10th - Chemistry - Metals & Non-Metals

BEST
FOUNDATION MATERIAL
Revised as per CBSE & NCERT
Class 10
CHEMISTRY
Effective content to build a strong foundation
Special focus on New Pattern Objective Questions
Covers complete theory, Practice, and Assessment

CH-3: METALS AND NON METALS CHEMISTRY / CLASS-X
METALS
&
NON-METALS
3.1 INTRODUCTION :
Till now, scientists have discovered more than 118 elements. These are classified into metals and
Non-metals and metalloids. Metals are electropositive, which are hard, sonorous, malleable, ductile,
with tensile strength and good conductor of heat and electricity. Non-metals have just opposite to metals
in characteristics. Metalloids are the elements which show the property of both metals and non metals.
Metals occur in nature in the free as well as combined state ( in minerals). Those minerals from a metal
can be extracted profitably and economically are called ores, process is called metallurgy. Metals also
from alloys. We will study all these different aspects of elements in this chapter.
3.2 METALS :
(A) PHYSICALPROPERTIES
(a) Important Characteristics of the Metals :
1. Physical state : Solids at room temperature.
Exception : Mercury (liquid at room temperature).
2. Shining surfaces : Property as known as lustre.
3. Conduction : Good conductors of heat and electricity : eg. Au,Ag
Exception : Heat (Pb), Electricity (Hg).
4. Hardness : Quite hard.
Exception : Sodium & potassium are soft.
5. Malleable : Eg. Fine Al foils are used for wrapping different types of food.
Thin foils of silver are used for decorating sweets.
6. Ductile :All electric wires drawn from different metals are very fine.
7. Sonorous : The sound produced on bending a tin foil is known as ‘tin cry’.
8. Generally, have high melting and boiling points.
9. Density : Metals have high density and are very heavy.
10. Valency : Metals have 1 to 3 electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms.
11. Electropositive character : Metals are elements that have a tendency to lose electors
and form cations. They normally do not accept electrons.
PAGE# 127
A Pre-Foundation Program
(b) Important properties of Non-metals

1. Physical state : Either gases or solids at room temperature.
Exception : Bromine (liquid at room temperature).
2. Surface : Non-metals vary in colour with generally dull surfaces.
Exception : Diamond, Crystals of iodine have bright lustre.
3. Conduction : Mostly Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Exception : Graphite
4. Hardness : Quite Soft.
Exception : Diamond
5. Malleable : Non-malleable and non-ductile.
6. Not Sonorous.
7. Very low melting and boiling point as compare to metals.
Exception : Diamond, Graphite
8. Reactivity : They generally form acidic or neutral oxides with oxygen.
PAGE# 128
Noble Metal : Noble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation, unlike most base
metals. They tend to be precious metals often due to inertness. Examples include gold, platinum and
rhodium.
Precious Metals : A precious metal is a rare metallic chemical element of high economic value.
Chemically, the precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have high luster and high electrical
conductivity. Historically, precious metals were important as currency, but are now regarded mainly as
investment and industrial commodities. The best-known precious metals are gold and silver. While both
have industrial uses, they are better known for their uses in art, jewelry and coinage. Other precious
metals include thePlatinum group metals: ruthenium,rhodium,palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum is
the most widely traded.
Based Metal : In chemistry, the term ‘base metal’is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or
corrodes relatively easily, and reacts variably with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen.
Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is considered as a base metal because it oxidizes
relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. It is commonly used in opposition to noble metal.
Ferrous Metal : The term “ferrous” is derived from the Latin word meaning “containing iron”. This can
include pure iron, such as wrought iron, or an alloy such as steel. Ferrous metals are often magnetic, but
not exclusively.
Alloy :An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is
a metal. Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining
different ratios of metals as alloys modifythe properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.
The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a
more desirable color and luster. Examples of alloys are steel (iron and carbon), brass (copper and zinc),
bronze (copper and tin), and duralumin (aluminium and copper). Alloys specially designed for
highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, may contains more than ten elements. Stainless steel
(Fe + C + Cr + Ni) are used where resistance to corrosion is important Al and Mg alloys are used for
strength and light applications. Nickel-based super alloys are used in high temperature applications such
as turbocharger, pressure vessel and heat exchangers. Generally electrical conductivity of an alloy is less
than that of pure metal.
(i) There are several metals that are low density, soft and have low melting points, these
(the alkali and alkaline earth metals) are extremely reactive, and are rarelyencountered
in their elemental, metallic form. Some metals like sodium are so soft that they can be
even cut with knife. Three metals are magnetic. These are iron, cobalt and nickel. Steel
is a mixture of elements but mostlyiron, so it is also magnetic. The other metals are not
magnetic. Mercury is the onlymetal which is found in liquid state at room temperature.
(ii) Gold is probably one of the hardest metals. From one gram of the metal, a wire of
nearlytwo kilometres can be drawn. However the metals differ in their ductilitycapacity.
(iii) Metals suchas titanium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, etc. are classified as strategic
metals play important role in the country’s economy and defence. These metals and
their alloys are used in
(a) atomic energy, (b) space science projects (c) jet engines
(d) high grade steels (e) defence equipments
(iv) Iridium is the heaviest metal while lithium is the lighest metal.
PAGE# 129
 Some more properties of Metals :

(i) Ionization energy of an element is the amount of energy required to remove the outermost
electron from an isolated atom of the element in gaseous state.
+ –
A(g) + Ionization energy   A (g) + e
Ionization energy of an element is the measure of tendency of an element to lose electrons.
(ii) Thermal and Electrical Conductivity

(A) Study of Thermal Conductivity of Metals
(a) Take an aluminium or copper rod and clamp it on a stand as shown in figure.
(b) Put some wax on one end of the rod.
(c) Start heating the rod, from a place away from the wax, with the help of a burner.
What do you observe?

It is observed that the wax starts melting.
The rod does not melt even after heating for a long time.
This activity demonstrates that the metals are good conductors of heat and have high melting points.
(B) Study of Electrical Conductivity of Metals
(a) Take wires of copper, aluminium, iron etc.
(b) Set up the electric circuit as shown in figure.
(c) Place the different wires between points A and B one by one and observe whether the
bulb glows or not after completing the circuit.
It is observed that bulb glows in case of different metals indicating that metals are good
conductor of electricity.
PAGE# 130
Difference between Metal & Non-metal
Property Metals Non – Metals

1. Action with mineral Metals generally react with dilute Non-metals do not displace
acids mineral acids to liberate H2 gas hydrogen on reaction with
dilute minerals acids
2. Nature of oxides They form basic oxides. These Non-metals form acidic or
oxides are ionic in nature. Some neutral oxides. These oxides are
oxides like Al2 O3 are amphoteric covalent in nature.
also.
3. Combination with Only a few metals combine with Non-metals combine with
hydrogen hydrogen to form hydrides. These hydrogen to form stable
hydrides are ionic in character. hydrides. These hydrides are
covalent.
4. Combination with They combine with halogens to Non-metals form halides which
halogens form well defined and stable are unstable and undergo
crystalline solids. For example, hydrolysis readily. For
NaCl, KBr, etc. example, PCl5, PCl3 , etc.
5. Electrochemical Metals are electropositive in Non-metals are electronegative
behavior character. They form cations in in character. They form anions
solutions and are deposited on the in solutions and are liberated at
cathode when electricity passed the anode when electricity is
through their solutions. passed through their solutions.
Hydrogen is an exception. It
usually forms positive ions and
is liberated at cathode.
6. Oxidising or Metals behave as reducing agents. Non-metals generally behave as

reducing behaviour This is because of their tendency oxidizing agents since they
to lose electrons. have the tendency to gain
electrons.
Illustration 1
How does a metal conduct heat?
Solution
When a metal is heated, its atoms gain energy and vibrate more vigorously.
This energy is transferred to the electrons, which can move through out the
metal, they transfer their energy to other electrons and atoms, and thus, heat is
conducted.
Illustration 2
How does a metal conduct electricity?
Solution
Metals have low ionisation potential, so they loose electrons, the free e– (or)
mobile electron, move from one kernal (positive charged ion, Ex:Ag+) to another kernal,
so metal conduct electricity.
PAGE# 131
Try yourself
1. Give one example of a metal which
(i) is liquid at room temperature
(ii) can be easily cut out with a knife
(iii) is the best conductor of heat
(iv) is the poorest conductor of heat
2. Name two highlymalleable metals
3. Name two elements that are alloyed with iron to make stainless steel?
(B) CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF METALS

Metals are electropositive elements, so they ionise by loss of electrons and form positive ions (cations)
K  K+ + e– , Mg  Mg+2 + 2e–
The electropositive character of metals gives a certain characteristic chemical properties, these are
discussed below.
(I) Reaction of Metals with Oxygen : Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form their
respective oxides. Metals oxides are basic in nature.
Metal + Oxygen   Metal oxide
When heated in air sodium burns with golden yellow flame. Potassium burn with pink-violet
flame.
All the metals combine with oxygen, and form basic oxides
(a) 4Na + O2   2Na2O
2Cu + O2   2CuO
(b) Mg does not react with oxygen at room temperature. It combine with oxygen only on
heating. Magnesium also combine with nitrogen and forms oxide & nitride.
2Mg + O2 heat  2MgO
6Mg + 2N2   2Mg3N2 (Magnesium nitride)
(c) 2Zn + 2O2   2ZnO(s)
(d) Iron does not burn in air even on strong heating but iron filings burn vigorously when
sprinkled in the flame of burner. Iron reacts with oxygen or air to form Fe3O4.
3Fe(s) + O2(g)   Fe3O4(s)
It may be mentioned that oxides of some less electropositive metals are amphoteric in nature.
Aluminium & zinc are metals. These metals combine with oxygen and form amphoteric oxide.
(Amphoteric oxides reacts with acids and bases)
2Al + 3O2   2Al2O3
2Zn + O2   2ZnO (Amphoteric oxides)
Al2O3 + 6HCl   2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH   2NaAlO2 + H2O (sodium aluminate)
Alkali (IA group) & Alkaline earth metal (IIA group) oxides are soluble in nature and forms
metal hydroxides.
Na2O (s) + H2O (l)  2NaOH (Aq)
MgO (s) + H2O (l)  Mg(OH)2
PAGE# 132
But most of the metal oxides are insoluble in nature.

 Different metals show different reactivities towards oxygen.
Na & K – catches fire when they placed in moist air, So Na & K are kept in kerosene.
 Mg,Al, Zn & Pb reacts with oxygen and forms metal oxide. This oxide layer is called
protective oxide layer, it prevent the further oxidation.
 Pb, Ag & Au – do not react with oxygen even at high temperature so they are called
noble metals.
Na  Mg  Zn  Fe  Cu
Anodising: is a process of forming a thick oxide layer of aluminium. During anodising, a clean
aluminium article is made the anode and is electrolysed with dilute H2SO4. The oxygen gas
evolved at the anode reacts with aluminium to make a thicker protective oxide layer. This oxide
layer can be dyed easily to giveAl – articles to an attractive finish.
(II) Action with water

Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen gas. Metal oxides that are
soluble in waterdissolve in it tofurther form metal hydroxide. But all metals do not react with water.
Metal + Water   Metal oxide + Hydrogen
Metal oxide + Water   Metal hydroxide
Metals likepotassium and sodium react violentlywith cold water. In case of sodium and potassium,
the reaction is so violent and exothermic that the evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire.
2K (s) + 2H2O (l)   2KOH (aq) + H2 (g) + heat energy
2Na (s)+ 2H2O (l)   2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) + heat energy
The reaction of calcium with water is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient for the
hydrogen to catch fire.
Ca (s) + 2H2O (l)   Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the
metal.
Magnesium does not react with cold water. It reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide
and hydrogen. It also starts floating due to the bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking to its surface.
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) heat 
 Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc do not react either with cold or hot water. But they react
with steam to form the metal oxide and hydrogen.
2Al (s) + 3H2O (g)  Al2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g)
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)
The reaction is reversible in nature.
Metals such as lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with water at all.
Thus, the order of reactivity of some common metals with water.
K  Na  Ca  Mg  Zn  Fe  Cu
PAGE# 133
(III) Reaction With Acids

All metals do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acids. But when a metal reacts
with any of these acids, a salt is formed and hydrogen gas is evolved. The metal replaces the
hydrogen atoms in the acid to form a salt.
Metal + dilute acid 
 Metal salt + Hydrogen
(a) Sodium reacts with dilute acid with explosive violence
2 Na (s)  2HCl(aq ) 
 2 NaCl (aq )  H 2 (g )
Sodium metal Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride
This reaction shows that sodium is a very reactive metal.

(b) Magnesium metalsreacts rapidlywithdilutehydroxhloricacidto formmagnesium chloride
and hydrogen gas.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) 
 MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(c) Zn reacts with dil. HCl, but less rapidly than Mg. This shows that zinc is less reactive
thanmagnesium
Zn(s)  2HCl(aq) 
 ZnCl2 (aq)  H 2 (g )
Zinc chloride
(d) Iron react very slowly with dil HCl to form ferrous chloride and hydrogen.
Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) 
 FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(e) Cu(s) + HCl(aq) 
 No reaction.
Thus, order of reactivity is
Na  Mg  Zn  Fe  Cu
Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid. It is because HNO3 is a strong
oxidising agent. It oxidises the H2 produced to water and is itself reduced to any of oxides of
nitrogen (N2O, NO, NO2). But Mg and Mn react with very dilute HNO3 to evolve H2 gas.
Mn(s) + 2HNO3(aq) 
 Mn (NO3)2 (aq) + H2(g)
(very dilute)
The rate of formation of bubbles was the fastest in the case of magnesium. The reaction was also
the most exothermic in this case. The reactivity decreases in the order Mg >Al > Zn > Fe. In the
case of copper, no bubbles were seen and the temperature also remained unchanged. This show
that copper does not react with dilute HCl.
PAGE# 134
Aqua regia is a mixture containing 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 part concentrated nitric
acid. It was well known to the alchemists for its power to dissolve gold.Aqua regia, which is Latin for
‘royal water’, is highly corrosive and fuming acid.
It reacts with noble metals such as gold and platinum to form their corresponding chlorides.
3HCl  HNO 3 
 NOCl  2H 2O  2Cl
144244 3 ( Nitrosyl chloride ) 14243
Aqua regia ( Nascent )
Au  3Cl 
 AuCl3 ; Pt  4Cl 
 PtCl 4
Gold ( Auric chloride) Plantinum ( Platinum chloride )
(IV) Reaction with Chlorine

Most of the metals react with chlorine to form chlorides. These chlorides are ionic(or electrovalent)
in character. During the formation of these chlorides, metal loses electrons and becomes positively
charged whereas chlorine atoms accept electrons and become negatively charged ions (chloride
ions). During this reaction metal undergoes oxidation whereas chlorine undergoes reduction.
Some examples are given below:
 2 NaCl(s) ;
2 Na (s)  Cl 2 (g )  Ca (s)  Cl 2 (g) 
 CaCl2 (s)
Sodium Sodium chloride Calcium Calcium chloride
Mg(s)  Cl 2 (g) 
 MgCl2 (s) ; Zn(s)  Cl 2 (g) 
 ZnCl2 (s)
Magnesium Magnesium chloride Zinc Znic chloride
(V) Reaction with Hydrogen

Most of the metals do not form compounds with hydrogen because metals form compounds by
loss of electrons which are accepted bythe other element. But hydrogen usuallyforms compounds
with other elements by loss of electrons or by sharing of electrons. It does not accept electrons.
However, a few reactive metals such as sodium, potassium and calcium react with hydrogen to
form ionic hydrides.
 2 NaH (s) ;
2 Na (s)  H 2 (g )  2K (s)  H 2 (g ) 
 2KH (s)
Sodium Sodium hydride Potassium Potassium hydride
Ca (s)  H 2 (g) 
 CaH 2 (s)
Calcium Calcium hydride
These hydrides are highly unstable compounds. They are decomposed with water.
NaH(s) + H2O(l)   NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
PAGE# 135
(VI) Reaction of Metals with Solutions of Other Metal Salts

Reactive metals candisplace less reactive metals from their compounds in solutionor molten form.
We have seen in the previous sections that all metals are not equally reactive. We checked the
reactivity of various metals with oxygen, water and acids. But all metals do not react with these
reagents. So we were not able to put all the metal samples we had collected in decreasing order
of their reactivity.
It is simple and easy if metalAdisplaces metal B from its solution, it is more reactive than B.
Metal A+ Salt solution of B   Salt solution ofA + Metal B
Certain metals have the capacity to displace some metals from the aqueous solution of their
salts. These reaction are known as metals displacement reactions. It may be noted that
a metal placed higher in the activity series can displace the metal which occupies a lower
position form the aqueous solution of its salt or a less reavtive metal can displace more
reactive metal from its salt solution.
For example, if we look at the activity series, we find that zinc occupies a much higher position
in the activity series as compared to copper. It is expected to displace copper present in the
aqueous solution of its salt (e.g. CuSO4)
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)   ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Activity/Reactivity Series of Metals

The reactivityof metals differs from metal to metal. Some of the metals are reactive, while others
are less reactive towards chemical reagents. The elements that can lose electrons easily and
form positively charged ions are more reactive. The elements that cannot lose electrons easily
are less reactive.
Metals can be arranged in the decreasing order of their reactivity in a series. This series is called
the reactivityor activityseries of metals. The series has been derived from the reactions discussed
above and many other similar reactions.
Most Reactive
Potassium K
DECREASING REACTIVITY
Sodium Na
Barium Ba
Calcium Ca
Magnesium Mg
Aluminium Al
Zinc Zn
Iron Fe
Nickel Ni
Tin Sn
Lead Pb
Hydrogen H
Copper Cu
Mercury Hg
Silver Ag
Gold Au
Least Reactive
Activity series of some metals
PAGE# 136
1. The activityseries of metals provides a list of metals arranged in order of their decreasing chemical
activity. The most active metal, potassium is at the top of the list and the least active metal, gold,
is at the bottom.
2. The ease with which a metal loses electrons and forms positive ions in solution, decreases as we
go do down the activity series from potassium to gold.
3. Hydrogen is included in the activity series even though it is not a metal. The hydrogen ion (H+),
like other metal ions, has a positive charge in most chemical reactions.
During reactions, metals generally undergo oxidation, i.e. they lose electrons to form positive ions. The
metals that have low ionization energy, have greater tendency to lose electrons and hence are generally
more reactive. Such metals occupy higher positions in the activity series. On the other hand, the metals
having high ionization energy do not lose electrons easily and hence are less reactive. Such metals occupy
lower positions in the activity series.
Significance of Activity Series

1. The metals above hydrogen in the activityseries have greater tendencythan hydrogen to give up electrons
in their solutions. Such metals are called electropositive metals.
For example, potassium (K), the first metal in the series is the most electropositive, while gold (Au), the
last metal of the series is the least electropositive.
2. The metals above hydrogen in the series can liberate hydrogen when treated with an acid solution. Thus,
magnesium and zinc react with dilute solutions of sulphuric acid to produce hydrogen gas.
Mg + H2SO4   MgSO4 + H2; Zn + H2SO4   ZnSO4+ H2
3. A more electropositive metal can replace a less electropositive metal from the solution of a salt of the less
electropositive metal. For example, when an iron rod is dipped into a solution of copper sulphate,
reddish coloured copper is deposited on the iron rod.
Fe + CuSO4   FeSO4 + Cu
This is because iron is more electropositive than copper.
Example :
Four students A, B, C and D noted that initial colour of the solutions in beakers I, II, III and IV.
After inserting zinc rods in each solution and leaving it undisturbed for two hours, noted the colour of
each solution again.
Zn Zn Zn Zn
Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ZnSO 4 FeSO 4 CuSO 4
PAGE# 137
They recorded their observations in the form of table given below:

Student Colour of the solution I II III IV
Initial Colourless Colourless Light green Blue
A
Final Colourless Colourless Colourless Colourless
Initial Colourless Light Yellow Light green Blue
B
Final Colourless Colourless Light green Colourless
Initial Colourless Colourless Light green Blue
C
Final Light blue Colourless Colourless Light Blue
Initial Light green Colourless Light green Blue
D
Final Colourless Colourless Dark green Colourless
Which students made the correct observation in all the four beakers?
Solution :
The student A had recorded the correct observations in all the four beakers.
(i) In beaker I, zinc is not in a position to displace aluminium metal, since it is placed below it.
Therefore, the solution will remain colourless.
(ii) In beaker II, zinc is in contact with ZnSO4. Therefore, no chemical reaction is possible. The
solution will remain colourless.
(iii) In beaker III, zinc will displace iron present in ferrous sulphate solution (light green) to form zinc
sulphate which is colourless.
(iv) In beaker IV, zinc will displace copper from copper sulphate solution (blue) to form zinc sulphate
which is colourless.
From the above discussion, it is quite clear that the studentAhas made correct observations initially and
also after the experiment.
(VII) Reaction of Metals with Non-Metals

We learnt that noble gases, which have a completely filled valence shell, show little chemical
activity. We, therefore, explain the reactivity of elements as a tendency to attain a completely
filled valence shell.
We know that a sodium atom has one electron in its outermost shell. If it loses the electron from
its M shell then its L shell now becomes the outermost shell and that has a stable octet. The
nucleus of this atom still has 11 protons but the number of electrons has become 10, So there is
anet positivechargegiving usasodium cation Na+ .On the other hand chlorine has seven electrons
in its ourtermost shell and it requires one more electron to complete its octet. If sodium and
chlorine were to react, the electrons lost by sodium could be taken up by chlorine.After gaining
an electron, the chlorine atom gets a unit negative charge, because its nucleus has 17 protons
and there are 18 electrons in its K, L and M shells. This gives us a chloride anion C1–.
PAGE# 138
So both these elements can have a give and take relation between them as follows.
Na — Na+ + e–
2, 8,1 2, 8
(Sodium cation)
Cl + e– — Cl–
2, 8,7 2,8,8
(chloride anion)
Na
. .
+ .Cl  (Na +) Cl
–
Sodium and chloride ions, being oppositelycharged, attract each other and are held bystrong electrostatic
forces of attraction to exist as sodium chloride (NaCl). It should be noted that sodium chloride does not
exist as molecules but aggregates of oppositely charged ions.
Let us see the formation of one more ionic compound, magnesium chloride
Mg  Mg2+ + 2e–
2,8,2 2,8
(Magnesium cation)
Cl + e– 
 Cl–
2,8,7 2,8,8
(Chloride anion)
.Cl
Mg + .. (Mg2+) Cl .
.Cl 2
(i) The symbols of the elements showing valence electrons with the help of dots (even crosses can
be used) in their atoms are known as Lewis symbols which have been used in the formation of
ionic bonds are Lewis symbols. For example, Lewis symbols of sodium and magnesium are
   
Na and M g respectively. Similarly Lewis symbols of fluorine and oxygen are : F: and :O:
  
respectively.
(ii) Lewis symbols are normally used only when the atoms are to take part in the bond formation.
Ordinary symbols are used when the atoms take part in chemical reactions.
(iii) The number of electrons which an atom either loses or gains in the formation of ionic bond, is
known as its valency or electrovalency.
(iv) If an atom loses electrons, its electrovalency is positive. For example, electrovalency of Na is
1+ and that of Ca and Mg are 2+ .
(v) If an atom gains electrons, its electrovalency is negative. For example, electrovalency of Cl is
1– while that of O is 2– .
PAGE# 139
Illustration 3
The element A and B having electronic configuration 2,8,1 and 2, 8,7
respectively. Which one of them is a metal and which is a non-metal?
Solution
The elementAhas only one electron in its outermost shell (All inner shells being
complete). Therefore, the element Ais a metal.
The element B has seven electron in its outermost shell (all inner shells being
complete). Therefore, the element B is a non-metal.
Try yourself
4. Which of the following is a metal
(A) 7
3X
(B) 3
1Y
(C) 10
9 Z
5. Name any two metal oxide which are amphoteric
3.3 OCCURENCE OF METALS IN NATURE :

A metal is said to occur native or free when it is found in nature in the metallic state. Those metals which
remain unaffected by moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide of the air can occur native or free.
The reactive metals, i.e., the metals which react with moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide or other chemical
reagents, are not found in nature in free state, but in combined state in the form of compounds.
Occurrence of metals in nature
In free state In combined state

(gold, platinum, silver, mercury, etc.) (sodium, calcium, potassium, aluminium, lead, copper, etc).
3.3.1 MINERALS AND ORES

Minerals:
Metal-bearing substances, found in the earths crust, are called minerals. In other words, the solid
compounds of metals occurring in nature are called minerals.
Metals can also be classified in terms of their nature and behaviour. For example, metals resembling iron
in properties likemanganese, chromium, nickel are ferrous metals. Theyhave a similar magnetic behaviour
like iron and can be used for preparing magnets.
Ores:
The minerals from which metals can be obtained on a commercial scale are called ores. In other words,
the minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably are called ores.
PAGE# 140
For example, Earth’s crust contains aluminium in the form of two well known minerals bauxite
(Al2O3 . 2H2O) and china clay (Al2O3, 2SiO2 . 2H2O). But the extraction of aluminium is cheaper and
easier from bauxite. Hence, ore of aluminium is bauxite.
Thus it can be concluded that –
(i) All ores are minerals, but all minerals are not ores.
(ii) An ore is rich in the amount of the metal. The amount of foreign materials or impurities is low in
an ore.
Elements Ores
Iron Haematite (Fe2 O 3 ), Magnetite (FeO. Fe2 O 3 ), Iron pyrites (FeS2 )
Aluminium Bauxite (Al2 O 3 . 2H2 O)
Calcium Limestone (CaCO 3 )
Magnesium Dolomite (MgCO 3 . CaCO 3 )
Copper Copper pyrites (CuFeS2 )
Mercury Cinnabar (HgS)
Zinc Zinc blende (ZnS), Calamine (ZnCO 3 )
Lead Lead glance (PbS)
Sodium Rock salt (NaCl)
Silver Horn silver (AgCl)
Flux :
A flux is a substance that is added to the furnace charge (roasted or calcined ore and coke) during the
process of smelting to remove the nonfusible impurities present in the ore.
Slag :
Flux combines with the nonfusible impurities to convert them into a fusible substance known as slag.
Impurities present in metal oxides may be acidic or basic. For acidic impurities, such as SiO2 or P2O5, a
basic flux (e.g., CaO) is added to the mixture during smelting. If basic impurities such as MnO are
present, silica is added to the flux.
Impurity Flux Slag

SiO2 + CaO — CaSiO3
P 2O 5 + 3CaO — Ca3(PO4)2
MnO + SiO2 — MnSiO3.
Gangue or Matrix :
The ore mined from the earth’s crust contains some unwanted substances or impurities, such as sand,
rocky or clay materials. These substances are called gangue or matrix.
PAGE# 141
(i) Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.

(ii) All minerals of a metal cannot be used for extraction of the metal.
3.4 METALLURGY:
The process of extracting metals from their ores and refining them for use is known as metallurgy. In
other words, the process of obtaining a metal from its ores is called metallurgy of the metal.
Metallurgical Operations
The various steps used in metallurgy are :
(1) Enrichment or dressing of the ore.
(2) Conversion of the enriched ore into the oxide of metal.
(3) Extraction of metal from the metal oxide.
(4) Refining or purification of the metal.
(1) Enrichment of Ores :
Ores mined from the earth are usuallycontaminated with large amounts of impurities such as soil,
sand, etc., called gangue or matrix. The impurities must be removed from the ore prior to the
extraction of the metal. The processes used for removing the gangue from the ore are based on
the differences between the physical or chemical properties of the gangue and the ore. Different
separation techniques are accordingly employed.
(i) Hydraulic washing ; (ii) Froth floatation;
(iii) Magnetic separation; (iv) Chemical separation/ reaching
PAGE# 142
(2) Conversion of the enriched ore into the oxide of metal

After concentration the ore is generally subjected to calcination or roasting, depending upon
nature of ore.
Calcination : It is the process of heating the ore in a limited supply of air, at a temperature
below its melting point.
(i) Volatile impurities are expelled.
(ii) Moisture is expelled.
(iii) Carbonate ores changes into oxide ores.
Al2O3 .2H 2O(s) 

 Al2O3 (s)  2H 2O(g )
Bauxite
ZnCO3 (s) 
 ZnO(s)  CO 2 (g)
Calamine
Calcination is carried out in case of carbonate ores or hydrates of oxide ores.
Roasting : It is the process of heating the ore in the excess supply of air, at a temperature
below it melting point.
This process results in the following changes.
(i) Volatile impurities are expelled.
(ii) Moisture is expelled
(iii) Sulphide ores change into oxides
2 ZnS  3O 2 
 2ZnO  2SO 2
Zinc blende
Both calcination and roasting are carried out in a special type of furnace called reverberatory
furnace.
(3) Extraction of metals from metal oxide :

(A) Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series
Metals low in the activity series are very unreactive. The oxides of these metals can be
reduced to metals by heating alone. For example, cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of mercury.
When it is heated in air, it is first converted into mercuric oxide (HgO). Mercuric oxide
is then reduced to mercury on further heating.
2HgS (s) + 3O2 (g) Heat
 2HgO (s) + 2SO2 (g)
2HgO (s) Heat
 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

Similarly, copper which is found as Cu2S in nature can be obtained from its ore by just
heating in air.
2Cu2S + 2O2 (g) Heat
 2Cu2O (s) + 2SO2 (g)
2Cu2O + Cu2S Heat
 6Cu (s) + SO2 (g)
PAGE# 143
(B) Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series

The metals in the middle of the activity series such as iron, zinc, lead, copper, etc., are
moderately reactive. These are usually present as sulphides or carbonates in nature. It is
easier to obtain a metal from its oxide, as compared to its sulphides and carbonates.
Therefore, prior to reduction, the metal sulphides and carbonates must be converted
into metal oxides.
The process of obtaining metals from their compounds is known as reduction. Before
reduction the ore is subjected to roasting and calcination. The sulphide ores are
converted into oxides by heating strongly in presence of excess of air. The process is
known as roasting. The carbonate ores are changed into oxides by heating strongly in
absence of excess of air.
Roasting –
2ZnS(s) + 3O2 (g) — 2 ZnO(s) + 2 SO2 (g)
Calcination –
ZnCO3 (s) — ZnO (s) + CO2 (g)
(4) Refining or purification of the metal.

(i) Distillation; (ii) Liquation; (iii)PolingElectrolytic Refining
3.5 METALLURGY IN DETAIL:

3.5.1 CONCENTRATION OF ORE
The process of removal of the gangue particle from the ore is called dressing (or) concentration (or)
benefaction.
It can be classified into various types, depending upon the nature of impurities
(I) Hand picking;
(II) Hydraulic washing (or) gravity separation (or) levigation
(III) Magnetic separation ;
(IV) Froth floatation;
(V) Leaching (or) chemical separation
(I) Hand picking : If ore particles and impurities (gangue) are different in size & shape, hand
picking process can be used to separate it.
For example, Haematite ore is purified by this method
(II) Hydraulic washing (or) gravity separation (or) levigation: This method is based on the
difference in specific gravity of the ore & gangue particle. Gangue particles are lighter than the
ore particles.
In this method the ore is mixed with water (or) washed with an upward stream of running water,
the lighter gangue particles are washed leaving behind the ore particles.
For example, this method is used for concentration of the oxide ores of Iron (Haematite),
Tin (Tinstone),Au &Ag etc.
PAGE# 144
(III) Magnetic separation : If ore or gangue particles are having magnetic nature, then it is
concentrated by this method.
This method is based on the difference in the magnetic properties of the ore and the gangue. This
method can be applied when either the ore is magnetic or the impurities are magnetic. The other
component should be non-magnetic.
Ex. Magnetite, an ore of iron is enriched by applying this method. Here, the ore particle are
attracted by the magnetic roller. Similarly, tungstates of iron (impurity) are removed from tin
stone (an ore of tin) by this method.
In this method, the powdered, impure ore is dropped over a travelling belt moving around two
rollers, one of which has a magnet attached to it.As the impure ore particles roll over the left, the
magnetic particles are attracted by the magnetic roller & ore collected just below the magnetic
roller, But the non-magnetic particle fall away from the magnetic rollers.
(Fig. Magnetic Separation)

(IV) Froth flotation process : It is used for separating impurities from the sulfide ores. Copper
pyrities (CuFeS2), galena (PbS) & zinc blende (ZnS) are concentrated by using this method.
This process based upon the fact that the surface of sulphide ore is wetted by oils, while gange
is wetted by water.
(Fig. Froth Floatation method)
PAGE# 145
This method is generally applied for the concentration of the sulphide ores. The finely crushed
ore is taken in a tank filled with water and a little (about 1%) pine oil or mineral oil is added. A
small quantity of a substance such as soap (called collector) is also added. The whole mass is
vigorously stirred by passing compressed air (figure) through it when froth is produced. The ore
particles get preferentially wetted by the oil while the gangue particles are wetted by the water.
The ore thus rises to the top alongwith the froth and can be skimmed off easily. The gangue
particles are left behind. The froth containing ore particles is washed with water to recover the
concentrated ore. This method is used to concentrate the sulphide ores of copper, lead and zinc.
(V) Leaching (or) chemical separation
This method is based on difference between the chemical properties of the ore and the gangue.
The process consists of treatment of the powdered ore with a suitable reagent (such as acids,
base (or) other reagents) which can Selectively dissolve, the ore but not the impurities.
Ex: Baeyer’s process: pure aluminium oxide is obtained from the Bauxite ore (containing Fe2O3
& silicates) by leaching. The powdered ore is treated with concentrated solution of NaOH
(base) where Al2O3 dissolves in the form of sodium aluminate leaving behind the impurities
which can be separated by filtration..
Al2O3 (s) + 2NaOH (aq) + H2O (l) — 2NaAlO2 (aq) + H2O (l)
sodium aluminate
Sodium aluminate on dilution (or) byneutralisation with CO2 givesAluminium hydroxide (ppt).
2NaAlO2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)   Al(OH)3 (s) + NaOH (aq)

Dilution
(or)CO 2
white ppt
Al(OH)3 on heating gives pure alumina.
2Al(OH)3 1473 K
 Al2O3 + 3H2O
Leaching is also used for extracting metals likeAu &Ag by converting these metals (or) their
ores into soluble complexes with the help of NaCN (or) KCN (Dilute solution)
Ag2S + NaCN — 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S
sodium dicyano argentate (I)
(soluble complex)
Illustration 4
Define Mineral, Ore and Gangue
Solution
Mineral: The inorganic compounds which occurs naturally in the earth crust are
known as minerals for example, CuFeS2, Copper pyrites
Ore: Theminerals from which metals can be profitablyandconvenientlyextracted
are known as ore, for example, Fe2O3 haematite
Gangue: The impurities present in ore is known as gangue for example, SiO2
PAGE# 146
3.5.2 CHEMICAL REDUCTION

(I) Before reduction the ore is subjected to roasting and calcination (as discussed earlier)
It is carried by using carbon (or) hydrogen (or) aluminium as reducing agents.
(A) Carbon as a reducing agent (i.e. smelting)
The reduction of metal oxides with carbon is known as smelting. The roasted (or) calcined
ore mixed with carbon (in the form of coal, coke (or) charcoal) and heated to a temperature
above its melting point in a furnace.
MO + C — M + CO
Ex: ZnO (s) + C (s) — Zn (s) + CO (g) 
SnO2 (s) + 2C (s) 1573

 Sn + 2CO (g) 
1437 to
K
Cassiterite
The carbon monoxide produced can also bring about the reduction of metal oxide to
free metal.
Ex: ZnO + CO — Zn + CO2
Fe2O3 + CO — 2FeO + CO2
FeO + CO — Fe + CO2
Important application for carbon reduction is to extract the Iron which is carried out in a
blast furnace.
(B) Hydrogen as a reducing agent
Metals like W, Mo — Cannot be reduced by carbon
They can be reduced by passing a current of hydrogen
WO3 + 3H2 — W + 3H2O
Hydrogenisrarelyusedasreducingagent,becauseit ishighlyexpensive&alsoinflammable.
(II) Reduction with aluminium:
Certain metal oxides such as Cr2O3 and MnO2 are not easily reduced with carbon. In such cases,
aluminiumis usedasreducingagentbecauseitismoreelectropositivethanchrominum ormanganese.
The process of reducing of oxides with aluminium is calledAluminothermy. Some examples are :
Cr2O3(s) + 2Al(s)   Al2O3(s) + 2Cr(l)
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s)   2Al2O3(s) + 3Mn(l)
The reduction of oxides of metals using aluminium as reducing agent is a highly exothermic
reaction. The heat produced during the reaction is sufficient to melt the metal. Hence, the metal
is produced in the molten state.
Aluminothermic process is sometimes used for welding metals. For example, the reaction Fe2O3
with aluminium is used to join railway tracks or cracked machine parts.
Fe 2 O3  2Al(s) 
 2Fe(l )  Al 2O3 (s)
Molten iron
This reaction known as thermite or thermite reaction.

(III) Reduction with Magnesium
In some cases, the reduction is carried out by alkaline earth elements like magnesium.
TiCl 4  2Mg 
 2MgCl 2  Ti
Titanium
tetrachloride
PAGE# 147
(IV) Electrolytic Reduction

The highly electropositive metals (that is the metals occupying higher positions in the reactivity
series) such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, etc. cannot be obtained by chemical reduction
methods. Such metals are extracted by the electrolytic reduction. In order to obtain these metals
their salts are electrolysed in fused state. The commonly used salts are halides. For example,
sodium metal is extracted by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride. The chlorine gas is liberated
at anode (the positively charged electrode) whereas sodium metal is liberated at cathode (the
negatively charged electrode).
NaCl   Na+ + Cl–
At anode : 2Cl–   Cl2 + 2e–
At cathode : 2Na+ + 2e–   2Na
The overall reaction may be represented as :
Electrolysis
2 NaCl   
 2 Na  Cl 2
Similarly, aluminium is obtained byelectrolytic reduction of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) dissolved in
molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) using graphite electrodes. The reactions taking place are:
At cathode : Al3+ + 3e–   Al(l)
2–
At anode: 2O   O2(g) + 4e–
2C(s) + O2(s)   2CO(g)
2CO(s) + O2(s)   2CO2(g)
Thus, on the basis of reactivity we can group the metals into the following three categories:
(i) Metals of low reactivity; (ii) Metals of medium reactivity; (iii) Metals of high reactivity
Different reduction processes are to be used for obtaining the metals falling in each category.
The relation between the reduction process employed and the position of the metals in the
activity series is depicted in table.
Table : Position of the metal in the Activity Series and the Related Reduction Process
Position in the Activity Series Element Reduction Process
K 
Metals found near the top of the Na 
 Electrolysis
activity series Ca 
Mg 
Al 
Metals found in the middle of the Zn Reduction using carbon or


activity series Fe some other reducing agent
Pb
Cu 
Metals found in the lower regions 
Hg  Reduction by heat alone
of the activity series Ag 
Metals found at the bottom of the Pt  Found in native state

activity series Au 
PAGE# 148
3.5.3 REFINING (OR) PURIFICATION OF METALS

The process of purifying the crude metal is called refining depends upon nature of the metal & nature of
impurities following methods are used
(a) Distillation (b) Liquation (c) Oxidation (d) Electro-refining
(e) Zone refining (f) Fractional crystallisation (g) Vapour phase refining
(a) Distillation: Based upon boiling point difference
Distillation is a method of heating impure liquid to its boiling point & cooling the vapours to get
the pure liquid.
Low boiling metal like, Zn, Hg, Cd etc can be refined bythis method. The impure metal is heated
so it is converted into liquid & the pure metal is converted into vapors, leaving the non-volatile
impurities in the container, the pure metal vapours on cooling condensed into pure metal.
(b) Liquation process: Based upon melting point difference

When the M.P. of the metal is lower than the impurities, this technique is used.
Low melting point metals such as Bi, Hg, Sn, Pb etc are refined by the process.
The crude metal is heated in an inert atmosphere of carbon monoxide on slopping hearth. The
metal, melts & flows down the hearth, leaving behind the high melting impuries.
(c) Oxidation process: If impurities have greater affinity for oxygen (or) impurities are oxidised
more readily than the metal.
Ex: Cu,Ag, Sn, etc.
(i) Bassemerisation: This is carried out in a specially designed furnace called Bessemer
converter. The impure metal is melted & a hot blast of air is passed through it. Impurities
are removed as volatile oxides which escapes out.
(ii) Cupellation: This method is used, when the impure metal contain the impurities of other
metals, which form volatile oxides. The crude metal is taken in a boat shaped pan and
a blast of air is blown into it. The impurities are converted into volatile oxides which
escapes.
This process is used for removing the impurities of lead from silver.
PAGE# 149
(iii) Poling: If crude metal contains impurties of the oxide of the metal itself. The crude metal
is melted in a big container and is stirred with green poles of wood. Gaseous hydrocarbons
(CH4, C2H6 etc.) released from the green poles reduce the oxides of the metal to the
pure state by taking up oxygen.
Crude copper (i.e. blister copper) having the impurities
3Cu2O + CH4   6Cu + 2H2O + CO
Stannic oxide is also purified bythis method.
(d) Electro-refining: Used for Cu, Au,Ag, Pb, Zn &Al. In this method
The impure metal act as Anode & pure metal strip is taken as Cathode (both are same metals),
these electrodes are suspended in an electrolyte, (soluble salt of the same metals).
On passingelectric current, metal ions from the electrolyte are reduced to metal, whichis deposited
on the cathode in the form of pure metal & an equivalent.Amount of metal from the anode goes
into the electrolyte solution.
e– e–
(+) (–)
Anode Cathode
(Impure copper) Cu2+ (Pure copper)
Cu2+
Anode Acidified
mud copper sulphate
solution
AtAnode: M(Impure)  Mn+ + ne–
At Cathode: Mn+ + ne–  M (pure)
Ex: In the electrolysis of copper, metals like Zn remains in the solution as cations.
Where as metals such asAu,Ag etc form theAnode mud because its lie lower in activity series
with respect to Zn.
(e) Zone refining (or) Fractional distillation: The

method is based on the principle that when an
impure metal in the molten state is allowed to
cool, only the metal crystallises, while the
impurities remain in the molten mass (or) melt
(Impurities are more soluble).
This method gives high purity, metals like Ga,
In, Si which are used in semi conductors are
purified bythis method.
PAGE# 150
The impure metal is converted into a rod which is heated at one end with a moving circular
heater.As the heater is slowly moved along the length of the rod, the pure metal crystallises out
of the melt, where as the impurites pass into the adjacent molten zone. This process is repeated
number of times till the impurities are driven completely towards one end and the pure metal
towards the other end. The entire process is carried out in an inert atmosphere to prevent the
oxidation of the metal.
(f) Vapour phase refining: The crude metal is heated with specific reagent at low temperature,
so that it is converted into unstable volatile compound, leaving behind the impurities. The unstable
voltatile compound is decomposed at a high temperature to give the pure metal.
It is two types:
(i) Mond process: Mond process is used for refining of Nickle. Impure Nickle is heated
with carbon monoxide to form volatile Nickle carbonyl, leaving behind the impurities.
Ni (Impure) + 4CO 330 -350
 K
 [Ni(CO)4]  
 Ni + 4CO
vapor pure
(ii) Van-Arkel method: The impure metal heated with Iodine-vapors at high temperature to
give vapors of metallic tetra iodide, (unstable).At high temperature these are decomposed
to give pure metal. Zirconium (Zr) &Titanium (Ti) are purified bythis method
500 k 1700 k
Ti  2I 2  TiI 4   Ti  2I 2
Im pure Vapours 50  250C Vapours 1400 C pure metal
3.6 ALLOYS :
The homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a nonmetal is called an alloy.
For examples, brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Similarly, steel is mainly an alloy of iron
(Fe) and carbon (C).An alloys containing mercury as one of the metals is called an amalgum.
 Preparation
(i) Alloys are commonly prepared bymelting the desired metals in proper proportions. The
melt is allowed to cool and solidify. The solid substance formed is called an alloy.
(ii) By compressing together the various constituents of the alloys under high pressure.
(iii) By simultaneous electro deposition of metals.
 Properties of Alloys
Alloys have certain characteristic properties :
(i) They are harder than their constituents but less ductile and malleable.
(ii) They are resistant to corrosion.
(iii) The melting point of an alloy may be higher or lower than any of its constituents.
(iv) The properties of an alloy are much more improved and pronounced than those of its
constituents. For example, aluminium is a light metal and it is not very strong. But
Duralumin, an alloyofAluminium, is light and verystrong.
(v) The colour of an alloy is different from the metals from which it is formed. For example,
both Silver and zinc are almost white but the alloyformed from them are pink in colour.
PAGE# 151
 Types of alloys : There are two types of alloys :

(i) Ferrous Alloys : These are the alloys which contain iron as one of the constituents,
such as nickel steel, stainless steel etc.
(ii) Non-ferrous Alloys : These are the alloys which do not contain iron as one of the
constituents such as bronze, brass etc.
 Few Examples of Alloys

 Alloys of Gold : The purity of gold is expressed in carats. 24 carat gold is pure gold. But pure
gold is very soft and, therefore, cannot be used in making ornaments or coins. It is generally
alloyed with copper or silver to make it hard and useful. 22 carat gold means that the alloy
contains 22 parts of gold in 24 parts of the alloy.
 Amalgam : An amalgam is an alloyof mercury and one or more metals. Most of the metals form
amalgam with mercury. But iron and Platinum are noticable exceptions. Therefore, amalgams
can be stored in iron bottles.
Some of the amalgams are definite intermetallic compounds, such as sodium amalgam (NaHg),
magnesium amalgam (MgHg),silver amalgam (Ag5Hg8),etc.Amalgams of sodiumand aluminium
are good reducing agents. Amalgam of silver, tin, Cadmium and copper have been utilized as
dental fillings.Amalgams maybe solid or liquid.
 Alloy Steels
Steel : Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, the carbon content being 0.15–1.7%. Small quantities
of other elements such as manganese, silicon, chromium, Molybdenum, cobalt and nickel are
added to impart desirable mechanical and chemical properties that cannot be obtained by using
carbon alone. Such steels are known as alloy steels.
Stainless Steel : Steel that contains over 11–12% of chromium is known as stainless steel.
Stainless steel does not rust or stain. It is, therefore, used to serve a variety of purposes in
industrial, chemical and domestic fields.
A particularly useful alloy is the steel known as 18–8 which contains Cr (18%), Ni (8%) and C
(0.08%). It is now apparent that the ingredient which is instrumental in influencing the properties
of steel is carbon.
Alloys ofAluminium
Alloy Percentage Composition Uses

Pressure cookers, balance beams some light
Magnallium Al = 95%, Mg = 5%
instruments.
Al = 95%, Cu = 4%, Making parts of aeroplanes and automobiles,
Duralumin
Mg = 0.5%, Mn = 0.5% pressure cookers etc.
PAGE# 152
Alloys of Copper

Bronze Cu = 90, Sn = 10 For making statues, coins, utensils etc.
For making utensils, parts of machinery,
Brass Cu = 80, Zn = 20
condenser tubes, wires etc.
Gun metal Cu = 90, Sn = 10 For making gun barrels.
Bell metal Cu = 80, Sn = 20 For making bells and gongs.
German silver Cu = 60, Zn = 20, Ni = 20 For making silver wares, resistance wires.
Phosphor bronze Cu = 95, Sn = 4.8, P = 0.2 For making springs, electric switches.
For making corrosion resistant pumps and
Monel metal Cu = 30, Ni = 67
Fe and Mn = 3 containers for storing acids.
Alloys of Silver

Coinage silver Ag = 90, Cu = 10 For making silver coins.
Silver solder Ag = 63, Cu = 30, Zn = 7 For soldering.
Ag = 33, Hg = 52, Sn = 12.5
Dental alloy For filling teeth.
Cu = 2, Zn = 0.5
Alloys of Tin and Lead

Solder Pb = 50, Sn = 50 For soldering broken pieces.
Type metal Pb = 70, Sb = 20, Sn = 10 For making printing type.
Alloys of Iron or Alloy Steels

Fe = 73, Cr = 18, Ni = 8 Utensile, cycle and automobile parts shaving
Stainless steel
and C = 1 blades, watch cases.
Cables, automobile and aeroplane parts, armour
Nickel steel Fe = 96 – 98, Ni = 2 – 4
plates, gears and drilling machines.
Fe = 60, Ni = 20, Al = 12,
Alnico Permanent magnets.
Co = 8
Chrome steel Fe = 98, Cr = 2 Axels, ball bearings, files and cutting tools.
PAGE# 153
3.7 CORROSION OF METALS :

Slow destruction of metals due to chemical reactions on their surface byoxygen, carbon dioxide, moisture,
sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, etc., of the atmosphere, is known as corrosion of metals.
Due to corrosion, small holes appear on the surface of the metal and the strength of the metal goes on
decreasing. The process of corrosion is caused by the reaction of the metal with oxygen of air or with
oxygen dissolved in water.
In corrosion, the metal atoms give up electrons (i.e. they are oxidized) and are converted into ions.
M  M+ + e
The ions move from one part of the metal to another more easily in the presence of moisture. This is
because moisture provides the medium through which ions can flow.
Factor Determining the Rate of Corrosion

The process of corrosion is speed up in the following circumstances.
1. The metals are in contact with each other
The corrosion of a more electropositive metal is speed up when it is in contact with a less
electropositive metal. Two metals form an electrochemical (galvanic) cell in the presence of
moisture. Electrons begin to flow from the more electropositive (or more reactive) to the less
electropositive (or less reactive) metal. Thus, the more electropositive metal is lost as ions. For
example, when iron and copper are in contact, electrons flow from iron to copper because iron
is more electropositive than copper. Thus, the more reactive metal iron forms ions. The process
of iron going away as ions is slower in the absence of copper.
2. Polluting materials in air
The air near industrial units is generally polluted with CO2, SO2, H2S etc. Gases coming out of
chimneys contain these gases in abundance. We know that these gases are also responsible for
the corrosion of metals. Therefore, the process of corrosion is speed up in presence of these
pollutants.
(a) Silver articles become black after some time when exposed to air. This is because it
reacts with sulphur in the air to form a coating of silver sulphide.
(b) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and slowly loses its shiny brown
surface and gains a green coat. This green substance is basic copper carbonate.
(c) Iron when exposed to moist air for a long time acquires a coating of a brown flaky
substance called rust.
PAGE# 154
(d) Activity
 Take three test tubes and place clean
iron nails in each of them.
 Label these test tubesA, B and C. Pour
some water in test tube A and cork it.
 Pour boiled distilled water in test tube
B, add about 1 mL of oil and cork it.
The oil will float on water and prevent
the air from dissolving in the water.
 Put some anhydrous calcium chloride
in test tube C and cork it. Anhydrous
calcium chloride will absorb the
moisture, if any, from the air.
 Leave these test tubes for a few days and then observe (figure).You will observe
that iron nails rust in test tubeA, but theydo not rust in test tubes B and C. In the
test tube A, the nails are exposed to both air and water. In the test tube B, the
nails are exposed to only water, and the nails in test tube C are exposed to dry.
Preventive measures
The metallic surface can be coated with appropriate chemicals (ex: bisphenol, oxides etc.)
 Paints are verygood corrosion-inhibitors. If theycontain red lead zinc chromate or lead chromate.
Since these forms the protective coatings.
 Concrete coating & phosphate coating (Fe & Mn-phophates) are very effective against
atmospheric corrosion.
 Steel plants & nuclear plants etc are protected by the method of Anodic potential.
 Anodised ‘Al’ is resistant to corrosion. It is the reason that the bodies of the buses & cars have
‘Al’ strips around it.
 Glycol in coolant for automobiles is good corrosion inhibitor addition of small quantity of
cyanovanador to the thermostats (or) radiators of cars can protect them from corrosion.
 Copper & Brass items can be protected by covering them with p-chlorobenzohydroxamicAcid.
Illustration 5
What is 24 carat gold? How will you convert it into 18 carat gold?
Solution
24 carat gold is pure gold. It is very soft for which reason it can not be used for
making jewellery. To make it 18 carat, 18 parts of pure gold in alloyed with
6 parts of either silver or copper.
Illustration 6
What is rust ? Write its chemical formula?
Solution
The deposition of brown, flasy substance on the surface of iron is known as
rust. Rust is mainly hydrated iron(III) oxide Fe2O3.xH2O, Fe(OH)3
Fe + H2O + O2  Fe2O3.xH2O + Fe(OH)3
PAGE# 155
Comparison of Pig Iron, Wrought Iron and Steel
Pig Iron Wrought Iron Steel

Composition
1. Iron : upto 94 % Almost pure iron Less pure than wrought iron
2. Carbon : 2.5–4.0% Carbon : 0.1 – .25% Carbon : 0.1–1.7%
3.Impurities : Less Impurities : negligible Impurities : negligible
Than 2% (Si, P, S, Mg)
Properties
1. Hard, brittle, non- Soft, tough, malleable, Hardness depends on the
malleable, non-ductile. ductile, does not crack carbon content, malleable and
under strain. ductile.
2. Lacks tensile strength Can be welded, Can be welded, forged,
Cannot be welded, forged, tempered and by tempered and shaped by
forged, tempered or hammering while hot but hammering while hot. Has
shaped by hammering has maximum tensile strength.
even while hot. less strength than steel.
3. Does not rust easily. Resists corrosion better Ordinary steel rusts. Hence
than pig iron. alloyed.
4. Has a low melting Melting point around Melting point ranges between
point (1200°C) 1500°C. 1200 – 1500°C.
3.7.1 RUSTING
When iron is exposed to moist air, a reddish-brown coating of a mixture of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and
ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) is deposited on the surface of the metal. The slow conversion of iron into a
mixture of Fe2O3 and Fe(OH)3 by water and atmospheric oxygen is known as rusting.
Rusting of iron is an oxidation reaction that occurs due to the attack of water and oxygen. It has been
found that rusting does not take place in air-free water. It also does not occur in presence of oxygen
alone. Both water and oxygen are essential for rusting. Thus, the following conditions are necessary for
rusting:
(i) Presence of oxygen or air (ii) Presence of water or moisture
The process of rusting is continuous. The strength of iron decreases gradually and finally the metal is
destroyed completely.
(A) Prevention of Rusting

Iron can be prevented from rusting by the following ways :
1. Rusting of iron can be prevented by covering its surface with paint, grease, enamel, that does not
allow air and moisture to come in contact with it and no rusting occurs. This is known as barrier
protection.
2. Rusting of iron can be prevented by galvanization. Zinc metal does not corrode on exposure to
air. So zinc coating protect iron from rusting. Zinc itself forms a protective coating of basic zinc
carbonate [Zn(OH)2.ZnCO3].
PAGE# 156
3. Rusting can be prevented by coating the surface of iron object with chromium, tin, nickel or
aluminium. These metals resist corrosion. Hence, they protect iron from rusting. They may be
coated by electroplating.
4. Rusting can also be prevented byconverting it into an alloywith chromium and nickel. This alloy
is called stainless steel.
5. Rusting of iron can be prevented by coating it surface with iron (II, III) oxide, Fe3O4.
6. Rusting is prevented by sacrificial protection in which a more reactive metal is connected to
iron objects so that the more reactive metal gets oxidized in preference to the iron object. For
example, Mg or Zn being more reactive than Fe are connected to Fe, which are oxidized and
said to be scarified. Iron pipes beneath the soil are protected by connecting them to rolls of
magnesium (Mg) or Zinc sheets by Sacrificial Protection.
(B) Uses of Iron

1. Iron find wide application in house construction, eg. in the reinforcement of roofs and other
parts of buildings.
2. Wrought iron and cast iron are largely used in the manufacture of locomotives, railway lines,
springs, cubes, etc.
3. Iron has its important therapeutic uses in the treatment of hypochromic anemias. The iron
deficiencycondition impair the formation of haemoglobin and manyother functions of red blood
cells.Anyof iron compounds maybe used in therapyand inorganic salts are equally effective for
the purpose.
4. All plants, animals and human beings require iron to live. The largest percentage of iron in human
beings is present in red blood cells, which are main part of haemoglobin. Small quantities of
iron are also found in muscles and tissues.
5. Iron is the basic material for thousands of manufactured goods from small pins to mammoth
buildings. Iron combines readilywith various non-metals such as sulphur and oxygen. Enormous
quantities of iron metal is used producing alloys, eg. steel (one of the most useful and cheapest
metals) is produced byadding a small amount of carbon to iron. Several precious stones, including
topaz, turquoise and spinel also contain iron.
3.8 USES OF METALS

Metals are used in the form of pure metals, alloys and in the form of metal compounds.
3.8.1 USE OF PURE METALS
 Zinc:
(i) It is used to galvanise iron to prevent it from rusting.
(ii) It is used in making alloys such as brass and bronze.
 Iron: It is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber’s Process.
 Mercury: It is used in preparing amalgams.
PAGE# 157
 Silver and Gold:

(i) Both are used in making ornaments and jewellary.
(ii) Both are used in making coins.
 Chromium and Nickel:

(i) Both these metals are used in electroplating,cycle, motorcycle and other automobile parts.
(ii) They are mixed with other metals to prepare useful alloys.
 Titanium: Titanium is a light metal. It has a high melting point and boiling point. It is highly
resistant to corrosion and has a high tensile strength, even higher than that of steel. Due to these
properties, it has the following uses :
(i) Preparing steel for defence installations (military hardware) marine instruments, aircraft
frames. Hence referred to as a ‘strategic element’.
(ii) Titanium is used in nuclear reaction.
(iii) Titanium is used for making strong structures for construction of buildings.
3.8.2 SOME IMPORTANT METALS COMPOUNDS USED IN DAILY LIFE :

 Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) : It is also known as lunar caustic It is colourless, transparent, crystalline
solid and soluble in water.
Uses :
(i) As laboratory reagent, (ii) In preparation of marking inks,
(iii) In photography (iv) In silvering of mirror,
(v) In manufacturing of other salts of silver.
 Silver Bromide (AgBr): It is pale yellow coloured crystalline compound, insoluble in water.
Uses : In photography
 Potash Alum : (K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3 24H2O)

Potash alum is a double salt of aluminum sulphate and potassium sulphate. It is soluble in water.
In potash alum crystalline water is found in large amount, so on heating it expands in volume.
Uses: In softening of water.
 Blue Vitrol or copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) :

Copper sulphate is also known as blue vitrol. It is blue coloured, crystalline substance. On
heating it graduallyreleases the crystalline water
CuSO4.5H2O 373
  K
 CuSO4.H2O 413K
 CuSO4 443K
 CuO + SO2
Uses :
(i) In electroplating (ii) In electric batteries.
(iii) The mixture of CuSO4 and lime is known as bordeaux mixture, it is used as fungicide,
(iv) In dyeing of clothes , (v) In preservation of wood
PAGE# 158
Illustration 7
In the manufacture of iron lime stone added to the blast furnace why?
Solution
Limestone mixed with charge get decomposed in to CaO and CO2. Calcium
oxide reacts with silica present in the ore to produce fusible slag.
CaO + SiO2  CaSiO3
Lime Silica Slag (Calcium silicate)
Illustration 8
Give the formation of slag in the metallurgy of copper
Solution
FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3
Impurity flux Slag
Try yourself
6. Which of the following is not an ore
(A) Bauxite (B) Malachite (C) Zinc blende (D) Pig iron
7. Carbonates and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxide ores why?
8. Write down the chemical formula of compound
(i) Potash alum (ii) Blue vitrol (iii) Lunar caustic
3.9 NON-METALS :
Important properties of Non-metals
1. Physical state : Either gases or solids at room temperature.
Exception : Bromine (liquid at room temperature).
2. Surface : Non-metals vary in colour with generally dull surfaces.
Exception : Diamond, Crystals of iodine have bright lustre.
3. Conduction : Mostly Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Exception : Graphite
4. Hardness : Quite Soft.
Exception : Diamond
5. Malleable : Non-malleable and non-ductile.
6. Not Sonorous.
7. Very low melting and boiling point as compare to metals.
Exception : Diamond.
8. Reactivity : They generally form acidic or neutral oxides with oxygen.
PAGE# 159
Non-Metals : Only 22 nonmetallic elements, of which 11 are gases, one is a liquid and the rest 10 are
solids. Non-mentals are placed on the right-hand side of the periodic table.
At room temperature, non-metals are either solids or gases, except bromine, which is a liquid. Hydrogen
(H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), chlorine (Cl2) etc., are example of some gaseous non-metals. Carbon,
sulphur (S8), phosphorus (P4), etc., are solids. They play an important role in our daily life.
(A) PHYSICALPROPERTIES
1. Non-metallic solids are brittle. If they are hammered or stretched, they break into pieces.
Carbon in the form of graphite is very soft.
2. Non-metals do not have any lustre, i.e., they do not have a shining surface. But iodine, which
has a lustrous appearance, is an exception.
3. Non-metals are generallysoft elements, except diamond (an allotropic form of carbon), which is
the hardest known substance.
4. Non-metals do not conduct heat and electricitybecause unlike metals, theyhave no free electrons.
But there is an exception. Graphite, an allotropic form of carbon, is a good conductor of electricity.
(B) CHEMICALPROPERTIES
Due to energy considerations, non-metals cannot form positively charged ions by the loss of electrons.
In fact, they form negatively charged ions (anions) by the gain of electrons. Hence, they are known as
electronegative elements.
Cl + e–  Cl– ; O + 2e–  O2 – ; S + 2e–  S2–.
(I) Reaction with Oxygen
Non-metals combine with oxygen to form oxides. These oxides are either acidic or neutral.
They never form basic oxides. The non-metallic oxides are formed by sharing of electron pairs
between the atoms of non-metal and oxygen. Hence, these are convalent compounds.
C (s) + O2 (g)  CO2(g)
S(s) + O2(g)   SO2 (g)
Both carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide are acidic oxides. They dissolve in water to
form acids.
P2O5(s) + 3H2O (l)   2H3PO4(aq)
(Phosphoric acid)
CO2(g) + H2O (l)   H2CO3(aq)
(Carbonic acid)
SO2 (g) + H2O(l)   H2SO3(aq)
(Sulphurous acid)
Note : Certain oxides of non-metals are neutral. These oxides are neither acidic nor basic.
These oxides donot have any effect on litmus paper.
Examples of neutral oxides are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O), etc.
PAGE# 160
(II) Reaction with Acids

Non-metals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids. For example, carbon or sulphur does
not react with dilute acids. Hydrogen can only be displaced from dilute acids if electrons are
supplied to the H+ ions of the acid.
H2SO4 (aq)   2H+ (aq) + SO42– (aq)
2H+ (aq) + 2e–   H2(g)
Anon-metal is an electron acceptor. It cannot supply electrons to H+ ions. Therefore, it does not
displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
(III) Reaction with Chlorine

With chlorine, non-metals form covalent chlorides. The covalent chloride is generally a volatile
liquid or a gas.
H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl (g)
(Hydrogen chloride)
P4(s) + 6Cl2(g)  4PCl3 (g)
(Phosphorus trichloride)
P4(s) + 10Cl2(g) 
 4PCl5 (l)
(Phosphorus pentachloride)
(IV) Reaction with Hydrogen

Non-metals combine with hydrogen to form hydrides. For example, ammonia (NH3), methane
(CH4), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), water (H2O), etc. These hydrides are stable compounds and
are formed by sharing of electron pairs between the non-metal and hydrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)   2NH3(g)
H2(g) + S(l)  H2S(g)
2H2(g) + O2(s)   2H2O(l)
(water)
3.9.1 SULPHUR
Atomic number : 16
Atomic mass : 32
Electronic configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Symbol : S
Valencies : + 2, + 4 and + 6 , while in some compounds –2.
Sulphur is known to man since ancient time. In Sanskrit, sulphur is known as ‘sulvari’ which means
‘destroyer of copper’. This is because it destroys the metallic properties of copper. Lavoisier studied its
properties and identified it as an clement Sulphur is found in nature in free state and combine state.
PAGE# 161
 Combine State
(a) Sulphates : Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), Epsom salt (MgSO4.7H2O), Glauber’s salt
(Na2SO4.10H2O)
(b) Sulphides : Cinnabar (HgS), Galena (PbS), Iron pyrites (FeS2), Copper pyrites
(CuFeS2), Zinc blend (ZnS).
(c) Organic matter : In insulin, glucosionates of plants and animals, nature, gas petroleum,
crude oil, coal gas, water springs.
 Allotropes of sulphur
Allotropes and allotropy : Two or more forms of an element which have different structure and
other physical properties but have same chemical properties are known as allotropes of the
element This property of elements is known as allotropy .
Sulphur has two allotropes the crystalline and non crystalline.
(A) Crystalline allotropes: Crystalline sulphur is found in two allotropic forms.
(i) Rhombic sulphur : This allotrope of sulphur is also known as  (alfa) sulphurAt normal
temperature this allotrope of sulphur is highlystable. It is insoluble in water but soluble in
carbon disulphide When it is heated at 368.6 K (95.6° C), it is converted into other
allotrope, monoclinic sulphur
(ii) Monoclinic sulphur : It is also known as  (beta) sulphur. It is found in the form of
needle shaped crystals. Thus it is also known as prismatic sulphur. It is insoluble in water
and soluble in carbon disulphide. This allotrope of sulphur is stable above 368.6 K
temperature Below this temperature it is converted to  sulphur Both allotropcs of
sulphur coexist at 368.6 K This temperature is known as transition temperature.
368.6K
Rhombic sulphur monoclinic sulphur
Both these allotropes of sulphur have 58 structure that forms a distorted ring.
(B) Non crystalline sulphur : This sulphur is found in three allotropic forms
(i) Plastic sulphur : When boilingsulphur is poured in cold water a soft rubber like substance
is obtained which is known as plastic sulphur. This is an unstable allotrope of sulphur
which gets converted slowly, into rhombic sulphur, It is also known as  (gamma) sulphur.
Plastic sulphur is unsynchronized chain structure.
S S S S
S S S S S S S
S
S S S
S S S S S
S S S S
S
S S S S
S
Distorted ring of S8 molecle in Chain of S. molecules in
rhombic and monoclinic sulphur plastic sulphur.
(ii)  (delta) sulphur or milk of sulphur: It is white coloured non crystalline sulphur It is
used for preparing medicines.
PAGE# 162
(iii) Colloidal sulphur : This allotrope of sulphur is obtained by passing H2S gas in dilute
nitric acid solution.
H2S + 2HNO3 (dilute)  2NO2 + 2H2O + S
This sulphur is soluble in Carbon disulphide but insoluble in water. On heating or after
some times,thissulphur gets transformed intorhombicsulphur.It is alsoused inpreparation
of medicines.
Rhombic sulphur
95.6°C
Monoclinic Sulphur
119°C
Pale yellow mobile liquid
160°C
Viscous liquid
445°C
Sulphur Vapour
On cooling
Flowers of Sulphur (Solid)
 Use of sulphur:
(i) sulphur is extensivelyused for industrial production of sulphuric acid.
(ii) It is used in gun powder and in manufacturing of match sticks.
(iii) It is used as powerful insecticide.
(iv) Sulphur is used in preparation of medicines, sulphur containing medicines are useful for
skin diseases and blood purification,
(v) It is used in vulcanization of rubber.
3.9.2 PHOSPHORUS
Atomic number : 15
Atomic mass : 31
Electronic configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
Symbol : P
Valencies : + 3,+ 5
Phosphrous is a Greek work meaning phos = light and phero = carry. This implies that phosphorus is an
element that glows in darkness. Phosphrous was discovered by Brand a German scientist in 1669. He
obtained this element for first time by distillation of a mixture of urine, sand and coal.
PAGE# 163
It is not found in free state in nature because it is highly reactive. In combined state, it is found in the form
of phosphate compounds.
The principal minerals of phosphrous are
(i) Phosphorite Ca3(PO4)2
(ii) Flourapatite 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2
(iii) Chlorapatite 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaCl2
 Allotropes of phosphorus : There are many allotropes of phosphorus, they are as follows.
(i) White or yellow phosphorus,
(ii) Red phosphorus,
(iii) Black phosphorus,
(iv) Violet / purple phosphorus,
(v) Dark red phosphorus.
Out of these white, red and black phosphorus are more common.
 White phosphorus is of white colour when it is pure but gradually it turns yellow. It has
garlic like smell and is poisonous. It is a molecular solid having tetrahedral P4 units. In
this arrangement P-P-P bond angle is 60° and the structure is more strained. Due to this
white phosphorus is more reactive. It catches fires in presence of air thus it is kept in
cold water. It is soft and can be easily cut with knife.
 Red phosphorus: It has a complex chain structure. It is odourless and its ignition point
is high. In red phosphorus, P-P-P bond angle is 100°.
 Black phosphorus: Due to its layered structure it is more stable. In this allotrope many
layer of phosphorus atoms are interconnected. Similar to red phosphorus, it is also
odourless.
P 60° P P P P
100° P P P
P P P P P P PP P P P
P P P P P P P P P
Red phosphorus White phosphorus Black Phosphorus
 Uses of phosphorus :
(i) White phosphorus is used to prepare smoke clouds, fire balls, presentation of fire game
and to manufacture coloured match sticks.
(ii) Red phosphorus is used to prepare match sticks,
(iii) Red Phosphorus is used to prepare phosphorus bronze alloy. This alloy contains copper,
tin and phosphorus.
(iv) Compounds of phosphorus like zinc phosphide and calcium phosphide are used to kill
rats.
PAGE# 164
3.9.3 SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF NON-METALS

1. Ozone(O3): Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen. Nascent oxygen is obtained from this compound,
so it is a strong oxidizing agent. A layer of ozone is also found in the atmosphere. This layer
prevents the harmful U.V. radiations coming from sun. Thus act as a protective layer. Following
are important industrial uses of ozone gas.
(i) In production of artificial silk, (ii) As bleaching agent.
(iii) As disinfectant. (iv) For purifying drinking water.
(v) Ozone used as disinfectant and also for purifying air.
(vi) Used for preparation of potassium permangnate.
2. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

It’s chemical structure
H–O–O–H.
It exhibit both oxidizing and reducing properties. Usually its oxidizing properties are more Its
important uses are as follows :
(i) The oxidizingpropertyis employed inrejuveniling (re-brightening) of oldpaintings whose
original lead coating has turned dirty due to its reaction with H2S present in atmosphere,
resulting in formation of PbS Hydrogen peroxide oxidises this yellow lead sulphide to
white lead sulphate
PbS + 4H2O2   PbSO4 + 4H2O
yellow white
(ii) Dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide is used as a disinfectant for wounds.
(iii) Concentrated H2O2 is used as rocket fuel oxidant.
(iv) The main industrial application of it is the bleaching of silk, hair, ivory, wool, wood etc
(v) It is used in medicine, cosmetics etc.
3. Ammonia (NH3) :
Structure of ammonia

H  N H
|
H
(i) Ammonia is used for manufacturing of nitrogen containing fertilizers (like ammonium
nitrate, urea, ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulphate)
(ii) Ammonia is used for manufacturing of nitric acid.
(iii) It is used as freezing agent thus it is also used in ice factories
(iv) Used in synthesis of artificial silk.
(v) Used for producing explosives.
(vi) It is useful in removing stains of fats, oils, grease etc. from clothes.
(vii) Dilute ammonia is used in medicines and cosmetics.
PAGE# 165
4. Nitric acid (HNO3) :

Structure of nitric acid
O

 
O  N O  H
Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent Its main industrial applications are as follows.
(i) Nitric acid is used for preparation of ammonium nitrate which is used as fertilizer,
(ii) It is also useful for preparation of other nitrates which are used in explosives and fire
crackers. For example - potassium nitrate (KNO3), nitroglycerine, trinitrotoluene etc
are explosive.
(iii) Used for oxidation of rocket fuels.
(iv) Used for manufacturing of dyes, medicines, artificial silk etc.
(v) In purification of gold and silver.
(vi) Used for manufacturing of sulphuric acid.
5. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) :

Structure of sulphuric acid
O
H O S O H.
O
Main industrial uses are -
(i) manufacturing of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and fertilizers,
(ii) purification of petrol,
(iii) In dye industry
(iv) In metallurgy for the extraction of metals,
(v) In batteries.
(vi) In electroplating
(vii) In detergent industry
Infact sulphuric acid is used in the synthesis of hundreads of industrial products, thus it is also
known as king of acids.
6. Hydrochloric acid (HCl):

Also known as acid of common salt. Its important uses are as follows-
(i) As an important reagent in laboratory
(ii) A Mixture of three part of HCI and one part of HNO3 is called aquaregia in which
metals are soluble,
(iii) In iron and steel industry.
(iv) In textile industry,
(v) In manufacture of gum and dyes,
(vi) Manufacturing of chlorine gas which in turn used to prepare bleaching powder. It is
used for the purification of drinking water.
(vii) For synthesis of metal and non metal chlorides.
PAGE# 166
H +
7. Ammonium chloride ( NH4Cl) : N Cl¯

H H H
It is commonly known as ‘Nausadar’Its main uses are as follows-

(i) Soldering material is prepared by ammonium chloride, it is used for polishing utensils,
(ii) It is used in electric battery,
(iii) Used in colouring clothes,
(iv) Also used as medicine
(v) As reagent in laboratory.
8. Silica (SiO2) : [O = Si = O]
In nature, silica is found in different forms Sand is present in nature in abundance which is a form
of silica. It is more useful because of its hardness. Its main uses are as follows-
(i) Silica is used in the manufacturing of glass,
(ii) Jasper a semi precious stone, a form of silica
(iii) Silica form other silicates which arc used in electrical appliances, chemical laboratory
equipment, optical lenses, prism etc.
(iv) Silicon is prepared from silica, which is used in semi conductor, transistor and alloys,
(v) Kieselguir is an allotrope of silica, is used for manufacturing dynamite.
PAGE# 167
1. The elements which have intermediate properties between those of metals and non-metals are called
metalloids.
2. Allotropes are two or more different forms of the same element.
3. Reaction of metals with oxygen: Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides. But all
metals do not react with oxygen at the same rate. Different metals show different reactivities towards
oxygen. Metal oxides are basic in nature. But some metal oxides are amphoteric oxides.
4. Amphoteric oxides: Metal oxides which show both acidic as well as basic behaviour are known as
amphoteric oxides. Such metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salts and
water. For example: aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, etc.
5. Aqua regia: Aqua regia is a freshlyprepared mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated
nitric acid in the ratio of 3:1.
6. Anodising: It is a process of forminga thick oxide layerof aluminium. Duringanodising,a clean aluminium
article is made the anode and is electrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid. The oxygen gas evolved at the
anode reacts with aluminium to make a thicker protective oxide layer. This aluminium oxide coat makes
it resistant to further corrosion.
7. Reaction of metals with solution of other metal salts:
Metal A+ Salt solution of B  Salt solution of A+ Metal B (Metal A is more reactive than metal B)
8. Reactivity series: The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing
activities.
9. Reaction of metals with non-metals: When a metal and a non-metal react with each other, transfer of
electrons take place from metal to non-metal.
10. Ionic compounds: The compounds that formed by complete transference of electrons from a metal to
non- metal are known as ionic compounds. Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic force of attraction
between the positive and negative ions.
11. Properties of ionic compounds:
(a) Physical nature: Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard.
(b) Melting and Boiling points: Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
(c) Solubility: Electrovalent compounds are generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents
such as kerosene, petrol, etc.
(d) Conduction of Electricity: Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state but
conduct electricity in the molten state or when dissolved in water.
12. Corrosion: The process of slowly eating away of the metal due to attack of air, water, etc. on the
surface of the metal is called corrosion.
PAGE# 168
13. The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing, galvanising, chrome plating, anodising
or making alloys.
14. Galvanisation is a method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer of
zinc. The galvanised article is protected against rusting even if the zinc coating is broken.
15. Alloys: An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal.
16. Alloys and their constituents:
Alloy Constituents Brass :Copper, zinc
Bronze :Copper, tin
Steel: Iron, carbon
Stainless steel :Iron, nickel, chromium
Solder :Lead, tin
17. Mineral: The elements or compounds, which occur naturallyin the earth's crust, are known as minerals.
18. Ore: The minerals contain a very high percentage of a particular metal and from which the metal can be
profitably extracted is called ore.
19. Gangue: The unwanted materials or impurities present in the ores are called gangue.
20. Enrichment of ore: Ores mined from the earth are usually contaminated with gangue. The removal of
gangue from the ore is called enrichment of ore. The process used for enrichment of ores is based on the
differences between the physical or chemical properties of the gangue and the ore.
21. Metals low in the activity series: Metals low in the activity series are very non-reactive. The oxides
of these metals can be reduced to metals by heating alone.
22. Metals in the middle of the activity series: The metals in the middle of the activityseries are moderately
reactive. These are usually present as sulphides or carbonates in nature. They are first converted to metal
oxides and then in the next step the metal oxides are reduced to metal.
23. Conversion of ore into oxide form: It can be done in two ways:
Roasting : The process of heating the sulphide ore in the presence of sufficient supply of air to convert
it into oxide is called roasting.
Calcination : The process of heating the carbonate ore in the presence of limited supply of air to
convert it into oxide is called calcination.
24. Metals towards the top of the reactivity series: These are highly reactive metals. Example: Sodium,
calcium, magnesium, aluminium are obtained by electrol ysis of molten chlorides. These metals are
obtained by electrolytic reduction.
PAGE# 169
[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 (i) Metal that exists in liquid state at room temperature ?

Ans. Mercury
(ii) Metal that can be easily cut with a knife ?
Ans. Sodium
(iii) Metal that is the best conductor of heat ?
Ans. Silver
(iv) Metals that are poor conductor of heat ?
Ans. Lead
Q.2 Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.

Ans. Malleable: Substances that can be beaten into thin sheets are called malleable. For example, most of
the metals are malleable.
Ductile: Substances that can be drawn into thin wires are called ductile. For example, most of the
metals are ductile.
Q.3 Define the following terms.

(i) Mineral (ii) Ore (iii)Gangue
Ans. (i) Mineral: Most of the elements occur in nature as in combined state as minerals. The inorganic
element or compounds which occur naturallyin earth’s crust are known as minerals. The chemical
composition of minerals is fixed.
(ii) Ore: Minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably are known as ores.
(iii) Gangue: The impurities such as sand, silt, soil, gravel, etc. associated with the minerals are
called gangue.
Q.4 Write equations for the reactions of

(i) iron with steam
(ii) calcium and potassium with water
Ans. (i) 3Fe(s)  4H 2 O 
 Fe3O 4 (aq )  4H 2 (g )
Iron water Iron ( II , III ) oxide Hydrogen
(ii) Ca (s) 2H 2O(l ) 

 Ca (OH) 2 (aq )  H 2 (g )  Heat
Calcium water Calcium hydroxide Hydrogen
2K (s)  2H 2 O 
 2KOH(aq )  H 2 (s)  Heat
Potassium water Potassium hydroxide Hydrogen
PAGE# 170
Q.5 Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following solution one by one. The
results obtained have been tabulated as follows.
Metal Iron (II) SulphateCopper (II) sulphate Zinc sulphate Silver nitrate
A No reaction Displacement
B Displacement No reaction
C No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement
D No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, C and D.
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate?
(iii) Arrange the metalsA, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity.
Ans. Explanation
A + FeSO4  No reaction, i.e., A is less reactive than iron.
A + CuSO4   Displacement, i.e., A is more reactive than copper.
B + FeSO4  Displacement, i.e., B is more reactive than iron.
B + ZnSO4  No reaction, i.e., B is less reactive than zinc.
C + FeSO4  No reaction, i.e., C is less reactive than iron.
C + CuSO4   No reaction, i.e., C is less reactive than copper.
C + ZnSO4   No reaction, i.e., C is less reactive than zinc.
C + AgNO3   Displacement, i.e., C is more reactive than silver.
D + FeSO4 /CuSO4 /ZnSO4 /AgNO3  No reaction,
i.e., D is less reactive than iron, copper, zinc, and silver. From the above equations, we obtain:
(i) B is the most reactive metal.
Zn Most Reactive (ii) If B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate, then it would
B
Fe displace copper.
A B + CuSO4   Displacement
Cu
(iii) The arrangement of the metals in the order of decreasing
C
Ag reactivityis:
D Least Reactive B >A> C > D
Reactivity Series
Q.6 Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical
reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.
Ans. Hydrogen gas is evolved when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal. When iron reacts
with dilute H2SO4, iron (II) sulphate with the evolution of hydrogen gas is formed.
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq)   FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(Ferrous sulphate)
PAGE# 171
Q.7 What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate? Write the chemical
reaction that takes place.
Ans. Zinc is more reactive than iron. Therefore, if zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate, then it would
displace iron from the solution.
Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq)   ZnSO4(aq) + Fe(s)
Q.8 (i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
(iii) What are the ions present in these compounds?
Ans. (i) The representation of elements with valence electrons as dots around the elements is referred to
as electron-dot structure for elements.

(a) Sodium (2, 8, 1) = N a

(b) Oxygen (2, 6) = : O :

(c) Magnesium (2, 8, 2) = M g
Na ×× ×× 2–
+ O ×× O××
+
(ii) (Na )2
×× ××
Na
×× ×× 2–
Mg + O ×× (Mg2+) O××
×× ××
(iii) The ions present in Na2O are Na+ and O2– ions and in MgO are Mg2+ and O2– ions.
Q.9 Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.
Ans. The metals at the bottom of the reactivity series are mostly found in free state. For example: gold, silver,
and platinum.
Q.10 What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?
Ans. The chemical process used for obtaining a metal from its oxide is reduction. In this process, metal oxides
are reduced by using suitable reducing agents such as carbon or by highly reactive metals to displace the
metals from their oxides. For example, zinc oxide is reduced to metallic zinc by heating with carbon.

ZnO(s) + C(s)  Zn(s) + CO(g)
Manganese dioxide is reduced to manganese by treating it with aluminium powder. In this case,
aluminium displaces manganese from its oxide.
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s)   3Mn(s) + 2Al2O3(s) + Heat
Oxides of more reactive metals are reduced by electrolysis.
PAGE# 172
Q.11 Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following metals.
Metal Zinc Magnesium Copper
Zinc oxide — — —
Magnesium oxide — — —
Copper oxide — — —
In which cases will you find displacement reactions taking place?
Ans. Metal Zinc Magnesium Copper
Zinc oxide No reaction Displacement No reaction
Magnesium oxide No reaction No reaction No reaction
Copper oxide Displacement Displacement No reaction
Q.12 Which metals do not corrode easily?

Ans. More reactive a metal is, more likely it is to be corroded. Therefore, less reactive metals are less likely
to get corroded. This is why gold plating provides high resistance to corrosion.
Q.13 What are alloys?

Ans. Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more elements. The elements could be two metals, or a
metal and a non-metal.An alloy is formed byfirst melting the metal and then dissolving the other elements
in it. For example, steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
Q.14 Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?

(A) NaCl solution and copper metal (B) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal
(C) FeSO4 solution and silver metal (D) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.
Ans. (D) , AgNO3 solution and copper metal
Q.15 Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from rusting?
(A)Applying grease (B)Applying paint
(C)Applying a coating of zinc (D) all of the above.
Ans. (C), Applying a coating of zinc (We can also apply grease and paint to prevent iron from rusting.
However, in case of iron frying pan, grease and paint cannot be applied because when the pan will be
heated and washed again and again, the coating of grease and paint would get destroyed.)
Q.16 An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. This compound is also
soluble in water. The element is likely to be
(A) calcium (B) carbon (C) silicon (D) iron
Ans. (A) The element is likely to be calcium.
PAGE# 173
Q.17 Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
(A) zinc is costlier than tin. (B) zinc has a higher melting point than tin.
(C) zinc is more reactive than tin. (D) zinc is less reactive than tin.
Ans. (C) Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because zinc is more reactive than tin.
Q.18 You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb, wires and a switch.
(a) How could you use them to distinguish between samples of metals and non-metals?
(b) Assess the usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals and nonmetals.
Ans. (a) With the hammer, we can beat the sample and if it can be beaten into thin sheets (that is, it is
malleable), then it is a metal otherwise a non-metal. Similarly, we can use the battery, bulb,
wires, and a switch to set up a circuit with the sample. If the sample conducts electricity, then it
is a metal otherwise a non-metal.
(b) The above tests are useful in distinguishing between metals and non-metals as these are based
on the physical properties. No chemical reactions are involved in these tests.
Q.19 What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides.
Ans. Those oxides that behave as both acidic and basic oxides are called amphoteric oxides. Examples:
aluminium oxide (Al2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO).
Q.20 Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals which will not.
Ans. Metals thataremorereactivethanhydrogendisplaceit fromdiluteacids.Forexample:sodium andpotassium.
Metals that are less reactive than hydrogen do not displace it. For example: copper and silver.
Q.21 In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte?
Ans. In the electrolytic refining of a metal M:
Anode   Impure metal M
Cathode   Thin strip of pure metal M
Electrolyte   Solution of salt of the metal M
Q.22 Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved byinverting a test
tube over it, as shown in figure below.
(a) What will be the action of gas on

(i) dry litmus paper? (ii) moist litmus paper?
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
PAGE# 174
Ans. (a) (i) There will be no action on dry litmus paper.

(ii) Since the gas is sulphur dioxide (SO2), it turns moist blue litmus paper to red because sulphur
dioxide reacts with moisture to form sulphurous acid.
(b) S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g) (Sulphur dioxide)

SO2(g) + H2O(l) 
 H2SO3(aq) (Sulphurous acid)
Q.23 State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.

Ans. Two ways to prevent the rusting of iron are:
(i) Oiling, greasing, or painting: By applying oil, grease, or paint, the surface becomes water proof
and the moisture and oxygen present in the air cannot come into direct contact with iron. Hence,
rusting is prevented.
(ii) Galvanisation: An iron article is coated with a layer of zinc metal, which prevents the iron to
come in contact with oxygen and moisture. Hence, rusting is prevented.
Q.24 What type of oxides is formed when non-metals combine with oxygen?
Ans. Non-metals combine with oxygen to form acidic oxides.
For example: S(s) + O2(g)   SO2(g)
Acid in nature
Q.25 Give reasons

(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
(c) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction.
Ans. (a) Platinum, gold, and silver are used to make jewellery because they are very lustrous.Also, they
are very less reactive and do not corrode easily.
(b) Sodium, potassium, and lithium are very reactive metals and react very vigorously with air as
well as water. Therefore, they are kept immersed in kerosene oil in order to prevent their contact
with air and moisture.
(c) Though aluminium is a highlyreactive metal, it is resistant to corrosion. This is because aluminium
reacts with oxygen present in air to form a thin layer of aluminium oxide. This oxide layer is very
stable and prevents further reaction of aluminium with oxygen.Also, it is light in weight and a
good conductor of heat. Hence, it is used to make cooking utensils.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction
because metals can be easily extracted from their oxides rather than from their carbonates and
sulphides.
PAGE# 175
Q.26 You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. Explain why
these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.
Ans. Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in air to form copper carbonate and as a result, copper vessel
loses its shiny brown surface forming a green layer of copper carbonate. The citric acid present in the
lemon or tamarind neutralises the basis copper carbonate and dissolves the layer. That is why, tarnished
copper vessels are cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice to give the surface of the copper vessel its
characteristic lustre.
Q.27 Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their chemical properties.
Ans.
They do not react with the salt solution

of non-metals.
Q.28 A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back the glitter of old and dull
gold ornaments.An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped in a particular
solution. The bangles sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically. The lady was upset but
after a futile argument the man beat a hasty retreat. Can you play the detective to find out the nature of
the solution he had used?
Ans. He must have dipped the gold metal in the solution of aqua regia 3 : 1 mixture of conc. HCl and conc.
HNO3. Aqua regia is a fuming, highly corrosive liquid. It dissolves gold in it. After dipping the gold
ornaments in aqua regia, the outer layer of gold gets dissolved and the inner shiny layer appears. That is
why the weight of gold ornament reduced.
PAGE# 176
Q.29 Give reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy of iron).
Ans. Copper does not react with cold water, hot water, or steam. However, iron reacts with steam. If the hot
water tanks are made of steel (an alloy of iron), then iron would react vigorously with the steam formed
from hot water.
3Fe  4H 2O 
 Fe3O 4  4H 2
Iron Steam Iron ( II, III) oxide Hydrogen
That is why copper is used to make hot water tanks, and not steel.
Q.30 Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?

Ans. Sodium and potassium are very reactive metals and combine explosively with air as well as water.
Hence, they catch fire if kept in open. Therefore, to prevent accidental fires and accidents, sodium is
stored immersed in kerosene oil.
Q.31 Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

Ans. Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the ions. Therefore, it requires a
lot of energy to overcome these forces. That is why ionic compounds have high melting points.
PAGE# 177
SECTION-A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q.1 When a non-metal reacts with chlorine, it forms
(A) an ionic chloride (B) a covalent chloride (C) a tetrachloride (D) a dichloride
Q.2 Which of the following metals will displace hydrogen from steam, dilute acids and alkalies?
(A) Iron (B) Mercury (C) Zinc (D) Calcium
Q.3 The final acid obtained during the manufacture of H2SO4 by contact process is:
(A) H2SO4 (conc.) (B) H2SO4 (dil.) (C) H2SO4 (aq) (D) H2S2O7
Q.4 Cu2S + 2 Cu2O  6 Cu + SO2 reaction occurs in -
(1) calcination of copper (2) roasting of copper
(3) smelting of copper (4) bessemerisation of copper
Q.5 A process employed for the concentration of sulphide ore is :
(A) Froth floatation (B) Roasting (C) Electrolysis (D) Bessemerisation
Q.6 Zone refining is used for the :
(A) Concentration of an ore (B) Reduction of metal oxide
(C) Purification of metal (D) Purification of an ore.
Q.7 Which of the following processes is used for the concentration of Bauxite (Al2O3. 2H2O)?
(A) Froth floatation (B) Leaching (C) Liquation (D) Magnetic separation
Q.8 In the thermite process, the reducing agent is :
(A) Nickel (B) Zinc (C) Sodium (D)Aluminium
Q.9 Metal always found in free state is
(A) Gold (B) Silver (C) Copper (D) Sodium
Q.10 Chemicallyrust is :
(A) hydrated ferrous oxide (B) hydrated ferric oxide
(C) only ferric oxide (D) none of these
Q.11 Which is used as catalyst in Haber’s process?
(A) Cr (B)Al (C) Ni (D) Fe
Q.12 SO2 reacts with Cl2 in the presence of sun light to form
(A) Sulphuryl chloride (B) Sulphonyl chloride (C) Sulphur dioxide (D) None of these
Q.13 Sulphur readilydissolves in
(A) Water (B) sodium hydroxide (C) hydrochloric acid (D) carbon disulphide
Q.14 In the preparation of vanaspati ghee from an cdible oil, the chemical reaction taking place in the presence
of Ni catalyst is called.
(A) oxidation (B) dehydration (C) hydrogenation (D) dehydrogenation
Q.15 Sugar reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to give the smell of burning sugar. It is due to the formation of
(A) CO2 (B) SO2 (C) C (D) both CO2 and SO2
PAGE# 178
Q.16 When concentrated H2SO4 comes in contact with sugar, it becomes black due to:
(A) Hydrolysis (B) Hydration (C) Decolourisation (D) Dehydration
Q.17 The important ore of iron is

(A) Siderite (B) Haematite (C) Pyrites (D) Bauxite
Q.18 Which of the following processes is used in the extractive metallurgy of magnesium?
(A) Fused salt electrolysis (B) Self reduction
(C)Aqueous solution electrolysis (D) Thermite reduction
Q.19 The process of electrolysis is used for obtaining such metals which are
(A) highlyreactive (B) moderately reactive
(C) highlyunreactive (D)all types of metals
Q.20 Which of the following reactions canot occure ?

(A) 2AgNO3(aq) + Fe(s)  Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(B) CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(C) CuSO4(aq) + 2Ag(s)  Cu(s) + Ag2SO4\(aq)
(D) 2AgNO3(aq) + Zn(s)  Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Q.21 An alloy of zinc and copper is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen as is evolved. In this
evolution of gas
(A) only zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid
(B) only copper reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid
(C) both zinc and copper react with dilute
(D) only copper reacts with water
Q.22 An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. this compound is also
soluble in water. The element is likely to be
(A) Calcium (B) Carbon (C) Silicon (D) Iron
Q.23 'Duralumin'is an alloyof aluminium with
(A) iron, manganese and magnesium (B) copper, manganese and magnesium
(C) copper, chromium and magnesium (D) iron, nickel and magnesium
Q.24 The reactivities of iron, magnesium, sodium and zinc towards water are in the following order
(A) Fe > Mg > Na > Zn (B) Zn > Na > Mg > Fe
(C) Na > Mg > Zn > Fe (D) Mg > Na > Fe > Zn
Q.25 In the laboratory process of hydrogen production we use impure zinc because :
(A) pure zinc is very costly (B) there is risk of explosion with pure
(C) impurity in zinc act as catalyst (D) pure zinc is not easily available
Q.26 Copper is extracted from the ore copper pyrite by smelting in a blast furnace. The flux used and the slag
formed are as given below :
(A) Flux CaO, Slag CaSiO3 (B) Flux SiO2, Slag CaSiO3
(C) Flux FeO, Slag FeSiO3 (D) Flux SiO2, Slag FeSiO3
PAGE# 179
SECTION-B
(VERY SHORTANSWER TYPE QUESTION) [1 MARKS]

Q.1 Name two metals which can occure in free state as well as in the combined state. [SAI-2014,15]
Ans. Copper (Cu) and Silver (Ag).
Q.2 (i) Name a metal which does not stick to glass.

(ii) Name the metal which is commonly used in thermite welding. [SAI-2012]
Ans. (i) mercury (Hg).
(ii)Aluminium(Al)
Q.3 Blue colour of copper sulphate solution disappears when some aluminium powder is added in it.
[SAI-2015,14]
Ans. Aluminium is more reactive than copper.
Q.4 Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil ? [SAI-2010,15]

Ans. Sodium reacts with air and water vigorously at room temperature. So it is kept in kerosene.
Q.5 Give a reason why platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery ? [SAI-2013]
Ans. These are most ductile, malleable and shining property
Q.6 Give reasons why silver metal does not easily combine with oxygen but silver jewellery tarnishes after
sometime ? [SAI-2014, 15]
Ans. It is due to the formation of the layer of silver disulphide which is black in colour. So it appears tarnished.
Q.7 Why should the metal sulphides and carbonates be converted to metal oxides in the process of extraction
of metal from them ? [SAI-2014, 15]
Ans. It is easier to obtain metal from its oxide as compared from its sulphides and carbonates.
Q.8 Why magnesium ribbon starts floating when it is placed in hot water ? [SAI-2015]
Ans. It starts floating due to the bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking to its surface.
Q.9 Why are ionic compounds usually hard ? [SAI-2015]

Ans. Due to strong forc of attraction between cation and anion these are firmly bonded in a definite crystallie
pattern.As a result, ionic compounds are generally hard.
Q.10 Explain why a salt which does not conduct electricity in the solid state but becomes a good conductor in
molten state ? [SAI-2015]
Ans. In molten (fused) state or in aqueous state, ions are in free form and they can move towards opposite
electrodes under the influence of electricity. So they are good conductor of electricity
PAGE# 180
(SHORTANSWER TYPE QUESTION) [2 MARKS]

Q.11 Write one example each of a : [SAI-2014,15]
(i) metal which is so soft that can be cut with a knife and a non-metal which is the hardest natural
substance.
(ii) metal and a non-metal which exist as liquid at room temperature.
Ans. (i) Sodium, Diamond.
(ii) Metal–Mercury, Non–metal–Bromine.
Q.12 Explain, how mercuryis extracted from its sulphide ore cinnabar. Give equations of the reactions involved.
[SAI-2014, 15]
Ans. Roasting.
2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) Heat
 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
2HgO(s) Heat
 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

Q.13 Can we place silver nitrate in an iron vessel ? Give reason for your answer with a balanced chemical
equation. [SAI-2013]
Ans. Instrous metals. These metals have little affinity for oxygen and thus,are not attacked easily by air or
moisture.
Q.14 (a) Name two metals which evolve hydrogen gas with nitric acid.
(b) Write product of any one of the metals. [SAI-2011, 15]
Ans. (a) (i) Magnesium (Mg), (ii) Manganese (Mn).
(b) Magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO3)2].
Q.15 Give reason, why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy or iron).
[SAI-2014]
Ans. Because copper is good conductor of heat and non-corrosive (does not react with steam unlike steel
which reacts).
Q.16 Write one example each of :

(a) A metal having low melting point and a non-metal having high melting point.
(b) A metal which is poor conductor or electricity and a non-metal which is good conductor of
electricity. [SAI-2015]
Ans. (a) Low melting point metal–Gallium, High meltingpoint non-metal–Diamond
(b) Metal, which is poor conductor of electricity– Lead
Non-metal, which is good conductor of electricity–Graphite.
Q.17 (i) Why metals like Cu,Al etc. becomme dull in appearance after sometime ?
(ii) Name the compound formed on the surface of copper which makes it dull. [SAI-2013, 15]
Ans. (i) Metals like Cu and Al become dull in appearance because of the formation of their oxides on
them.
(ii) Green coating of basic copper carbonate [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2] and black coating copper (II)
oxide [CuO].
PAGE# 181
Q.18 The following reaction takes place when aluminium powder is heated with MnO2.
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s)  3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3(l) + Heat [SAI-2015]
(a) Is aluminium getting reduced ?
(b) Is MnO2 getting oxidised ?
Ans. (a) No, because oxygen is added to aluminium, therfore, it is getting oxidised.
(b) No, since manganese has lost oxygen, therefore, it is getting reduced.
Q.19 Anon- metalAis an important constituent of our food and forms two oxides B and C. Oxide B is toxic
whereas C causes global warming. [SAI-2014]
(a) IdentifyA, B and C.
(b) To which group of Periodic Table does Abelong ?
Ans. (a) Ais carbon, B is carbon monoxide and C is carbon dioxide.
(b) Its belong to IV A
Q.20 Non-metals form two types of oxides. Choose these two types from the following oxides :
SO2, NO2, CO, H2O, N2O [SAI-2015]
Ans. Acidic oxides : SO2 and NO2
neutral oxides : CO, H2O and N2O.
Q.21 What will happen when : [SAI-2015]
(i) Magnesium is treated with very dilute nitric acid ?
(ii) Steam is passed over red hot iron ?
Ans. (i) Magnesium reacts with verydilute nitric acid giving out hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2HNO3  Mg(NO3)2 + H2
(ii) It forms iron (II, III) oxide giving out hydrogen gas.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)  Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
Q.22 Explain why: [SAI-2014]
(i)Aluminium metal connot be obtained by reduction ofAl2O3 with coke.
(ii)Alloys have usuallyless electrical conductivity.
Ans. (i)Aluminium is a very reactive metal. it cannot be obtained from its compounds byheating with carbon
because carbon cannot reduce aluminium oxide.
(ii)Alloybeinga homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or metal with a non-metal has less electrical
conductivity.When a metal is doped (mixed) with anyother metal or non-metal, its conductivitydecreases.
Q.23 Give reason why : [SAI-2012,11,14]
(a)Aluminium is a good cnductor of electricity. Moreover, when exposed to air, its surface gets covered
with exposed to air, its surface gets covered with thin layer of oxides which prevents metal underneath
from further corrosion.
(b) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction ?
Ans. (a)Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity. Moreover, when exposed to air, its surface gets covered
with thin layer of oxides which prevents metal underneath from further corrosion.
(b) It is easier to obtain a metal from its oxide as compared to its sulphides and carbonates.
Q.24 (a) ‘Sodium is a highly reactive metal and it cannot be obtained from its oxide by heating with carbon.’
Give reason.
(b) How can sodium be obtained from sodium chloride ? [SAI-2013, 15]
Ans. (a) Sodium cannot be obtained from its oxide by heating with carbon because carbon cannot reduce the
oxides of sodium.
(b) Soium can be obtained from sodium chloride by the process of electrolytic reduction.
PAGE# 182
Q.25 A metal ‘X’ combines with a non-metal ‘Y’ by the transfer of electrons to form a compound Z.
(i) State the type of bond in Z. [SAI-2015]
(ii) What can you say about its melting point and boiling point ?
(iii) Will it dissolve in kerosene or petrol ?
(iv) Will it be a good conductor of electricity or not ?
Ans. (i) Ionic/electrovalent.
(ii) High meltingand boilingpoint
(iii) It will not dissolve in kerosene or petrol but in the inorganic solvent such as water.
(iv) It will conduct electricity in the aqueous or molten state.
Q.26 Out of the two metals P and Q, P is less reactive than Q. Suggest an activity to arrange these metals in the
order of their decreasing reactivity. Support your answer with a suitable chemical equation.
[SAI-2012,13]
Ans. Activity : In a test tube, a small amount of salt solution of P is taken and metal Q is added into it. Q being
more reactive, displaces metal P from its salt solution.
Chemical equation : Metal Q + Salt solution of P  Salt solution of Q + Metal P.
(LONGANSWER TYPE QUESTION) [3 MARKS]
Q.27 Compound X and aluminium are used to join railway tracks. (a) Identify the compound X. (b) Name
the reaction. (c) Write down its reaction.
Ans. (a) X – Fe2O3
(b) Thermite reaction
(c) Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s)  2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat
Q.28 When a metal X is treated with cold water, it gives a basic saltYwith molecular formula XOH (Molecular
mass = 40) and liberates a gas Z which easily catches fire. Identify X, Yand Z and also write the reaction
involved. [SAI-2015]
Ans. X – Na, Y – NaOH, Z – H2
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2 + Heat energy
Q.29 A metal A, which is used in thermite process, when heated with oxygen gives an oxide B, which is
amphoteric in nature. IdentifyAand B. Write down the reactions of oxide B with HCl and NaOH.
[SAI-2015]
Ans. A – Al, B–Al2O3
Al2O3 + 6HCl  2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH  2NaAlO2 + H2O
Q.30 Give reasons for the following : [SAI-2015]
(i) Most metals conduct electricity well.
(ii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3 with heated aluminium is used to join cracked machine parts.
(iii) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
Ans. (i) Metal conduct electricity because they have electrons which are free to move. Thus, they offer little
resistance to the flow of current
(ii) The reaction of iron(III) oxide, (Fe2O3) with heated aluminium oxide is highlyreactive. The amount of
heat evolved is so large that the iron metal is produced in the molten state. For this reason, this reaction
is used to join cracked machine parts.
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) Heat  2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
Iron (III) Aluminium Molten iron Aluminium
oxide oxide
PAGE# 183
(iii) There are two reasons for this :

(a) These metals are very reactive and may even catch fire when they come in contact with oxygen
of the air.
(b) These metals can also combine with moist air containing carbon dioxide and further forming a
carbonate layer on metal surface.
Q.31 (i) Define the term ‘anode mud’. Name the electrode made of pure metal.
(ii) Give the reactions taking place at cathode and at anode during the electrolytic refining of copper.
Ans. (i) • The insoluble impurities which settle down at the bottom of the anode are known as anode mud.
• Cathode.
(ii) At anode : Cu(s)  Cu2+ (aq) + 2e–
At cathode : Cu2+(aq) + 2e–  Cu(s)
Q.32 Write balanced equation in each case :

(a) Magnesium is treated with very dilute HNO3.
(b) Aluminium powder is added to Fe2O3.
(c) Zinc sulphide is roasted. [SAI-2013, 2014]
Ans. (a) Mg + 2HNO3  Mg(NO3)2 + H2
(b) Fe2O3 + 2Al  Al2O3 + 2Fe
(c) 2ZnS + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2
Q.33 An element ‘P’reacts vigorously with water. The product so formed, turns red litmus to blue. Write the
equation of reactions of the element ‘P’with water and oxygen both. Write two uses of any one salt of
element ‘P’ [SAI-2012, 2015]
Ans. • Element P is calcium (Ca).
(i) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) Ca(s) + O2(g)  CaO(s)
Uses of Ca:
(i) As disinfectant for dringking water.
(ii) For bleaching clothes and textile fabrics.
Q.34 A, B and C are three elements which undergo chemical reactions according to the following equations :
A2O3 + 2B  B2O3 + 2A
3CSO4 + 2B  B2(SO4)3 + 3C
3CO + 2A  A2O3 + 3C [SAI-2012, 2014]
(a) Which element is the most reactive ?
(b) Which element is the least reactive ?
(c) What is the type of reactions lised above ?
Ans. (a) Most reactive element is ‘B’as it has replaced both ‘A’and ‘C’from their compounds.
(b) Element ‘C’is least reactive as it has been replaced by both ‘A’and ‘B’.
(c) Displacement reaction.
PAGE# 184
Q.35 (i) State the type of chemical reaction used to extract metals at the top of reactivity series from their
naturally occurring compounds like oxides or chlorides ? Why carbon cannot be used to reduce
their oxides ?
(ii) Write a complete balacned chemical equation to show extraction ofAl through molten aluminium
oxide. Identify the electrode where aluminium is liberated. [SAI-2013, 2014]
Ans. (i) Decomposition reaction  electrolytic decomposition because these metals have more affinity
for oxygen than carbon.
(iii) 2Al2O3 Electrolyt
    4Al(l) + 3O2(g)
ic decomposit ion
(VERY LONGANSWER TYPE QUESTION) [5 MARKS]

Q.36 Pure iron is soft and stretches easily when hot :
(a) How do these properties of iron change when: [SAI-2015]
(i) small amount of carbon is mixed with it ?
(ii) nickel and chromium are mixed with it ?
(b) Define an alloy. How is an alloy prepared ?
(c) An alloyhas low melting point and is therefore, used for electrical fuse. Name the alloy and write
its constituents.
Ans. (a) (i) When a small amount of carbon is mixed, the iron becomes hard and strong.
(ii) When iron is mixed with nickel and chromium, we get stainless steel
(b) Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal is known as an alloy.it
is prepared byfirst melting the priarymetal and then, dissolving the other elements in it in definite
proportions.
(c) Solder, Pb and Sn.
Q.37 (a) Write chemical equation for the reactions taking place when :
(i) manganese dioxide is heated with aluminium powder. [SAI-2014, 15]
(ii) Steam is passed over red hot iron.
(iii) Magnesium reacts with hot water.
(b) The oxide X2O3 is unaffected by water. Name a method by which metal X can be obtained from
its ore. Give one reason as to why have you chosen this method ?
Ans. (a) (i) 3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s)  2Al2O3(s) + 3Mn(l) + Heat
(ii) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)  Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
(iii) Mg(s) + 2H2O(s)  Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
(b) It must be Al2O3. Aluminium metal can be obtained by electrolysis of molten Al2O3. This is
because Al2O3 cannot be reduced by carobn.
Q.38 Metal ‘M’reacts vigorously with water to form a compound S and a gas G. The solution of S turns red
litmus blue whereasgas G turns red litmus blue whereas gas G which is lighter than air, burns with a
popping sound. Metal M has low melting point and kept in kerosene.
(a) Identify the metal M and compound S. Write their chemical name and chemical formula.
(b) What is the nature of compound ?
(c) Identify the gas G and mention its one use.
(d) Write balanced equation for the reaction which takes place when metal M reacts with water.
(e) Why this metal M cannot be kept in water ? [SAI-2013, 14]
Ans. (a) Metal M is sodium (Na) and compound S is sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
(b) The nature of the compound is basic.
(c) The gas G is hydrogen (H2). It is used as a fuel.
(d) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Heat energy
(e) Because it reacts violently with water and catches fire.
PAGE# 185
Q.1 Ametal occurs in nature as in are X which on heating in air converts to Y. Y reacts with urreacted X to
give the metal. The metal is
(A) Hg (B) Cu (C) Zn (D) Fe
Q.2 Metals like Na, K, Ca and Mg are extracted by electrolysis of their chlorides in molten salte. These
metals are not extracted by reduction of their oxides with carbon because
(a) Reduction with carbon is very expensive
(b) Carbon readily makes alloys with these metals
(c) Carbon has less affinity for oxgen
(d) Carbon is a waker reducing agent than these metals.
(A) a and b (B) b and c (C) c and d (D) d and a
Q.3 The metal that can be obtained by electrolysis of an aqueous solution of its salts is :
(A) Zn (B) Cr (C) Mg (D) Ca
Q.4 Which of the following cannot be used to extract a metal from its ore ?
(A) Electrolytic reduction (B) Carbon reduction
(C) Reaction with oxygen (D) Reaction with more electropositive metal
Q.5 Choose the correct sets which represent the oxides as Acidic : basic : neutral : amphoteric respectively
(i) CO2 : MgO : N2O : H2O (ii) SO2 : NO : CO : Al2O3
(iii) P2O5 : ZnO : NO : Al2O3 (iv) SO3 : CaO: N2O : PbO
(A) i & ii (B) ii & iii (C) iii & iv (D) i & iv
Q.6 Highly pure dilute solution of Na in liquid NH3 :

(A) will be colourless (B) Exhibits electrical conductivity
(C) Produces sodium amide (D) Produces hydrogen gas
Q.7 Arrange the following compounds, the one that gats hydrolysed to form metallic hydroxide, hydrogen
peroxide and oxygen is :
(A) Na2O (B) Na2O2 (C) KO2 (D) Li2O
Q.8 The characteristic not related to alkali metal is :

(A) Their ions are isoelectronic with noble gases
(B) Low melting points
(C) Low electronegativity
(D) High ionisation energy
Q.9 When sodium is treated with sufficient oxygen/air, the product obtained is :
(A) Na2O (B) Na2O2 (C) NaO2 (D) NaO
Q.10 The reaction of sodium is highly exothermic with water. The rate of reaction is lowered by :
(A) Lowering the temperature (B) Mixingwith alcohol
(C) Mixing with acetic acid (D) Making an amalgam
PAGE# 186
Q.11 Tin dissolves in excess of sodium hydroxide solution to form :

(A) Sn(OH)2 (B) Na2SnO3 (C) Na2SnO2 (D) SnO2
Q.12 Which of the following metal is used for drying organic solvents
(A) magnesium (B) sodium (C) platinum (D) Nickel
Q.13 A metal M readily forms water soluble sulphate MSO4, water insoluble hydroxide M(OH)2 and oxide
MO which becomes inert on heating. The hydroxide is soluble in NaOH. Then M is :
(A) Mg (B) Ca (C) Be (D) Sr
Q.14 Be andAl exhibit many properties which are similar. But the two elements differ in :
(A) forming covalent bonds
(B) forming polymeric hydrides
(C) Exhibiting maximum covalencyin compounds
(D) Exhibiting amphoteric nature in their oxides
Q.15 Which of the following metals does not form ionic hydride ?
(A) Ba (B) Mg (C) Ca (D) Sr
Q.16 The salts of which of the following give green colour in fire works ?
(A) Na (B) K (C) Ba (D) Ca
Q.17 Which of the following metal dissolves in KOH with the evolution of hydrogen ?
(A) Ca (B) Mg (C) Sr (D) Be
Q.18 Ametal X on heating in nitrogen gas gives Y.Yon treatment with H2O gives a colourless gas which when
passed thrangh CuSO4 solution gives a blue colour. Y is
(A) Mg(NO3)2 (B) Mg3N2 (C) NH3 (D) MgO
Q.19 In electrochemical corrosion of metals the metal undergoing corrosion becomes :

(A)Anode (B) Cathode (C) inert (D) None of thes above
Q.20 ‘X’ is a substance which chemicallycombines with impurities associated with the ore to form easilyfusile
mass ‘Y’. Here X and Y are :
(A) Flux, Slag (B) Slag, Flux (C) Gangue, Slag (D) Reductant, Flux
Q.21 ‘X’ is the product formed when sulphure reacts with oxygen, it dissolves in water is produce ‘Y’ choose
the correct option for x and y.
(A) SO2 acid (B) SO3, neutral (C) SO2 base (D) SO3 acid
Q.22 The property of a material to resist shock and impact is called

(A) Retraction (B) Resilience (C) Tension (D)All of the aobve
Q.23 Cu2S + 2 Cu2O  6 Cu + SO2 reaction occurs in -

(A) calcination of copper (B) roasting of copper
(C) smelting of copper (D) bessemerisation of copper
Q.24 Which one of the following metal oxides shows both acidic and basic characters ?
(A) SO2 (B) K2O (C) Cu2O (D) Al2O3
PAGE# 187
Q.25 In iron metallurgy, lime stone is used -

(A) to obtain heat energy (B) to reduce iron oxide into iron
(C) as an iron ore (D) to remove sand (SiO2)
Q.26 Which alloyof aluminium is used for making aircrafts

(A)Alnico (B)Y-Alloy (C) Duralumin (D)Aluminium Bronze
Q.27 The substance which are put into the blast furnace in the manufacture of iron :
(A) Iron ore, CaO, Ca(OH)2 and CaSiO3 (B) Iron ore, Coke, Like stone and CaSiO3
(C) Iron ore, coke, Lime stone and Hot air (D) Iron ore, CaO, Lime stone and hot air
Q.28 When a metal is alloyed with mercury the resulting alloy[Amalgum] will have
(A) Less electrical conductivity than pure mtal (B) Lower melting point than pure
(C) Both A and B are correct (D) Both Aand B are wrong
Q.29 A compound 'X' green coloured solid, gets oxidised to reddish brown solid in presence of air. 'X' on
heating gives brown coloured solid 'Y' and two pungent gases 'A' and 'B' 'A' turns acidified potassium
dichromate solution green, X, Y,A, B and type of reaction is :
(A) CuSO4, CuO, SO2, SO3 decomposition (B) FeSO4, Fe, SO2, SO3 Oxidation
(C) FeSO4, Fe2O3, SO2, SO3 decomposition (D) FeSO4, Fe2O3, SO3, SO2 decomposition
Q.30 A metal carbonate X on treatment with a mineral acid liberates a gas which when passed through aqueous
solution of a substance Y gives back X. The substance Y on reaction with the gas obtained at anode
during electrolysis of brine gives a compound Z which can decolorise coloured fabrics. The compounds
X,Y and Z respectively are
(A) CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaOCI2 (B) Ca(OH)2, CaO, CaOCI2
(C) CaCO3, CaOCl2, Ca(OH)2 (D) Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaOCI2
Q.31 Metals like sodium, potassium calcium and magnesium are extracted by electrolysis of their chlorides in
molten state. These metals are not extracted by reduction of their oxides with carbon because
a) reduction with carbon is very expensive
b) carbon readily makes alloys with these metals.
c) carbon has less affinity for oxygen
d) carbon is a weaker reducing agent than these metals.
(A) (a) and (b) (B) (b) and (c) (C) (c) and (d) (D) (d) and (a)
Q.32 Ametal occurs in nature as its ore X which on heating in air converts to Y.Y reacts with unreacted X to
give the metal. The metal is :
(A) Hg (B) Cu (C) Zn (D) Fe
Q.33 An element X has electronic configuration 2, 8, 1and another element Y has electronic configuration
2, 8, 7. They form a compound Z. The property that is not exhibited by Z is :
(A) it has high melting point
(B) It is a good conductor of electricity in its pure solid state
(C) It breaks into pieces when beaten with hammer.
(D) It is soluble in water.
PAGE# 188
Q.34 The metals which liberate hydrogen gas with dilute hydrochloric acid as well as caustic soda solution are:
(A) Na and K (B) Zn andAl (C) Fe and Mn (D) Cu and Ag
Q.35 The metal that can be obtained by electrolysis of an aqueous solution of its salts is :
(A) Zn (B) Cr (C) Mg (D) Ca
Q.36 Arrange the following metals in the order of their decreasing reactivity ?
Fe, Cu, Mg, Ca, Zn, Ag
(A) Ca > Zn > Mg > Cu > Ag > Fe (B) Ca > Zn > Cu > Mg > Ag > Fe
(C) Ca > Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag (D) Ca > Mg > Fe > Zn > Cu > Ag
Q.37 Which element forms maximum multiple bonds ?

(A) N (B) P (C) As (D) Bi
Q.38 On additon of which metal the blue coloured copper sulphate solution turns into colourless solution ?
(A)Ag (B) Hg (C) Zn (D)Au
Passage Based Questions(Q.39 to Q.40)

Generally, the metals form basic order whereas non-metals form acidic oxides. Only a few metals forms
hydrides with hydrogen and these hydrides are unstable while the non-metals form stuble hydrides.
Metal atoms can donate electrons easily hence they act as redusing agents and the non-metals can
accept electrons readilytherefore they act as oxidizing agents. Metals having highee reactivity with have
higher tendency to displace less reactive metal ions from its salt solution
Q.39 Which among the following can form onlybasic oxide ?
(A) Sodium (B) Zinc (C)Aluminium (D) Silicon
Q.40 Which of the following will form a stable hydride ?
(A) Born (B) Silicon (C) Sodium (D) Both (A) and (B)
Q.41 Match the following
Column I Column II
(i) strongest reducing agent (a) Thalium
in aqueous solution
(ii) Shows inert pair effect (b) Cesium
(iii) Forms peroxide on heating (c) Lithium
with excess of oxygen
(iv) Used in photo cells (d) Sodium
(A) (i)-d, (ii)-b, (iii)-a, (iv)-c (B) (i)-c, (ii)-a, (iii)-d, (iv)-b
(C) (i)-c, (ii)-b, (iii)-a, (iv)-d (D) (i)-b, (ii)-d, (iii)-a, (iv)-c
Q.42 Column I Column II
(i) Zn (a) Cuprite
(ii) Hg (b) Carnalite
(iii) Cu (c) Calamine
(iv) Mg (d) Cinnabar
(A) (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) (B) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b)
(C) (i)-(b), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c) (D) (i)-(a), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)
PAGE# 189

(i) Self reduction (a) Pb
(ii) Carbon reduction (b) Ag
(iii) Complex formation & (c) Cu
displacement by metal
(iv) Electrolytic reduction (d) Na
(A) (i)-(a,b), (ii)-(b,c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(d) (B) (i)-(a,c), (ii)-(a,c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(d)
(C) (i)-(a,c), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(a,c), (iv)-(d) (D) (i)-(a,b), (ii)-(b,c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)

(i) Steel (a) Cu and Sn
(ii) Brass (b) Cu and Zn
(iii) Bronze (c) Fe,C and Cr
(iv) Magnalium (d) Al and Mg
(A) (i)-(c), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a) (B) (i)-(c), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(d)
(C) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(d) (D) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a)
(i) Aircrafts (a) Stainless steel
(ii) Utensils (b) Bronze
(iii) Medals (c) Magnalium
(iv) Balance been (d) Duralumin
(A) (i)-(a), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c) (B) (i)-(a), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(d)
(C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c) (D) (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(b)
Q.46 Statement-1 :Alkali metals dissolve in liquid NH3 to give blue solutions
Statement-2 : Alkali metals in liquid NH3 give solvated specie of the type [M(NH3)n]+ ( M = alkali
metals)
(A) Statement-1 and Statement-2 are correct but Statement-2 is the correct explanation of
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 and Statement-2 are correct but Statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation of
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is correct and Statement-2 is not correct.
(D) Statement-1 is not correct and Statement-2 is correct.
Q.47 Statement-1 : Metal and non-metals react by mutual transfer of electrons.

Statement-2 : Non- metals form bonds with other non-metals by sharing of electrons.
Statement-1.
Statement-1.
PAGE# 190
Q.48 Statement-1 : In the extraction of magnesium from fesed anhydrous magnesium chloride, air gap of the
electrolytic cell is replaced by inert gas.
Statement-2 : Oxidation of magnesium metal can easilybe prevented during its extration by electrolytic
reduction of anlydrous magnesium chloride.
Statement-1.
Statement-1.
Q.49 Which of the following is true about the two statements?

Statement I : Reactivity of aluminium decreases when it is dipped in nitric acid
Statement II :Aprotective layer of aluminium nitrate is formed when aluminium is dipped in nitric acid.
Statement-1.
Statement-1.
PAGE# 191
ANSWER KEY
SECTION-A
Q.1 B Q.2 C Q.3 D Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 C Q.7 B
Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 B Q.11 D Q.12 A Q.13 D Q.14 C
Q.15 C Q.16 D Q.17 B Q.18 A Q.19 A Q.20 C Q.21 A
Q.22 A Q.23 B Q.24 C Q.25 C Q.26 D
Q.1 B Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 B Q.7 C

Q.8 D Q.9 B Q.10 D Q.11 B Q.12 B Q.13 A Q.14 C
Q.15 B Q.16 C Q.17 D Q.18 B Q.19 A Q.20 B Q.21 A
Q.22 B Q.23 D Q.24 D Q.25 D Q.26 C Q.27 C Q.28 C
Q.29 C Q.30 A Q.31 C Q.32 B Q.33 B Q.34 B Q.35 B
Q.36 C Q.37 A Q.38 C Q.39 A Q.40 D Q.41 B Q.42 A
Q.43 B Q.44 B Q.45 C Q.46 B Q.47 B Q.48 A Q.49 A
PAGE# 192

10th - Chemistry - Metals & Non-Metals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10th - Chemistry - Metals & Non-Metals

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

10th - Chemistry - Metals & Non-Metals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BEST

Effective content to build a strong foundation

Special focus on New Pattern Objective Questions

Covers complete theory, Practice, and Assessment

(b) Important properties of Non-metals

 Some more properties of Metals :

(ii) Thermal and Electrical Conductivity

What do you observe?

Difference between Metal & Non-metal

Property Metals Non – Metals

6. Oxidising or Metals behave as reducing agents. Non-metals generally behave as

(B) CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF METALS

But most of the metal oxides are insoluble in nature.

(II) Action with water

(III) Reaction With Acids

This reaction shows that sodium is a very reactive metal.

(IV) Reaction with Chlorine

(V) Reaction with Hydrogen

(VI) Reaction of Metals with Solutions of Other Metal Salts

Activity/Reactivity Series of Metals

Activity series of some metals

Significance of Activity Series

Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ZnSO 4 FeSO 4 CuSO 4

They recorded their observations in the form of table given below:

(VII) Reaction of Metals with Non-Metals

5. Name any two metal oxide which are amphoteric

3.3 OCCURENCE OF METALS IN NATURE :

In free state In combined state

3.3.1 MINERALS AND ORES

Impurity Flux Slag

(i) Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.

(2) Conversion of the enriched ore into the oxide of metal

Al2O3 .2H 2O(s) 

Calcination is carried out in case of carbonate ores or hydrates of oxide ores.

(3) Extraction of metals from metal oxide :

(B) Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series

(4) Refining or purification of the metal.

3.5 METALLURGY IN DETAIL:

(Fig. Magnetic Separation)

(Fig. Froth Floatation method)

2NaAlO2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)   Al(OH)3 (s) + NaOH (aq)

3.5.2 CHEMICAL REDUCTION

SnO2 (s) + 2C (s) 1573

This reaction known as thermite or thermite reaction.

(IV) Electrolytic Reduction

Metals found in the middle of the Zn Reduction using carbon or

Metals found at the bottom of the Pt  Found in native state

3.5.3 REFINING (OR) PURIFICATION OF METALS

(b) Liquation process: Based upon melting point difference

(e) Zone refining (or) Fractional distillation: The

 Types of alloys : There are two types of alloys :

 Few Examples of Alloys

Alloy Percentage Composition Uses

Alloy Percentage Composition Uses

Alloy Percentage Composition Uses

Alloys of Tin and Lead

Alloys of Iron or Alloy Steels

Alloy Percentage Composition Uses

3.7 CORROSION OF METALS :