closely tied to the development of early computers, particularly
during the mid-20th century. As computers evolved from mechanical and electromechanical
devices to electronic machines, the need for a systematic way to instruct them and perform
tasks became evident
The early computers required manual rewiring to perform different tasks. The development of
the concept of stored-program computers and high-level programming languages (e.g., Fortran,
COBOL) made programming more accessible and efficient
TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
 The invention of the transistor in 1947 and the subsequent development of
integrated circuits in the 1950s and 1960s led to significant advancements in
computing power, miniaturization, and energy efficiency.
 Transistors and integrated circuits (ICs) are two pivotal advancements in electronics that
revolutionized computing and technology as a whole. They marked significant shifts in
the size, efficiency, and capabilities of electronic components, enabling the creation of
more powerful and compact devices
 In large numbers, transistors are used to create microprocessors where millions of
transistors are embedded into a single IC. They also drive computer memory chips and
memory storage devices for MP3 players, smartphones, cameras and electronic games

THE RISE OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

In the 1970s, the introduction of the Altair 8800 and the Apple I marked the beginning of
the personal computer era. PCs became more popular in the 1980s with the release of
the IBM PC and the widespread use of Microsoft's

USER INTERFACE (UI)

 UI refers to the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. It's the
point of contact where users interact with a device or software.
 Includes elements like buttons, menus, text fields, and other interactive components.
 The primary focus of UI design is on the look and functionality of these elements,
ensuring they are intuitive and efficient for the user.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

 A GUI is a specific type of user interface that includes graphical elements like windows,
icons, and buttons, allowing users to interact with electronic devices through visual
indicators and graphic controls.
 GUIs rely on graphics rather than text commands, involving visual representations such
as icons, toolbars, and dialog boxes.
 The focus here is on making the interaction more accessible and visually appealing,
enabling users to perform tasks with the help of graphical elements.
USER EXPERIENCE (UX)
 UX encompasses the overall experience a user has when interacting with a product or
service, including the user’s emotions, perceptions, and responses.
 UX design considers usability, accessibility, performance, and how enjoyable the product
is to use. It involves research, prototyping, testing, and iterations to optimize the user’s
journey.
 The primary focus of UX is on the user’s satisfaction and the efficiency of their
interactions with the product, ensuring the experience is smooth, intuitive, and fulfilling.

MOUSE
The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart and his team at the Stanford Research Institute
(SRI) in the 1960s. The first prototype was a wooden device with two perpendicular wheels that
allowed users to move a cursor on a computer screen
The combination of the Graphical User Interface and the mouse brought about a paradigm shift
in computing by making computers more accessible and user-friendly. These innovations laid
the foundation for modern computing and played a crucial role in shaping the way we interact
with technology today, from desktop computers to smartphones and tablets.
Internet and World Wide Web
INTERNET- GLOBAL NETWORK OF INTERCONNECTED COMPUTER NETWORKS THAT
ENABLES COMMUNICATION AND DATA EXCHANGE BETWEEN DEVICES AND SYSTEMS
WORLDWIDE. IT CONSISTS OF A VAST INFRASTRUCTURE OF HARDWARE, INCLUDING
SERVERS, ROUTERS, AND DATA CABLES, THAT WORK TOGETHER TO TRANSMIT DATA
PACKETS
WWW- OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE "WEB," IS A SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED
DOCUMENTS AND RESOURCES THAT ARE LINKED TOGETHER THROUGH HYPERLINKS.
IT'S A SUBSET OF THE INTERNET AND PROVIDES A USER-FRIENDLY WAY TO NAVIGATE
AND ACCESS INFORMATION USING WEB BROWSERS
Mobile- The 21st century saw the rise of mobile computing with the introduction of smartphones
and tablets. Devices like the iPhone and Android-based phones brought computing power and
connectivity to people's pockets
Cloud Computing- Cloud computing emerged, enabling users to access and store data and
applications over the internet, reducing the need for local hardware and expanding
computational capabilities.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning

Artificial Intelligence (AI)- AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES- AI involves creating machines that

can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as problem-solving, reasoning,
decision-making, and language understanding. Autonomous vehicles use AI to navigate and
make real-time decisions based on sensor data, road conditions, and traffic patterns
Machine Learning (ML)-MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS - Machine learning is a subset of AI where
algorithms learn patterns from data and improve their performance over time. In medical
diagnosis, ML models analyze patient data to identify trends and make predictions about
diseases or conditions, aiding doctors in diagnosis and treatment planning.
Deep Learning (DL)- IMAGE RECOGNITION- Deep learning is a specialized form of ML that
uses neural networks with multiple layers to automatically learn features from data. In image
recognition, DL models can identify objects within images, enabling applications like facial
recognition in smartphones or identifying objects in self-driving car cameras
Trivia
 60% of videos watched on YouTube are a result of recommendations (AI).
 40% of apps installed from PlayStore are a result of AI-driven recommendations.
 AI can accelerate business productivity by 40%.
AI
 Virtual Assistants
 Recommendation Systems
 Image and Video Analysis
 Chatbots
 Language Translation

DL

 Game AI
 Music Generation
 Chatbots
 Medical Diagnosis