(J focplainn pattern matching facility “of seep (Command with _un__eacample. pi [Unix hus a special: ftrmity of commund foe handling —seunch._gequixement , andthe painciple L member. of this family In the ep Command Irep sams_Tis_imput for_a_patten7 amd displays ine containing pattenn_, the line number 0 file. imames ahene the _puitern _oauns _. The Commund 1 Uses the following. syntax ¢ i > _Srep__optfons pattern __ filename ts? sleeps alles chill pattern non one ot more | filenume —_, 07 the _stmdund input ft_mo filename Yo spetified — the tiest—ongument is. the pattern. Lee tbeoe shown “Tn sectiomsria tog see uae, |S gvep “sales” emp. ts+ ¥ ai woes. E Gi Shunla enn) Sales | 6400 ee 8600 | 4 Sales | $000 © :Sennchaeeeeaael ouritesm 4nd also Suve ___¢iho | 9zep —Kumun > foo > Though we have used the putter. both with ( und_ without dustes_Clawmure ) sits quote the pater. _.In fact, Senenally quong 16. essemiia the Seunch stamp —eonelests of mmame_thurrr_o7né ord. ox ages amy of the shell.'6 _chunuch er Mise tod ete | 7 gzep also sitently __retunn the _paompt.__fn_cune the paitern _cam'+ be: —_Locerte d. $ gaep pensident emp ist o. The command failed becuusethe_siaing president couldn +. be located... Though the feature of Lafile foro perttermy is _available In both Sed and __qwis, these Commands. ome not congidened to file 9¢ they can't locate the pititem §n_ thei scurming \neut. |The guccess oa fulline of cL command —_is_ ‘tet _ omother _Tmpontem+_feayure of the. vin System, | omg you! I see In__chupten 14 how this. Feature fs Used 49 the commund line of the Shell's paogeumming constuctoa> Sylhen__guep Po ssed lth multiple _filenume it displays the filename _ctong with the excumple_, grep Seunches two files ousput next > $ grep “dimectoe “em 15+ emp? USE empt "ist_2tone [chanchul | divertor (sales le roo emp 1st + bap luli it | _dixector Lmuntetins [¥200 emp ists 9261 Sai | director Lproductm | toe emp 21st 22366 Lbann | dinecto™ lpensonmel |4s00 aS7 Though we need not have quoted the pattern in these examples , quoting is essential When _+the within _contuins multiple —cpords = $aaep "Jui _shu»mu~’ emp | lst ate | gai sharma # 99ep Options :— = Joep ‘m one of the mas important DAT X Commun amd_you must Know options thut posta requize grep 40 Suppoat £ —ZJanoring_ C58. C7) +1 hen you loos fox a mume but ane not sune of the cube ,use the __option_, this option gnomes cause for puttin n =a Ignore __cuse fer _ matching. Doesm'+ _display__lines matting excpression Displays lime _numbexr__along with lines Displays = cownt= of file numes» only = mm Ser _list of _filenumes only es encpression— zwith this option can. aise_multiple mes _. Also used oa matching eocpression __begning eivifelientine line. Mutches pattem with entize_ Aine. es putteyn__feom file _-bne_pex line Treuts pattem uy on _erciended regulur _eocpaessi@m __EE $ soep -t Vaganwal emp +\st = this located —the name aganoaeil using the pattern | aganwal . ; lines C=. 2#-970P can play an nvenS e sole all lines —eeccep+ those, e 7 Deleting f =v_option selecks foo 3 the containning the peitten Fa Savep -v ‘divectow emp.ist 2 othent!s we -| othenlist | Line lumber. +The -n — option disp luy the putter « Oispluyin The lime wmben contuining | + Saree -7 * munketing emp_tst+ 7 the. line Pinter une shown at the _besinming_of actual line by + Waco. euch line. Sepwrated, 420m the— mou how to use cut, it's simple _mattes, to that you —edouck_omly the line numer fram this_output ¢ 2 Count: i Cntuinning putter _C- Bie iioto many divectoxs une thene in the tle 2 The option counts the mumbe% of lines. contuiming the puttesm —- t $ qvep +c ‘director | emp. Let IP de ie. Bre Ae 7 you. Use this _Cormmand colt —mmattiple file, the _ filename is-paefixed 40 the line count. i $ gee -¢ dinettor emp "lst eee. Sometimes , you need Jo get a Single count 420m all of these files so that you cum alse it in_scaipt log you have ulaeady handled Similuse__gihtasion before _,s0 you should be uble to the qrep. Ino manne that daops the filename: faom — the output ¢ ~2Displazing filenames C+) The -| Clist JopHon displuy only the names_of files containing the pattesn, $ grep -t_ 'munugen' *. lst desig wlet emp..to+ eme.1.lot empn Ist 7 G0 if you have forgotten the filename —whene you lyst Saw Something. just use this. option to find out. 6 7. Matching Multiple Partesm (-¢)eanlith the ~e option you Cam match the three upgout by usi he qrer. LO.9repine “agenaial. “agsanwcl emp. ist TE ae ee ae oe RC ee 2476 Luni) lmunuyen lsales Loslo,[s9 | S000 sce4 Loudhix lexecutive lpensonne) 10% lool4a] 4500 ono |v.~ [ 9.m Lmanketing \iz_ Ls 1140 1006 you could Suestion the wisdom as entening Such. Y tong Command line when she. putter —don'+ / dif fee much _taom__one__another eeeu_file putter In__ Spe s L ption to tule oes grep Uses the f option 1 from __ a File Gvep -f pattenn . 161 emp.ls+ Selunls ,the -f pption is availuble only in its 4 wensim_thene's mo pooblem with this option. n_linyx Ohenever_| @e_use the the texm alsen yell achially mean Cun en + A file x _ditectoay ig (weuted with of Petmission >And this defuait js detes.mined $4 9 simple setting , Which we 'I| discuss (ates rem exrally the defualt setting write - protects file fem all Sccept the use, _ uidefuglt © set Scat | Uses | bin | stunt x : 2X Stun + $ 16 paces CW)_- 5 ee 1_kumun (106 Sep _¢623:2y¥ T The chmode Commun d 7 ; 19 Used 40 seq + ee, a cba éllse enCategoaies of usen , 11 cum be aun_only by the use aNd the Supen usen «the command eun be used in two wars i ™In__a Relutive munmex byt Specifying. the changes to the cwinent peymissio Thetgh we Tn un ubsowte mannen by Specifying the final pesmissi ans © Relative permiss) ons + hen changing permission in_u_Relutive Hamen, Chmod.__Onh changes the _pexmission specified in the cmmand _line_umd eaves. the othex permission unchanged .In this mode it uses the Following _Syniyn i= aot DP be. chmed__categoxy _opexation peamission Tilename (=) chmod tures as its angument “en —eocparession. Com paising some _lettens and -symbles__that Completely —destaibe the uses Cddegory. und the type of permissia —being assigned ov vemoved . the expression contain sthaee components. oe bestax 4 theo eusex category — Cuses, + gaoup_, these) git cp + The openution to be Pexfoamed (ussign ox remove opt. peyimissieg Discs. rissa oh. tt i + the type 0+ _penmission. Covad, avite, ercetute) “To assign execute._pexmission 40 the us e%_of the lle _Xstemt we need 40 fume iu Suisuble. expression by vsing _cppooppiute chanacters tao _ “ Ccich_of the three columms_ of fuble 6.1 since +he/ File needs. to be executable Only by dhe uses | the eocpression. Requined is vy4x: 4 at aSchmod Ute x stunt \ $ ig _- 1 xstunt | eto Xt =2¥ == 1 mumun Metal 1206 maz (4) execute ( x) permission, go the sede Cyd. bur other _penmiss) one semain. | stil_cun'+ To enuble ull of them to erecute the, | file. you huve to 4jhe_multi ple —_chanact er fo_sepreseont the uset. Categov'y a ei, The command assi9n 1 $ chmod. “bgiioes aBienitanels plex stuart —— =peonem salaries q_Kumun —_mety! {206 wha 7 ___ ‘> The_ sizing vs0 combines all _the_thaee—Catesory — C ai : ‘other _- vtx_also_offens aghart | hana symboe-g in tet US eb Senos foo the |_ Sting —and-as if thar wasn4 enough .thene’s aT if even. shortex foo that. combines these thee _carteaies, “Tchad cere = oi ihpliesasligol or es “chmod tx ¥Stunrt 67 defualt a ls_imnplied __ chmed __uccepts multiple — filename Behe comune. 4 a. to assign the sume fe} of Pp missign. oa group of files t's i Should dos. 4 sel — ae Chimo d- Dix not e ipicie Reaga se s ———— as : oe permission tune sernoved with the > operat To - = the. issioa fanm both. “ge0up ana | oa eeeothenS ruse the eocpressian si $ls_-1_ x stunt twr -xx -W 41 Kumax _Metyl 1906 maz $chmod go -r _xgtunt 4 13-1. x Sturt Soba) esis ¥ 4) Kuti et) Oo 1 qlog. may > Abbreviution used by. thmod, V- vse. +- Assigns | w- Read Ba permission | pesrmission 9 -ga0uP | ~~ Remove w - write y permission. Permission | -- Assigns | X- eocecute UbSolute | pesmi ssi oa9 | - pexmissium |. * Absoulte pexrmissiions 2. heh X oh. Q9 Sometimes you dont. need to (enetiibes ‘What a file's Cunnent permission one, but count to set ull mime peamission bits erpiicity . the expressi inane _thmod-_ heve > ae _ of three octal. Hema bAsiSin frbh soarpeoe > octul numbers “use. the buses 5. “and octyl disits. have the values oto + ,this means that a Set of theee bits Cem represent one octal digit 1 Sanat li permission _ of euch, Category digit this i how peymission cm be saisikiveren, :¢ Read pexmiss!an peswmisslon * waite eo focetute pen mission ae aoe _ Signi ticance No _pesnniss (07. focecutable only wattuble only writable umd —erecattuble Readable only reudable and ¢rcerutuble Ri wettedble i sf prc Poe cn = 7? -gou_cun use is method to assign wedd ¢ waite _ permission | to_all_ three _Categoalers without octal — _omnember. Jou should _ normaliz be using —chmad ase ___xstunt te achieve the —tus}<_ Lp ss e 70-9) +aw- | KYmon Metal L106 Moy _xstustt = ae ee the @— indicates tread and waite isst aR -pexmisst on (utr). To restant th eoniginal. permission to the f File_you need to %ernove the oizite p esamissi on. Fromgaoup dnd othens 2 9 - egw t eo "9106 map XR Stunt $chmed 644 -Rstunt ‘Is(P To assisn all pexmission omd_wride_penmissiuq 40 eacecute _penmissiun to th Schmod 461 xstanb — «The _secunity implication Hs >To undewstund the secunity _fmplicution hebind | thes pesemission and the. 20le played by chmod, consider the defualt petimission ar the file xstant that wus shown — the beginning _Of- 68 cH oye Ge 22-3 --¥-= -J1_ txamun__metu] 1900 10 x stunt . on the _cthey hand, you must note be too gemenous +o have all _pesrmission _enuble fox dll Categories of use using eithex _°f these commun, chmod _ajyeuw Aston t chmod 73 tx Skurd = PW xX rte xzeye _1_k UM Un metal °° Moy _xstunt ___ _* using _chmed__Recunsively (- ero Ce) ie. _>1 => pT descend _u directory ~hixexchy _und_upplt the eacpression to_evenz tile Gnd subdixectry Mt finds. ___ See. Ns | this_motes all files and _subdizectories Founa in’ ~The three adulk _eocecutuble by ull Wsex . you can provide multiple directory und filename ona ie — you want +e use chmod on YOUr, home divectory — “ed to_it _ema_use it in ome of __ these wuys - (me5 hidden oaks out hidden chmod _- R #5 * lLeuves hmod -® < “i th its tipe Eocplain Regula. coopaession maith E . 6 re Ty an. _ercpression “se eprt]—O. a Itis tenmed a regu lw jhe chanattex used 64 also meaning + the ghell - enough these estpression = shouldbe quot te — Regular focpressiom __o belonging Cx) Basic — Regular express! UN Cod extendyed Resulwe gorpwessi > gaep Sup post basic Resul or expression by dei and enctemded -EREIULAR eocpresgion ith the od Supports only BRE Set. to tw 6 t [1] Basic Regulan—_tocpaession i= > The Basic _Resulur tocpression chovract ex Symbol _Maichs x zexo. or more Octunence of the prs g* | nlothing 0% 9,97, 149 ec. : A single chandler, z Alothing ow cinty_-mumber. - Of. chanact * Cran] | A Single _chanucter p,q ow % (ca ce) [A single charade within the — Ascit represented by C4 und «2 (a+3) | A digit between 1 cma 3 ao 4 A single chanuctex Which ig not °.4,° a-tA-Y A nonalphabetic chunacterpat | patrenn put at _bessning of line bush $ | bash at Abush $ A t e the chanactex clus st A yegulux. expression leis you specify o b group oF chara clen endosed cithin a paix of wectungulan b2ucketS [Jim which case the match is penfoamed fox Single chunucter im thegoouP. ut bu) matches eithen cm 2 or ama the metuchonutter Cand} cum. now be. used _to_match Agunwal or 4 ugganoul {4alfux} Cae) wal matches the two names ,the chunattex cluss matches the lettres ad in both lowencuse und Uppen Cuse ye Qa Be Bese of which the seond aNd _thisd cine _oelevunt to the esent problem . As u First step. let's use this Regular _focpaessions with qaeP, . dqrep “Cua da tan J Cav} wal “emp. lst 3scu4 lsudhix Agunw4! ILexeauive Lpensammnel_] #500 plo | Vk.aganqul | 92m. | moniseting (12.131) qooo f the is + e a — the * weper the inmedicitley pee ceding character. “sts imexpretation is the drickies _ of the lot an id peans absoulutly no wesembalnce _ whadsoverr with + sed by wild -CandS oF DOS. PoT sailed) 4 4 sl ella laalSee lai asld. sai|© cooiting - : ed limes fo a file (co) :— The way you coy Mie Secicsna ect lines you can aise the anc : : to waite the Selected \ines a ile suve. the lame of divectoos F wus ‘ (dlyector LW dhist' emp.tet Sed Cccepts d ccepts move than one cddvess » Jou can performs 4 pull context Spliting of the file emp .list + 4 4 7. 4 Sed -M | divectox lw dlist Jmanager lw mlist lescecutive \w éligs | emp. ter © Text €diting this secion discs Some of the editing Commend available im sed's acto component SA vi User would be relived fo leann that phe Command wre albo the sume -icinsend ), ‘acappend ),¢hunse ) and a Cdelete) Inserting and changing limes Ci,4.¢) — The > command msent Text: pe ~ $sed_' Li 4 inchide cgidio »h? foo- C >,1b olee eel