Chapter 3: AC Machinery Fundamentals

3-1. The simple loop is rotating in a uniform magnetic field shown in Figure 3-1 has the following
characteristics:
B 1.0 T to the right r 01
. m
l 0.3 m m = 377 rad/s
(a) Calculate the voltage etot ( t ) induced in this rotating loop.
(b) What is the frequency of the voltage produced in this loop?
(c) Suppose that a 10 resistor is connected as a load across the terminals of the loop. Calculate the
current that would flow through the resistor.
(d) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the induced torque on the loop for the conditions in (c).
(e) Calculate the instantaneous and average electric power being generated by the loop for the
conditions in (c).
(f) Calculate the mechanical power being consumed by the loop for the conditions in (c). How does
this number compare to the amount of electric power being generated by the loop?
m

c r
d
N vab S
vcd
b
a

B is a uniform magnetic
field, aligned as shown.

SOLUTION
(a) The induced voltage on a simple rotating loop is given by
eind t 2r Bl sin t (3-8)
eind t 2 0.1 m 377 rad/s 1.0 T 0.3 m sin 377t
eind t 22.6 sin 377t V

(b) The angular velocity of the voltage produced in the loop is 377 rad/s. Frequency is related to
angular velocity by the equation 2 f , so
377
f 60 Hz
2 2
(c) If a 10 resistor is connected as a load across the terminals of the loop, the current flow would be:
eind 22.6 sin 377t V
i t 2.26 sin 377t A
R 10
73
 (d) The induced torque would be:

ind t 2 ril sin (3-17)

ind t 2 0.1 m 2.26 sin t A 0.3 m 1.0 T sin t
ind t 0.136 sin 2 377t N m, counterclockwise

(e) The instantaneous power generated by the loop is:

P t eind i 22.6 sin 377t V 2.26 sin 377t A 51.1 sin 2 377t W

The average power generated by the loop is

1
Pave 51.1 sin 2 t dt 25.55 W
T T

(f) The mechanical power being consumed by the loop is:

P ind 0.136 sin 2 377t N m 377 rad/s 51.3 sin 2 t W

Note that the amount of mechanical power consumed by the loop is equal to the amount of electrical
power created by the loop (within roundoff error). This machine is acting as a generator, converting
mechanical power into electrical power.
3-2. Develop a table showing the speed of magnetic field rotation in ac machines of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14
poles operating at frequencies of 50, 60, and 400 Hz.
SOLUTION The equation relating the speed of magnetic field rotation to the number of poles and electrical
frequency is
120 f se
nsm
P
The resulting table is
Number of Poles f e = 50 Hz f e = 60 Hz f e = 400 Hz
2 3000 r/min 3600 r/min 24000 r/min
4 1500 r/min 1800 r/min 12000 r/min
6 1000 r/min 1200 r/min 8000 r/min
8 750 r/min 900 r/min 6000 r/min
10 600 r/min 720 r/min 4800 r/min
12 500 r/min 600 r/min 4000 r/min
14 428.6 r/min 514.3 r/min 3429 r/min
3-3. The first ac power system in the USA ran at a frequency of 133 Hz. If the ac power for this system were
produced by a 4-pole generator, how fast would the shaft of the generator have to rotate?
SOLUTION The equation for the speed of the shaft is
120 f se 120 133 Hz
nsm 3990 r/min
P 4
3-4. A three-phase Y-connected four-pole winding is installed in 24 slots on a stator. There are 40 turns of
wire in each slot of the windings. All coils in each phase are connected in series. The flux per pole in the
machine is 0.060 Wb, and the speed of rotation of the magnetic field is 1800 r/min.
(a) What is the frequency of the voltage produced in this winding?
(b) What are the resulting phase and terminal voltages of this stator?
SOLUTION
74
 (a) The frequency of the voltage produced in this winding is
nsm P 1800 r/min 4 poles
f se 60 Hz
120 120
(b) There are 24 slots on this stator, with 40 turns of wire per slot. Since this is a four-pole machine,
there are two sets of coils (in 8 slots) associated with each phase. The voltage in the coils in one pair of
slots is
EA 2 NC f 2 40 t 0.060 Wb 60 Hz 640 V

There are eight slots associated with each phase, and the all of the coils in a slot are connected in series,
so the total phase voltage is
V 8 640 V 5120 V

Since the machine is Y-connected, VL 3V 8868 V .

3-5. A three-phase -connected six-pole winding is installed in 36 slots on a stator. There are 150 turns of
wire in each slot of the windings. All coils in each phase are connected in series. The flux per pole in the
machine is 0.060 Wb, and the speed of rotation of the magnetic field is 1000 r/min.
(a) What is the frequency of the voltage produced in this winding?
(b) What are the resulting phase and terminal voltages of this stator?
SOLUTION
(a) The frequency of the voltage produced in this winding is
nsm P 1000 r/min 6 poles
f se 50 Hz
120 120
(b) There are 36 slots on this stator, with 150 turns of wire per slot. Since this is a six-pole machine,
there are three sets of coils (in 12 slots) associated with each phase. The voltage in the coils in one pair of
slots is
EA 2 NC f 2 150 t 0.060 Wb 50 Hz 2000 V

There are 12 slots associated with each phase, and the all of the coils in a slot are connected in series, so
the total phase voltage is
V 12 2000 V 24,000 V

Since the machine is -connected, VL V 24, 000 V .

3-6. A three-phase Y-connected 60-Hz two-pole synchronous machine has a stator with 5000 turns of wire per
phase. What rotor flux would be required to produce a terminal (line-to-line) voltage of 13.2 kV?
SOLUTION The phase voltage of this machine should be V VL / 3 7621 V . The induced voltage per
phase in this machine (which is equal to V at no-load conditions) is given by the equation

EA 2 NC f
so
EA 7621 V
0.0057 Wb
2 NC f 2 5000 t 60 Hz

75