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Lecture 1

ICT lectures

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10 views28 pages

Lecture 1

ICT lectures

Uploaded by

intekhabk789
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applications of ICT

Lecture-1
Your
expectations!!!
• How to fix computers
• How to build myself one real
cheap
• Which one to buy
• Knowing all about the
Pentium or ARM etc
This course
is about:
What computers consist of
How computers work
How they are organized internally
What are the design tradeoffs
How design affects programming and
applications
Starting Point
Given sufficient raw materials:
can implement any computable function

Our goal here:


is not to figure out how to compute new things
rather, it is an engineering problem
Engineering Problem
Implement a computation:
▪ with least resources (in fixed resources)
▪ with least cost
▪ in least time (in fixed time)
▪ with least energy
▪ With fixed energy budget

Optimization problem:
how do we do it best?
“An Engineer can do
for a dime what
everyone else can
do for a dollar.”
Chapter 1
Computer Abstractions and Technology
What is a Computer, anyway?
Computers Today
1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution
Progress in computer technology
Underpinned by domain-specific accelerators
Makes novel applications feasible
▪ Computers in automobiles
▪ Cell phones
▪ Human genome project
▪ World Wide Web
▪ Search Engines
Computers are pervasive
Moore’s Law
Moore’s Law states that integrated circuit resources double every 18–24 months.
Bell’s Law
"Every decade, a new class of
computers emerges that is
10 times more powerful, available
1 th
at the cost per unit of
10
performance than the previous
generation.“

In 1951, men could walk inside a


computer and now, computers are
beginning to “walk” inside of us .
Classes of Computers
Personal computers
▪ General purpose, variety of software
▪ Subject to cost/performance tradeoff

Server computers (or just Servers)


▪ Network based
▪ High capacity, performance, reliability
▪ Range from small servers to building sized
Classes of Computers
Supercomputers
▪ Type of server
▪ High-end scientific and engineering calculations
▪ Highest capability but represent a small fraction of the overall computer market

Embedded computers
▪ Hidden as components of systems
▪ Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
The PostPC Era
The PostPC Era
Personal Mobile Device (PMD)
▪ Battery operated
▪ Connects to the Internet
▪ Hundreds of dollars
▪ Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses
The PostPC Era
Cloud computing
▪ Term cloud essentially used for the Internet
▪ Portion of software run on a PMD, and a portion run in the Cloud
Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC)
▪ Big datacenters containing 100,000 servers
▪ Amazon and Google cloud vendors
Software as a Service (SaaS)
▪ Delivers software and data as a service over the Internet
▪ Web search and social networking
Is Moore’s Law Dead?
Intel’s former chief architect Bob Colwell says: Moore’s law will be dead within a
decade (August 2013).
The end of Moore's Law is on the horizon, says AMD.
Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku believes:
Moore's Law has about 10 years of life left before ever-shrinking transistor sizes
smack up against limitations imposed by the laws of thermodynamics and quantum
physics (April 2013).
Why Study Computer Organization?
Decline of Moore’s Law
Proliferation of multi-core Processors
Emergence of new Platforms

Hardware knowledge First step for chip/OS/compiler developers


What is Computer Organization?

Electronic Desired
Devices Behavior

… there is a big difference between what we want something to do and how


the electronic devices underneath actually make it happen.
Early computer inventers strived to create individual, purpose-built machines for
specific tasks by assembling various raw devices, whether mechanical, electrical, or
electronic.
Computer Organization
“Computer Organization is concerned with the structure and behavior of a computer
system as seen by the user. It acts as the interface between hardware and software. It deals
with the components of a connection in a system.”*

“Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that
realize the architectural specifications.” Source- Computer Organization and
Architecture by William Stallings.

*https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-architecture-vs-computer-organization
Why Computer
Organization

Image credits: uber, extremetech, anandtech


Course Potential Outcome
Example: 200x speedup for matrix vector multiplication

Data level parallelism: 3.8x


Loop unrolling and out-of-order execution: 2.3x
Cache blocking: 2.5x
Thread level parallelism: 14x

Further, can use accelerators to get an additional ~100x.


How to make a prototype computer – yes, we will actually
build working computer!!
What You Will Learn
How programs are
translated into machine The hardware/software
language and how interface
hardware executes them

What determines program


How hardware designers
performance and how it
improve performance
can be improved
As to methods, there may be a million and
then some, but principles are few. The man
who grasps principles can successfully select
his own methods

Ralph Waldo Emerson


Next Week
Seven Great Ideas
Below your program!
IC Design Cycle
Clock Cycle and More!!!
Reference/Acknowledgement
The slides are adopted from Computer Organization and Design, 6th Edition by
David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy 2014, published by MK (Elsevier)

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