MODULE V (OP-AMP CIRCUITS)

Prepared By,
Muhammed Ramees M K P
Assistant Professor
SNGCET
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Closed Loop Configurations of OP-AMP

• An op-amp that uses feedback is called a closed loop amplifier.
• Feedback may be positive or negative.
• The most widely used configurations are
▫ Closed loop non inverting amplifier
▫ Closed loop inverting amplifier
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Non-Inverting Amplifier
Rf
• The gain of the op-amp is marked as A.
I2 +VCC
• The feedback circuits is composed of two resistors R1 and Rf.
I1
• The circuit shown in figure is commonly known as non V2 _
inverting amplifier with feedback are closed loop non R1 Vd I3=0 +
A
inverting amplifier because it uses a feedback and input +
V1
signal is applied to the non inverting input terminal of Vout
-VEE RL
the op-amp. Vin ~ _

• in this circuit inverting input terminal is grounded through R1

and output is applied to the inverting input terminal through
feedback circuit composed of two resistors R1 and Rf.
Circuit Diagram
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Non-Inverting Amplifier
• The closed loop gain of non inverting amplifier can be determined as Rf
follows
I2 +VCC
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑓 = I1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 V2 _
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 R1 Vd I3=0 A +
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 +
• Applying ohms law to find current I1 through resistor R1,we have V1
Vout
-VEE RL
−𝑉2 −𝑉𝑖𝑛 Vin ~
I1 = = _
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼3 = 0

−𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐼2 = Circuit Diagram
𝑅1
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Non-Inverting Amplifier
Rf
• 𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
I2 +VCC
−𝑉𝑖𝑛
• But 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and 𝐼2 = I1
𝑅1 V2 _
−𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓 R1 Vd I3=0 +
• ∴ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 A
𝑅1
+
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓 V1
• 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 + RL
Vout
𝑅1 -VEE
Vin ~ _
𝑅𝑓
• 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 +
𝑅1

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑓
• =1+
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅1

𝑹𝒇
Circuit Diagram
• 𝑨𝒇 = 𝟏 +
𝑹𝟏
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Problem
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Problem
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Inverting Amplifier
Rf
• Inverting amplifier is it closed the loop amplifier in
I2 +VCC
which the input is applied at the inverting terminal.
I1
V2 _
• The output of inverting amplifier is out of phase by
R1 Vd I3=0 +
A
180 degree with respect to input. +
V1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ~ Vin Vout
-VEE RL
𝐴= =
𝑉𝑑 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 _

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = = =0
𝐴 ∞
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
Circuit Diagram
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Inverting Amplifier
Rf
• The closed loop gain of inverting amplifier can
I2 +VCC
be determined as follows. I1
V2 _
• Applying ohms law to find current I1 through R1 Vd I3=0 A +
resistor R1,we have +
V1
~ Vin Vout
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉2 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 0 𝑉𝑖𝑛 -VEE RL
I1 = = = _
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼3 = 0
𝑉𝑖𝑛 Circuit Diagram
𝐼2 =
𝑅1
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Inverting Amplifier
Rf
• 𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
I2 +VCC
𝑉𝑖𝑛
• But 𝑉2 = 0 and 𝐼2 = I1
V2
𝑅1 _
R1 Vd I3=0 +
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓 A
• ∴0= + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 +
𝑅1
V1
~ Vin Vout
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓 -VEE RL
• 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −
𝑅1 _

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑅𝑓
• =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅1

−𝑹𝒇
• 𝑨𝒇 = Circuit Diagram
𝑹𝟏
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Problem
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Summary of OPAMP Configurations

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Inverting Summing Amplifier

Rf
• Since the input impedance of an op-amp is I1 I +VCC
extremely large, more than one input signal Vin1
R1 V2 _
can be applied to the inverting I2
Vin2 N
Vd A +
R2
amplifier. Such circuit gives addition of the +
V1
Vout
applied signals at the output. Hence, it is called -VEE RL
_
as summer or adder circuits

Circuit Diagram
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Inverting Summing Amplifier

Rf
• 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 0
I1 I
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 −𝑉2 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 +VCC
• 𝐼1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1 Vin1
R1 V2
𝑉𝑖𝑛2 −𝑉2 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
_
• 𝐼2 = = I2
𝑅2 𝑅2 Vin2 N
Vd A +
R2
Applying KCL at node N, +
• 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 V1
Vout
-VEE RL
From output side,
_
𝑉2 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
• 𝐼= 𝑅𝑓
= 𝑅𝑓

−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 Circuit Diagram

• = +
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
If R1=R2=Rf
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
• 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − + • 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 + 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝑅1 𝑅2
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Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier

Rf I
• Summer that give non-inverted sum of the input
signals is known as non-inverting summing +VCC
R I V2
amplifier. _
N
• 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 R1 I1 Vd A +
Vin1
From the input side, +
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 −𝑉1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 −𝑉1 Vin2 V1
• 𝐼1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼1 = R2 I2 RL
Vout
𝑅1 𝑅2 -VEE
Since current through op-amp is zero _
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 0
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 − 𝑉1
+ =0 Circuit Diagram
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 1 1
+ = 𝑉1 +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
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Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier

Rf I
𝑅2 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑅1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
𝑉1 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 +VCC
At node N
𝑉2 𝑉1 R I V2 _
𝐼= = N
𝑅 𝑅 R1 I1 Vd A +
And Vin1
+
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉1 Vin2 V1
𝐼= = R2 I2 Vout
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 -VEE RL
𝑉1 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉1 _
=
𝑅 𝑅𝑓
𝑹𝟐 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 +𝑹𝟏 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑹+𝑹𝒇
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 1 𝑅 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = . Circuit Diagram
= 𝑉1 + = 𝑉1 𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐 𝑹
𝑅𝑓 𝑅 𝑅𝑓 𝑅. 𝑅𝑓
If R1=R2=R=Rf
𝑅 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉1
𝑅 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 + 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟐
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Problem
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Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

Rf I1
• Similar to summer circuits the subtraction
+VCC
of two input voltages is possible with the
I1 V2 _
help of op-amp circuits, called as Vin1
N
R1
Vd A +
subtractor difference amplifier circuits. Vin2 +
R2 I2 V1
• The circuit diagram has been shown in Vout
-VEE RL
I2 RF
figure. _

• To find the relation between the inputs and

outputs, let us use superposition principle Circuit Diagram
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Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

Rf I1
• With Vin2=0, the circuit act as an
+VCC
inverting amplifier. Hence we can write
I1 V2 _
Vin1
R1 N
𝑅𝑓 Vd A +
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡1 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1
𝑅1 0
R2
+
I2=0 V1
Vout1
-VEE RL
I2=0 RF
_

Circuit Diagram
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Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

Rf I1
• With Vin2=0, the circuit act as an inverting
amplifier. Hence we can write
𝑅𝑓 +VCC
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡1 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1
𝑅1 I1 V2 _
• With Vin1 =0, the circuit reduces as shown in 0
R1 N
figure Vd A +
𝑉𝑖𝑛2 Vin2 +
𝑉1 = 𝑅 R2
𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑓 I2 V1
Vout2
𝑉2 𝑉1 -VEE RL
𝐼1 = = I2 Rf
𝑅1 𝑅1 _
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2 − 𝑉2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2 − 𝑉1
𝐼1 = =
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉1 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2 − 𝑉1 Circuit Diagram
=
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2 = 𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2 =
𝑅1
𝑉1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑖𝑛2
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Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

Rf I1
• Using superposition principle
+VCC
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡1 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2
I1 V2 _
Vin1
R1 N
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 Vd A +
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 Vin2 +
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓 R2 I2 V1
Vout
-VEE RL
• If R1=R2=Rf I2 RF
_
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1
Circuit Diagram
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OP-AMP Integrator
C
• An integrator is circuits that performs a
I +VCC
mathematical operation called integration.
I
• Integration is a process of continuous V2 _
addition. R Vd +
A
𝑉𝑖𝑛 +
• 𝐼= V1
𝑅 ~ Vin Vout
-VEE RL
−1
• 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ‫𝑖׬‬ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 _
𝐶

−1 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑡 −1
• 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ‫𝑅 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑛𝑖𝑣 ׬‬ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐴
𝐶 𝑅𝐶
Circuit Diagram
• Where A is the integration constant.
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OP-AMP Integrator
C
Vin Vout
t I
A +VCC
Slope=-A I
V2 _
t
R Vd +
A
Input Signal Output Signal +
V1
~ Vin Vout
-VEE RL
_
Vin Vout

A Slope - A

t t Circuit Diagram
-A
Slope A
Input Signal Output Signal
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OP-AMP Differentiator
R
• its function is to provide an output voltage proportional to the rate
of change of the input voltage. I +VCC
• It is an inverse mathematical operation to that of an integrator. I
V2 _
• Differentiator can be obtained by interchanging the resistor and
capacitor of the integrator circuits. C Vd A +

𝑑𝑉𝑐
+
𝐼=𝐶 V1
𝑑𝑡 ~ Vin Vout
-VEE RL
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝐼𝑅
_
𝑑𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝐶 .𝑅
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑐 Circuit Diagram
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑡
• The output voltage is proportional to the derivative of the input
voltage.
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OP-AMP Differentiator
Vin Vin R

A I
A +VCC
t
I
-A V2 _
t
Input Signal C Vd +
A
Input Signal +
V1
~ Vin Vout
-VEE RL
Vout
_
t Vout

Spike
t Circuit Diagram

Output Signal
Output Signal
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Problem
 30

Logarithmic Amplifier
D
• The fundamental log amplifier is formed by placing a diode or a
transistor in the negative feedback path of the op amp.
If +VCC
• The circuit diagram of basic log amplifier using diode is shown in figure.
I
The diode D is used in the negative feedback path. The voltage V1=0 V2 _
hence voltage V2=0 . R Vd A +
𝑉𝑖𝑛 +
𝐼=
𝑅 V1
~ Vin Vout
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 -VEE RL

Voltage across diode is -Vout. _

𝐼𝑓
−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜂𝑉𝑇 ln
𝐼𝑜 Circuit Diagram

𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝜂𝑉𝑇 ln = −𝜂𝑉𝑇 ln
𝑅𝐼𝑜 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
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Half Wave Precision Rectifier

+VCC

V2 _
D
Vd A +
Vout’
Vin +
V1
Vout
-VEE RL

Circuit Diagram
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Half Wave Precision Rectifier

• Precision rectifier is a small signal rectifier which is capable of rectifying signals of a very small peak (of the
order of millivolt).
• Small AC signals are not able to drive a diode directly due to cut in voltage of the diode. Therefore an op-amp
is introduced prior to diode.
• In the circuit shown op-amp is used in non inverting configuration. Diode is driven by the op amp output.
• When diode is off op-amp act in open loop configuration when diode is on op-amp act in a voltage follower
configuration.
• When input signal Vin goes negative, a negative signal appears at the output of the opamp making the diode
reverse biased disconnecting Vout and Vout'. Thus during negative half cycle no output is obtained.
• When the diode is off, the input is zero and op-amp acts in open loop configuration. Thus at the start of
positive half cycle due to high open loop gain op-amp output goes high driving the diode on
• Since in voltage follower configuration closed loop gain of the device is unity the output voltage is equals input
voltage and it is available at the output terminal of the circuit
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Instrumentation Amplifier

V1+Vcm +
A1
_ R3 R4

R1
_
Vout
A3
RP
+

R2
_
R5 R6
A2
V2+Vcm +

Circuit Diagram
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Instrumentation Amplifier
• An instrumentation amplifier is a differential amplifier optimised for high input impedance and high
CMRR.
• An instrumentation amplifier is typically used in applications in which a small differential voltage and a
large common mode voltage are the inputs.
• Requirements of a good instrumentation amplifier
▫ Finite, accurate and stable gain
▫ Easier gain adjustment
▫ High input impedance
▫ Low output impedance
▫ High CMRR
▫ Low power consumption
▫ High slew rate
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Vref=0V
Voltage Level Detectors _
Vref A1 Vout
+
• Figure shows an op-amp comparator circuit.
RL
• A fixed reference voltage Vref is applied to the inverting input terminal ~ Vin
and sinusoidal signal is applied to the non inverting input terminal.
• When Vin exceeds Vref the output voltage goes to positive saturation Voltage Level Detectors
because the voltage at the inverting input is less than non inverting Vin
input.
• On the other hand when Vin is less than Vref output voltage goes to Vref
t
negative saturation.
• Thus output voltage change from one saturation level to the other
Vout
whenever Vin=Vref.
+Vsat
• At any given time output voltage waveform shows weather
0 t
Vin is greater or less than Vref. Hence the name voltage level detector
-Vsat
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Vref=0V
Zero Crossing Detectors _
A1 Vout
+
• The basic comparator can be used as a zero crossing detector. RL
~ Vin
• A typical circuit for such a detector is shown in figure.
• It is a non inverting comparator circuits with Vref=0V. Zero Crossing Detectors

• During the positive half cycle, the input voltage is positive that Vin

is above reference voltage. Hence, the output voltage is +Vsat.

Vref=0V t
• During the negative half cycle, input voltage is in negative that
is below the reference voltage, output is then -Vsat. Vout

• Thus, output voltage switch between +Vsat and -Vsat whenever +Vsat

0 t
the input signal crosses the zero level.
-Vsat
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SCHMITT Trigger (Regenerative Comparator)

• The circuit of an op-amp Schmitt Trigger is shown in figure.
• Input voltage Vin is applied to the inverting input terminal and the
Vin _
feedback voltage goes to the non inverting terminal. This means the
circuit uses positive voltage feedback. A Vout
• Assume the inverting input voltage to be slightly positive. This will +
produce a negative output voltage. The voltage divider feeds back a I2 R1
negative voltage to the non inverting input which results in a larger
negative voltage. This feedback more negative voltage until the circuit
is driven into negative saturation. V1 R2
• If the input voltage were slightly negative instead of positive, the
secured would be driven into the positive saturation.
Circuit Diagram
• This is the reason the circuit is also referred as regenerative
comparator.
 39

SCHMITT Trigger (Regenerative Comparator)

𝑅2
• The feedback fraction 𝛽 = Vin _
𝑅1 +𝑅2
A Vout
• When output is positively saturated the reference voltage applied to +
the non inverting input is I
R1
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = +𝛽𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 2

• When the output is negatively saturated the reference voltage is V1 R2

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = −𝛽𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
Circuit Diagram
• The output voltage will remain in a given state until the input voltage Vout
exceeds the reference voltage for that state. 4 3 5
+𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒕
• For instance, if the output is positively saturated, the reference
voltage is +𝛽𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 . The input voltage must be increased slightly LTP +𝜷𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒕 Vin
above +𝛽𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 To switch the output voltage from positive to −𝜷𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒕
UTP
negative.
2 −𝑽𝒔𝒂𝒕
• This can be explained from the input output characteristics of this 1
Schmitt trigger shown in figure Transfer Characteristics
 40

References

1. D. A. Neamen, Microelectronics: Circuit analysis and design, 3rd ed. Dubuque, IA: McGraw
Hill Higher Education, 2007.
2. J. Millman, C. C. Halkias, S. Jit, and M. Jacob, Millman&’s electronic devices and circuits, 3rd
ed. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2007.
3. D. A. Bell, Electronic devices and circuits, 3rd ed. Ann Arbor, MI, United States: Prentice Hall
Professional Technical Reference, 2007.
4. S. Sharma, Electronic devices & circuits. India: Kataria, S. K., 2014.
J. B. Gupta, Electronic devices and circuits for engineering students 3rd edition, 2nd ed. New
Delhi: Kataria, S. K., 2010.
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