R.

5: Nonlinear Functions and Models

Example 1. Solve using the quadratic formula.

a. f (x) = x2 + 6x 2

b. x2 2x = 2

1
Inversely Proportional

Now let’s spend a few minutes discussing inverse proportionality.

Example 2. The number of tickets T sold for a humane society fund-raiser is inversely
proportional to the price of a ticket, p. If 175 tickets can be sold for $20 each, how many tickets
will be sold if the price is $25 each?

Example 3. The quantity sold q of a high-definition TV is inversely proportional to the price p.

If 85, 000 high-definition TVs sold for $1200 each, what will the price for each TV be if 100,000
TVs are sold?

2
Applications

Let’s begin by discussing some applications.

Example 4. Business and Economics. Find the equilibrium point for each pair of demand
and supply functions.
5 q
a. Demand: p = 1000 10q; Supply: p = 250 + 5q Demand: p = q ; Supply: p = 5

3
 R.6: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithms

Let’s begin this discussion of logarithms by writing down five important words:

Example 1. Write an equivalent exponential expression.

a. log2 128 = 7

b. log16 4 = 0.5

c. log9 1 = 0

Example 2. Write an equivalent logarithmic expression.

a. 43 = 64

2
b. 10 = 0.01

p
c. 25 = 5

4
Basic Properties of Logarithms

Now let’s discuss some important properties of logarithms.

Example 3. Solve each equation for x. Give the answers to five decimal places.
a. 5x = 50

b. log13 13 = x

5
Example 4. Solve each equation for x. Give the answers to five decimal places.
a. 7x = 28

b. log2 x = 8

c. 3 · 6x = 19

d. logx 25 = 3

1
e. log5 25 = x

6
Applications of Logarithms

Now let’s look at some examples of applications of logarithms.

Example 5. Business and Economics. Casa Grande Technical School had a total enrollment
of 900 students in 2015, and the student population is increasing by 4.5% yearly.
a. Find the exponential function A that gives the population t years after 2015.

b. Find A(5), and interpret this result.

c. When will the student population first reach 1200?

Example 6. Business and Economics. Hank deposits $100,000 into a retirement fund that
earns 2.5% annual interest. When will his initial investment have doubled in value?

Example 7. Business and Economics. A stock originally worth $50 per share is losing 1% of
its value per week. When will a share of the stock be worth $45?

7
 1.1: Limits: A Numerical and Graphical Approach
Example 1. Given some functions, f , g, and h, complete each statement by reading it aloud.

a. The notation below is read...

lim f (x)
x!4

b. The notation below is read...

lim g(x)
x!5

Graphical Limits

Another way that we can think about whether a limit exists graphically is by considering the wall
method.

8
Example 2. If a limit does not exist state the fact.

a. Find limx! 2 f (x)

b. Find limx! 2+ f (x)

c. Find limx! 2 f (x)

d. Find limx!1 f (x)

e. Find limx!5 f (x)

9
Example 3. If a limit does not exist state the fact.

a. Find limx! 2 f (x)

b. Find limx! 2f (x)

c. Find limx!2 f (x)

d. Find limx!6 f (x)

e. Find limx!4 f (x)

10
Example 4. If a limit does not exist state the fact.

a. Find limx! 3 f (x)

b. Find limx! 3+ f (x)

c. Find limx!2 f (x)

11
 1.2: Algebraic Limits and Continuity
Example 1. The initial substitution of x = a yields the form 0/0. Simplify the function
algebraically, or use a table or graph to determine the limit. When necessary, state that the limit
does not exist.
x2 25
a. limx!5 x 5 https://www.desmos.com/calculator/aywdktxfzr

p
x 5
b. limx!25 x 25

x2 +5x 6
c. limx!1
x2 1

12
 9 x
d. limx!9 p
x 3

2
e. limx! 1 ( xx2+5x+4
+2x+1
)

13
Example 2. Use the functions in the following problems to answer each of the following. If a
function value or limit does not exist, state that.

a. Find limx!1+ f (x), limx!1 f (x), and limx!1 f (x).

b. Find f (1).

c. Is f continuous at x = 1? Why or why not?

d. Find limx! 2 f (x).

e. Find f ( 2).

f. Is f continuous at x = 2? Why or why not?

14
Example 3. Use the functions in the following problems to answer each of the following. If a
function value or limit does not exist, state that.

a. Find limx! 1 k(x).

b. Find k( 1).

c. Is k continuous at x = 1? Why or why not?

d. Find limx!3 k(x).

e. Find k(3).

f. Is f continuous at x = 3? Why or why not?

15
Example 4. Is the function given by

⇢ 1
2
x+ 1, for x < 4
f (x) = (1)
x + 7, for x 4
continuous at x = 4? Why or why not?

Example 5. Is the function given by

⇢
x + 2, for x  3
G(x) = (2)
2x 5, for x > 3
continuous at x = 3? Why or why not?

1
Example 6. Is the function given by g(x) = 2 continuous at x = 5? Why or why not?
x 7x+10

1
Example 7. Is the function given by g(x) = 2 continuous at x = 3? Why or why not?
x 6x+8

16
 1.3: Average Rates of Change
Example 1. In each of the following problems, find the simplified form of the di↵erence quotient.
1
d. f (x) = 2
x

1
f. f (x) = p
x

17
Example 2. Consider the image below.

a. Find the average rate of change of U as x changes from 0 to 1; from 1 to 2; from 2 to 3; from 3
to 4.

b. Why do the average rates of change decrease as x increases?

18
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to this topic!

Example 3. The average price of a ticket to a major league game can be approximated by

p(x) = 0.0278x3 0.436x2 + 2.524x + 21.716

where x is the number of years after 2006 and p(x) is in dollars. (Source: Based on data from
p(10) p(4)
Major League Baseball. Find 10 4 and interpret this value.

Example 4. Suppose Fast Trends determines that the cost, in dollars, of producing x iPod
holders is given by
C(x) = 0.05x2 + 50x.
C(305) C(300)
Find 305 300 , and interpret the significance of this result to the company.

19
 1.4: Di↵erentiation Using Limits of Di↵erence Quotients
3 2
Example 1. Consider the following function: 2 x

a. Graph the function.

b. Draw lines tangent to the graph at the points with x-coordinates -2, 0, and 1.
c. Find f 0 (x) by determining

f (x + h) f (x)
lim
h!0 h

d. Find f 0 ( 2), f 0 (0), and f 0 (1). These slopes should match those of the lines you drew in part
(b).

20
Determining Di↵erentiation Graphically

Example 2. For each graph, list all x-values for which the function is not di↵erentiable.

a. Draw a graph that is continuous, but not di↵erentiable, at x = 3.

b. Draw a graph that has a horizontal tangent line at x = 5.

21
Example 3. In the following problems, find f 0 (x) for the given function.
1
a. f (x) = 1 x

1
b. f (x) = 2
x

22
 p
c. f (x) = x

1
d. f (x) = p
x

23
 1.5: Leibniz Notation and the Power and Sum-Di↵erence Rules
Leibniz Notation

Last time, we defined the derivative of a function f in the following way:

f (x + h) f (x)
lim
h!0 h
.
Now, let’s look at di↵erent notation that we can use to express the derivative of a function
y = f (x).

Now let’s get some practice expressing the derivative of a function with respect to a particular
variable.

Example 1. For the function given by u = f (v), write four di↵erent ways to represent the
derivative of u with respect to v.

Example 2. For the function given by p = R(q), write four di↵erent ways to represent the
derivative of u with respect to v.

24
 dy
Example 3. Find dx .
a. y = x7

b. y = 3x + 12

Example 4. Find y 0 .
6
a. y = x

7
b. y = x 2+ 3
x

Example 5. Find f 0 (x).

a. f (x) = x3 + 3x2

p
3
b. f (x) = 2 x5

25
Example 6. Do the following calculation.

d 3/2
a. dx (x3 )

d 2
b. dx (x 3/4
+ 3x2/3 + x5/4 + 4 )
x

d p
c. dx (8 3 x)

d
d. dx (⇡ 2 + 8)

26
Slopes of Tangent Lines

Example 7. For each function, find the points on the graph at which the tangent line is specified.
If none exist, state that fact.

a. y = x3 2 (tangent line has a slope of 0)

b. y = 5x2 3x + 8 (tangent line has a slope of 0)

1
c. y = 3 x3 3x2 + 9x 9 (tangent line has a slope of 0)

d. y = 0.01x2 + 2x (tangent line has a slope of 1)

27
 1.6: The Product and Quotient Rules
The Product Rule

Example 1. Di↵erentiate each function using the product rule.

a. y = x5 · x6

p
b. g(x) = (3 x + 2)x2

c. f (x) = (2x + 5)(3x2 4x + 1)

28
The Quotient Rule

Example 2. Di↵erentiate each function using the quotient rule.

x7
a. y = 3
x

5x2 1
b. f (x) =
2x3 +3

t
c. y = 3 t +5t3

29
Di↵erentiate!

Example 3. Di↵erentiate each function.

2
a. y = (t+ t )(t2 3)

3x2 +2x
b. f (x) =
x2 +1

3x7 x3
c. y = x

30
Application of the Quotient Rule

Example 4. Average Cost. Preston’s Leatherworks finds that the cost, in dollars, of producing
x belts is given by C(x) = 750 + 34x 0.068x2 . Find the rate at which the average cost is
changing when 175 belts have been produced.

31
 1.7: The Chain Rule
Example 1. Di↵erentiate each function using the Chain Rule.

b. y = (7 x)55

p
c. y = x2 4x 1

1
d. y =
(4x+5)2

32
e. y = 5x(2x 3)4

1 3x 5
f. y = ( 2 7x )

(5x 4)7
g. y =
(6x+1)3

33
Example 2. Find an equation for the tangent line to the graph of y = (x3 4x)10 at the point
(2, 0)

p
Example 3. Find an equation for the tangent line to the graph of y = x 2x + 3 at the point
(3, 9)

34
Applications

Finally, let’s look at some applications related to using the chain rule.

Example 4. A total-revenue function is given by

p
R(x) = 1000 x2 0.1x

where R(x) is the total revenue, in thousands of dollars, from the sale of x airplanes. Find the
rate at which total revenue is changing when 20 airplanes have been sold.

Example 5. Lighting electronics is selling laptop computers. Its total profit, in dollars, is givn by

P (x) = 0.08x2 + 80x,

where x is the number of units produced and sold. Suppose that x is a function of time, in
months, where x = 5t + 1.

a. Find the total profit as a function of time t.

b. Find the rate of change of total profit when t = 48 months.

35
Example 6. Determine the tool/utensil (Pliers, Quill, or Chainsaw) to use if you were to
di↵erentiate the following functions in the appropriate order.

3x7 x3
a. y =
x3 +5

2
b. y = (t+ t )(t2 3)

p
c. y = (7 x3 ) 55
x3 2

3x2 +2x
d. f (x) =
(x2 +1)78

p
e. y = x2 4x 1

1
f. y =
(4x+5)2

2
g. y = (3 2x)2 ( xx +35 )4

1 3x 5
h. y = ( 2 7x )

(5x 4)7
i. y =
(6x+1)3

h. y = ((x3 5x2 + 1.2x)(x3/2 50)) 50

36
 1.8: Higher-Order Derivatives
Basic ideas

In this section, we will be discussing di↵erent notation that we can use to represent higher-order
derivatives.

Example 1. Find d2 y/dx2 .

a. y = x5 + 9

b. y = 4x2 + 3x 1

c. y = 6x 3

p
d. y = 4
x

37
Example 2. Find f 00 (x).
3
a. f (x) = x4 + x

b. f (x) = x1/3

3
c. f (x) = 4x

d. f (x) = (x2 + 2)3

38
Example 3. Except for (b), (e), and (f), find y 00 .
3x+1
a. y = 2x 3

b. For y = x5 , find d4 y/dx4 .

1
c. y = 2
x

d. For y = x3/2 5x

39
e. y = x6 x3 + 2x, find d5 y/dx5 .

2
f. y = x x1/2 , find f (4) (x).

Velocity and Acceleration

Now let’s look at some applications of first and second derivatives in the context of velocity and
acceleration. First let’s look at velocity.

Now, let’s look at the relationship between velocity and acceleration.

40
Applications
Now let’s look at some applications related to calculating higher order derivatives.

Example 4. Given s(t) = t3 + t, where s(t) is in feet and t is in seconds, find each of the following.
a. v(t)

b. a(t)

c. The velocity and acceleration when t = 4 sec.

Example 5. Business. A company determines the monthly sales S(t), in thousands of dollars,
after t months of marketing a product are given by S(t) = 2t3 40t2 + 220t + 160.
a. Find S 0 (1) and S 00 (1).

b. Interpret the meaning of S 0 (1).

Example 6. The following graph represents the sales, y, of a new video game after t weeks on the
market.

41
 2.2: Derivatives of Exponential (Base-e) Functions
Finding Derivatives of Functions Involving e
Now let’s take a look at di↵erentiating ef (x) .

Example 1. Di↵erentiate.

a. g(x) = e2x

b. G(x) = x3 5e2x

e2x
c. F (x) =
x4

d. f (x) = (x2 2x + 2)ex

p
e. f (x) = ex 1

42
Example 2. Find the second derivative.

a. f (x) = e2x

b. h(x) = e( 1/2)x

c. w(x) = xex

43
d. f (t) = (2t + 3)e3t

e3x
e. z(x) = x

Example 3. Di↵erentiate.

a. f (x) = 3e5x

x2 +8x
b. h(x) = e

2x x
c. h(x) = xe +e + x3

44
Applications

Now let’s look at some applications related to derivatives of exponential functions.

Example 4. Business and Economics. The total cost, in millions of dollars, for Greenleaf
Construction is given by
C(x) = 100 50e x ,
where x is the number of houses built. Find each of the following.
a. The marginal cost, C 0 (x)

b. C 0 (0)

c. C 0 (4) (Round to the nearest thousand.)

d. Find limx!1 C(x) and limx!1 C 0 (x)

Example 5. Business and Economics. Maria invests $20,000 in an IRA account whose value
after t years is modeled by
V (t) = 20, 000e0.0545t .
a. Use the model to estimate the value of Maria’s IRA account after 7 yr.

b. What is the rate of change in the value of the IRA account at the end of 7 yr?

45
 2.3: Derivatives of Natural Logarithmic Functions
Example 1. Di↵erentiate.

a. y = 9 ln x

b. y = ln(9x)

c. y = ln |10x|

d. y = x6 ln x

ln x
e. y =
x5

46
 2
f. y = ln ( x4 )

g. y = ln(3x2 + 2x 1)

2
h. f (x) = ln ( x x+5 )

i. g(x) = (ln(x))4

2 (x3 +1)
j. h(x) = ln (x e2x
)

47
Applications

Now let’s look at some applications related to derivatives of natural logarithmic functions.

Example 2. Business and Economics. A model for consumer’s response to advertising is

given by
N (a) = 2000 + 500 ln a,
a 1, where N (a) is the number of units sold and a is the amount spent on advertising, in
thousands of dollars.
a. Find N 0 (a) and N 0 (10).

b. How much should be spent on advertising if 3000 units are to be sold?

c. Find lima!1 N 0 (a). Does it make sense to continue to spend more and more on advertising?
Why or why not?

Example 3. Business and Economics. The demand for a new computer game can be modeled
by
p(x) = 53.5 8 ln x,
for 0  x  800, where p(x) is the price consumers will pay, in dollars, and x is the number of
games sold, in thousands. Recall that total revenue is given by R(x) = x · p(x).
a. Find the marginal revenue, R0 (x).

b. How many units will be sold if the price that consumers are willing to pay $40?

48
 3.1: Using First Derivatives to Classify Maximum and Minimum
Values and Sketch Graphs

To help us visualize Theorem 1 better, consider the following image.

49
c. g(x) has a positive derivative over ( 1, 3) and a negative derivative over ( 3, 1).
d. g(x) has a positive derivative over ( 1, 3) and (0, 3), a negative derivative over ( 3, 0) and
(3, 1), and a derivative equal to 0 at x = 3 and x = 3, but g 0 (0) does not exist.

e. f (x) has a negative derivative over (1, 2) and (5, 9) and a positive derivative over (2, 5) and
(9, 1).
f. K(x) is decreasing over ( 1, 1), but the derivative does not exist at x = 0 and x = 2.

50
Example 1. Using calculus, find any relative extrema. List each extremum along with the
x-value at which it occurs. Identify intervals over which the function is increasing and over which
it is decreasing.
d. f (x) = 5 x x2

e. g(x) = x3 x2 x+2

51
Example 2. Using calculus, find any relative extrema. List each extremum along with the
x-value at which it occurs. Identify intervals over which the function is increasing and over which
it is decreasing.
a. G(x) = x3 6x2 + 10

b. h(x) = x3 x4

52
 p
3
c. G(x) = x+2

Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to using first derivatives to find relative extremum.

Example 3. Business and Economics. A hotel owner notices that she rents y rooms per night
when the price is x dollars per room, with y = 200 2x.
a. Find R(x), the total revenue generated per night when the price of each room is x dollars.

b. Find the relative extremum of R, and interpret this result.

53
 3.2: Using Second Derivatives to Classify Maximum and Minimum
Values and Sketch Graphs
Basic Ideas
Let’s begin with an examination of the relationship between the function f , f 0 , and f 00 .

Concavity: Increasing and Decreasing Derivatives

Now let’s begin with a definition of concavity and then look at how we can test a function f for
concavity.

54
Points of Inflection

An Important Chart

55
Example 1. For each function in the following problems,
(1) using methods of calculus, give the coordinates of any critical points and classify each point as
a relative maximum, a relative minimum, or neither;
(2) using the first derivative test, identify the intervals where the function is increasing or
decreasing;
(3) give the coordinates of any points of inflection, and
(4) identify the intervals where the function is concave up or concave down.

a. f (x) = x2 10x + 2

b. F (x) = 3x2 + 4x + 2

56
 8x
e. q(x) = 2
x +1

f. F (x) = x3 27x

57
g. g(x) = x3 6x2 + 9x + 1

58
Example 2. For each of the following problems, sketch a graph that possesses the characteristics
lifted. Answers may vary.

a. f is decreasing and concave up on ( 1, 2), f is decreasing and concave down on (2, 1).
b. f is concave up at (1, 3), concave down at (8, 7), and has an inflection point at (5, 4).

c. f 0 ( 3) = 0, f 00 ( 3) < 0, f ( 3) = 8; f 0 (9) = 0, f 00 (9) > 0, f (9) = 6; f 00 (2) = 0, and f (2) = 1.

d. f 0 (0) = 0, f 00 (0) < 0, f (0) = 5; f 0 (2) = 0, f 00 (2) > 0, f (2) = 2; f 0 (4) = 0, f 00 (4) < 0, and
f (4) = 3.

59
 3.3: Graph Sketching: Asymptotes and Rational Functions
Horizontal Asymptotes

Now let’s discuss horizontal asymptotes. We’ll begin with a a visual representation of a horizontal
asymptote followed by the formal definition.

Example 1. Determine the horizontal asymptote of each function. If none exists, state that fact.
6x
a. f (x) = 8x+3

4x
b. f (x) = 2
x 3x

2x3 4x+1
c. f (x) =
4x3 +2x 3

60
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to asymptotes and rational functions.

Example 2. Business and Economics. Suppose that the value V of the inventory at Fido’s Pet
25t2
Supply, in thousands of dollars, decreases (depreciates) after t months, where V (t) = 50
(t+2)2
.
a. Find V (0), V (5), V (10), and V (70).

b. Find the maximum value of the inventory over the interval [0, 1).

c. Graph V .

d. Does there seem to be a value below which V (t) will never fall? Explain.

61
Example 3. Business and Economics. Cities and companies find that the cost of pollution
control increases along with the percentage of pollutants being removed. Suppose the cost C, in
48,000
dollars, of removing p% of the pollutants from a chemical spill is given by C(p) = 100 p .

a. Find C(0), C(20), C(80), and C(90).

b. Find the domain of C.

c. Graph C.

d. Can the company or city a↵ord to remove 100% of the pollutants due to this spill? Explain.

62
Example 4. Business and Economics. The purchasing power of the U.S. dollar t years after
1
1990 can be modeled by the function P (t) = 1+0.0362x (Source: Based on data form the
Consumer Price Index).

a. Find P (5), P (10), and P (25).

b. When was the purchasing power $0.50?

c. Find limx!1 P (x)

63
 3.4: Optimization: Finding Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values
Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values

We begin this section with a discussion of absolute maximum and absolute minimum values.
Consider the following graph.

Now let’s define absolute maximum and absolute minimum for a function f .

64
d. x2 6x 3; [ 1, 5]

1
e. x3 + 2 x2 2x + 4; [ 2, 0]

65
f. 1 + 6x 3x2 ; [0, 4]

g. f (x) = x4 2x3 ; [ 2, 2]

66
Finding Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values over Other Intervals
Now let’s discuss how we can find absolute maximum and minimum values over intervals that
aren’t closed.

Now let’s get some practice!

Example 1. Find the absolute extrema of each function, if they exist, over the indicated interval.
Also indicate the x-value at which each extremum occurs.
432
a. f (x) = x2 + x ; (0, 1)

67
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to optimization.

Example 2. Business and Economics. An employee’s monthly productivity M , in number of

units produced, is found to be a function of t, the number of years of employment. For a certain
product, a productivity function is given by

M (t) = 2t2 + 100t + 180,

for 0  t  40. Find the maximum productivity and the year in which it is achieved.

68
 3.5: Optimization: Business, Economics, and General Applications
Example 1. Edwards University wants to determine what price to charge for tickets to football
games. At $18 per ticket, attendance averages 40,000 people her game. Every decrease of $3 to
the ticket price adds 10,000 people to the average attendance. Every person at a game spends an
average of $4.50 on concessions. What price per ticket will maximize revenue? How many people
will attend at that price?

69
Example 2. When the Marchant Discount Theater charges $5 for admission, there is an average
attendance of 180 people. For every $0.10 increase in admission, there is a loss of 1 customer from
the average number. What admission should be charged in order to maximize revenue?

70
Example 3. Big Break Billiards sells 100 pool tables per year. It costs $20 to store one pool
table for a year. To reorder, there is a fixed cost of $40 per shipment plus $16 for each pool table.
How many times per year should the store order pool tables, and in what lot size, in order to
minimize inventory costs?

71
Example 4. Bon Temps Surf and Scuba Shop sells 360 surfboards per year. It costs $8 to store
one surfboard for a year. Each reorder costs $10, plus an additional $5 for each surfboard ordered.
How many times per year should the store order surfboards, and in what lot size, in order to
minimize inventory costs?

72
 3.6: Marginals, Di↵erentials, and Linearization

Now let’s define a di↵erential more formally.

73
Example 1. In the following problems, find
(1) y for the given x and x values,
(2) dy = f 0 (x)dx, and
(3) dy for the given x and dx(= x) values.

a. f (x) = x3 , x = 2, and x = 0.01

b. f (x) = x + x2 , x = 3, and x = 0.04

c. f (x) = ex , x = 3, and x = 0.01

74
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to what we’ve been discussing thus far!

Example 2. Business and Economics. Let R(x), C(x), and P (x) be, respectively, the revenue,
cost, and profit, in dollars, from the production and sale of x items. If

R(x) = 50x 0.5x2 and C(x) = 4x + 10,

find each of the following.

a. P (x)

b. R(20), C(20), and P (20)

c. R0 (x), C 0 (x), and P 0 (x)

d R0 (20), C 0 (20), and P 0 (20)

e. Explain what each quantity in parts (b) and (d) represents.

75
Example 3. Business and Economics. Pierce Manufacturing determines that the daily
revenue, in dollars, from the sale of x lawn chairs is
R(x) = 0.005x3 + 0.01x2 + 0.5x.
CUrrently, Pierce sells 70 lawn chairs daily.
a. What is the current daily revenue?

b. What is the marginal revenue when 70 lawn chairs are sold daily?

c. How would revenue increase if 73 lawn chairs were sold each day?

d. Use the answer from part (b) to estimate R(71), R(72), and R(73).

76
Example 4. Business and Economics. Crawford Computing finds that its weekly profit, in
dollars, from the production and sale of x laptop computers is

P (x) = 0.004x3 0.3x2 + 600x 800.

Currently, Crawford builds and sells 9 laptops weekly.

a. What is the current weekly profit?

b. How much profit would be lost if production and sales dropped to 8 laptops weekly?

c. What is the marginal profit when x = 9?

d. Use the answers from parts (a) and (c) to estimate the profit resulting from the production and
sale of 10 laptops weekly..

77
 3.7: Elasticity of Demand

As we’ve highlighted already in the summary above, the total revenue is maximized when
E(x) = 1.

78
Example 1. For the demand function given in each of the following problems, find the following:
(1) The elasticity
(2) The elasticity at the given price, stating whether the demand is elastic or inelastic
(3) The value(s) of x for which the total revenue is a maximum (assume that x is in dollars)

a. q = D(x) = 400 x; x = 125

400
b. q = D(x) = x ; x = 50

79
 p
c. q = D(x) = 600 x; x = 100

100
d. q = D(x) = ;x=1
(x+3)2

80
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to what we’ve been discussing thus far!

Example 2. Business and Economics. Good Time Chocolates determines that the demand
function for its chocolate drops is
q = D(x) = 967 25x,
where q is the quantity of chocolate drops sold when the price is x cents per drop.
a. Find the elasticity.

b. At what price is elasticity of demand equal to 1?

c. At what prices is demand elastic?

d. At what prices is demand inelastic?

e. At what price is the revenue a maximum?

f. At a price of 20¢ per drop, will a small increase in price cause total revenue to increase or
decrease?

81
Example 3. Business and Economics. Sunshine Gardens determines the following demand
function during early summer for tomato plants:
2x + 300
q(x) = ,
10x + 11
where q is the number of plants sold per day at x dollars per plant.
a. Find the elasticity.

b. Find the elasticity when x = 3.

c. At $3 per plant, will a small increase in price cause total revenue to increase or decrease?

82
 3.8: Implicit Di↵erentiation and Logarithmic Di↵erentiation
Example 1. Di↵erentiate implicitly to find dy/dx.

a. x2 + 2xy = 3y 2

b. x2 y 3 + x3 y 4 = 11

83
Example 2. Di↵erentiate implicitly to find dy/dx, dp/dx, or dz/dx. Then find the slope of the
curve at the given point.

a. 3x3 p2 = 8; (2, 4)

p
1 3
b. x + y = 1; ( 2 , 2 )
2 2

84
c. x4 x2 z 3 ; ( 2, 1)

85
 3.9: Related Rates
GROWTH MINDSET: Today, we’re going to talk about related rates. Let’s turn on our spirit
of having a growth mindset in today’s lecture!

Related Rates

In this section, we’ll be talking about related rates. Put simply, related rates equations are
equations that relate rates of change of at least two quantities (usually with respect to time) by
using implicit di↵erentiation. Let’s get started right away!

Example 1. Find the indicated rate.

a. Given y = x3 , find dy/dt when x = 2 and dx/dt = 4.

b. Given y = 2x3 , find dx/dt when x = 1 and dy/dt = 10.

c. Given y = e2x+1 , find dy/dt when x = 4 and dx/dt = 0.5.

86
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to what we’ve been discussing thus far!

Example 2. Business and Economics. In the following problem, find the rates of change of
total revenue, cost, and profit with respect to time. Assume that R(x) and C(x) are in dollars.

R(x) = 50x 0.5x2 ,

C(x) = 10x + 3,
when x = 10 and dx/dt = 5 units per day.

87
Example 3. Suppose that the price p, in dollars, and number of sales, x, of a mechanical pencil
are related by
5p + 4x + 2px = 60.
If p and x are both functions of time, measured in days, find the rate at which x is changing when
x = 3, p = 5, and dp/dt = 1.5

88
 4.1: Antidi↵erentation
R 1
e.
x3
dx

Rp
2
f. x5 dx

R
g. e3x dx

R
h. 6ex/2 dx

89
 R 4x2 8x+3
i. x dx

R
j. ( x3 + x52 ) dx

R dx
k.
x4

R
l. (3x + 2)2 dx

90
Initial Conditions

Now let’s add in some initial conditions to the mix, and see if we can solve these!
Example 1. Find f such that:
a. f 0 (x) = x2 4, f (0) = 7

10
b. f 0 (x) = 8x2 + 4x 2 f (1) = 3

4
c. f 0 (x) = p f (1) = 5
x

91
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to what we’ve been discussing thus far!

Example 2. Business and Economics. Solid Rock Industries determines that the marginal
cost, C 0 (x), of producing the xth climbing harness is given by

C 0 (x) = x3 x.

Find the total-cost function, C, assuming that C(x) is in dollars and that fixed costs are $6500.

Example 3. Business and Economics. Lessard & Company finds that the rate at which the
quantity of flameless candles that consumers demand changes with respect to price is given by the
marginal-demand function
4000
D0 (x) = ,
x2
where x is the price per candle, in dollars. Find the demand function if 1003 candles are
demanded by consumers when the price is $4 per candle.

92
 4.2: Antiderivatives as Areas
Example 1. Approximate the area under the graph of
f (x) = 0.01x4 1.44x2 + 60
over the interval [2, 10] using 4 subintervals.

Example 2. Approximate the area under the graph of

F (x) = 0.2x3 + 2x2 0.2x 2
over the interval [ 8, 3] using 5 subintervals.

93
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to what we’ve been discussing thus far!

Example 3. Business and Economics. A concert promoter sells x tickets and has a
marginal-profit function given by
P 0 (x) = 2x 150,
where P 0 (x) is in dollars per ticket. This means that the rate of change of total profit with respect
to the number of tickets sold, x, is P 0 (x). Find the total profit form the sale of the 75th ticket
through 300th ticket.

Example 4. Business and Economics. Sylvie’s Old World Cheeses has found that it’s
marginal cost, in dollars per kilogram, is

C 0 (x) = 0.003x + 4.25,

for x  500, where x is the number of kilograms of cheese produced. Find the total cost of
producing 400 kg of cheese.

94
Example 5. Business and Economics. Ship Shape Woodworkers has found that the marginal
cost of producing x feet of custom molding is given by
C 0 (x) = 0.00002x2 0.04x + 45,
for x  800,, where C 0 (x) is in cents. Approximate the total cost of manufacturing 800 ft of
molding, using 5 subintervals over [0, 800] and the left endpoint of each subinterval.

Example 6. Business and Economics. Shelly’s Roadside Fruit has found the marginal cost of
producing x pints of fresh-squeezed orange juice is given by
C 0 (x) = 0.000008x2 0.004x + 2,
for x  350, where C 0 (x) is in dollars. Approximate the total cost of producing 270 pt of juice,
using 3 subintervals over [0, 270] and the left endpoint of each subinterval.

95
 4.3: Area and Definite Integrals
Example 1. In each of the following problems, explain what the shaded area represents.

a.

b.

Rb
Example 2. In the following problems, determine visually whether a
f (x) dx is positive,
Rb
negative, or zero, and express a f (x) dx in terms of area A.

b.

96
Example 3. Evaluate.
R3
a. 1 (3t2 + 7) dt

R4 p
b. 1( t 1) dt

R ln 4
c. 0 e3x dx

R2p
d. 0 2x dx

97
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to what we’ve been discussing thus far!

Example 4. Business and Economics. Kitchens-to-Please Contracting determines that the

marginal cost, in dollars per square foot, of installing x square feet of kitchen countertop is given
by
C 0 (x) = 4x1/3 .
a. Find the cost of installing 50 ft2 of countertop.

b. Find the cost of installing an extra 14 ft2 of countertop after 50 ft2 have already been installed.

Example 5. Business and Economics. Melanie’s Crafts estimates that its sales are growing
continuously at a rate given by
S 0 (t) = 20et ,
where S 0 (t) is in dollars per day, on day t.
a. Find the accumulated sales for the first 5 days.

b. Find the accumulated sales from the beginning of the second day through the 5th day.

98
 4.4: Properties of Definite Integrals: Additive Property, Average
Value, and Moving Average
Example 1. Find the area of the bounded region.
a. f (x) = 2x + x2 x3 , g(x) = 0

b. f (x) = 4x x2 , g(x) = x2 6x + 8

99
c. f (x) = x, g(x) = x4

p
d. y = 5, y = x, x = 0

100
Now let’s define the average value of a function.

Example 2. Find the average function value over the given interval.

Example 3. Find the average function value over the given interval.

a. y = 2x3 ; [ 1, 1]

b. y = e x ; [0, 1]

c. f (x) = x2 + x 2; [0, 4]

101
 4.5: Integration Techniques: Substitution
Now let’s take a look back at some common integrals that we have evaluated before.

It’s time to get some practice!

Example 1. Evaluate.
R
a. (x2 7)6 · 2x dx

R 2 1
b. 1+2x dx, x 6= 2

102
 R
c. (2t5 3)t4 dt

R 5
d. x4ex dx

R t3
e. t2 e dt

R 1 5
f. 5+2x dx, x 6= 2

103
 R dx
g. 1 x , x 6= 1

R et dt
h.
3+et

R x3 dx
i.
(2 x4 )7

R
j. (x2 6)7xdx

104
Example 2. Evaluate the definite integral.
R4 dt
a. 0 1+t

R3
b. 0 (x 5)2 dx

105
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to what we’ve been discussing thus far!

Example 3. Business and Economics. Masterson Insoles, Inc., has the marginal-demand
function
2000x
D0 (x) = p ,
25 x2
where D0 (x) is the number of units sold at x dollars per unit. Find the demand function given
that D = 13, 000 when x = $3 per unit.

106
5.1: Consumer and Producer Surplus; Price Floors, Price Celings, and
Deadweight Loss
Example 1. In the following problems, D(x) is the price, in dollars per unit, that consumers will
pay for x units of an item, and S(x) is the price, in dollars per unit, that producers will accept for
x units. Find
(1) the equilibrium point,
(2) the consumer surplus at the equilibrium point, and
(3) the producer surplus at the equilibrium point.

b. D(x) = (x 3)2 , S(x) = x2 + 2x + 1.

107
 p
c. D(x) = 5 x, S(x) = x + 7 for 0  x  5.

108
 1800 p
d. D(x) = p , S(x) = 2 x + 1 for x 0.
x+1

109
 6.1: Functions of Several Variables
Example 1. For f (x, y) = (y 2 + 2xy)3 , find f ( 2, 0) and f (3, 2)

Example 2. For f (x, y) = log(x + y) + 3x2 , find f (3, 7), f (1, 99), and f (2, 1).

Example 3. For f (x, y, z) = 2x + 5zy x, find f (0, 1, 3) and f (1, 0, 3).

110
 6.2: Partial Derivatives
Example 1. Find fx (x, y), fy (x, y), fx ( 2, 4), and fy (4, 3).
f (x, y) = 5x + 7y

Example 2. Find fx , fy , fx ( 2, 1), and fy ( 3, 2).

p
f (x, y) = x2 y 2

111
Example 3. Find fx and fy .

a. f (x, y) = e2x y

b. f (x, y) = y ln(xy)

x y
c. f (x, y) = y 3x

d. f (x, y) = 3(2x + y 5)2

112
Applications.

Now let’s look at some applications related to what we’ve been discussing thus far!

Example 4. Business and Economics. Lincolnville Sporting Goods has the following
production function for a certain product:

p(x, y) = 2400x2/5 y 3/5

, where p is the number of units produced with x units of labor and y units of capital.

a. Find the number of units produced with 32 units of labor and 1024 units of capital.

b. Find the marginal productivities.

c. Evaluate the marginal productivities at x = 32 and y = 1024.

113
6.3: Maximum-Minimum Problems

114
Example 1. Find the relative maximum or minimum value.

a. f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 5y

115
b. f (x, y) = 4xy x3 2y 2

116
c. f (x, y) = x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 6y + 2

117
 6.5: Constrained Optimization: Lagrange Multipliers and the
Extreme-Value Theorem
Example 1. Business and Economics. Find the extremum of f (x, y) subject to the given
constraint, and state whether it is a maximum or a minimum.

a. f (x, y) = 2xy; 4x + y = 16

118
b. f (x, y) = 3 x2 y 2 ; x + 6y = 37

119
c. f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ; x + y + z = 2

120
Applications

Now let’s take a look at some applications!

Example 2. Total sales, S of Cre-Tech are given by

S(L, M ) = M L L2 ,
where M is the cost of materials and L is the cost of labor. Find the maximum value of this
function subject to the budget constraint
M + L = 90.

121