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Presentation On Computer Networks

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31 views4 pages

Presentation On Computer Networks

This Computer Networks presentation is from Makaut CA1 PowerpointPresentation

Uploaded by

Bittu Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BENGAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MAKAUT CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT 2 (CA2): Report Writing


Even Semester, 2023-24

Name: Swarup Saw Roll No.: 12100121131


Semester: 6th Stream: CSE B
Paper Name: Computer Networks Paper Code: PCC-CS602
Topic: Evolution of Internet Protocols and IP versions.

Title
Evolution of Internet Protocols: Navigating Through IPv4 to IPv6

Abstract:
Exploring Internet protocols, their development from the early days of ARPANET to the current state of
IPv6. It examines the limitations of previous versions, the need for expansion, and the features of the latest
protocol. Additionally, it delves into critical protocols like TCP and UDP, explores the layered structure of
the protocols, and discusses ongoing efforts to secure and improve communication in the ever-growing
internet landscape.

Introduction:
The internet has become an integral part of our lives, connecting us globally and enabling communication,
information exchange, and countless other applications. This vast network functions on a foundation of
established rules and protocols. These protocols act as a common language for devices to communicate
and ensure data delivery across vast distances. Let’s explore the evolution of these protocols, focusing
specifically on the development and transition between different versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and
delves into crucial supporting protocols and technical aspects.

Main Content
The Dawn of Networking: ARPANET and NCP
The internet's story begins with the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET), a pioneering network developed in
the late 1960s by the U.S. Department of Défense. ARPANET laid
the groundwork for the modern internet by connecting research ARPANET Map (1960)
institutions and universities across the United States. To facilitate
communication on this network, the Network Control Protocol
(NCP) was developed. NCP handled tasks like message
transmission, routing, and network interface management.

However, NCP had limitations. It was complex, inflexible,


and not scalable for larger, more diverse networks.
As the internet grew, a more robust and adaptable solution
became necessary.
The Revolution: Enter TCP/IP and its Key Players
In the late 1970s, Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn introduced the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) suite. This revolutionary development marked a significant step forward in internet
protocol history. TCP/IP adopted a modular design, separating the functionalities of routing (IP) from
reliable data delivery (TCP). This modularity allowed for greater flexibility and easier integration with
various applications.
Key players in TCP/IP:
Internet Protocol (IP): Responsible for packet routing and addressing, ensuring data reaches its
intended destination.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Provides reliable data delivery by sequencing data packets
and ensuring their correct reassembly at the receiving end.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP): Offers connectionless data transfer, suitable for applications
requiring speed over guaranteed delivery, like real-time video streaming.

Layered Architecture of TCP/IP:


TCP/IP follows a layered architecture, similar to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Each layer
performs specific functionalities and interacts with adjacent layers to achieve seamless communication.

▪ Application Layer: Handles user applications like web browsing, email, and file transfer.
▪ Transport Layer: Provides reliable data delivery (TCP) or connectionless data transfer (UDP).
▪ Network Layer: Responsible for network routing and addressing (IP).
▪ Data Link Layer: Manages communication between devices on the same physical network segment.
▪ Physical Layer: Transmits and receives raw data bits over the physical medium (cables, fiber optics).

The Need for Expansion: The Rise of IPv4 and its Limitations
The initial version of TCP/IP implemented a 32-bit addressing scheme known as IPv4. While it provided
approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses at the time, the rapid growth of the internet and the increasing
number of connected devices led to concerns about address exhaustion. This limitation posed a significant
challenge to the future expansion of the internet.
Addressing the Future: The Development of IPv6 and its Advantages

To address the limitations of IPv4, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed a new version of
the IP protocol in the early 1990s, known as IPv6. IPv6 offers several significant improvements:
✓ Expanded Address Space: Utilizes a 128-bit addressing scheme, providing a vast pool of unique
addresses, accommodating the growing internet and IoT devices.
✓ Enhanced Security: Built-in authentication and encryption capabilities address.

Security Considerations in Internet Protocols:


With the increasing reliance on the internet for various critical applications, security has become
paramount. Internet protocols play a crucial role in securing communication, and both IPv4 and IPv6 have
specific features to address security concerns:
• IPv4 Security: Primarily relies on external security mechanisms like firewalls and encryption
protocols like Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and its successor, Transport Layer Security (TLS).
• IPv6 Security: Integrates security features into the core protocol itself. This includes features like:
o IPsec: Provides encryption and authentication for secure communication.
o Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC): Generates unique addresses for devices,
making it harder for attackers to track and target specific devices.

The Ongoing Transition from IPv4 to IPv6:


The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is an ongoing process driven by several factors:
• Address Exhaustion: The depletion of IPv4 addresses necessitates the adoption of IPv6 to support
the growing internet.
• Security Enhancements: The built-in security features of IPv6 offer a significant advantage over
IPv4 in the face of evolving cybersecurity threats.
• Future-proofing: The vast address space of IPv6 ensures the internet can accommodate future
growth and innovation.

Challenges in the Transition:


• Cost and complexity: Upgrading network infrastructure and software to support IPv6 can be
costly and complex for some organizations.
• Limited device and application support: Not all devices and applications currently support
IPv6 natively.
• Lack of awareness: Raising awareness and promoting the benefits of IPv6 adoption is crucial
for a smoother transition
Conclusion:
The evolution of internet protocols has played a pivotal role in shaping the development of the internet.
From the early days of ARPANET to the current adoption of IPv6, the continuous adaptation and
improvement of protocols have ensured efficient and reliable communication across an ever-expanding
global network. As the internet continues to evolve, ongoing efforts to maintain and enhance internet
protocols, including security considerations and the ongoing transition to IPv6, are essential to ensure a
secure, scalable, and sustainable future for the internet.

As we look to the future, the evolution of Internet protocols will continue unabated, guided by the
principles of openness, interoperability, and scalability. With emerging technologies such as 5G, artificial
intelligence, and edge computing poised to reshape the Internet landscape, the role of Internet protocols in
enabling seamless connectivity and communication will be more critical than ever before.

References:
o https://www.ietf.org/standards/
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol
o https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ipv6-addressing-scheme-in-cisco-router/

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