Uni

t-
II
COMPLEXVARI
ABLE-I
NTEGRATI
ON

1.I
dent
if
ythesi
mpl
epol
esof .

Sol
uti
on:Gi
ven

Thesi
mpl
epol
esof ar
e

2.I
fCi
saci
rcl
ewi
thcent
re‘
a'andr
adi
us‘
r'
thenshowt
hat .

Sol
uti
on:Theequat
ionoft
heci
rcl
eCwi
thcent
er‘
a'andr
adi
us‘
r'
canbewi
tt
enas

z- eiθ,
a=r wher
eθv
ari
esf
rom 0t
o2π

Sot
hatdz=i
reiθdθ

3.Expandf
(z)=coszi
nTay
lor
’sser
iesaboutt
hepoi
ntz=π/
4.

Sol
uti
on:Gi
v (
enfz)=cosz
'
(
Thenfz)=-
sinz
'
'
fz)=-
( cosz
'
''
f(z)=si
nzandsoon.

Her
ea=π/
4

∴ ()
π π 1
f =cos =
4 4 2

(π4)=-sinπ4=-12
f'

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage1
 '
f()
'π
4
=-
π 1
cos =-
4 2

f( )=si
π
'
'
' π 1
n = andsoon.
4 4 2

Weknowt
hatTay
lor
’sser
iesoff
(z)atz=ai
s

z-a' (z-a)
2
'
' (z-a)
3
'
'
'
f
(z)=f
(a)+ f a)+
( f(a)+ f (a)+…
1! 2! 3!

z-
π
z-
π2
() z-
π3
()
π
⇒cosz=f +
4 ()4 'π
f +
1! 4 ()4 ''π
f +
2! 4 ()
4 '''π
f +…
3! 4 ()

[ ( )( )
]
π π2 π3
z- z- z-
1 4 4 4
⇒cosz= 1- - + +…
2 1! 2! 3!

4.Def
inei
sol
atedsi
ngul
ari
tywi
thpr
operexampl
e.

Def
ini
ti
on:Apoi
ntz=ai
scal
l
edani
sol
atedsi
ngul
ari
tyf
(z)
,if

i
. f
(z)i
snotanal
yti
catt
hepoi
ntz=a

i
i
. f(
z)i
sanalyt
ici
nthedel
etednei
ghbourhoodofz=a,i
.e.
,ther
eexist
sa
nei
ghbour
hoodofthepoi
ntz=awhi chcontai
nsnoot
hersingul
arit
y.
z
e
Example:Iff
(z)= 2
z+1
Thenz=±iar
et woi sol
atedsi
ngul
arpoi
ntsoff
(z)
5.Def
inePolewit
hpr operexample.

Defi
niti
on:Apointz=ai sanisol
atedsi
ngul
ari
tyofananal
yti
cfunct
i (
onfz)
,t (
henfz)canbe
expandedinLaurent
’sseri
esaboutthepoi
ntz=a,

(
1)

Theser
iesofnegat
iveei
ntegr
al sof(
power z-a)namel
y i
sknownast
he

“
pri
nci
pal
par
t”oft
heLaur
ent
’sser
iesoff
( .
z)

I
fthepr
inci
pal
par
tcont
ainsaf
ini
tenumberoft
erms,
saym,
( sucht
hat
m <n)
,thent
hesi
ngul
arpoi
ntz=ai
scal
l
edapol
eofor
dern.

Si
mpl
epol
eisapol
eofor
derone.

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage2
AnAl
ter
nat
iveDef
ini
ti
on:
Ift
her
eexi
stsaposi
ti
vei
ntegernsucht
hat
n
l
i
m(z-
a) f(
z)=K≠0t
henz=ai
scal
l
edapol
eofor
dern.
z→a

z2
Example:I
ffz)=
( 2,thenz=1i sasimpl
epol
eandz=-
2isapol
eofor
der2.
(
z- (
1)z+2)
6.Def
ineRemovabl
esingulari
typroperexample.

Def
ini
ti
on:I
fthepr
inci
pal
par
toff
(z)cont
ainsnot
erm t
hent
hesi
ngul
ari
tyz=a
i
scal
l
edr
emov
abl
esi
ngul
ari
t (
yoffz)
.

I
nthi
scase

Herethesingul
ari
tycanber
emovedbydef
ini
ngf(z)atz=ainsuchawayt
hati
t
becomesanal
yti
catz=a.Suchasingul
ari
tyi
scal
ledremovablesi
ngul
ari
ty.

Thusi
flmf
i z)exi
( stsf
ini
tel
y,t
henz=ai
sar
emov
abl
esi
ngul
ari
ty.
z→a

AnAl
ter
nat
iveDef
ini
ti
on:

fl
I i
mf(
z)exi
stsf
ini
tel
y,t
henz=ai
scal
l
edar
emov
abl
esi
ngul
ari
t (
yoffz)
.
z
→a

1-
cosz
Example:I
ff(z)= ,thenz=0i saremov
ablesi
ngul
ari
ty.
z
7.Def
ineessenti
alsi
ngul
ari
tywithpr
operexample.

Def
ini
ti
on:Apoi
ntz=ai
sanessent
ial
singul
ari
tyi
f

i
. z=ai
sasi
ngul
arpoi
nt

i
i
. z=ashoul
dnotbeapol
eorr
emov
abl
esi
ngul
ari
ty
(
1/ 2)
z-
Exampl
e:Letf(z)=e
Herez=2i sasingul
arpoint
.
Alsoz=2i snotapoleorremovabl
esingul
ari
ty.
Theref
orez=2i sanessenti
alsi
ngul
ari
ty.

8.Stat
e(wri
te)Cauchy’
sInt
egr
altheor
em.
'
Stat
ement:I
ff(z)i
sanal
yti
candf(z)i
scont
inuousi
nsi
deandonasi
mpl
ecl
osedcur
veC,
then

z
9.Expandf
(z)=e i
nTay
lor
’sser
iesaboutt
hepoi
ntz=0.
z
Sol
uti
on:Gi
venf
(z)=e

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage3
 ' '
'z '
'' z z
Thenf
(z)=e,f(
z)=e,f(z)=e andsoon.

Her
ea=0

∴ (
f0)=e0=1, '
(
f0)=e0=1
'
'
f0)=e0=1,
( '
'
f'
(0)=e0=1andsoon.

Weknowt
hatTay
lor
’sser
i (
esoffz)atz=ai
s

z-a' (z-a)
2
'
' (z-a)
3
'
'
'
f
(z)=f
(a)+ f (
a)+ f(a)+ f (a)+…
1! 2! 3!

z z-0' (z-0)
2
'
' (z
-0)
3
'
'
'
(
⇒e =f0)+ f (
0)+ f(0)+ f (0)+…
1! 2! 3!

z z2 z3
⇒e =1+z+ + +…
2! 3!
2
1/
z
10.Whatt
ypeofsi
ngul
ari
tyhast
hef
unct
ionf
(z)=ze .

[ () () () ]
1 1 1 12 1 13
2
1/
z
Sol
uti
on:Gi
venf
(z)=ze =z1+ 2 + 2 + 2 +…
1!z 2!z 3!z

[ () () () ]
11 11 11
=z1+ 2 + 4 + 6 +…
1!z 2!z 3!z

1 1 1
=z+ + 3 + 5 +…
z 2z 6z

Her
ef(
z)hasi
nfi
nit
enumberoft
ermsi
nnegat
ivepower
sofz.

Hencef
(z)hasanessent
ial
singul
ari
tyatz=0

11.Fi
ndt
her
esi
dueof ati
tspol
e.

Sol
uti
on:Let

Her
ez=0i
sapol
eofor
der4.

1 d3 4
∴ Res[
f(
z)z=0]=l
: i
m [ (
zfz]
)
z→0(
4-1)
!dz3

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage4
 1 d3 1 8 4
i
m
=l 3[ e2z]= l
1- m[
i 8e2z]=- =-
-
z→03!
dz 6z→0 6 3

1 8 4
= lm[
i 8e2z]=- =-
-
6z→0 6 3

12.Ev
aluat
e wher
eCi
stheci
rcl
e .

Sol
uti
on:Let

Wher
e andCi
saci
rcl
e
Her
e l
i
einsideofC
Usi
ngCauchy’
sIntegr
alf
ormul
a

1+z
13.Expandl
og (
1+z)i
nascendi
ngpower
sofzandhencededucet
heexpansi
onof .
1-z
Sol
uti
on:Gi
venf
(z)=l
og (
1+z)

' 1 '
' 1
(
Thenfz)= f(
z)=-
1+z (1+z)
2

'
'' 2 '
v 6
f(z)= 3, f()=-
z 4 andsoon.
(1+z) (1+z)

Her
ea=0

∴ (
f0)=l
og1`=0
' '
' '
'' '
v
(
f0)=1, f(
0)=-
1,f(0)=2,f(0)=-
6andsoon.

Weknowt
hatTay
lor
’sser
i (
esoffz)atz=ai
s

z-a' (z-a)
2
'
' (z-a)
3
'
'
'
(
fz)=f
(a)+ f a)+
( f(a)+ f (a)+…
1! 2! 3!

z-0' (z-0)
2
'
' (z-0)
3
'
'
'
og(
⇒l (
1+z)=f0)+ f (
0)+ f(0)+ f (0)+…
1! 2! 3!

z2 z3 z4
og(
⇒l 1+z)=z- + - +…
2 3 4

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage5
 z2 z3 z4
si
mil
arl
y,l og( z)=-
1- z- - - - …
2 3 4
Nowlog( )
1+z
1- z
=log(
1+z) -
log(1-z)

⇒ l og( ) (
1+z
1-z
z3 z5
=2z+ + +…
3 5 )
( ) z z5
3
1 1+z
⇒ l og =z+ + +…
2 1-z 3 5
1+z z3 z5
⇒ l
og =z+ + +…
1-z 3 5

14.Ev
aluat
e wher
eCi
sasquar
ewi
thv
ert
ices(
0,0)
,(1,
0),
(1,
1),
(0,
1).

Sol
uti
on:Gi
venthatCi
sasquarewi
thv
ert
ices(
0,0)
,(1,
0),
(1,
1),
(0,
1)
andisshowni
nfi
gure.

Now

(
1) y

Al
ongOAl
i
ne:y=0sothatdy=0
andxvar
iesfr
om 0t
o1 B(
1,1)
C(
0,1)

Al
ongABl
i
ne:x=1sothatdx=0
andyvar
iesfr
om 0t
o1 A(
1,0) x
O(
0,0)

Al
ongBCl
i
ne:y=1sothatdy=0
andxvari
esfr
om 1t
o0

Al
ongCOl
i
ne:x=0sothatdx=0
andyvar
iesfr
om 1t
o0

Usi
ngt
heabov
eval
uesi
n(1),
weget

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage6
15.Ev
aluat
e wher
eCi
stheci
rcl
e|z|=3.

Sol
uti
on:Now

Wher
e

Thepol
esof ar
ez=-
1andz=2
Theset
wopolesl
iei
nsi deofC:|z|=3
∴ [Resf
( ]
z)z=-
1
=lm(
i z+1)(
fz)
z→-
1
e2z e-2
=lim =
z→-1z-
2 - 3
and [
Resf
( ]
z)z=2
m(
=l
i z-2)f
(z)
z→2
e2z e4
i
m
=l =
z→2z+1 3
∴ ByResi
duet
heor
em,
weget

1
17.Ev
aluat
e wher
eCi
stheci
r e|
cl 2|= .
z-
2

Sol
uti
on:Now

Wher
e

Thepol
esof ar
ez=1i
sapol
eofor
der1andz=2i
sapol
eofor
der2.
1
Theset
wopolesz=2i st
heonlypolel
iei
nsideofC:| 2|=
z-
2
1 d
∴ [Resf (
z)] =li
m [
( 2)
z- 2
f(
z)]
z=2 z→2(2-1)
!dz
=l i
m
z→2d () [ ]
d 1
zz-
=lim
1 z→2 (
-
1
1)
z- 2 =-
1
∴ ByResi
duetheorem, weget

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage7
18.Ev
aluat
e al
ongt
hel
iney=x/
2.

x 1
Sol
uti
on:Gi
veny= ⇒dy= dx
2 2

andz=0t
oz=2+i

i
.e.
,x=0t
ox=2andy=0t
oy=1

19.Expand i
naLaur
ent
’sser
iesv
ali
dfor
:(i
)|z|>3(
ii
)2<|
z|<3.

Sol
uti
on:Gi
ven ,
usi
ngpar
ti
alf
ract
ions

3 2
(
i)Gi
ven|
z|>3,
i.
e.,|
z|<1,
also|
z|<1

Thi
sist
her
equi
redLaur
ent
’sser
iesexpansi
onof i
n|z|>3.

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage8
 2 |z|
(
i)Gi
i ven2<|
z|<3,
i.
e., 2<|
z| z|
and| <3⇒ |
z|<1and 3 <1

Thi
sist
her
equi
redLaur
ent
’sser
iesexpansi
onof i
n2<|
z|<3.

20.Expand i
naLaur
ent
’sser
iesv
ali
df z|<3.
or2<|

Sol
uti
on:Gi
ven ,
usi
ngpar
ti
alf
ract
ions

2 |z|
Gi
ven2<|
z|<3,
i.
e., 2<|
z|and|
z|<3⇒ |
z|<1and 3 <1

Thi
sist
her
equi
redLaur
ent
’sser
iesexpansi
onof i
n2<|
z|<3.

21Expand i
naLaur
ent
’sser
iesaboutz=0.

Sol
uti
on:
Weknowt
heser
iesexpansi
onofsi
nzaboutz=0i
s

z3 z5 z7
si
nz=z- + - +…
3! 5!7!

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage9
 [ () () () ]
13 15 17
∴ (
z-1)
si
1
z ()
n =(
z-
1 z z z
1) - + - +…
z 3! 5! 7!

[ 1 1 1
3! z 7!
z 5! z][ ]
1 1 1 1
= 1- 2+ 4- 6+… - - 3+ 5- 7+…
z3! z 7!
z 5! z

[( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
1 111 111 111
= 1- - 2-3 + 4-5 - 6-7 +…
z 3!z z 5!z z 7!z z

22.Expandbyusi
ngLaur
ent
’sser
ies wher
e|z|<1.

Sol
uti
on:Let ,
usi
ngpar
ti
alf
ract
ions

Gi
ven|
z|<1,al
so ||
z
2
<1

Thi
sist
her
equi
redLaur
ent
’sser
iesexpansi
onof i
n|z|
<1.

23.Fi
ndt
heLaur
entexpansi
onoft
hef
unct
ion

7z-
2
(
fz)=
(z+1)z( 2)
z-

I
nt ar1<|
heannul z+1|
<3.

Sol
uti
on:
Putz+1=u,
thenz=u-
1.

Ther
efor
e

7(u-1)
-2 7u-
9
(
fz)= =
u(u-1)(
u-3) u(
u- (
1) 3)
u-

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage10
 3 1 2
=- + +
u u-1 u-
3

3 1 2
=- + -
u
( )( )
1
u1- 31-
u
u
3

() ()
3 1 1-1 2 u-1
=- + 1- - 1-
u u u 3 3

(
3 1 1 1 1 2 u u2 u3
)(
=- + 1+ + 2+ 3+… - 1+ + 2+ 3+…
u u uu u 3 33 3 )
(
2 1 1
)(
2 u u2 u3
= -+ 2+ 3+… - 1+ + 2+ 3+…
uu u 3 33 3 )
( 2 z+1 (
)(
z+1) (
z+1)
)
3
2 1 1 2
=- + 2+ 3+… - 1+ + 2 + 3 +…
z+1 (
z+1) (z+1) 3 3 3 3

Cl
ear
lyt
hisser
iesi
sval
i
dint
her
egi
on ||
1
u
u
||
<1and <1
3

i
.e.
,|
u|>1and|
u|<3,
i.
e.,
1<|
u|<3

i
.e.
,i
nt us1<|
heannul z+1|
<3.

24.Byi
ntegr
ati
ngr
oundaci
rcl
eofuni
tradi
us,
showt
hat
2π
cos3θ π
∫
5-4cosθ
dθ= .
12
0

Sol
uti Letz=eiθ.Thendz=eiθi
on: dθ=i
zdθ.

1
z+
dz z
Ther
efor
edθ= andcosθ=
iz 2

1
i
.3θ -
i.
3θ z3+ 3
e +e z
cos3θ= =
2 2

LetCbet
heuni
tci
rcl
e|z|=1.

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage11
 Now ∫
2π
cos3θ
dθ=∫
(z+ )
z
1
dz
3
3

2[ ]
4(
z+ )
5-4cosθ 1 iz
0 C
z
5-
2

z6+1
dz 1 z6+1
=∫ = ∫ dz
3
C2z 5-
2i
2z-
z [ ]
z 2i z3(
C
5z- 2)
2z2-

1 z6+1
=-
2i z(
3∫2z2-5z+2)
dz
C

1 z6+1 1
=- 3
2i z(∫2z-1)
( 2)
z-
dz=- f
2i
(
z)dz ∫ (
1)
C C

Thepol (
esoffz)ar
e:

1
(
i) z=0,
apol
eofor
der3 (
ii
)z= and (
ii
i)z=2.
2

1
Oftheseonl
yz=0andz= ar
einsi
det
heuni
tci
rcl
e.Hencewehav
etocal
cul
atet
he
2
cor
respondingr
esi
dues.

1
Resi (
dueoffz)atz= is
2

=l
i
m
(z-12)(z+1) =lim
6
(
z6+1) 65
=-
z→
1 z3( 1)
2z- (
z-2) z→
1
3
2z( 2) 24
z-
2 2

I
twi
l
lbeeasi
ert
ogett
her
esi
dueatt
hemul
ti
plepol
ez=0,
byexpansi
onoff
( .
z)

f
(z)=
6
z+1
=
(
z+ )
3
1
z
3

z3( 1)
2z- (
z-2) (
1- )
2z(2-z)

=
(
z+ )
31
z 3

2(
1- )
2z(1-2z)

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage12
 = ( )
1 3 1
z+ 3 (
2 z
1- )
2z-
()
1 z-1
1-
2

= ( )
1 3 1
z+ 3 (
2 z (
z z2
1+2z+4z2+…)1+ + +…
24 )
= ( )
1 3 1
z+ 3 (
2 z ( ) z z2
1+2z+4z2+…)1+ + +…
24

= (
z+ )1+ +z( +1+4)
[ +…]
1 1 3 5z 1 2
3
2 z 2 4

1
Coef
fi
cientof int
her
ighthandsi
depr
oduct
z

=
1
2 ( )
1
×1× +1+4 =
4
21
8

Hencebyt
her
esi
duet
heor
em,

∫
(
fz)dz=2πi
×sum oft
heabov
etwor
esi
dues
C

(
65 21 πi
=2πi- + =-
24 8 6 )
Hencesubst
it
uti
ngi
n(1)
,
2π
cos3θ 1 πi π
∫
5-4cosθ
dθ=- ×- =
2i 6 12
0

Dr
.K.
V.Nageswar
aReddy
,AI
TS,
KADAPAPage13