Chapter 24. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Funetional megaspore in an angiosperm develops into an (@) endosperm (©) embryo. (b) embryo sac (@) ovale, (NET 2017) Auractants and rewards are required for (@) entomophily —(b) hydrophily (c) cleistogamy (4) anemophily. (NET 2017) Flowers which have single ovule in the ovary and are packed into inflorescence are usually pollinated by (a) bee (©) bat (b) wind (@) water. (NEET 207) A dioecious flowering plant prevents Boil (@) autogamy and geitonogamy (b) geitonogamy and xenogamy (€) cleistogamy and xenogam) {@) autogamy and nenogam. QYBED 2017) Peciaiedllelins ri “ () angiosperms gymnosperms, (NEET 2017) {In majority yerms (cag ta apparatus (b) thefteare.stunerous antipodal cells (C} eéduetion division occurs in yore mother cells (@) a small central cell is present in that embryo sac. (NEETAII 2016) Pollination in water hyaeinth and water lily is brought about by the agency of (a) water (b) insects or wind (c) birds (@) bats. (NEETAIL 2016) The ovule of an angiosperm is technically equivalent to (a) megasporangium (b) megasporophyll (c)_ megaspore mother cctl (@) mezaspore. the (NEETAIL 2016) 10. 2 13. The coconut water from tender coconut represents (@) free nuclear proemisyas (6) free nuclear endgsperm (6) endocarp (@) fleshy mesocam, (EET: 2016) Which one of the following statements is not true? (@) Roltéy wean’ of many species cause ssovoneallergies ) Stored pollen in liquid nitrogen can be used in the erop breeding programmes. @ Tapetum helps in the dehiscence of anther. {) Exine of pollen grains is made up of sporopollenin (NET 2016) Seed formation without fertilisation in flowering plans involves the process of (@) somatic hybridisation (©) apomixis (©) sporulation (@) budding. (NEETI 2016) Which of the following statements is not correct? {@) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are regulated by chemical components of pollen interacting with those of the pst Some reptiles have also boen reported as pollinators in some plant species, Pollen grains of many species can germinate on the stigma of a lower, but only one pollen tube of the same species sows into the syle Inseets that consume pollen or nectar ‘without bringing about pollination are called pollen’ nectar robbers. (NET! 2016) Proximal end of the filament of stamen is ached t0 the (a) placenta (© anther () © @) (b) thalamus oF petal (d) connective. (NEET-I 2016)274 14. Filiform apparatus is characteristic feature of (a) aleurone cell (b)_synergids (©) generative cell (d) nucellar embryo. (2015) 15, In angiosperms, microsporogenesis and mega- sporogenesis 23. (@) involve meiosis (b) occur in ovule (©) occur in anther (@) form gametes without further divisions. 2015) 16. Flowers ate unisexual in (a) China rose (b) onion a (©) pea (2) cucumber. (2015) 17. Coconut water from a tender coconut is (@) innermost layers of the seed coat (b) degenerated nucellus 25. (©) immature embryo (@) free nuclear endosperm, (2015) 18. Which one of the following fruits is parthenocarpic? (a) Jackfruit (b) Banana |e (©) Brinjal (@) Apple | 19, Male gametophyte in angiosperms produces | (a) single sperm and two vegetative:cells (b) three sperms (e) two sperms and a vegetative ball (@) single sperm and a vegetative (2015) 20, Which ofthe followingiare'the important floral rewards to the ania pollinators ? 2. (a) Floral calcium crystals (b) Protein md stigmatic exudates (c) Colour and large size of lower (@) Nectar and pollen grains (2015 Cancelled) | yg 21, Which one of the following may require pollinators, but is genetically similar to autogamy? (a) Apozamy (b) Cleistozamy (©) Geitonogamy _(@) Xenogamy 2, (2015 Cancetted) 22, Which one of the following statements is not (a) ‘The flowers pollinated by flies and bats secrete foul odour to attract them. 30. (b) Honey is made by bees by digesting pollen collected from flowers. (©) Pollen grains are rich in nutrients and they are used in the form of tablets and syrups. (4) Pollen grains of some plants cause severe allergies and bronchial afllctions in some people. (2015 Cancelled) The hilum is scar on the (a) fruit, where style was present (b) seed, where micropyte was present (o) seed, where finicle was attached (d) fruit, where it was attached to pedicel. (20/5 Cancelled) ‘Transmission tissue is éliaf@et@histic feature of (@) dry stigma (©) hollow style Wy wet stigma |) solid style. 2015 Cancelled) Which one OP the fotlowing shows isogamy ‘with Moneflaselfatéd gametes? (9) Sorgassum (3) Ectocarpus Owain (@) Spirogvra eng) GBitonogamy involves 18) ertlization of a flower by the pollen from another flower of the same plant fertilization of a flower by the polfen from the same flower fertilization of a Mower by the pollen from a flower of another plant in the same population fentlization of a flower by the pollen from 1 flower of another plant belonging to a distant population (2014) ‘An aggregate fruit is one which develops from (a) multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium (b) mulicarpellary apocarpus gynoceium (c) complete inflorescence (@) multicarpellary superior ovary. (2074) Pollen tablets are available in the market for (a) in vitro fertilization (b) breeding programmes (©) supplementing food (@) ex Situ conservation. ) © © ani) Function of filiform apparatus is 1 (a) recognize the suitable pollen at stigma (b) stimulate division of generative cell () produce nectar (@) guide the entry of pollen tube, Non-albuminous seed is produced in (a) maize (b) castor (©) wheat (@) pea, ania) nis)‘Sexe! Reprodaton in lowering Parts 31. 3 3. oe 38. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Meiosis takes place in (a) gemmule (6) _eioeyte (b) megaspore (@) conidia (NET 2013) Seed coat is not thin, membranous in (@) groundnut (b) gram (©) maize (@) coconut. (NEET 2013) Perisperm differs from endosperm in (a) being a diploid tissue (b) its formation by fusion of secondary roucleus with several sperms (©) being a haploid tissue (@) having no reserve food. Advantage of cleistozamy is (a) n0 dependence on pollinators (b) vivinary (c) higher genetic variabitity (@) more vigorous offspring. (NEET 2013) Megasporangium is equivalent to (@) oucellus (b) ovule (€) embryo sac (@) fruit (EET 2013) Which one of the following statements is correct? (a) Endothecium produces the microypores. (NEET 2013) oe 2. 8. (&) Tapetum nourishes the developing polfem | ** (@) Hard outer layer of pollen i call ine. (@) Sporogenous tissue is hap aI 3 Product of sexual reproductioampencrally generates (@) new genetic cOmbinattot leading to variation () large biom (6) longer viability af'seeds (8) prolong@s dormancy. (NEET 2013) Animal tars ake required for pollination in ©) 0 (b) mulberry (©) cucumber (@) maize (Karnatoka NEET 2013) Albuminous seeds store their reserve food mainly in (a) endosperm (©) hypocotyl (b) cotyledons (@) perisperm, (Karnataka NEET 2013) Megaspores are produced from the meyaspore mother cells after (a) mitotie division (b) formation of thick wall () differentiation (@) meiotic division. (Karnataka NEET 2013) 45. 46. 47. 48, 275 Which one of the following statements is correct? @) Cleistogamous flowers are always autogamous. (6) Xenogamy pollination, Chasmogamous flowers do not open at all. Gcitonozamy involves the pollen and stigma of lowers of different plants (Karnataka NEET 2013) Which of the following statements is comeet? (2) Sporopollenin can be degraded by enzymes. (©) Sporopolienin is made yp of inorganic materials. (© Sporopoitenin ean withstand high temperatures as well as strong acids and alkalis. yoropaltehin can withstand high yeraqres but not strong. acids. (Karnataka NEET 2013) Roi, autogamy and geitonogamy are “prevented in (@) papaya (6) cucumber Xe) castor (@) maiz, (2012) ‘An organic substance that can withstand environmental extremes and cannot be degraded by any enzyme is (@) cuticle (6) sporopollenin (© lignin (4) calitose 012) Which one of the following is correctly matched? (@) Onion-Bulb (&) Ginger-Sucker (©) Chlany:domonas-Conidia (4) Yeast-Zoospores 2012) Even in absence of pollinating agents seed setting is assured in (@ Commelina (0) Zostera (© Saivia (@) fg What isthe finetion of germ pore? (a) Emergonce of radicle (b) Absorption of water for seed germination (6) Initiation of pollen tube (@) Release of male gametes (Mains 2012) Which one of the following statements is wrong? (@) When pollen is shod at twovcelled stag double fertilization does not take place. (6) Vegetative cell is larger than generative cell oceurs only by wind © (a) @ 2012)276 49. 50. si. 82. 53. 54, 58. 56. 57. 58. (©) Pollen grains in some plants remain viable for months. (4) Intine is made up of cellulose and pectin. (Mains 2012) Plants with ovaries having only one or a few ovules, are generally pollinated by (a) bees (b) butterflies (©) birds (@) wind, (Mains 2012) Filiform apparatus is a characteristic feature of @) suspensor ——(B) eg () synergid (@) zygote. (2011) Nucellar polyembryony is reported in species of (@) Citrus (6) Gossypium (©) Triticum (@) Brassica. (2011) Which one of the following pollinations is autogamous? (@) Geitonogamy (©) Chasmogamy (b) Xenogamy (@) Cleistogamy 20m) ‘The “eyes” of the potato tuber are { (a) root buds (b) flower buds (©) shoot buds (@) axillary bu ‘ i Wind pollination is eommon in (@) Fegumes () ilies, (©) grasses (@) orchids. (2071) In angiosperms, functionil smegaspore develops into @) embryo sac (©) endosperm owille {@) pollen sac. (Mains 2011) What is common between vegetative reproduction aad apomixis? (@) Both ae applicable to only dicot plants () Bothcypass the Mowering phase (c) Both dccur round the year (d)_Bothproduce progeny identical to the parent (Mains 2011) “Apomictic embryos in Citrus arse from (a) synergids (©) maternal sporophytic tissue in ovule (©) antipodal cells (@) diploid ege. (2010) ‘Transfer of pollen grains fiom the anther to the stigma of another lower ofthe same plant is called (@) xenogamy (©) karyogemy (b) geitonogamy (@) autogamy. (2010) 59, 60. a © @ a. a Wind pollinated flowers are (a) small, brightly coloured, producing large ‘number of pollen grains small, producing large number of dry pollen grains Jange producing abundant nectar and pollen small, producing nectar and dry pollen. (2010) Examine the figures (A-D) given below and select the right option out of fa~ d, in which all the four structures A, B, C and D are identified correctly we o) © @ I » { it A 8 G Db Rhizame Sposingiophore Polarcll lobule Runner Archegoniophore Symergkl Antheridiam offset Antheridiophore Angpodals Oogonium Swcker Sata Megispore Gemma ‘mathe cell cup (Mains 2010) Vegetative propagation in Pistia occurs by (a) stolon (b) offset (©) runner (@) sucker, (Mains 2010) Vegetative propagation in mint occurs by (a) offset (b) rhizome (c) sucker (@) runner. (2009) Which one of the following pairs of plant structures has haploid number of chromosomes? (a) Nucellus and antipodal cells (b) Egg nucleus and secondary nucleus (c) Megaspore mother cell and antipodal cells (@) Egg cell and antipodal cells (2008) What does the filiform apparatus do at the entrance into ovule? (a) Icbrings about opening of the pollen tube. (b) It guides pollen tube from a synergid to exe, (©) Ihelps in the entry of pollen tube into a synergid, (4) It prevents entry of more than one pollen tube into the embryo sac. 2008)‘Sexe! Reprodaton in lowering Parts 68. 66. or. 68. 8. n. n Unisexuality of lowers prevents (a) geitonogamy, but not xenoamy (b) autogamy and geitonogamy (6) autogamy, but not geitonogamy (@) both geitonogamy and xenogamy. (2008) Which one of the following is resistant to enzyme action? (a) Pollen exine (©) Cork () Leaf cuticle (@) Wood fibre ‘Mains 2008) Mate gametes in angiosperms are farmed by the division of (a) generative cell (b) vegetative eel (©) microspore mether cell (@) microspore (2007) “Two plants ean be conclusively said to belong to the same species if they (a) have more than 90 percent similar genes (b) look similar and. possess. identical secondary metabolites (c) have same number of chromosomes (d) can reproduce freely with each other and form seeds 2007) Which one of the following is surrounded by | 2 callse wall? \ {@) Male gamete (b) Fxg (©) Pollen grain (@) Microspore mother cell 2007) Parthenocarpic tomat@ fruity can be produced by (@) treating the planta with phenylmereuric acetate (6) removing andeoecitim of flowers before pollen, grains are released (6) treating the plans with low concentrations acid and auxins @ fe plants from vernalized seeds. (2006) Ina cereal grain the single cotyledon of embryo is represented by (@) coleoptile (b) coleorhiza (©) scutellum (@) prophyll. (2006) “The arrangement of the nuclei ina normal embryo sac in the dicot plants is (a) 34342 (b) 24442 (© 3+2+3 (@) 24343, (2006) |. In a type of apomixis known as adventive cembryony, embryos develop directly from the (@) sucellus or integuments (b) zygote 4. 78. 19. 80, 27 (©) synergids or antipodals in an embryo sac (a) accessory embryo sacs in the ovule (2005) Which one of the following represents an ovule, where the embryo sac becomes horse- shoe shaped and the funiculus and micropyic are close to each other? (a) Amphitropous (b) Circinotropous (©) Atropous (a) Anatropous (2005) . Through which cell of the enitryo sac, does the pollen tube enter tie embryo sac? (a) Egg cell (b) Persistant symexsial (©) Degenerated synergids (@) Central dell 2005) When diploid female plant is crossed with a tetraploid male, the ploidy of endosperm cells inthertestilfing seed is ‘etraploidy Wiploidy (b) pentaploidy (@) triploidy. (2004) ‘An ovule which becomes curved so that the ‘nucellus and embryo sac fie at right angles 10 the funicle is (a) hemitropous (©) anatropous (8) campylotzopous (@) orthotropous. 2008) Anihesis is a phenomenon which refers 10 (@) reception of pollen by stigma (6) formation of pollen (6) development of anther (@) opening of flower bud. 2004) Ina flowering plant, archesporium gives rise 10 (@) only the wall of the sporangium (b) both wall and the sporogenous cells (©) wall and the tapetum (@) only tapetum and sporogenous cells 2003) ln angiosperms pollen tube liberate their male srametes into the (@) central cell (©) egg cell (©) antipodal cells (@) synergids (2002) In angiosperm ll the four microspores of tetrad are covered by a layer which is formed by (@) pectocellulose (b) callose (6) cellulose (4) sporopoltenin. (2002)278 82. 86. 87. 89. 90. on. What is the direction of mieropyle in anatropous ovule? @) Upward (6) Dovenward © Right (@) Let. (2002) ‘Adventive embryony in Citrus is due to (@) nucellus () integuments (6) zygotic embryo (d) ferlized egy. (2001) In grasses what happens in microspore mather cell for the formation of mature pollen grains? (@) One meiotic and two mitotic divisions (©) One meiotic and one mitotic divisions (6) One meioti division (@) One mitotic division (2001) 3. Anemophily type of pollination is found in (@) Salvia (b) bottle brush (©) Vallisneria —(d) coconut. (2001) Endosperm is formed during the double fertilization by (a) two polar nuclei and one male gamete (b) one polar nuclei and one male gamete (©) ovum and male gamete (@) two polar nuclei and two male gametes. gona | Eight nucleated embryo sac is {@) only monosporie(b) only bigpoxie: (©) only tetrasporic (@) any of these. 2000) “The endosperm of gymnosert i @) diploid Wb) polyploi (©) tiploia @ haproia. (1999) An interesting modification of flower shape for insect pollination ogeurs in some orchids in which a mle inseet mistakes the pattem on the orchid Hower for the female species and tries to copulate With it, thereby pollinating the flower: This phenomenon is called (@) psexifapollination (©) psetidoparthenocarpy (6) mimicry (@) pscudocopulation ‘The embryo in sunflower has (a) two cotyledons (b) many cotyledons (©) no cotyledon (@) one cotyledon. (1998) ‘The role of double fertilization in angiosperms is to produce (a) cotyledons (©) endosperm (2998) (b) endocarp (a) integuments, (1998) 92. Lan angiospermic male plant is diploid and female plant tetraploid, the ploidy level of endosperm will be (a) tetraploid (b) pentaptoid (6) haptoid (a) triploid. (1997) 93. The role of double fetlization in angiosperms is to produce (a) cotyledons —_(b) endocarp (©) endosperm {d) hormones. (4996) 94, IPthere are 4 cells in anthers, what willbe the number of pollen grains? (@) 16 om 8 wa (1996) 98. The anthesis is a plfenomenon, which refers to (a) development of anthers (©) openinvrstsfiower bud co) Feoeptons (@) all of these. 1995) 96. imap angiosperm, how many microspore svothercells are requited to produce 100 pollen mraits? @ 5 () 100 os @ 50 (1995) | 97. The polyembryony commonly occurs in (a) tomato {b) potato (©) Cierus (a) turmeric, (1995) 98. When pollen of a flower is transfered to the stigma of another flower of the same plant, the pollination is referred to as (a) autogamy {b) geitonogamy (6) xenogamy (4) allogamy. (1994) 99, Embryo sac represents (@)_ megaspore (c) megasporophyll (b) megagametophyte (d) megagamete, (194) 100. Number of meiotic divisions required to produce 200/400 seeds of pea would be (a) 200400 (b) 400°800 (©) 300%600 (a) 250/500. 101. Double fertilization is characteristic of (@) angiosperms (b) anatropous (©) gymnosperms (4) bryophytes. (1993) 102. Ovule is straight with funiculus, embryo sac, chalaza and micropyle lying on one straight Tine. tis (a) orthotrepous (©) campylotropous (1993) (b) anairopous (W) amphiteopous. (993)‘Sexe! Reprodaton in lowering Parts 103. Study of formation, growth and development of new individual fom an ege is (a) apomixis (b) embryology (©) embryogeny —_(d) cytology. cay93) Meiosis is best observed in dividing (@) cells of apical meristem (b) cells of lateral meristem (6) microspores and anther wall (a) microsporocytes. (1992) 108. Double fertilization is fusion of (a) two exgs 270 (©) mutual attraction due to differences in electrical charges (@) attraction of their protoplasts, (1990) Female gametophyte of angiosperms is represented by (@) ovule (b) megaspore mother cell (©) embryo sac (@) nucellus. (1990) 114, Male gainetophyte of angiggpetms/monocots (b) two eggs and polar nuctei with pollen nuclei (a) microsporangiumy (c)_ one male gamete with egg and other with a nucellus synergid (6) microspore (a) one male gamete with egg and other with | (8) stamemn (1990) seccmary aucleus. 9)) | a5, Which ses prodyee androgenic haploids in 106. Syngamy means anther cultures? (@) fision of gametes ume wal ©) fusion of eytoplasmns (8) TapHial layer of anther wall (© fusion of two similar spores Cosas (a) fision of two dissimilar spores. (1991) | Young pollen grains (1990) 107. Point out the odd one. | __ Be Yomneponica'ae (a) Nucellus (6) Embryo saz—_| M6: Which is correct? (© Micropyle ——@@) Pollen grain | (@)_Gametes are invariably haploid 91) (o) Spores are invariably haploid 106. Which ofthe Following pair mveplod © Gates ve gene aod (a) Nucellus and antinoddi cst haploid (1989) (b) Antipodal cells and eg bl (©) Antipodal cells af mggaspore mother ce (@) Nucellus and prinitty ehdosperm nucleus (1991) 109. Embryo sacsoreurstio (a) embryo, (©) owe (b) axis partofemboyo (@) endosperm, (1991) 110, Pollination occurs in (a) bryophytes and angiosperms (6) pteridophytes and angiosperms () angiosperms and gymnosperms (2) angiosperms and fungi (1991) TIL. Entry of pollen tube through micropyle is (@) chalazogamy —_(b) mesogamy (6) porogamy (@) pseudogamy. (1990) 112. Sperm and egg muclei fuse de to (a) base pairing of their DNA and RNA (b) formation of hydrogen bonds 17, us, 119, Generative cell was destroyed by laser but a normal pollen tube was still formed because (a) vegetative cell is not damaged (b) contents of killed generative cell stimulate pollen growth, (©) laser beam stimulates growth of pollen tube (@) the region of emergence of pollen tube is rot harmed, 2989) Nueellar embryo is (a) amphimictic haploid (b) amphimietie diploid (©) apomictic haploid (@) apomictic diploid. (1989) Development of an organism from female gametelege without involving fertilization is (@)_adventitive embryony (b) polyembryeny (©) parthenocarpy (@) parthenogenesis. (1989)280 120. Perisperm is (a) remnant of endosperm (b) persistent nucellus (©) peripheral part of endosperm (@) disintegrated secondary nucleus. (1989, 1988) 121. Double fertilization and triple fusion were discovered by (a) Hotineister (b) Nawaschin and Guignard (©) Leeuwenhoek (@) Strasburger (1988) 122. Total number of meiotic divisions required for forming 100 zygotes/100 grains of wheat is fa) 100 (b) 75 (©) 125 (@) 50. (1988) @s © 13. (b) 23. @ 33. ©) 4. (@ 53. (©) 63. ©) 73. (b) 83. 92. (b) 93. 1) Me ¢) a. © 31. @ 32 4. @) SL. @) 61. (6) a. (©) 81. @) 1. © 101. (a) AL. ©) 121, (b) ib) 4 ib) 14. fo) 24. a) 34. fa) 44. @ 54. @ 64. (a) 74. (a) 84. @ 5 (b) 18. @) 28. (a) 35. ) 45. © 58. @) 65. @ 78. ) 88. @) ©) 94. (@) 95. (b) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104, (d) 105. (a) 112. (4) 113. (©) 114. @ 115. (@) 122. (@) 123. (b) 124. (4d) 125. (a) © @ @ @ @ @ © © 123. Male gametophyte of angiosperms is shed at (a) four celled pollen grain (b) three celled pollen grain (€) microspore mother cell (@) anther. (1988) 124, Parthenogenesis is (a). development of embryo without fertilization (b) development of fruit without fertilization (c) development of fruit without hormones (@) development of embryo from exe without fertilization, (1988) 125, Formation of gamet ifectly from sporophyte without (a) apospory apogamy () parthenogenesis \(d) amphimixis (1988) ‘Anawer Key, 6 () 7. 16, (a) 17. 26. (@) 27. 36. (b) 37. 46. (a) 47. 56. (d) 57. 66. (a) 67. 16. (a) 77. 86. (a) 87. 96. (0) 97. () 98. 106. (a) 107. @) 108. 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. (b) 8. (a) 18. (b) 28. (a) 38. fe) 48. (b) 58. (a) 68. (a) 78. (a) 88. (b) 10. ©) 20, (@) 30. @ 40. @ 50, &) 60. (@) 70. (b) 80, @ 90, (b) 100, ©) 10, @ 120, @ 9% tb) 19. (©) 29. (©) 39. (a) 49. (o) $9. (a) 69. @ 19. (@) 89. () 99. (o) 109. @ 19. © @) @) (a) © © &) @ @ @ © )‘Sexe! Reproduction in loweng Parts 281 tn (0010 1) EXPLANATIONS iii 1. (@) + In angiosperms, the functional megaspore is the frst cell of female gametophyte. It enlarges and undergoes few mitotic divisions to form embryo sae. 2. (a) + Entomophily is the most common type of 2oophily where pollination takes place through the agency of insects. Entomophilous flowers are brightly coloured and secrete nectar to attract visiting insects Anemophily (wind pollination) and hydrophily (water pollination) do not require attractants or rewards due to the involvement of abiotic pollinating agents. Cleistogamy is self pollination in closed flowers 3.) : Single ovule in the ovary and flowers packed into inflorescence ae characteristics of wind pollinated flowers 4. (@) : Dioecious plants are those plants in which male flowers and female flowers are bome on different plants. Therefore, they prevent both | ‘autogamy and geitonogamy. | 5. (6) : Double fertilisation is the characteeii€ | feature of angiosperms. Here, two male fare released in the embryo sac or female | ‘gametophyte, One male gamete fuses withthe eps ‘el to form zygote that gives rise to reas the other male gamete fuses with the.seeondary nucleus to form primary endosperm naefeus (PEN) that gives rise to endosperm 6 © 1.) + In aquatic plas witiPemergent flowers eg. water lily, watechyacinitypollination takes place by wind or inseots: 8. (a) : Thé lovute- of an angiosperm is cequivalentd integmrented megasporangium. 9, (b) SGdeaitUt has multicellular endosperm (called cocomut meal) in the outer part and free nuclear as well as vacuolate endosperm (ealled ‘eoconut milk oF coconut water) in the centre 10. (6) + Tapetum is the innermost wall layer of ‘mierosporangium that nourishes developing pollen ‘rains, 11, (b) :Apomixis is a reproductive process wiich does not involve gametic fusion, In apomictic flowering plants there is no fertilisation and ‘embryos develop simply by division of a cell of vile 12. (@) + Pollen-pistil interaction is the group of ‘evens that occur fram the time of pollen deposition over the stigma tothe time of pollen tube entry into ovule, It is a safety measure to ensure that illegitimate crossing does not occur. Pollen grains of number of plants may setle over a stigma. The pollens belonging to same species would germinate While other fal to do so but the pollen tube of the compatible pollen will grow through the style to reach the ovule whereas growth of incompatible pollens will be arrested at stigmatic dise or sometimes in the beginning part of sile 13. 14. projections of the wall inta the cytoplasm. It is present in synerzids (help eells) ofthe embryo sac, in the micropylat tegion. Ut guards the pollen tube inside the ovale Towards the embryo sac. 15, (a) : Mt angiosperms, microsporogenesis 1e., formatiati OF niierospores (or pollen grains) oecars by the meiotic divisions of diploid microspore mother cells (or pollen mother cells) IMiexosporogenesis takes place in the anther. Meggsporogenesis éc. formation of megaspores curs by the meiotic divisions of diploid ‘megaspore mother cells. Megasporogenesis takes place in the ovule 16. (@) = Ineucumber, unisexual flowers. separate male and female flowers are present on the same plant (monoecious plant). 17. (@): Refer to answer 9 18. (b) : Parthenocarpic fits are the fruits which are formed without fertilisation, These fruits are naturally seedless, e-g., banana, 19. (¢) : The proioplast of the male gametophyte divides mitotically to produce two unequal cells — a small generative cell and a large vegetative cell ‘The generative eell divides later into two non-motile male gametes (or sperms). Thus, the male sgametophyte in angiosperms produces two sperms and a vegetative cell. The vegetative cell, later on, s70s to produce pollen tube 0. @) 21. (©) + Geitonogamy involves transfer of the pollen from one flower of & plant to the stigma of another flower of the same plant, As the pollen has to move from one flower to another flower, it requires a pollinating agent. Yet it is genetically similar to autogamy, as both the flowers of the plant, share the same genotype of the plant 22. (b) + Honey is made from nectar through a process of regurgitation and evaporation282 Honoybees transform saecharides (carbohydrates) imo honey by regurgitating it a number of times, until it is partially digested. The bees do the regurgitation and digestion as a group. After the lust regurgitation, the aqueous solution is still hi in water, the process continues by evaporation of much of the water and enzymatic transformation. Honey is produced by bees as a food souree, 23.(Q) : Ovule ig an integumented ‘megasporangium found in spermatophytes which develops into seed afer fertilization, An angiospermic ovule is typically an ovoid and ‘whitish structure. It occurs inside ovary where itis attached to a parenchymatous cushion called placenta either singly or in a cluster. The ovule is stalked. The stalk is called funiculus oe funicle. The point of attachment of the body of the ovule with the funiculus is known as hilum, It is present as a scar on a mature seed. 24. (@) + Siyle is traversed by the pollen tube to reach the ovule.It is of two types - hollow and solid. In hollow styles, the stylar canal is lined by polyploid whereas solid style has a core of | transmitting tissue, composed of thin walled ells. | through which, the pollen tube moves. 28, (@) + Sexual reproduction in algae takes, Face! through fusion of two gametes. In Spire the gametes are similar in size (isogam) and non- flagellated (non-motile). 26, (a): Geitonozamy is the polation faking place between the two flower of the Fame plant or ‘genetically similar plant, Hence.-genctically i is self pollination but since the-azency is involved, itis ecologically, cross pollination 27, (0) 3An fiuit oretaerio isa group of simple fruitlers that develop from free ovaries (apocarpus in) of a single flower (single ‘zynoocium): 28. (c) : Pollen grains are believed to be rich in nutrients (protein 7-26 % carbohydrates 24-48%, fats 0.9-14.5%). They are taken as tablets or syrups to improve health. They also enhance performance of athletes and race horses. 29. (d) : In the ovule, the pollen tube is attracted by secretions of synergids. Usually the pollen tube centers the embryo sac by passing into one of the two synergids and is guided by the filiform apparatus of the syncrgids in their movement. Pollen tube then breaks open and releases its contents in the embryo sac. Antipodals and synergids later degenerate 30. (@) : In majority of dieot seeds, including pea, the endosperm is consumed during seed development and the food is stored in cotyledons and other regions. They are called non- cendospermie or exalbuminous seeds. 31, (6) :Gemmule and conidia are asexual propagules thus no meiosis takes place in them, Megaspores are haploid which are formed asa result ‘of meiosis of diploid megaspore mother cell Meiocyte is any cell that undergoes meiosis. 32. @) 33. (a) :Both perisperm and lgmmdosperm are nutritive layers. Perisperny is:tesiual persistent nucellus of seed prior %@ Yertlization while endosperm develops wihen ane of the sperm cells fuses with two haploid potaetucte. Thus perisperm is diploid while endosperm is a triploid tissue 34. (a) : GleiBtogamyriv‘the process of pollination land ferilizavion before the flower bas opened. In such flowers, the anther and stigma lie elose to each thet, When anthers dehisce in the flower baids, pollen grains come in contact with the stigma Hug pollination. Thus, cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous as there is no ehance of «zoss-pollen landing on the stigma. Cleistogamous Mowers produce assured seed-set even in the absence of pollinators. 38. (a): In angiosperms, body of the ovule consists of a mass of parenchymatous ells called nucellus, which is equivalent to megasporangium. ‘A megasporangium alongwith its protective integuments is called as an ovule. 36. (b) : A. microsporangium is generally surrounded by four wall layers ~ the epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and the tapetum. The ‘outer three wall layers perfom the function of protection and help in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen. The innermost wall layer is the tapetur. It nourishes the developing pollen grains Cells of the tapetum are food rich and possess dense eytoplasm and generally have more than one nucleus. They disintegrate to liberate the contents which is absorbed by the developing spores. ‘exual reproduction always involves ‘aygotie in ease of haploid individuals and {gametic in case of diploid individuals). Meiosis results in erossing over between chromosomes during prophase I generating new recombinations. Besides, sexual reproduction generally invalves combination of genes from two different organist, ‘Thus, sexual reproduction generates new genetic combinations leading to variations,‘Sexe! Reproduction in loweng Parts 38. (6) + In Vallisneria, water pollination occurs ‘while mulberry and maize undergo wind pollination, Jn cucumber, animal pollination is observed. 39. (a) + In some seeds, the endosperm persists in the seed as food storage tissue. Such soeds are called endospermic or albuminous, eg. castor, maize, wheat, barley, rubber, eocontt 40. (@) + Refer 10 answer 15. 41. (2) :In eleistogamy, as the flowers never open ‘0 there is no alternative of self pollination, tis invariably autogamous, In xenogamy, polin takes between two flowers of different plants (genetically and ecologically). It ean ocur by wind, Wate, insects and animals ‘Chasmogamy occurs when the flowers expose their mature anther and stigma to the pollinating agents Geitonogamy isthe pollination taking place beween the two flowers of the same plant or genetically simitar plant. Genetically, itis selfpoltination but as the agency is involved it is ecologically cross pollination 442, (6) : Pollen grain i a haploid, unicellular body 11 is euticlarised and the eutin is of special type { called sporopollenin, which i resistant to chemical | and biologieal decomposition. It can withstand | high temperatres as wel as strong acids and AKATS. This is why, pollen wall is preserved for long petiod® | in fosil deposits, In addition pollen wall possesses proteins for enzymatic and compatability cexetons 43. (a) : Autogamy and geitonogamy are two fans of lf polation. Inala. pale fills ‘on stigma ofthe same flower. While isrgeitonogamy. pollens from a flower fll en the stigma of some other lower on the samme plant, Papaya is a Gigecious plans. thus G&lh, autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented in it. 44. (0) : Sporopoll@hi8 is a major component of the tough outer (2x2) walls of spores and pollen ‘grains. 1 is thomically very stable and is usually Well presemwed in soils and sediments. It can withstand environmental extremes and cannot be degraded by enzymes and strong chemical reagents 45. (@) : Yeast and other ascomycetes characteristically produce ascospores. Chlamydomonas is an alga and conidia are not found in algae. Ginger propagates by shizome not by sucker. Onion propagates by bulb which is an underground, modified stem. 46. (a) : Some plants such as Fiola (common pansy), Oxalis, and Commelina produce two types ‘of lowers-chasinogamous flowers whieh ae similar 283 to flowers of other species with exposed anthers and stigma, and eleistogamous flowers which do not open at all, In such flowers, the anthers and stigma lie else to each other. When anthers deisee in the flower buds, pollen grains come in contact with the stigma to effect pollination, Thus, cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous as there is no chance of eross-pollen landing on the stigma, Cleistogamous flowers produce assured seed-set even in the absence of pollinators. 47. (¢)_¢ In a pollen grain, exine is thin or absent at certain places. These areas al have thickened intine of deposition a eallose. rey aap called germ pores (if rounded) or geiuithal furrows (if elongated). After pollination; ike pollen grain on the stigma absorbs water and nutrients from the stigmatic secretion through its germ pores. The tube oF vegetative coll enlarges and comes out of pollen grains tra germ poe to fm a pollen wl 48. (@), £ IBM of flowering plants, the pollen grains are sled at two-celled stage (tube eell + generative cell), Further, development of male ‘gufiétaphyte (pollen grain) occurs on stigma. Pollen ives rise to pollen tube which absorbs ‘oourishment from the cells of style fr its growth, Generative cell divides to give tise to two male gametes. Out of these, one fuses with the egg t0 form diploid 2ygote (generative fertilization or syngamy) whereas the Second male gamete fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei or diploid secondary nucleus ofthe central cll form primary cadosperm nucleus (vegetative fertilization or tiple fusion), These two acts of fertilization occur in the same embryo sac and are referred to as double fertilization. 49. (@ : Anemophily is an abiotic means of pollination by wind and, being non-directional, a wasteful process as the pollen would reach the a through wind is a hit-or-miss aflair. During the transit of pollen through wind, a considerable amount of pollen is lost because it never reaches {8 proper stigma, To stand this loss, anemophilous. plants have to produce enormous quantities of pollen. Anemophily is also associated with reduction in the number of ovules per ovary. Some models prediet that plants benefit from numerous expensive flowers distributed throughout the inflorescence, cach with a single ovule or a few ovules, In grasses there is just one ovule per ovary. This is to increase the probability of successful pollination of each ovule, 50. (€) + Refer to answer 14.284 S1. (a) + In nucellar polyembryony, some of the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, Then it protrudes into the embryo sac and develop into the embryos. In such species, each ovule contains many embryos, Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is referred as polyembryony. Nucellar polyembryony is found in many of the Citrus and mango varieties ‘52. (@_ ; Autogamy is akind ofpollination in which the pollen from the anthers of a flower are transferred 10 stigma of the same flower. Cleistogamy, homogamy, bud pollination are three methods of the autogamy. Cleistogamy occurs in those plants, which never open and ensure complete seif-pollination. E.g., Commelina hengalensis, Osalis, Viola et, '53. (@) : Potato is the common example of stem- tuber, It stores stareh as reserve food material, The potato-tubers are used for vegetative propagation. ‘These possess axillary buds over their nodes or eyes. The buds produce new plantlets when a stem-tuber or a part of it having an eye is placed in the soil 4. (6) : Anemophily is pollination of a flower in ‘which the pollen is carried by the wind, Exanyples ‘of anemophilous flowers are those of grasséy-and conifers. 88. (a) + Refer to answer I. 56. @) + Apomi reproductive roeess in plants that superficially resembles north sexual reproduction but in which there is no fusion of gametes. The embryos develop simply by division of a diploid cell the ovite. So, the progenies produced are identical 19 the patent. In vegetative reproduction also praenies*produced are identical to the parent 57.) + is iPabnormal kind of sexual reproduction. auhiehrexe or other ces associated with ernest, antipodals, etc.) develop into embryo without fertilization and meiosis Development of embryos diretly from sporophytic tissues like nucellus and integuments is called adventive embryony which is also a type of apoximis. Eg, Citrus, mango. 58. (b) ¢ Geitonogamy is the transfer of pollen sains from the anther to stizma of another flower ‘on the same plant or genetically similar plant, e, '89, (b) + Pollination by wind is called anemophily and such plants in which pollination occurs by wind are called anemophilous _ plants. Anemophilous plants are characteristized by small flowers, pollens present in large number which are small, dry and light in weight (carried upto 1300 Km by wind), number of ovules generally reduced in ovary (biological significance), feathery or brushy stigma (to reveive the pollen). Grasses and palms are generally anemophilous. 660, (@) +A — offset of water hyacinth (Bichhornia) B ~ Antheridiophore of Marehantia ‘C— Antipodals of the mature embryo sac D — Oogonium of Chara 61, (&) + In Pistia (water lettuce) vegetative propagation occurs by offset were one internode long runners grows horizosi ing the soil curse end per foe are bbe ste Com axillary or terminal buds! (62, (@) + Vegetative propagation in mint occurs through sucker 8. @) 64, (b) : Witffimilie embryo sac three cells are srouped Ingeer at the micropylar end and constitute the’ egy apparatus. The egg apparatus, in tum, eonsists of two synergids and one exe cell, ‘hie symergids have special cellular thickenings at ‘the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus, which flips an important rol in guiding the pointes pinto the synergid. Three cells are at the chalazal ‘end and are called the antipodals. The large central cell, has two polar nucle. 68. (@) + Unisexuaity or dicliny is a condition in which two types of uniscxual flowers are present fe. staminate (male flower) and pistillate (female flower). The plant may be monoecious or dioecious, “This is a device for eross pollination (or xenogamy), Both xenogamy and geitonogamy (ce. transfer of pollen from anther of one flower to stigma of another flower of either the same or genetically similar plant) are included under allogamy/eross pollination, ‘Autogamy of self pollination (ie. transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower) occurs in bisexual flower. 66. (a) + Refer to answer 4. (67. (a) = In the pollen sac (mierosporangium) of the anther, haploid microspores are formed by mitosis. Mitosis then follows to produce a two called pollen grain with a small generative cell and 2 large vegetative cell. This generative cell will undergo farther mitosis to form two male gametes {uclei). The pollen tube grows through a spore the pollen grain, with the tube (vegetative) nucleus al its tips and the male nuclei behind 668. (@) + I two plants can reproduee freely with each other and form seeds, they are concluded to‘Sexe! Reproduction in loweng Parts belong to same species. Plants belonging to same species have mosily every character common and ‘will be able to reproduce freely with each other to produce new generations, 69. (@) : Anther consists of microsporangia or pollen sacs. The archesporium gives rise to parietal cells and primary sporogenous tissue. Sporogenous cells divide to form pollen grain or microspore mother cells. They are diploid and connected by plasmodesmata, The microspore, mother cells consists of a callose wall inner to the cell wall. The mother cell then undergoes meiosis ‘and forms tetrads of microspores. Finally the wall ff the mother cell degenerates and pollen grains ‘are separated. 70. (@) : Development of fuits without fertilization is called parthenocampy and such fruits are called parthenacarpic fruits. Parthenocarpic fruits are seedless. A flower is emasculated and auxins are applied to the stigma of the flower, it forms a parthenocarpic fruit, For parthenocarpy induction by auxins, these should be applied after anthesis Grst opening of flower) and by gibberellins, these should be applied earlier {e., at anthesis 71. (@) : The cotyledons are known as seed leaves} | they are attached to the embryonic Dicotyledons typically have two cotyledons ani monocotyledons have only one cotyledon. The single shield shaped cotyledon in grains is own, ‘as Scutellum. The scutellum does not cofitain fool and its function is to absorb food. from the.efidosperm and transfer it to the growing parts of the embryo, The plumule consists of growing tipo the shoot along ‘with few young leat It is covered by a “The radicle which lies at "is also covered with a sheath The hypocotyl is very short and is represeated Sy-a short axis in between radicle ‘and plumule, an ane Sins eae L.S.ofcom grain 20), 73. (a) + Normal type of sexual reproduction having two regular features, f.e., meiosis and 285 fertilization is called amphimixis. But in some plants, this normal sexual reproduction (amphimixis) is replaced by some abnormal type of sexual reprodiuction called apomins. Apomixis may be defined as, ‘abnormal kind of sexual reproduction in which egg or other cells associated with egg (synergids, antipodals, etc.) develop into embryo without ferilization and with oF without meiosis" Adventive embryony isa type of apomixis in which development of embryos directly takes place from sporophytie tissues like nucellys ‘nd integuments, e., Clirus, mango, ee 74. (a) + Depending upon relation to chalaza, oi angiosperms. In amphitropous type the curvature is observed bath in body oP ovule and embryo sac: The enbogrpap asses torte shorahope, Micropyle fsiicested downwards. It is commonly found inolamilies Papaveracerae, Alismaceae and Butomaeeae.. PBF micropyle in fre of 6 types in ») mele Eni ge uae ‘mpieopoes Circinotropous ovule is characteristic of family Cactaceae. Here the ovule is straight first but due to more growth on one sige gets inverted and later becomes siraight again, Orthotropous ovule is the most primitive and of simplest type. I is also known as atropous or straight ovule, Anatropous ovule is the most common type of vue found in angiosperms. Here the body of the ovule gets inverted and micropyle is on lower side, 75. (¢) + The pollen tube enters into the embryo sac at the micropylar end. This entry may be between egg and one synergid or between wall of embryo sae and synergid or through one synergid So one synergid is always degenerated to allow the entry of the pollen tube 6. (a): Endosperm is formed due to fusion of the haploid male gamete with the polar nucleus of the embryo sac. But in this ease the male plant is tetraploid so that its gametes would be diploid When these diploid gametes fuse with two polar nuclei of the embryo sac the resultant endosperm would be tetraploid286 77. (@) + In hemianatropous or hemitropous ovule, the nucellus and intezuments are at right angles to stalk or funiculus so that the ovule becomes curved. Ir is commonly found is Primulaceae and Ranunculus. In campylotropous ovule the body of the ovule gets curved and micropyle is directed downwards. Atropous ovule is erect and micropyle, chalaza and finiculus are in the same straight line. ‘Anatropous ovule is the most common type of fovule in angiosperms, In this the body of the ovule xgets inverted and the micropyle is on lower side. 78. (@) + Anthesis is the process of opening floral buds. Reception of pollen by stigma is called pollination. Formation of pollen is called ‘microsporogenesis, 79. (b) : In flowering plants, archesporial cells are vertical rows of hypodermal cells at four angles of anther. These undergo periclinal (transverse) division to form an outer primary parietal cell and inner sporogenons cell, Primary parietal wall after few more periclinal divisions forms anther wall and sporogenous cells give rise to sporogenous tissue. 80. (@) : On reaching of pollen tube inside the embryo sac, the 2 male gametes are discharged through a sub-terminal pore in pollen tube, Th contents of pollen tube are discharged dit the Synergid andthe pollen tube dos ot grow bon of it in the embryo sac. Further the cytoplasm pollen tube is restricted to chalazaljead oF this, synergid cel. 81. (a) : Each microspore or Thing atwo layered wall. Outer layer is thick Woueheeuticularised called exine, which is chiefly composed of a material called “sporopolienin’. Innet layer is thin, delicate and smooth called imtiney which is made of pectocellulose. Exine is not uirsibiis thin at one or more places inthe form . Whereas intine made of pectocelilose covers the entire surface of pollen ‘gains. 82, (b) : Anlitropus ovule is the most common type of ovale found! in angiosperms. Here the body of the ovule gets inverted and mieropyle is on lower side. It comes very close to the hilum and the chalaza is upwardly directed ts \ } a Micopie 183. (a) : Presence of more than one embryo inside the seed is called polyembryony. It is more common in gymnosperms than angiosperms. In angiosperms, itis generally present as an unusual feature in few cases like Citrus, mango etc. In Citrus many embryos are formed from the structures outside the embryo (like nucellus). This is commonly called adventive polyembryony. In Ciirus upto 10 mucellar embryos are foemed 84. () : Grass is @ monocot plant. Primary sporogenous cell gives rise to migrospore mother cells or pollen mother cellsaBach MMC on reduction division gives rise toot ierospores or pollens and tis formation aiceospores or pollens is called microsporogenesis: Raryokinesis is of successive type, The successive type of cytokinesis is common Tremonocots. Here both meiotic | and I muclear divisions are followed by wall formation aid it loads to isobilateral tetrad 85, (O) -Andnophily is the pollination by wind, Anemophilous Plants are characterized by small flow \s present in large mumber which ace 2s ay a light in weight, number of ovules ly reduced in ovary, feathery or brushy stjgina to recieve the pollen. All these festures are stiown by coconut flower, In Vallisneria pollination occurs outside water called epihydrophily: Catlistemon (Boxtle brush) is pollinated by birds and is an example of ‘omithophily. Safvea is insect pollinated and is an ‘example of entomophily 86. (a) + Double fertilization is the simultaneous ‘occurrence of syngamy and tiple fusion. Syngamy involves fusion of one male gamete with exg cel to form zygote. The result of syngamy is zygote (Qn) which wlimately develops into embryo. ‘The second male gamete fuses with 2 polar nuclei or secondary nucleus to form triploid primary endosperm nucleus and this is called triple fusion. This primary endosperm nucleus Gn) ultimately develops into a nutritive tissue for developing ‘embryo called endospert, : Gn sowie hacia ae a © 0+ Gey et etre EC epee eeondary Se ie Set 87. (@) + On the basis of number of megaspore nuelei taking part in development of female ‘gametophyte or embryo sac, there are 3 types of embryo sacs‘Sexe! Reproduction in loweng Parts (@ Monosporie type ~ In this type the single nucleus of functional megaspore undergoes 3 mitotic divisions to form 8 nuclci, 7 cells (i) Bisporie type — Here embryo se develops from 2 megaspore nuclei out of 4 nuclei formed after reduction division of MMC. It is also 8 nucleated (i Tetrasporie type ~ Here all the 4 megaspore nuclei formed after reduction division of megaspore mother cell are functional and take part in development of embryo sac, Its further of different types. Fritillaria type, Plumbago type and Adoxa type are & nucleated 88, (4) : The endosperm of gymnosperms is haploid. It is a pre-fertilisation tissue and is equivalent to female gametophyte, hence it haploid in nature but in angiosperms it is post- fertilization tissue and is generally triploid in nature, 89, (d) : In an orchid Ophrys speculum, there is most interesting and unique mechanism of pollination. Here pollination occurs by a wasp called Culpa aurea, In this orchid, pollination ‘occurs by act of pseudocopulation. The appearance and odour of Ophrss is similar to female ‘wasp and are mistake by male wasps and they land ‘on Ophrys flowers to perform act of pseudo copulation and thus pollination takes place. This plant-insect relationship is useful only to plant. | 90, (a) : Sunflower (Helianthus) belongs t31Family Asteraceae of dicotyledons. A dicot emihryo has ‘an embryonal axis and 2 cotyledons atached to it Tatcrally. So the number of cotyledon it Sunflower will be two, 91, (@) + Refer to answer 86. 92. (b) : IF the female pfne js tetraploid, then the central cell of embp¥ si Which is a fused polar nuclei, will als® be setraploid. Fusion of the tetraploid contra c8ll 6 the haploid male gamete forms a peataplo enitosperm in the given example, 98. (©) 94, (a): Pallén grains or microspores are formed inside anther, which isthe fertile portion of stamen ‘or microsporophyil, Inside the anther, primary sporogenous cell gives rise to microspore mother cells oF pollen mother cells (MMC or PMC). MMC on reduction division gives rise to 4 microspores or pollens. So, these four cells will give rise to 4 » 4 = 16 pollen grains. 95. (b) : Refer to answer 78. 96. (8): Pollen grains or microspores are formed inside anther, whichis the fertile portion of stamen ‘oc microsporophyll, The formation of microspores ‘or pollens is called microsporogenesis. The primary 287 sporogenous cell gives rise to microspore mother cells or pollen mother eels. Each microspore mother cell on rection division gives rise to-4 microspores orpollens. So forthe formation of 100 pollen grains, 25 MMC are required. It involves karyokinesis followed by cytokinesis. 97. (@)+ Refer to answer 83. 98. (b) + Refer to answer 58 99. 0) 100.) : Number of meiotic divisions required to produce 200/400 seeds of pea would be 250/500. 200 seeds of pea would be produced from 200 pollen grains and 200 egasi n grains will be formed by 50 microspore cell while 200 eggs will be formed by 200 megaspore mother cell s0 2501500, 101. (a) : Doula fertilisation is the characteristic feature of atigiosperms. This phenomenon first observed By Nauraschin, 1898 in Lilium and Fritllar Yn angiosperms one male gamete fuses with te two polar nuclei to form triploid primary endosperm nucleus. The process is called triple fusion. These two acts together are known as | doubte fertilisation fer to answer 77. Study of formation, growth and development of new individual from an egg is embryology. Study of an individuals lite cyete after the fertilization takes place tll it develops into a new organism, 104. (@) Mciosis is best observed in dividing microsporocytes. Microsporocytes of microspore mother eell after meiosis give rise to microspore Other cells do not divide by meiosis. 105. (@) + Refer to answer 86, 106.(a): Syngamy means fusion of gametes. Syngamy is the phenomenon in which male gamete fuses with an egg. 107. (@) = Polten grain is odd one among all the other three. Pollen grain is a male gametophytic structure whereas all the other three are found inside ovule (nucellus, micropyle and embryo sac). 108. (b) = Antipodal cells and egg cell are haploid structures as they are formed after meiosis while the others nucellus, megaspore mother cell and primary endosperm nucleus are diploid structures. 109. (e): Embryo sae occurs in ovule. Ovule is integumented megasporangium. It consists of nucleus covered by one or two integuments, ‘mounted on a funicle, chalaza and micropyle. The ovule is vascularised,288 110. (@): The term pollination refers to the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Because pollens are found only in angiosperms and gymnosperms 0 this phenomenon relates to angiosperms and gymnosperms only 111, (In most ofthe plants the pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle and the phenomenon is called as porogamy. Entry tough chalaza is chalazogemy and through integuments or funiculus is mesogamy. 112. @) : The two gametes ie, sperm released by pollen tube and egg move in opposite direction by an unknown mechanism but most probably by streaming currents of cytoplasm i.e., due t0 attction of theit protoplasts. The nucleus of one rmale gamete fuses with the egg nucleus and the phenomenon is called fertilisation. 113. (¢): Female gametophyte of angiosperms is represented by embryo sac. The polygonum type of embryo sac contains 8-nuclei and 7-cells. It is found in more than 80% plant families. The nucleus ‘of megaspore undergoes division and give rise to | embryesae or female gametophyte by the process | of megagametogenesis. 114.(¢): Male gametophyte of angiosperms i tncrospore, Mictespors is haploid ules, ‘minute spores produced in large numbers as auesult of meiosis in microspore mother eel iigide the microsporangia. These at8 the First cell of zametophytic generations imangidsferms. 115. () + Young pollen gens froduce androgenic haploids in anther cilfures..Because rest all ic. anther wall, tapetal layer of anther wall and connective tissue.a¥e te diploid tissue as they are part of anhee pollen grains produced by meiosis. 116. (a) :Gameics are invariably haploid. Spores are formed in lower plants by mitotic division and they may/be diploid but gametes are always be made bby meiosis and they are always haploid. 117. (a): Gonerative cell eas destroyed by laser but @ normal pollen tbe was still formed because vegetative cell is not damaged. Each microspore divide by mitotic division making a smaller generative cell and a larger vegetative cell or tube cell, If generative call is damaged then the normal pollen tube will be formed because pollen tube is formed by vegetative cell not by generative cell of sierospore, 118, ( : Nucellar embryo is apomictic diploid. Substitution of usual sexual reproduction by a form of reproduction which does not inelude meiosis nd syngamy is called apomixis. inthis process, canbryo is developed by some other tissuc without fertilisation e.., nucellus oF imtcguments or inferilised egg. Nucellus iy i tissue so nucellar embryo is apomitie. 119. (@) : Development an organism from female gametefegg without Ymxalving fertilisation is parthenogenesis and when a fruit is developed by {his technique i Iscalled parthenocarpy 120.0): Petispeem is persistent nucellus. Endospeew formation is accompanied by degeneration of nucellus. 120) 2 Refer t0 answer 101 122.(@): For formation of 100 zygotes, 100 male games and 10 female gates epg) aferequie, 0 male gametes are developed from 100 ‘microspores (from 25 meiotic divisions) and 100 cexgs ate developed frum 100 megaspores (from 100 meiotic division) Hence, number of meiotic divisions necessary for 100 zygotes formation = 25 + 100 = 125 123.(b): ‘The male gametophyte or microspore is shed at 3-nucleate stage, The microspore undergoes only two mitotic divisions. 124, @) : Refer to answer 119, 125. (a): Formation of gametophyte direetly from sporophyte without meiosis and spore formation is apospory. The gametophyte thus has diploid number of chromosomes. Such gametophyte may form viable gametes which fuse to form tetraploid sporophyte. Apogamy is development of sporophyte directly from gametophytic tissue ‘without fusion of gametes. Amphimixis is normal sexual reproduction, Parthenogenesis is development of embryo from egg without fertilisation,