Chapter 14 Reproduction

Chapter 14
Reproduction
Short questions:
1. Define reproduction. What are types of reproduction?
Reproduction:
Reproduction is defined as the production of individuals of the same species i.e. the next generation of
species.
a) Sexual reproduction
b) Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction:
It involves the joining of male and female sex cells i.e. gametes.
Asexual reproduction:
It means the simple cell division that produces an exact duplicate of an organism.
2. Define binary fission.
Binary fission:
Binary means 'two' fission means 'break up'. Binary fission means division into two. It is the simplest and
most common method of asexual reproduction. It occurs in prokaryotes, many unicellular eukaryotes
e.g. protozoa and some invertebrates.
3. What is fragmentation? Give example.
Fragmentation:
The type of asexual reproduction in which the organism break up into pieces.
For example: planarian breaks into 8-9 piece. During fragmentation each piece give rise to new
individual.
4. Define budding. Give an example.
Budding:
It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a bud develops as a small outgrowth on parents body.
For example, in yeast, a small bud is formed on one side of body of cell. The nucleus of cell divides and
one of the nucleus is passed on to bud and form new cell.
5. Differentiate between spore and Endospore.
Spore:
In most of fungi like Rhizopus, when they reach at reproduction age, then body cells form thick
walled sacs called sporangia.Inside each sporangia, a cell divides many times and forms many
daughter cells called spores.
Endospore:
Under unfavorable conditions, some species of bacteria reproduce by forming spores e.g.
Clostridium and bacillus species. Thick walled spores are formed inside bacterial cell. This is
called endospores.
6. Define parthenogenesis.
Parthenogenesis:
Type of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into new offspring.
For example, some fishes, frogs and insects reproduce by mean of parthenogenesis.
7. What is alternation of generations in plants?
Alternation of generations:
In the life cycle of flowering plants, the two generations alternate with each other. The phenomenon in
which the sporophyte generation gives rise to gametophyte and gametophyte generation gives rise to
sporophyte is called alternation of generations.
8. Define double fertilization.
Double fertilization:
The type of fertilization in which one sperm fuses with egg and forms a zygote. The other sperm fuses
with the diploid fusion nucleus and forms a triploid (3N) endosperm nucleus. This process is called
double fertilization.
9. Define pollination. Explain its types.
Pollination:
The transfer of pollen grains from flowers anther to stigma.
Types:
Self pollination:
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same floweror the other flower of
same plant.
Cross pollination:
The transfer of pollen grains from the flower on one plant to the flower on other plant of same species.
10. Define epicotyl and hypocotyl.
Epicotyl:
The embryonic stem above the point of attachment of cotyledon is called epicotyl.
Hypocotyl:
The embryonic stem below the point of attachment of cotyledon is called hypocotyl.
11. Give difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
Epigeal Hypogeal
In epigeal germination, the hypocotyl elongates and In hypogeal germination, the epicotyl elongates and
forms a hook, pulling the cotyledons above ground. forms the hook, the cotyledons stay underground.
Beans, cotton and papaya germinate this way. Pea, maize and coconut germinate this way.
12. What is fertilization? Differentiate between internal and external fertilization.
Fertilization:
The fusion of male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum is called fertilization. After the
formation of gametes, fertilization occurs
External fertilization Internal fertilization
In external fertilization, egg cells are fertilized outside In internal fertilization, egg cells are fertilized within the
the body. It requires both the male and female animals reproductive tract of female.
to release their gametes into their surroundings at the
same time.
It occurs in most of the invertebrates, fishes and It occurs in reptiles, birds and mammals.
amphibians.
13. Define parthenocarpy.
Parthenocarpy:
The process in which ovaries develop into fruit without the fertilization inside the ovule present in them,
it results in seedless fruits e.g. bananas and seedless varieties of grapes.
14. How multiple fission in amoeba takes place?
Multiple fission:
Some unicellular organisms (e.g. amoeba) form hard walls called cyst around them under unfavorable
conditions.
When favourable conditions return, the nucleus of parent divides into many daughter nuclei and the
division of cytoplasm

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Chapter 14

1. Define reproduction. What are types of reproduction?

2. Define binary fission.

3. What is fragmentation? Give example.

4. Define budding. Give an example.

7. What is alternation of generations in plants?

8. Define double fertilization.

9. Define pollination. Explain its types.

The transfer of pollen grains from flowers anther to stigma.

10. Define epicotyl and hypocotyl.

11. Give difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination.

12. What is fertilization? Differentiate between internal and external fertilization.

External fertilization Internal fertilization

13. Define parthenocarpy.

14. How multiple fission in amoeba takes place?

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