2 8 Kurdistan Regional Government - itr of Education Drsetorate nett or Curia ad Printables MATHEMATICS Student Book - Grade EightAlgebraic Expressions Are you Ready? Study Guide: Preview Reading and Writing Math 2-1 Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions 2-2 Multiplying Algebraic Expressions by an Algebraic Term .. ED Hands-on: Exploring Special Identities 2-3. Multiplying Algebraic Expressions . Partial Test. Problem Solving: Look Back 2-4 Dividing an Algebraic Expression by an Algebraic Term 2-5 Factoring an Algebraic Expression by a Common Factor .... 2-6 Factoring using the Difference of Two Squares Study Guide: Review 78 Chapter Test ............. sheveneveeesetenecenineceescens DD Cumulative Test 2.0.0.0... 2.0... vets . 80 (£) (a) (3) @BirkarizanEquations and Inequalities ‘Are you Ready? ....... Sore 283 Study Guide: Preview ............. wenaccrenesenas 84 Reading and Writing Math ceceeeeeee 85 3-1 Solving Equations .... Senbo0n Seer eee ED Hands-on: Model Solving Equations ................ 90 3-2. Solving Multi-Step Equations. foe 2) 3-3 Solving Quadratic Equations .......... sasaetersarere DO 3-4 Law and Variable Rid gueeeisenieererteteencoroae. 100 Partial Test ERROR RRONT “ - 104 Problem Solving: Make a plan......... cceavevensen LOS Inequalities........ ou wee See 106 Solving Inequalities by Multiplying or Dividing oO Solving Multi-Step Inequalities...........-+..00.64 114 Study Guide: Review ............ ine 118 Chapter Test ...... ee vee LID Cumulative Test . sees teeseseeeesecseeeersesese 20 (8) (@} (@) @BirkarizanProbability Are you Ready? ...... Study Guide: Preview Reading and Writing Math 4-1 Random Experiment 4-2 Probability 4-3 Experimental Probability 4-4 Theoretical Probability..... Partial Test... Problem Solving: Understand The problem... DD Hands-on: Experimental and Theoritical Probability. 4-5 Choosing Graph.. 4-6 Frequency Table by Clanes and Histogram... 4-7 Mean, Median, Mode and Range ...... 4-8 Box-and-Whisker plots Study Guide: Review Chapter Test . Cumulative Test ...... (F) (a) (3) @BirkarizanAre you Ready? ...........---::::eseeseeeeesees : - 167 ‘Study Guide: Preview ..............-:::sceseseereeee 168 Reading and Writing Math .............0.0000000005 169 5-1 Parallel Lines... aR pic eee oe 5-2 Congruent Triangles ... we qeereree e176 5-3 Using Congruent Triangles ................66665 wavavenveveoer NOD 5-4 Isoceles and Equilateral Triangles ...........0.020:000:01-+- 186 565 Parallelogram ...........c.scecessevsseeseeeseees voce AOL 5-6 Rectangle and Rhombus .........6:.0:0005+ mn 9S Partial Test.........000:000<« vectetetetreeeeeree eee 200 Problem Solving: Understand The problem.............201 @D Hands-on: Exploring Pythagorean Theorem. ...........202 5-7 The Pythagorean Theorem ..........cc0cs0sseeseseseeeeeesess 203 5-8 Special Right Triangles 207 5-9 Midsegment Theorem and Trapezoid... 211 5-10 Surface Area and Volume of a Cylinder..........00+0:0+0005:-216 5-11 Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere............6.02000646-220 Study Guide: Review ... 224 Chapter Test ....0....0.0:ccccscsscsssssessesesseseeeesesses 227 Cumulative Test ......0...0.00000ccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeese 228Coordinate Geometry Are you Ready? Study Guide: Preview ............0.0... Reading and Writing Math . 6-1 Representing Tables ........ 6-2 Reading Graphs... 6-3 Introduction to functions..............60000. PD Hands-on: Exploring Linear Function... Problem Solving: Solv 6-4 Linear Function... 6-5 Midpoint of a Segment Study Guide: Review . Chapter Test Cumulative Test ...... @Birkarizan_ weil 612 tie (op so gga © CARP «Gt il) 1Ogh4S cabal Lil gi 43 Gil52 915 7999 GasVal Aileaa jas pai sVONOVEV — (oS pas Ad jtruls — glit 5a Gg 5d iO! ja IS pe SVOSELOAVAY — cc IS pas AU [joj — Grune Sir 1h ja IS pts She (Soj05 gyn 40 — yaa — y15}) saSiawsgys 507025251 ) lS (iLL Gp0sLo8 Casigid — ogllwady — yiNgaa — yl (9959598 9 sain0993 ( 07503375783 )4-1 Rational Numbers 4-2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers. 1-3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers 4-4 Powers Partial Test « Lessons 1-4 Problem Solving 15 Negative Exponents 1-6 properties of Powers 4-7 Scientific Notation Technology lab 4-8 Square Root Review Chapter Test Cumulative Test EREEP nutritionist Nutritionists use their knowledge of the nutrient content of food to help promote healthful eating. Together with food scientists they develop guidelines for people who must follow medically necessary iets as well as for people who just want to improve their eating habits. CoedAre You Ready ? E al @® Vocabulary Choose the term from the list to complete each sentence. equivalent fractions BA number that consists of a whole number and a fraction is fraction = re a(n)? expression é is a number that represents a part of a whole. nized aeraber DA 2 isa emer that can be substituted by a number. wartable GBA) 2 name the same value. GBA (a) 2 isa sentence that includes numbers or variables. Complete these excerises to review skills you will need for this chapter. @D Model Fractions Write a fraction to represent the shaded portion of each diagram. "fer "Es FA 7 @& Write a Fraction as a Mixed Number Write each improper fraction as a mixed number. m2 m8 Bi os 7 5 5S 9 Write each mixed number as an improper fraction. 1 3 3 1 B87 B03 Qs; Bi @D Write Equivalent Fractions ‘Supply the missing inform: a724 © Using repeated Multiplication Find the product. BD 1x1%7%7«7 8 pxi2xi2 3 3x3x3x3 QD Muitipiying and dividing by powers of 10 Multiply or divide 7 358 BH 358x10 63 358%10 000 38 a a a5Study Guide: Preview Previously, you * compared and ordered Integers. * added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided intergers. * used models to represent squared numbers. * simplified numerical expressions using order of operations. his Chapter ‘You will study * comparing and ordering positive and negative fractions and mixed ‘numbers. writing numbers using powers and in scientific notation. * using appropriate operations to solve problems involving fractions. You can use the skills learned in this chapter * to comapre and manipulate measurements * to find the size of a fraction of a group or an item. * to find the value of a numerical expression with power. * Express distances between stars and planets, 4 Chapter 1 ‘Study Guide: Preview Vocabulary Vocabulary Connections To become familiar with some of the vocabulary terms in the chapter, consider the following. You may refer to the chapter, the glossary, or a dictionary if you like. 1. The word rational has its root the word ratio and sounds somewhat like the word fraction. What do you think a rational number is in math? 2. The power is a new word and often used by people. What do you think about the “power” in mathematics? 3. The word scientific is known to you. What do we mean by “scientific notation” in mathematics? 4. The root tells you about the essence of something. The square is a geometric shape. What do you understand from the word “square root”? (#) (a) (2) @BirkarizanWriting Strategy: Use Your Own Words When reading a real-world math problem, look for key words to help you translate between the words and the math. There are several different ways to indicate a mathematical operation in words. In the problem below, use the highlighted terms to translate the words into math, z a a : Z 5 5 3 = 3 ‘The Kawa family went to the state fair over the weekend. They spent 52 500 D on rides, food and drinks, in addition to the 5 500 D - per-person price of admission, How much did the Kawa family spend at the fair? ‘They spent 52 S00D [in wdaition t6 5 5000 i} GH. Let p represent the number of people. 52.500 D ess FB = 52500+5500p. Identify the mathematical operation described by the key terms in each statement .Explain your choice. 1, The male calf weighs 0.25 kg less than female calf. 2, Buland has 9 more books than khesro. 3. The number of treats is divided by the number of students. 4. The rate is 15000 inars plus two times the cost of the paint. Reading and Writing MathLearn to rational numbers in write ical expression involving absolute Vocabulary Rational number Relatively prime numbers Absolute value Rational Numbers In 2006, Doha hosted Asia soccer cup where 46 teams participated. Only 4 of them were qualified for world cup. Hense 3 of the teams are qualified for the world cup. A rational number is any number that can be written as a fraction , where n and d are integers and d #0. n is called the numerator and d the denominator. ‘The goal of simplifying fractions is to make the numerator and te denominator relatively prime. Relatively prime numbers have no common factors other than 1 You can often simplify fractions by dividing both the numerator and denominator by the same nonzero integer. ‘You can simplify the fraction 5 to 3 by dividing both the numerator and denominator by 3, 12 of the 15 40f5 boxes are boxes are shaded shaded. The same total area is shaded (MEXample E simplitying Fractions Simplify: 5 x 11; there are no common factors 9 andl 55 are relatively prime Rational 4 written as a Description | Fraction A repeating decimal Decimals that terminate or repeat Newabés can be written with a are rational numbers. or =. Oh €D 3-5\m((51-I13) [3+(-5)|a@(|3]+|-5]) B[3+5|m(|3]+15)) {B Make up a fraction that cannot be simplifed and has 36 as its denominator. Make up a fraction that cannot be simplified and has 24 as its denominator. @BLazo weighed his mobile phone and found it to be approximately i ‘kg. What is the ‘mass of Lazo’s phone written as a decimal? 8 Chapter 1 Rational Numbers[a] Simplify each fraction, u 6 16 4 7 2 io Pa 25 31 37 6 9 1 2 75 8 4 mm a [] Write the denominator of each simplified fraction as the product of prime factors. (J Write each simplified fraction as a decimal. Label each as a terminating or ‘The ruler uses the The ruler is marked at every tin. Do the labeled inch as unit. measurements convert to terminating or repeating in = 2.54cm decimals? @)Critcal Thinking the greatest common factor, GCF, is the largest common factor of two or more given numbers, Find and remove the GCF of 42 and 68 from the fraction 4 8° Can the resulting fraction be further simplified? Explain. [2] [3] [] [iy] @Critcal Thinking write rules that allow us to compare 2 integers using their absolute values. For example “if x and y are positive numbers and x/<)| they x » which is NOT equal to y? Si 1 - @3 eo, @73) on EB Multiple Choice Which shows the decimal 0.68 asa fraction in simplest form? a a 3 6 oF @ 7 ® 7 @ & Whaat is the decimal equivalent of the fraction ue 7 Evaluate each expression for the given values of the variable. |a[+5 forx=2 and x=3 @)x+1| forx=6 andx=-11 Simplify (Previous class) @-36-8) 432) B-56+2) |-3(1-8) |-12(-4-9) Bis(u--») Gols) @-11--17) 4-1 Rational Numbers 9Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers Learn to add and Olympic swimming events are measured in subtract decimals and undredths of a second. In Athens 2004 Summer national pambers: Olympic Games, the time taken by the Gold medal ‘winner in the men’s 100 meter backstroke was '54.06 sec. While the time taken by the silver winner was 55.27 sec. What is the difference between their times? (MERA ple @ Adding and subtracting Decimal Numbers Add and subtract. @ 14.12 + 5.63 14.12 write the two numbers vertically So that the decimal points tie over each other @ 55.27 - 54.06 55.27 write the two numbers vertically 54.06 So that the decimal points lie over each other 121 ‘The difference between the two times, in the above problem, 1.21 sec. Adding and subtracting with like denominators Words Numbers ‘To add or subtract rational numbers with the same denominator, add or ‘subtract the numerator and keep the denominator. Mea : Subtracting a number is the same as adding its opposite. xy = x4-y) Add numerators. Keep the denominator 10 Chapter I Rational NumbersAdding and Subtracting Fractions with unlike Denominators Add or Subtract. 4 @ + 4 6 Find a common denominator: 5(6)=30 ‘Multiply by fraction equal to 1 Rewrite with a common denominator Add, =the To change mixed number to improper fraction: 24. Write as improper fractions Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 8)... List the multiples of each denominator Multiples of 8: 9,8) 27, ... ‘and find LCD. 1(3)-9(2) adit by cons equal =B_0 Rewrite with the LCD. 1 Subtract. Evaluating an Expression with rational numbers. Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable @ 33.5 + x where x =—48.2 33.5 + (-48.2) Substitute -48.2 for x -147 Think: 48.2 > 33.5. Use sign of 482 To add 33.5 +(-48.2) Think: the numbers have opposite signs, then subtract and put the sign of the greate! number in absolute value. 3 +n where n=17 +12 Substitute by 12 for n ‘Add he numerators keeping the denominator. Simplify Think and Discuss 1. Explain Why we can apply the addition and subtraction properties of integers in adding or subtracting rational numbers. give three examples. 2. Explain how to add 22 and 9} without first writing them as improper fractions 1-2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers 11.= GUIDED PRACTICE See Example @ Add or subtract. O09+32 B-27+05 407+ 123 O5.18-32 |-46.5 — 22.32 GBais-s9 28.25-19.7 8.01 - 9.02 Soe Example @) Add or subtract.Write each answer in simplest form. 1s 3_9 a6 Bow 447 if L OF +5 a Seo Example @p Add or subtract. 1 O33+(2 55 ‘See Example @ Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable. 3.7 +x forx dx forx=# B-!S4 for x=1 ls INDEPENDANT PRACTICE See Example @ Add or subtract. @ 1007-209 € 256.28 - 400 (&280-(-57.2) §B-25+793 6--18.7)-314 Soe Example @ Add or subtract. write each answer in simplest form. m7 5 1 9416 Das 8-5-5 wy L eee 85-5) Oz) ‘See Example @) Add or subtract. write the answer in simplest form. 142 144 Ois*7 7 1_ (45 Bs)-(49) See Example @ Evaluate each expression for the gien value of the variable. 16 0 ~ - Dots for x ou L ays for l= PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING Evaluate. @s2s-5 3 2342 for x= @x+(2) forx=4.72 4$-(-x) for x=9.1 12 Chapter I Rational NumbersBesign The distance from the floor of one level of a building tothe floor of the level above it is 34m . If the distance from the floor to the ceiling is 3 pm how thick is the space between the ceiling and the floor of the level above it? B Sport The height of basketball players in one school is 195,em: 18cm; 185 3m; 1833.cm; 180cm. What is the average height of these players? Pema ed Energy The circle graph shows the (quadritlion Btu) sources of renewable energy and their use in the United States in British thermal units (Btu), How many quarillion Btu's from geothermal, wood and waste, and. sources combined were How many more Btu's from hydroelectric sources were used than those from wind, solar, and wood and ‘waste sources combined? @ write a Probiem write a problem that requires a decimal to be converted to a fraction and that also involves addition or subtraction of fractions. © _Dnvrite About it Explain how to subtract fractions with unlike denominators. @ Wehatienge three trees, the height ofthe middle tree is 3-m less than the tallest. and 5m more than shortest. If the middle tree is 95 m height, what is the greatest difference between two of these trees? rua) Bauttipte choice Evaluate the expression 25.18-x for x = —18.7 @ 648 © 2331 ©2709 @ 43.88 Multiple Choice Haval filled a fish tank with4;5 L of water. Linda added3!! more liter of water. How many litters of water were in the tank. 1 1 @ IL © 8yL Solve (previous class) @x+13=22 Bo+5=20 Evaluate (Lesson J-1) ® |13-2|-|-11 @ \5-10) 1-2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers — 13.Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers Learn to multiply and The temperature dropped 1.5" every day for 3 days. divide fractions, and How much the temperature dropped in 3 days? 1S5415+15=45 or: 15x3=45 If we expressed dropping in negative (-1.5) + (-15) + (41.5) 45 or (-15) x 3=-45 ‘Then the temperature dropped 4.5" in three days. when you multiply o divide rational numbers pay attention to their signs. Creey emer inr Rik nut Restabeakoeeeae ules If the signs of the factors are (#1)x(#1) 941) (1) x(-1) 91) the same, the product is, EDXGDIGD — C+D) positive. If the signs of the factors are H)X(-I)9(-1) (A) x(H) 9-1) different, the product is D+) D+) >) negative. To multiply a fraction by another, multiply the numerators then multiply the denominators #x¢= 26 (EXAM ple GW muttipying a Fraction and an integer Multiply. Write each answer in simplest form. o*) @ (2) When you mutiply es an integer by a 6(2) 42) fraction, multiply the oa HD Multiply the numerators integer by the : 5x4 then the denominators. numerator and keep 2 ats 3 fommen the denominator 3 Simplify * ax$a$xoo@ Sf -12 2 Phes ox @ 82) exer 2 a7) Sxt2 nplify a 312% aaa Simplif, uk 2 Multiply (-)x04)-9(- 2 Simplify ~82 I When you multiply 2 decimals, verify the number of decimal digits in the product ‘equals the sum of their numbers in the added. You can drop the last zeros in the deci- mal part. 14 Chapter 1 Rational Numbers(REXaMp le @ muttiptying Decimals Multiply. @ -5.2 (5) Product is @® ~0.07(4.6) -5.2x(-5) = 260 positive with 1 0.07 x 46 = -0.322 26 decimal place. Product is negative You can drop the zero after with 3 decimal places. ‘the decimal point. To divide by a fraction, multiply by the reciprocal. GRERAMPIe @ oiviaing Fractions Divide. write each answer in simplest form. 144 14 te ert @ 53+) When you get an 1 4otys answer ite 7 i557 as%s Multiply by the reciprocal. 51.4(-7)=18 (-2) write as improper simplify before multi- = 2x8! — Remove common factors. 1 pacton. pling. This leads o Tibet 7) iia the simplest form. =F Simplest form IS) Roemmon fers Don't do this if you don't have caplet joie mutiplication in the numerator and denominator, When dividing a decimal by a decimal, multiply both numbers by a power of 10 so you can divide by a whole number. To decide which power of 10 to multiply by, look at the denominator. The number of decimal places is the number of zeros to write after the 1 430 132/00) 043 045100) 45 decimal pce” a ers (ERE ple @ oiviaing vecimais Find 7.48+0.4. -1A8( 10) 748 1as 1 decimal place, so use 12 Think and Discuss 1, Name The number of decimal places on the product of 5.625 and 0.275 2. Give an Example of two fractions whose product is an integer. 3.State What will happen when you divide a fraction by itself. Prove your answer by using multiplying by the reciprocal 1-3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers 15‘See Example ‘See Example See Example See Example See Example See Example ‘See Example See Example @Birkarizan GUIDED PRACTICE .ch answer in simplest form. a-() 845) Gy-i) gox5) ‘Multiply. L a2) M0.03(5.4) O-13-2) @ Divide. Write each answer in simplest form. 1.3 Sy By oF 444 442 L @si+45 ON @ Divide. L_ )3.72+03 B-2.1+007 B10.71+-07) INDEPENDANT PRACTICE @ Muttiply. Write each answer in simplest form. a) / 3G) ~0.15(2.8) 2.45+0.005 a s B5(5) 8~(3) 14-1) 2/3 Lai) (3) @ Multiply. | B-00504.7) 62-7) B-0.75(5.5) BB 0.08(-6.2) @ Divide. Write each answer in simplest form. 1,3 MD 42+3! 342 441 ar Bs5+3) Oe Oo L 2,3 3411 m-*.(- oi Bis Ms, aF-(G) @ Divide. B5.49+0.003 @B32.44+08 @936+(-003) 9 1224+09 PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING Multiply or divide. 3 6(3) 0.13404) + =33)(8 Boros gs) G3 3.18(~ M4, & 319-25) ay © 3.101.641 OP 16 — Chapter 1 Rational NumbersCompare, write >; < or =. @8.14x0.75 m8.14x121 B3ixpm3pd @7+13m7+11 @i+su5+3 Health The directions for a pain reliever recommend that children 40 kg and over take 4 tablets every 4 hours as needed and children who weigh between 26 and 32 kg take only 21 tablets every 4 hours as needed. Each tablet is gram, (a) Ifa 48 kg child takes 4 tablets, how many grams of pain reliever is he or she receiving? [8] How many grams of pain reliever is the recommended dose for a child weighing 29 kg. Bussiness A store is marketing in sold goods with 35% discount. After a week they offered an additional discount of 25%. What is the discount the good is sold with? @ _Dwhars the Error? sarbast multiplied two mixed numbers in the following fashion : 24%3+=6+ What's the error? @ WGehatienge Approximately, £ of Kurdistan habitants live in Holar city, and 2 in Dhok. Which fraction of Holar habitants represent Dhok habitants? aoa oa gan {) Multiple Choice What is the product, of-5} and 33 2 @20 @ 0.622 ® 622 ©622 @ 6220 Compare. Write <, > or =. (Lesson J-1) a) B-13m-22 Bs\m\-5| [+17|ma|-13] Write each decimal number as a fraction or a mixed number in ‘simplest form. (Lesson /-/) Boos @B-125 073 Bu 4-3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers — V7Powers Learn to evalute Fold a piece of paper in half. If you fold it in half again, the paper is 4 expressions with sheets thick. Afier the third fold in half, the paper is 8 sheets thick. How ene ‘many sheets thick is the paper after 7 folds. With each fold the number of sheets doubles. 2x 22% 2x 2x 2x 2= 128 sheets thick after 7 folds. ‘This multiplication problem can also be written in exponential form. Vocabulary =e 2KWxIXWRIKWR2 The member 2 tx a factor 7 tomer Exponent = Base Exponent oann If a number is in exponential form, the \ ‘exponent represents how many times the base is to be used as a factor. A number produced by raising a base to an expoenent is called a power. Both 27 and 3? represent the same power. (ERample G@ writing exponents Write in exponential form. @ 5X5XK5XEXEX5XS 5X5X5X5X5X5X eal ho cd 18 ocr (mee | © HxH0x¢9 = (— (4) = (-4)3 Identify how many times —4 is a factor. eee nt-as (8) x C4) x (8) = 4) Identify h 4isaf the 3rd power or —4 cubes" @ 8x8x8xExpxpxp BxBx8x8xpxpx 8*p* Identify how many times 8 and p are each used as a factor (ERampte GB Evatuating Powers Evaluate. @* 34=3K3K3x3 Find the product of four 3°s. @ 12 12 = 12x 12 Find the product of two 12's 18 Chapter 1 Rational NumbersEvaluate. Always use @ oy Parentheses ta ralea| (-8)% (-8) « (-8) Find the product of two -8's ‘a negative number = 64 oS ez 23 =-(2 x 2x 2) Find the product of three 2's and then ; ‘make the answer negative. (REKAmM pte G using the order of Operations Evaluate x-y (2xy2) for x = 20, y= 4, and z= 2 wy (zx¥) 20-4 (2 x 42) Substitute 20 for x, 4 for y, and 2 for z. 20-4 (2 x16) Evaluate the exponent. 20-4 (32) Multiply inside the parentheses. 20-128 Multiply from tefeto right. 108 Subtract from left to righe. ERA p le G@ ceometry Application The number of diagonals of an n-sided figure is +(n*-3n),Use the formula to find the number of diagonals for a 6-sfded figure. por —3n) $C -3x6) Substitute the number of sides for n. 7 (36-18) simplify inside the parentheses. 3118) Subtract inside the parentheses 9 Multiply A 6-sided figure has 9 diagonals. You can verify answer by sketching the diagonals. Think and Discuse 1. Explain the difference between (-5)? and ~5?, 2. Compare 3 x 2,32, and 2 3. Show that (4-11)? is not equal to 4? ~ 117. 1-4 Powers 19‘See Example See Example See Example See Example See Example See Example ‘See Example See Example GUIDED PRACTICE ‘@ Write in exponential form. Bisxis 2b x 2b x 2b 8x @4x4x4axaxa @® Evaluate. BS acy as S43 | @-!) o- Oe Bos-# @ Evaluate each expression for the given values of the variables. B 2x42) forx=-1,y=7, and <=-4 x 3d? ~y*) for and y =2 @ B Tre sum of the first n positive integers is 1(n? +n). Check the formula for the first 5 positive integers. Then use the formula f find the sum of thef first 14 posi integers (14243+...+14) INDEPENDANT PRACTICE ‘@® write in expone: form. Mox6x6x6 Be) x) xe L @ix Dxxxxxxx @ Evaluate. . Bs a2) Gc (78 Bc Os-7 + 3d(%42) for d=12, and g = B27 - x3? ) for x=16,y = 11 @® WDA circle can be divided by n lines into a maximum of (n° +n)+1 regions. Use the formula to find the inaximum number of regions for 7 lines. PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING Write in exponential form (one power). (3) x (3) x 3) x C3) @ 5h x Sh x Sh B 6-6) x 6) x 6) x C6) (44) ayia) 20° Chapter I Rational Numbersaoe Evaluate. Ss Ms? 14) 43 Das-sxay Ma+4) Oo-17) Bss-[22)] ® m(p-n") for m=2, p=6,n=3 r+(0x8") for r=42, 84, v=3 and 1=3 Life Science Bacteria can divide every 20 minutes, so one bacterium can multiply to 2 in 20 minutes, 4 in 40 minutes, and so on. how many bacteria will there be in 6 lest backside hours? Write your answer using exponents, and then evaluate. reproduce by a type of simple cell division] Make a table with two columns n and n?. Complete the table for frown es birtaty n=; 4; — 1; 0; 13 2; 3:4; 5. fission. Each species reproduces best at a specific temperature and moisture level. _ 9) Critcal Thinking For any whole number n, n=4andn=6. GCritcal Thinking How can you demonstrate that (~2)! +(-2)? +(-2)° +(-2)* is greater than(—2)' +(-2)* +(~2)°+(-2)* +(-2)° without calculating each of them? check with calculation 5*-1 is divisble by 4. Verify this for Estimation A gift shaped like a cube has sides that measure 12.3 cm long. What is the approximate volume of the gift? (Hint: V=s°). @ choose a strategy Place the numbers 1,2, 3, 4, and 5 in the boxes to make a te statement: Mx IP =mP—m" @ Achatienge write (42? using a single exponent @Multiple Choice which expression has the greatest value? or» ox o# EQ Multiple Choice The volume of a cube is calculated by using the formula V=s*, where s is the length of the sides of the cube. What is the volume of a cube that has sides 8 meters long? © 4m @ 512m @ 888 m ® 6561 m> © Whar is the value of 54? Find each sum or difference. (Lesson I-2) B-18.2 + 65.07) (B-123 + 95.12 @s7-(2) ‘Write each fraction as a decimal. (Lesson /-1). 4 3 Qi a: 14 Powers 21a Partial Test een? Partial Test « Lessons (1-4) GD & Rational numbers Write eah fraction or mixed number as a decimal number. LE 85 5; oa: 8 each decimal number as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form. Boo Boos O-25 M305 Evaluate Bs B96 Bp-75 5 +|3-81 QD B Adding and Subtracting Rational Number Add or subtract. Simplify your answer. 3 65.8—24.24 @S+24 Leos 3 D3s5-s 31428 3 Partial Test @) Haiman drove his bicycle from school to home for 0.25 hours on Monday, and a hour on wednesday. What is the differnce between the two durations? DPD & mu Multiply or divide. Simplify your answer. B2(+) 23() B-1(2) 3,4 re $425 Bi+t 2743 @—1$+23 €@D Dalsuz has a tape of? m length. He needs a second tape of length 2 the first one. ‘What is the length of the second tape? 3 lying and Dividing Rational Numbers. DY & Powers Evaluate. Bio o- (5 GB es0-251)'" (245 WDWrite asa power: 5 x 5 x5 Evaluate the expression x’ —4y for x=3 and |Write hundred million as a power of 10. 2 Chapter I. Rational NumbersFocus on Problem Solvin 1 | x check it out * Cheek if your answer is reasonable After solving a word problem, ask yourself if your answer is reason- | able. You can round the number in the problem and approximate to judge your answer if it is reasonable or not. You can also write your answer in a statement to see how it seconds, x Read the following problems and tell which answer is more reasonable. @ Lawin needs 25 kg of fertilizers for his field. He has 16.9 kg of it. How many kilograms he still needs? @9kgapproximately © 4kg approximately @42kg approximately @ 12kg approximately @ Kan chain history in China goes back to 2170 years before the announcement of the people's republic in 1949, When this chain began? @ before 200 B.C ® between 200 B.C and 200 A.C ‘between 200 A.C and 1949 AC @ After 1949 AC © On Venus the lowest temperature is less than the highest temperature by 600. if the highest temperature is 300” What is the lowest temperature? @approximately 1030° © approximately 170 approximately -1030° @ approximately 170° @ Shana has 325 000 Dinars. Her father gave her 285 000 Dinars and she bought some goods for 683 000 Dinars. How much she has now? @ approximately 70 000 Dinars ® approximately -600 000 Dinars © approximately 700 000 Dinars @ approximately 1 300 Di Problem Solving 23Negative Exponents Learn to evaluate The nanoguitar is the smallest guitar in the world. it expressions with is no larger than a single cell, at aout 10 meters. negative exponents ni ‘and to evaluate the e zero exponent. Look for a pattern in the table to extend What you know about eexponents to include negative exponents. "The nanoguitar is made up of crystlatized silicon, It has 6 chords with a width not more than 100 atom. 0? 10! = 102 103) 10 x 10 10 ok osI0«16 100 10 10.001 i000 x 7 +10 Using a Pattern to Evaluate Negative Exponents Evaluate the power of 10. =o,, |°”: 1o*=_ 1 Extend the pattern from the table The reciprocal of a repeat. number is 1 divided Multiply. by that number. Reciprocal of 5s 1 =0.0001 Write as a decimal. Reciprocal of 10 is <5 5 eeabdaiienaetiaishcaneiaaain’ @ 10 i 4 nd the patte rom Example «—! Multiply Cee eed Words Number Algebra. Any number except 0 with a negative expomnent equals its reciprocal with the opposite Jexponent. 24 Chapter 1 Rational NumbersEvaluating Negative Exponents Evaluate. ew ey Write the reciprocal; change the sign of the exponent Find the product of three( 4). Simplify 4 =(1) Write the reciprocal; change the sign of * iid the exponent. alxlxdxl Find the product of fou L's al simplify. 1296 Sept Notice from the table on the previous page that 10° =1. This is true for any nonzero number to the zero power. Lied ae Words Numbers The zero power of any number 100° = 1 Jexcept 0 equals 1. (7 =1 Using the Order of Operations Evaluate 2 + (-7)° — (4+2)2, 2+ (7)? — (442)? =24+(-7)'-67 Add inside the parentheses Evaluate the exponents. ‘Add and subtract from left to right Think and Discuss 1. Express a using a negative exponent. 2, Tell whether an integer raised to a negative exponent can ever be greater than 1. Justify your answer. 1-5 Negative Exponents 25‘See Example See Example See Example See Example See Example GUIDED PRACTICE ‘See Example @ Evaluate the power of 10. L gio Bw Bio 10- @ Evaluate. L Bo Ba Gor Bo @ 0434-94: 7-82) 413 Me+22+04+)4 B2e INDEPENDANT PRACTICE Evaluate the power of 10. Bio Bio Bio @® Evaluate. LC pe Oc 2 e LL. 12-(-5)+(3-4+9) 6B 50+49(146)2 PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING Evaluate. Bus - 16° 15+6 10°) HG x3 Ba -2%) @3-2«# Bio+ax 22 O 6-[15-2)°] Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable. W202 +. forx=2.1 Bn)? +n forn=3 Bev for c= Wn? x nf X m2 for m=9 Write each expression as repeated multiplication. Then evaluate the expression. Bus or o Bw @D Make a table with the column headings n, 1d —2n. Complete the table for n= —5,—4,~3,-2, 1,0, 1,2,3,4, and 5. (Pattern Describe the following pattern: (-1)' Determine what (-1)"!® would be. Justify your thinking Critcal Thinking Evaluate n! x n-! for n= 1,2, and 3. Then make a conjecture n! Xr is for any value of n. Explain your reaoning, 26 Chapter 1 Rational Numbers‘The sperm Whale is the deepest diving whale: It can dive depths greater than 10! nanome- ters. Evaluate 10!2 Blubber makes up 27% of a blue whale’s body weight. Davis found the average weight of blue whales and used it to calculate the average mass Of their blubber. He wrote the amount as 2X 3 x 5 x 32-kg. Evaluate this amount. @ Most baleen whales migrate an average of i gs 25 x 125 km each way. The gray whale has the longgest known migration of any mammal, a distance of 2* X 3 X 125 km farther each Way than the average baleen whale migration. How far does the gray whale migrate each way? GBA blue whale may eat between 6 and 7 tons of krill eah day. Krill are approximately 2-5 x 3-! x 5~! of the length of a blue whale . Evaluate this amount > Challenge A cubic centimeter is the same as 1 mL. If a humpback whate has more than KL of blood, how many. cubic centimeters of blood does the humpback whale have? Krill area food source for different spe es of baleen whales, its length is Sem, whichis approximately 25 of the humpback whate,!* pictured above. Liou oa aaa —— G@uuttiple choice Evaluate (-5)? @ 25 ®-% @ 25 extended Response Evaluate 8°, 82,81, 89, §-! and 8. Describe the pattern of the values. Use the pattern of the values to predict the value of 8-* Evaluate each expré for to the given value of the variable. (Lesson 1-2) 52.342 forn=6001 @ en for md Evaluate. (Lesson 1-4) 8 @s ® cio- 15) Bo 1-5 Negative Exponents 27Properties of Powers Learn to apply the ‘The factors of a power such as #,canbe = 7X 7*7XT =74 properties of exponents. grouped in different ways, Notice the 3 4 relationship of the exponents in each (7x77) x7=7°x7!s7 product, (7 7) (7x7) =72x 7? =74 Pao ed Crs Words Numbers Algebre To multiply powers with the| same base, keep the base 3 and add the exponents. 538 at =39 hx" =p the same Base (EXER p le @ muttiptying Powers Multiply. Write the product as one power. @ xs @ axa” “oe axa? 03 5 Add exponents Add exponents ‘You can't add the ‘exponents in muttiplication of power except when the numbers have the same base. Cannot combine the bases are not the same Notice what occurs when you divide powers with the same base. 5 SxS SSS _SeBTKBKS So SKS SHS Words Algebra To divide powers with the same base, keep the base Baas (ae and subtract the Gott waa": ba exponents, . Hath pony | . J 28 = Chapter } Rational NumbersMEEX2mpte G@ oiviaing Powers with the same Base You can’t subtract exponents in dividing Powers unless the numbers have same base. (9*)° is read as “nine” to the fourth, to the fifth. 10° e oe 108 10° 108s 10° Subtract exponents. Divide. Write the quotient as one power. cannot combine the bases are not the To see what happens when you raise a power to a power, use the order of operations 4x4x4)x (4x4 x4) 6 Evaluate the power inside the parentheses. Evaluate the power outside the parentheses. Deer ce ee erg Words Numbers Algebra | To raise a power to a power, keep the base and multiply (o*)' 9% the exponents. TEER ie QD raising a Power to.a Power Multiply exponents Multiply exponents Think and Discuss 1, Explain Why the exponents cannot be added in the product 143% 183, 2. List two ways to express 45 as a product of powers. 3. Explain how to find the value of (3-!)-! in two ways. @ @" °)"" ou ” @ 0) ays pmo Multiply exponents Multiply exponents. ne 29 1-6 Properties of Powerovr = GUIDED PRACTICE ‘See Example @ Multiply. Write the product as one power. Lasxs Bexi Bnxm asx7 ‘See Example @ Divide. Write the product as one power. e J Les BY 3 See Example @D Simplify. oor Oey oer MEE INDEPENDANT PRACTICE See Example @® Multiply. Write the product as one power. L pi" x 107 xs Bex Bis x 185 Seo Example @® Divide. Write the product as one power. te * Simplify. Lens Bo Boxy See Example x= PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING Multiply or Divide. Write the product as one power. Be osx a« + z Moxy av a = GB There are 26* ways to make a 3-letter “word” (from aaa to zzz) and 26° ways to make a S-letter word. How many times more are there to make a S-letter word than a 3-tetter word? BD Astronomy The mass of the sun is about 1027 tons. What is its mass in kilogram? Fill in the blanks with power of 10. 1 km Icm=m km Imm Iton=M g 1 km: 30 Chapter 1 Rational NumbersBusiness Using the manufacturing terms below, tell how many dozen are in the great gross. How many gross are in the great gross? 1 dozen = 124 items 1 gross = 122 items 1 great gross. = 123 items Estimation The distance from earth to the moon is about 3.561 105 km. The distance from Earth to Neptune is about 3.651% 10°km. Which distance is greater ? About how much greater. Find the missing exponent. ED o™ xo'=18 DM o)"=v* e* ° |A googol is the number | followed by 100 zeros. Bea)"=0" [a] What is a googol written as a power. [B] what is « googol times a googol written as a power? 1 @ What's the Error? A student said that is the same ast ‘What mistake has the student made? - @ _ GW rite about it why do you subtract exponents when dividing powers withthe same base? @_GCchatienge A number to the 11th power divided by the same num- ber to the 8th power equals 64. What is the number? aoe a ago) Multiple Choice In computer technology, a kilobyte is 2!° bytes in size. A gigabyte is 2" bytes in size. The size of a terabyte is the product of the size of a kilobyte and the size of a gigabyte What is the size of a terabyte? @ ™dytes ® 2 bytes © 2 bytes © 4™ bytes @Short Response A student claims that that 10° 107 is greater than I. Explain whether the student is correct. Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable (Lesson -2) 19.4 — x for. @il-rforr=135 @p+ 65.1 for p =-42.3 @®-2-1 fore. 2 G-h+s for s=t8 Evaluate: (Lesson J B37 B-2* 1-6 Properties of Power 3Learn to express large and small numbers in scientific notation and to com: pare two number written in scientific notati Vocabulary Scientific notation ‘A positive exponent means move the decimal to the right. ‘A negative exponent ‘means more the decimal to the left Scientific Notation An ordinary Ounce of gold (28.35g) contains about 95 400 000 000 000 000 000 000 atoms. The average size of an atom is about 0,000 000 0268 cm. The length of these numbers in standard notation makes them awkward to work with. Scientific notation is a shorthand way of writing such numbers. To express any number in scientific notation, 22, wictntepakaeteprroterms Dee4X10 number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10. In scientific notation, the number of atoms in an ounce of gold is 9.54%10™ and the size of each atom is 2.68%10*centimeters across. a Translating Scientific Notation to standard Notation Write each number is standard notation. @ 3.12x10° 3.12x10? 3.12% 1000000000 10%= 1 000 000 000 3120000000 Think: Move the decimal right 9 places, @ 135x104 1.35x10~* 1 4d 135% 000 10" = Toon 1.35+10000 Divide by the reciprocal 0.000135 Think: Move the decimal left 4 places. @ ~47x10" 4710" =4.710 000 000 107= 10.000 000 ~47:000 000 Think: Move the decimal right 7 places 32 chapter 1 Rational NumbersHEEREple | translating standard Notation to Scientific Notation Write 0.000003 in scientific notation. 0.0000003 3 Think: The decimal needs 19 move 7 places to get a number between 1 and 10, 3x10" Set up scientific notation. Think: The decimal needs to move lefrto change 3 10 0.0000003, so the exponent willbe negative. So 0,0000003 written in scientific notation is 3107. Check 3x10" =3x0,0000001 0000003, To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare the power of ten-Then number with the greater power of ten is greater. Ifthe powers of ten are the same, compare the values between one and ten 2.710" >2.7%10° 10%>10° 3.98x10" >2.52x10" 3.98>2.52. Life Science Application The major compenents of human blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, ad plasma. A typical red blood cell has a diameter of approximately 7x10 ‘meter. A typical platelet has a diameter of approximately 2.3310 * meter. Which has greater diameter, a red blood cell or a platelet? 7x10$m 2.33x10°* 6554 AQ =10" Compare powers of 10 7>233 Compare the values between 1 and 10 7x10 >2.33x10° A typical blood cell has a greater diameter than a typical platelet. ee Think and Discuss 1. Explain The benefit of writing numbers in scientific notation. 2, Describe how to write 2.977%10° in standard notation. 3. Determine Which measurment would be least likely to be written in scientific notation. Size of bacteria, speed f a car, or number of stars in a galaxy. 1-7 Scientific Notation 33= GUIDED PRACTICE See Example @ Write each number in standard notation. B4.17x10° B133x10% 62x10’ B3247x10° B1.002x10° @sxi0° See Example @ Write each number in scientific notation. L Bo.000057 0.0004 (6 980 000 {B0.000 000 025 x25 000 000 0.008 257 {Be 000 000 000 (682 425 001 {BThe maximum length of a particle that can fit through a surgical mask is 110~ millimeters. The average length of a dust mite is approximately 1.25x10~' millimeters. Which one is longer? See Example = INDEPENDANT PRACTICE See Example @ Write each number in standard notation. 92x10" Do7x10* @D3.6x107? B® 5.24x10° B5.62008x10 = BH 4.0sx10° Boxi0” 4x10" ‘See Example @B Write each number in scientific notation. [ 830.00007 6500000 100.000 000 B 0.00000003 951000 002 0.008008 §B875 261 8000 0.000 000 615 @Neptune’s average distance from the sun is approximately 4.510” kilometers, Pluto's L average distance from the sun is approximately 5.87x10 ‘kilometers. Which planet has the greater average distance from the sun x= PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING Write each number in standard notation. Biaxio® 324x107 78x10! @s3xi0* @ 8450x107 B7113x10° Basxiot ‘See Example Life Science The diameter of a human red blood cell ranges from approximately 610° to 8x10~ meters. Write this range in standard notation, GD Write the following numbers from least to greatest. 2x10°; 5.85x10™: 2.3x10™: 5.5x10° 34 Chapter I Rational Numbersos Life Science Duckweed plants live on the surface of calm ponds and are the smallest flowering plants in the world. They weigh about 0.00015 g. G)_ Write number in scientific notation (I left unchecked, one duckweed plant, which reproduces every 30-36 hours, could produce 1x10" (a nonillion) plants in four months. How much would one nonillion duckweed plants weigh? @ Physical Science The atomic mass of an elemnet is the mass, in grams of one Ths fog 6 covered mole (mol), or 6.0210 atoms, with duckweed eee [a] How many atoms are there in 2.5 mol of helium? in sunlight and in [B] If you know that 2.5 mol of helium weighs 10 grams, what is the atomic shade and produce ‘mass of helium, tiny white flowers, [=] Using your answer from part b, find the approximate mass of one atom of helium, @ Protons and neutrons are the most massive particles in the nucleus of an atom. If a nucleus were the size of an average grape, it would have a mass greater than 9 million tons. What would the mass of a grape-size nucleus be in kilograms? Write ‘your answer in scientific notation, 0 write a Problem An electron has a mass of about 9.11x10 kg. Use this information to write a problem Two numbers are written in scientific notation. How can you tell which number is greater? @_Achatlenge Where on a number line does the value of a positive number in scientific notation with a negative exponent lie? Be Oem aa ane SB short Response Explain how you can dtermine the sign of the exponent when 29 600 000 000 000 is written in scientific notation? EBMultiple Choice ‘The distance light can travel in one year is 9.46x10'* kilometers. ‘What is this distance in standard form. @® 94 600 000 000 000 000 km © 9 460 000 000 000 © semecmanes @ 0.000 000 000 946 Simplify. Write each product or quotient as one power. (Lesson /-6) on stxst a” 10° x10? ? : Multiple or Divide. Write each answer in simplest form. (Lesson /-3) m4 3.2 Bx 5) ms Tis 0" s Miz 1-7 Scientific Notation 35.Fractions and in Scientific Notation Use with Lesson 1-7 using a calculator. To write fractions 2s decimals use the (END Key. @ Use your calculator to add 3 + jutite the sum as a fraction number. . Press 7 MEM 12 then press {JIM You can see that the decimal number equivalent to ;7- is a repeating decimal number 0.583. Press GB 3 HEBD 8 (EILB. You will see the decimal sum. es i ‘The fractional result is23 is displayed by the screen 23/24. @ Use your calculator to subtract 3-2. Write your answer as a fraction. : press 3S a 2 a Ls The result is ~} Thinks and Discus B Why is the result in question @ negative? Gp Press 0.333333... (at least 12 times). Press GE EE to write 0.3 as a fraction. Do the same for 0% ‘What happened to 0.9? How is that helpful to understand the result of 0.3? Brat Use your calculator to add or subtract. Write each anwser as a fraction. 2 72 1 + = iy oe ai: BF Sent 31_3 4 + = A. axa Bu: ay — as" 37 36 © Chapter I Rational Numbers‘You can also use a graphing calculator to perform operations yyith numbers weritten in scientific notation. Use the key combination EZ [Mj to enter number in scientific notation. On a graphing calculaor, 9.5x10"° is displayed as 9.5e16. Use a calculator to find (4.8%10"")(9.4x10° Press 4.8 noe ‘The calculator displays the answer 4.512 22, which is the same as 4512x10" BWhen you use the Associative and Commutative properties to multiply 4.8x10"and 4.810", you get (4.8x9.4)(10'? x10”) = 45.1210" Explain why this answer is different from the answer ‘you obtained in the activity. aimed Use a graphing calculator to evaluate each expression. (9.76x10"* (6.23x10 97x10 : a 29x10" 8 (1.6x10°\(9.65x10°) @ 52510" 6.110 1.1x10°(2.2x10°) 836x107 24x10 @2.74x10!'y3.2x107) B Sx2x10"" 8.96x10"! i 4.5x107y3.7x10) Oe W The star Betelgeuse, in the constellation of Orion, is approximately 5.38x10'° km from Earth.This is approximately 1.24%0° times as far as Pluto’s minimum distance from Earth, What is Pluto’s approximate minimum distance from Earth? Write your answer in scientific notation. Bi 446 billion telephone calls were placed by 135million United States tele- hone subscribers, what was the average number of calls placed per subscriber? 1-7 Technology 37;Square Root Learn tofind square Think about the relationship between races. the area of square and the len of its sides. area = 36 square units side length = ¥36=6 units Vocabulary Principal square root Perfect square Every positive number has two square roots, one positive and one negative. ‘One square root of 16 is 4, since 4x4=16. The other square root of 16 is ~4, gth of one Taking the square root of a number is the inverse of squaring the number. 6 =36 36 6 since (~4)(-4) is also 16. You can write the sqaure roots of 16 as +4 meaning “plus or minus” -V-49 is not the same as—V49 a negative number has no real square roots. of the number. wib=4 When you press the J” key on a calculator, only the nonnegative square root appears. This is called the principal square root -Vi6=+4 ‘The numbers 16, 36, and 49 are example of perfect squares. A perfect square is « number that has integers as its square roots. Other perfect squares include 1, 4, 9, 25, and 81 @381 vBI=9 —v8 @1 vi=1 v1 @i4 vias =12 —Viaa =-12 38 © Chapter I Rational Numbers Finding the positive and Negative Square Roots of a Number Find the two square roots of each number. Dis a square root, since 9x9 =81. 9 is also a square root, since-9x-9 = 81 re root, since 1x1= 1 Lis aq 1 is also a square root, since ~1 12 is a square root, since 12x12 = 144. 12 is also a square root, since ~12x(~12)= 144Computer Application The square computer icon contains 676 pixels. How many pixels tall is the icon? cua ca ‘The area of a square is s?, wheres is the length of a side. Find the square root of 676 to find the length of the side. Use the positive square root; a negative length has no meaning, 267 = 676 so 676 ‘The icon is 26 pixels tall ‘The square computer icon ‘contains 676 colored dots that ‘make up the picture. These dots are called pixels In the order of operations everything under the square root symbol is treated as if it were in parentheses J5-3— (5 Evaluating Expressions Involving Square Roots Evaluate each expression. @ 325 +4 3V25 +4=H(5)4+4 Evaluate the square root. 15+14 Mutiply =19 Add. VA is a positive number /4=2. By toJae I Va Wats i nanan =24t Evaluate the square roots. : ‘Add. Think and Discuss 1. Deseribe What is meant by a perfect square. Give an example 2. Explain how many square roots a positive number ean have. How are these square roots differnet? 3. Decide how many square roots 0 has.Tell what you know about square roots of negative numbers. 1-8 Square Root 39am @9° ‘See Example ‘See Example See Example ‘See Example ‘See Example Soe Example GUIDED PRACTICE Find the two square roots of each number. oa Bw Bo 121 a: Bs @ Bass © DA square court for playing the game four square has an area of 625m?. How long is one side of the court? (@ Evaluate each expression. 5411 oY rs ._ = B3V40-125 (Vi69-vi44) INDEPENDANT PRACTICE ‘@Find the two square roots of each number. [ wa Bs Dies B96 D400 301 225 @® Media found a square digital image of a famous painting on a Website. ‘The image contained 360 000 pixels. How many pixels high is the image? ‘@Find the two square roots of each number. L avs-s ez (39) BB 5(V225-10) 4 PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING id the two square roots of each number. Bsx6 100 B+ D0 529 2x9 576 34 m2, (Estimation Mr. Shwan bought a square rug. The area of the rug was about 8 4 He estimated that the length of a side was about 2m. Is. Mr. Shwan etimate reasonable ? Explain. @BSkills Crelle’s Journal is the oldest mathematics periodical in existence. Zacharias Dase’s incredible calculating skills were made famous by Crelle's Journal in 1844. Dase produced a table of factors of all numbers between 7 000 000 and 10 000 000. He listed 7 022 500 as a perfect square. What is the square root of 7022 500? @Sports A Karate match is held on a square mat that has an area of 676 ft?. What is the length of the mat? (ft=30em) 40 = — Chapter 1 Rational NumbersFind the two square roots of each number. 1 1 6 " 3 9 ® iP) 9 16 8; Lr Bisovoo ors @BMutti-Step An office building has a square courtyard with an area of 389m What is the distance around the edge of the courtyard Games A chessboard contains 32 black and 32 white squares. How many squares are along cach side of the game board? B Hobbies a quilter wants to use as many of his 65 4 y small fabric squares as possible to make one large squae quilt. [a] How many small squares can the quilter use? In 1997, Deep Blue many small squares would he have left? became the first, ‘computer to win a match against a [8] How many more small squares would the quilter chess grand master need to make the next largest possible square quilt? when it defeated world champion What's the Error? A student said that since the square roots, Garry Kasparov. of a certain number are 1.5 and -1.5, the number must be their product, -2.25. What error did the student make? 0 @ Write About It_Explain the steps you would take to evaluate the expression V14 +35 ~ 20, ¢@ @Challenge The square root of a number is four less than three times seven. ‘What is the number? Soro ania) Multiple Choice Which number does NOT have a square root that is an interger? @81 © 196 © 288 @ 400 @Short Response Samarea knows that her garden is a square with an area of 196 square meter, what is the perimeter of the garden? Explain your answer. Multiply or divide. (Lesson -3) 035%} B62 B-7.18%c- @ 0.125x¢ Write each number in scientific notation. (Lesson /-7) 1.970 000 000 ©2500 000 @ 31 400 000 000 (G5 680 000 000 000 000 1-8 Square Root 41Review Study Guidi 42 Study Guide: Review Rational numbers and its operations = Write as a deceimal number or fraction =5_4 08= 0-5 mplify your answer. 5 one power: 4xaxd=4* Evaluate. @ (2) =(2)x(-2)x(-2)=: Write as one power. Scientific notation and square roots = Write in scientific notation. 0.000 007= 710° = Find the square roots of 9. 3or-3 = Evaluate. V5 -4Vi6 5-4x4=-11 Chapter 1. Rational Numbers Exercises 7 a Boos 842 a 1x7x7 BD kxkxtxk 54 0.000 000 008 £B 0.000 0096 @2s Bisco Bc M10 B 040)! B coy" Bo xo* Br xr’ Bx Bos Dn? =m 73.000 000 56 400 000 000 3225 D0 @ Vi00-36 300-75(SS Chapter Test =u Write each decimal number as a fraction in simplest form. Bo2s B50 B-0.101 @os75 Write each fraction as a decimal number. 3 a: a; By Add or subtract. Write your answer in simplest form. OG) Bis Or Bs 4545875 Osi-2 {Susan is preparing dinner for her friends, she needs How many she still needs? Multiply or Divide. Write your answer in simplest form. 9: 4s Box(0.03) Or 3 (18) Dxs4 Zig of rice but she has only 3kg B The distance between Janar and Dilan houses is 15 km. This distance is twice the distance between Janar’s house and the public park. what is the distance between Janar’s house and the public park? Evaluate. Bio’ uw Be” Write each expression as one power @: 7x7 Bo", ¥ Write each number in standard form. 27x10" 353x107 B-18x10° @-35x10+ Write each number in scientific notation. & ! 900 000 000 10.000 0039 1 980 000 000 0,000 45 Find the square roots of each number. B96 oO: @ 10 000 Bos Evaluate. @ 5V36-2V0 @ 6V30-5-9V100+21 7-9. © |2-8.02|-|12-2.02| 3801 Jedeyo Chapter Testoe ~<>Cumulative Test el Multiple Choice Koran has a bag of almond, He ate } of the bag on sunday, then he ate % of the femaining DB What is the value of 12-6 for b @-15 ©9 ‘on Monday. o» @u What fraction represents what Koran ate on Monday’? 9 1 B Which number is equivalent to 2 6 4 7 s 1 o-3 3 On en o> @B 3 Which is NOT equivalent to 3x3x3x3x3x3? ox ors EB What isthe value of 10-5)? % on @-15 @s o — ane BA tear sed we pre oie divide by the same number raised to power of 4 gives number? @B Awaz has a pot containing 3 titers of liquid, 16. Whatis this number he needs to put them in cup of capacity @2 6 liters. How many cups he needs? 4 @8 Cumulative Test @2 cups © Seups a BD Which is equivalent to 81? © 2 cups @ Beups eo” o(!) 4 1" BILixs drove car his 55.6 km, then he drove 441km © 3 @()) more. How many km in all he drove?” An international airport hosts 635 000 000 @ 977 km © 978km people every year. How do you write this ‘number in scientific notation? © 98.1 km @ 134km @ 635x10° ® 6a5x10° Gin Lana’s refrigerator 5 grape juice cans, she ® 635x10% @ 635x10° drinks + can per day. For how many days are these cans enough for? BD india’s population is approximately 1.08x10", how do you write this in standard form? @ 4 days © W days @ 1080000000 © 1.080.000 ® 5 days @ 80 days ® 180 000 000 @ 108 000 44° = Chapter 1 Rational NumbersDirect answer {Some friends bought 5 pizzas, They ate? of the onion pizza, 3 of the cheeze pizza, * of the vegeterian pizza,? of meat pizza and ! of the chicken pizza, What is the remaining part of all the pizza in fraction? What exponent makes the equality twe? 3 Evaluate 4-|! Be vate 4 GB Square field has an area of 169m? What is the length of its side? [Shava drove her bicycle 5-?km to her friend's house, then she drove 2! km to the library. ‘What is the total distance shava drove? the diameter of the CD is 117em , and the diameter of the hole is -Lem® What is the distance from the edge of the hole to the outer edge of the CD. (ie Ve) Evaluate |-3-8]+ 8) BDA schoo! has 600 students 15 of them won Prizes. Write a fraction in simplest form to the part of students who won prizes. Short answer @D In Saradar’s store a lentils bag weighing 65 qe. He wants to fill with it small bags of 2+kg each, How many small bags he will get? Explain your answer |Some farmers fill their grains in big bags weighing 210 kg. [2] What is the mass of 10 000 bags? write ‘your answer in standard form. [B] Write 210 snd 10 000 in scientific notation. [E] Explain how do you use power properties to write the mass of 10 000 bags in scientific notation, Extended answer BB Mohamad drove his car from beirut to Idi in syria 324 km apart. After he drove one sixth of the distance he stopped for refreshemnet in a cafe then he continued his journey and drove the remaining distance before he runs out of fuel near a country club, He was helped by someone who drove him 10 km (Idlib direction) to the nearest gas station where he filled a container with fuel and returend back 2 9° to his car. He drove his car then he stopped to £ have lunch in a restaurant with distance from z Tdlib equals to | the distance between Idlib a and the gas stailon. z [a] What is the distance between Beirut and 2 the cafe? a [5] What is the distance between the country club and Idlib? [ej How far is beirut from the gas station? (a) How far is the restaurant from Idlib? Cumulative Test — 45,_ weil 612 tie (op so gga © CARP «Gt il) 1Ogh4S cabal Lil gi 43 Gil52 915 7999 GasVal Aileaa jas pai sVONOVEV — (oS pas Ad jtruls — glit 5a Gg 5d iO! ja IS pe SVOSELOAVAY — cc IS pas AU [joj — Grune Sir 1h ja IS pts She (Soj05 gyn 40 — yaa — y15}) saSiawsgys 507025251 ) lS (iLL Gp0sLo8 Casigid — ogllwady — yiNgaa — yl (9959598 9 sain0993 ( 07503375783 )Algebraic Expressions Chapter 2 Lessons 2-4. Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions 2.2 Muliplying Algebraic Expressions by an Algebraic Term. Hands-on Lab 2:3 Multiplying Algebraic Expressions Partial Test Lessons 1-3 Problem Solving 2.6 Dividing an Algebraic Expression by an Algebraic Term. 2.5 Factoring an Algebraic. Expression by a Common factor. 2-6 Factoring using difference of two squares. Review Chapter Test Cummulative Test : ESE i analyst Financial analysts can be found in many business settings. They can help determine the cost of each product a company makes. The table lists o company’s costs of producing multiple copies of audio CDs. Financial analysts use algebraic expressions to caleulat relationships between production costs, selling price, total sales, and profits——z, Are You Ready ? ogee @D Vocabulary Choose the best term from the List to complete each sentence. associative property GB 2 have the same variables raised to the same power. coefficient Bin the expression 4x7 ,4 is the 2 distributive Property BBS +443) =64+4)43 bythe 2. like terms: B38 x 2+3%4=3(2+4) bythe ? . factor GD Muitiptes ‘Write the first four multiples as each number. Ge G@ a @& divisors ‘Tell whether the second number is a divisor fo the first number. 20; 5 50:6 120; 8 D&D exponents Multiply. Write each product as one power. ® 3x 0° x10° yx) 2x: ©&® Distributive Property Rewrite using the Distributive Property. @si7+8) B3e+y) Barve @& area ind the area of the shaded portion in each figure. an @ a 8 | om 24m 2em aPreviously, you * Simplified algebraic expressions and | used power preperties to Simplify | algebraic expressions + Added, subtracted, multiplied rational numbers. + Found the G.C.F of 2 or more numbers. * Calculated the area of some geometric shapes. — You will study * Adding and simplifying algebraic expressions also subtracting and multiplying them. + Dividing an algebraic expression by an algebraic term. + Factorizing by using the common factor method or the difference of ‘Study Guide: Preview You can use the skills in this | chapter * To calculate the height of thrown object knowing its launching time using algebraic expressions. * To solve complicated problems sboct red and volume i'avance| | | 48 caper? Vocabulary Vocabulary Connections To familiarize yourself with the bas vocabulary words in this chapter, follow these steps and use a dictionary 1. The terms and conditions, the midterm, and he was sentenced to term of six years, these are some usage of the term term in Janguage. What do you think the meaning of algebraic term is? You have already been introduced to the ‘word expression and you have operated with numerical expression. What do you think the difference between the algebraic expressions and the numerical expressions? ‘The word factors and factorization in mathematics you have already seen and used in the elementary level. Where did you use them? Do you think there is a relation between its meaning then and its meaning in this chapter? 3.Reading method: Read the lesson in order to understand To be able to well understand the lesson. read it carefully. When you read the lesson write some notes about the most important and basic points in the lesson. Also list the questions you want to know their answers While you are in class, listen carefullly to the explanation especially and the answevs of the questions. Objectives Evaluate an expression. Multiply by powers of 10. ‘Transform a number from standard form into scientific notation and vice-versa, The objectives tell you about the ‘main points in the lesson If the exponent of 10 is negative, is ‘that mean the power is negative? Yow do-I-write-a-number-in-scientific notation using a calculator? Write your questions while you are reading the lesson. WeW BunLM pue Bulpesy Example 1 Finding the value of the powers of 10 find the value of a power of 10. Solve the lesson examples and ‘write down any question you have in mind, Practice what you have learned in this checking par. ck> Read the lesson 2-1 from grade 8, then answer these questions. 1. What are the lesson’s objectives? 2. What are the new vocab and formulas? 3. Which examples are not clear? 4, What are your questions about this lesson? Reading and Writing Mah 49)Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions In the adjacent figure two loads of wood, each load contains wood planks and stacks. Learn how to add and subtract algebraic es You can use a variable, like x, to represent the number of planks in each stack. Then you can use algebraic expression to represent the number of planks in each load Vocabulary Opposite. In the Ist load In the 2nd load In both loads 3 stacks + 4 planks Bxt4 5 stacks + 2 planks 5x42 (3 +5) stacks + (4 +2) planks 8 stacks + 6 planks 8x46 To add two algebraic expessions use the associative and commutative properties of addition to add like terms, then use the distributive property to simplify. (MERA ple GE Adding Algebraic Expressions Add. Gee | iw ors 8 sats) Like terms © 7x; 11x Tx+841x-3 Use associative property to take off the brackets o1,-3 Txt llx+8-3 Use commutativity to add like terms e278 (7+1)x+8-3 Use distributivity Unlike terms: 18x45 Simplify o7x;8 ox, -6x @ (0 +3x-1)4 (7x? 46x 44) aati 43x14 737 46x44 Associatvity PETC +3x+6x—144 Adding like terms (4 7)2 446-144 Use disiribuaivity. 8x7 49x43 Simplify Know that subtracting is adding the opposite: b-a =b+ (a) This is similar to subtracting algebraic expressions, ‘What is then the opposite of an algebraic expression? 50 Chapter 2 Algebraic Expressionsion is the expession you add to the given 3+(-3x* +3) 3 The opposite of an algebraic expess expession and you get a zero as result, Example: 3x’ ‘Then the opposite of (3x’ - 3) is -3x7 +3 or ~(3x? -3)=-3: LUTK eee eke) mn change the sign of each of its terms, ‘opposite of an Algebraic Expres [REXEM ple @® Finding the Opposite of an Algebraic Expression Find the opposite of each expression. @ 7x-13 @ 2y' -65y-8 To find the opposite ‘The opposite is: -7.x+13 The opposite is: ~2y" + 65y+8 of an algebraic Expression don't 4 forget to change o iain of all the The opposite is: 1x* ‘The opposite is: 3y? ++4y +5 ‘To subtract two algebraic expressions, add the first with the opposite of the second. HEEREMP le @ subtracting algebraic Expressions Subtract. @ Br -15x—6)- (7x + 92-6) (3x? -15x-6)+(7x? -9x+6) Add the opposite 3x" -15x-6 4717-946 Take off the brackets 3x? + 7x? -15x-94- 646 Add like terms, 10x? - 24x Simplify. ® Gx? +15x)-(4x? -12) © n-1)-(* -2n+15) Gx" +15x)+(-4.x? +12) (2n-1)+(-n*+2n-15) 3x? 415 x—4.47 +12 2n-1-n* +2n-15 3x? 4x7 +15x412 =n’ +2n+2n-15-1 , < or = Bl-27|0 [3-30] Bp-sJ08 } © |-7.009-2.089 2-1 Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions — 53.Multipling Algebraic Expressions by an Algebraic term Learn to multiply an Clara is making a square planter box in her woodworking class. The box's height algebraic expression _is to be 10 cm more than the side length of its base. The volume of the box is. by an algebraic term. found by multiplying two algebraic terms. Remember that when you multiply two powers with the same bases, you add the exponents. To multiply two algebraic terms, multiply the coefficients and add the exponents of the variables that are the same. 5x6x mn? =30m'n® (Sm?n*)(6mn* When multiplying two numbers, payattention 4xxr xs Multiply coefficients and add exponents to the sign of each dar a 2 ayg6 @® (92'y)-2x" yz") ———— 9x-2x273 xy" x2 Multiply coefficients and add exponents. ~18x°y72° To multiply an algebraic expression by an algebraic term, use the Distributive Property. Multiply every term of the algebraic expression by the algebraic term (ERM ple @ Muttiplying an Algebraic Expression by an Algebraic Term. Multiply. Come | * ‘°° When multiplying a polynomial by a negative monomial, be sure to distribute the negative sign. @ ~Sa°b3a‘b'+6a°b") Multiply cach term in the parentheses by 1 a ~5a‘b(3a*b? + 6a2b?) Multiply cach term in the parentheses —15a*b* — 30a"b* by-Sa’ 54 Chapter 2 Algebraic Expressions(MEXaimple G@ Prosiem soivinc Application b! @ 5rs*(r's'+3rs'—4rst) aa 's* 431s" 49st) Multiply cach term in the SP°S6+15r285— 207751 parentheses b Clara is making a planter box with a square base. ‘She wants the height of the box to be 10 cm more than the side length of the base. If she wants the volume of the box to be 36000 cm’, what should the side length of the base be? [ib understand the Problem If the side length of the base is s, then the height is s + 10. The volume is sx sx (s +10) = s°(s-+10). The answer will be a value of s that makes the volume of the box equal to 36000 cm’. 3D) Make a Plan You can make a table of values for the expression to try to find the value of s. Use the Distributive Property to write the expression s*(s-+10) another way. Use substitution to complete the table. A sowve S'(s+10)=s° +103? Distributive Propert 25 27 29 30 25° +10(25)° | 27°+10(27)° | 29°+10(29 | 303 +10(30) | = 21875 = 26973 = 36799 = 36000 The side length of the base should be 30 cm. BEE Look Back If the side length of the base were 30 cm and the height were 10 cm more, or 40 cm, then the volume would be 30x 30 x 40 = 36000 cm*. ‘The answer is reasonable. Think and Discuss 1, Compare Multiplying two algebraic terms with multiplying an algebraic expression by an algebraic term. | 2.Explain each step you follow in multiplying $°(3x—4). 2.1 Mulipling Algebraic Expressions by an Algebraic erm 55MEE, = GUIDED PRACTICE See Example q@qp Multiply. BGss'n Gs) Bey @r'y) BSH CTH fm?) L Bim(4m'iy) B7p'r(5pr*) GB 13¢°h? (10g°h?) See Example q@ Multiply. B23m-4h) 4ab(a*b-ab?x) 3x(x7—Sxmy) OM) 6x? Gx?-5x+4) Soe Example — @_ EB The formula for the area of a trapezoid is A= 1h(b, +b,), where h the trapezoid’s height and b, and b, are the lengths of its bases. Use the Distributive Property to simplify the expression, then use the expression to find the area of a trapezoid with height 12 cm and base lengths 9 em and 7 cm. = INDEPENDANT PRACTICE See Example q@ Multiply. Borys) Bec'ayaa’) (gh")(-2g7h°) L Bese 2’y'(Lx'y) 25/77) Soo Example @p Multiply. (3m 'n*)(1—Smn*) @xy6x"*-»y’) BD -3ca(2c°a? - 4ca") BD mx? (mxy? +4x°my) See Example — @_ ABA rectangle has a base of length 3x” and a height 2x°-4xy-3 ‘Write and simplify an expression for the area of the rectangle. Then find the area of the rectangle if x = 2 and y | ee PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING BB Kawa is building a cylindrical-shaped storage container. The height of the container is x*—y" and the radius of its base is r. Write and simplify an expression for the volume of the container using the formula V = rh. Then find the volume with r Multiply. (8x°y?m)(-6x2m?) Bruxy) BB4 men*)(Sm?n' —3mn? +6m'n) Basen ysy'x’) —3xy?m(Sx*y? +4 may? —6x7y"m’) 56 — Chapter 2. Algebraic ExpressionsMultiply. Bar (6dr —7dx+ 3x0) mt(SPb+4m't—Lmzb?) |Health The table gives some formulas for finding the target heart rate for 4 person of age a exercising at p percent of his or her maximum heart rate. ‘Target Heart Rate Male Female Nonathletie | »(220-a) | p(226-a) Fit 4 p(410-a) 4 p(422—a) [2] Use the Distributive Property to simmplify each expression. ] Use your answer from part [a] to write an expression for the difference between the target heart rate for a fit male and for a fit female. Both people are age a and are exercising at p percent of their maximum heart rates @ What's the Question? A square prism has a base area of x? and a height of 3x+4. If the answer is 3x° +47, what is the question? What's the Error? Nashmil multiplied 2x*y(xy"—6x'y) and she got 2x"y?—12x"y. Find the mistake that Nashmil did and correct it. © WW rite About it 1Fan algebraic expression is multiplied by an algebraic term, what can you say about the number of terms in the answer? @_ Whatienge Find the algebraic trm that you multiply by 2x? +5x—4 to get 6x'y+15x°y—12x*y Sooner E} Multiple Choice The width of a rectangle is 13 m less than twice its length ‘What is the width of the rectangle if the area is 24 m2, O8m O©om @ Short Response A triangle has base 10 cd? and height 3cd” —4ed? Write and simplify an expression for the area of the triangle. Then evaluate the expression for c = 2 and d= 3. Multiply or divide. Simplify. Write the answer in the simplest form, (Js /-3) Oa Dopay 3(24) 12 @3m 2:1 Mulipling Algebraic Expressions by an Algebraic term 57A AB Exploring Special Identities Use with Lesson 2-3 # Ifa quadrilateral has 4 equal sides and one right angle, then it is a square © Ifa quadrilateral has 3 right angles, then it is a rectangle. x - @ You can use the area formula to prove (x+y =x" +2xy+y Follow these steps. [i] Draw a square ABCD with side length x + y. pb De i ca p » [5] Draw the straight line EF parallel to AB having distance x from it. x s| ir [E] Draw the straight line GH parallel to BC having distance y from it. 5 Having ditance y from it. D c oy ‘© Why are AGIE and FCHI squares? ich p ‘¢ Why are GIFB and DETH rectangles? A F . beeen oL_} c © Write the area of AGIE; FCHI; GBFI; DETH in terms of x and y. @ How can you conclude that (xt y)"= x? +2xy+y?? Draw a square with side length x and divide it into 2 squares and 2 rectangles, as you did in activity 1 to prove: (xy =x? -2xy4y*, a7 58 Chapter 2 Algebraic Expressions