CLASS IX Notes of CH Structure of Atom

SHIKSHA BHARTI PUBLIC SCHOOL
SESSION 2023-24
CLASS IX CHEMISTRY
CH- STRUCTURE OF ATOM
• Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.

• Different kinds of matter exist because there are different kinds of
atoms present in them.
Charged Particles in Matter
• Whenever we rub two objects together, they become electrically
charged. This is because atoms contain charged particles in them.
Therefore, atoms can be divided further into particles i.e proton,
electron and neutron.
Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford, in his famous
gold foil experiment.
Electrons were discovered by J.J. Thomson, in his cathode ray
tube experiment.
Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick.
• Atoms consist of protons and electrons in a balanced proportion.

• Protons exist in the interiors of the atom and electrons exist in the
exteriors of the atom. Therefore, electrons can be removed from an
atom.
Failure of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The postulates of the atomic theory by John Dalton
• The matter is made up of tiny particles called Atoms that cannot
be divided.
• Atoms are never formed or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
• Atoms of an element exhibit same nature. They have the same size,
mass, and character.
• Atoms of different elements exhibit variant nature. They do not
have same characteristics.
• Atoms form compounds by combining in a ratio of whole numbers.
• A compound contains a constant number and kinds of atoms
Dalton suggested that atoms can neither be created nor destroyed and
are indivisible. But the discovery of electrons and protons in atoms
lead to failure of this aspect of Dalton’s theory.
Thomson’s Model of an Atom
According to J.J. Thomson, the structure of an atom can be
compared to Christmas pudding where electrons are present inside a
positive sphere.
An atom is composed of a positively charged sphere in which

electrons are embedded.
Atom is neutral as the positive and negative charged are equal in
proportion.
Rutherford’s Model of an Atom
Rutherford’s Experiment
• He experimented with thin gold foil by passing alpha rays through
it.
• He expected that the gold atoms will deflect the Alpha particles.
Observations Inferences
Alpha particles which had high
Atom contains a lot of empty
speed moved straight through the
space
gold foil
Some particles got diverted a by Positive charges in the atom are
slide angles not occupying much of its space
The positive charges are
Only one out of 12000 particles
concentrated over a particular area
bounced back
of the atom.
Thus, Rutherford gave the nuclear model of an atom based on his
experiment which suggests that -
• Atoms contain a lot of unoccupied space
• There is a heavily positively charged substance present in the
center of the atom which is called the nucleus
• The nucleus contains an equal amount of positive and negative
charge.
The Nucleus of an Atom
• The nucleus id located at the center of the atom.
• All the mass of the atom is because of the nucleus.
• The electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular parts which

are called Orbits
• If we compare the size of the atom and nucleus, the nucleus is
much smaller than the atom.
Drawbacks of the Nuclear Model of an Atom

The Nuclear Model of the Atom failed to explain how an atom
remains stable despite having positive and negative charges present
in it. Maxwell has suggested a theory according to which if any
charged particle moves in a circular motion it radiates energy. So, if
electrons start moving in a circular motion around the nucleus they
would also radiate some energy which would decrease at the speed
of the electrons. As a result, they would fall into the nucleus because
of its high positive charge.
What are nucleons? – Protons and Neutrons are collectively called
as Nucleons.
Bohr's Model of an Atom
Bohr suggested that –
• Electrons spin around the nucleus in an individualized separate
path or unattached orbit.
• The electrons do not emit any energy while moving Indies special
orbits.
• These orbits are also called as Energy Levels.
• They are represented using letters or numbers as shown in the

figure below –
The Neutrons
J. Chadwick discovered that there is another sub-atomic particle
present in the atom. This particle carries no charge and is known as
a Neutron. Therefore, we can conclude that atom consists of three
types of particles -
Electrons which carry a negative charge
Protons which carry a positive charge
Neutrons they are neutral
The distribution of electrons in different shells or orbits
• If Orbit number = n
2
• Then number of electrons present in an Orbit = 2n
• So, for n =1
• Maximum electrons present in shell – K = 2 * (1) = 2

2
• The outermost shell can contain at most 8 electrons.
• The shells in an atom are filled in sequence.
• Thus, until the inner shells of an atom are filled completely the
outer shells cannot contain any electrons.
Valency
• Valence Electrons – Electrons existing in the outermost orbit of
an atom are called Valence Electrons.
• The atoms which have completely filled the outermost shell are not
very active chemically.
• The valency of an atom or the combining capacity of an atom is
given by the number of elements present in the outermost shell.
• For Example, Helium contains two electrons in its outermost shell
which means its valency is two. In other words, it can share two
electrons to form a chemical bond with another element.
• What happens when the outermost shell contains a number of
electrons that are close to its maximum capacity?
Valency in such cases is generated by subtracting the number of
electrons present in the outermost orbit from octet (8). For example,
oxygen contains 6 electrons in its outermost shell. Its valency is
calculated as: 8 – 6 = 2. This means oxygen needs two electrons to
form a bond with another element.
Atomic Number of an Element
Atomic Number (Z) = Number of protons in an atom
Mass Number of an Element
Mass Number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Isotopes
• The atoms of an element can exist in several forms having similar
atomic numbers but varying mass numbers.
• Isotopes are pure substances.
• Isotopes have a similar chemical nature.
• Isotopes have distinct physical characteristics.

Where can we use Isotopes?
1. The fuel of Nuclear Reactor – Isotope of Uranium
2. Treatment of Cancer – Isotope of Cobalt
3. Treatment of Goiter – Isotope of Iodine
Example: Consider two atomic species namely U and V. Are they
isotopes?
U V
Protons 5 5
Neutrons 5 6
Mass Number 5 + 5 = 10 5 + 6 = 11
Atomic Number 5 5
From the above example, we can infer that U and V are isotopes
because their atomic number is the same.
Isobars
The atoms of several elements can have a similar mass number but
distinct atomic masses. Such elements are called Isobars.

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SHIKSHA BHARTI PUBLIC SCHOOL

• Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.

• Atoms consist of protons and electrons in a balanced proportion.

• A compound contains a constant number and kinds of atoms

An atom is composed of a positively charged sphere in which

• All the mass of the atom is because of the nucleus.

• The electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular parts which

Drawbacks of the Nuclear Model of an Atom

• They are represented using letters or numbers as shown in the

• Maximum electrons present in shell – K = 2 * (1) = 2

• The outermost shell can contain at most 8 electrons.

• The shells in an atom are filled in sequence.

• Isotopes have a similar chemical nature.

• Isotopes have distinct physical characteristics.

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