A 70
nursing healthcare
DM II, Hypertension and dyslipidemia. The labs are as follows: T: 102.3 HR: 102 O2: 84%
on room air, 90% nasal cannula Bicarb: 23 X -Ray: Focal consolidation Left Lower Lobe
typically after at least 48 hours of hospitalization. It is usually caused by bacteria, and patients
who are elderly, immunocompromised, or have underlying chronic lung disease are more
susceptible to HAP (Bassetti, et al., 2022, April). On the other hand, community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP) refers to an infection acquired outside of a hospital setting, usually in the
community (Bassetti, et al., 2022, April). It can be caused by a variety of organisms, including
bacteria, viruses, and fungi. CAP is more common in otherwise healthy individuals.
In order for gas exchange to occur, there must be a match between ventilation (the movement of
air in and out of the lungs) and perfusion (the flow of blood through the lungs). This is known as
the V/Q ratio. A V/Q ratio of 1:1 is considered ideal for good gas exchange (Bassetti, et al., 2022,
April). When the V/Q ratio is imbalanced, such as in pneumonia where there is disruption of
ventilation and perfusion due to infection or inflammation, gas exchange can be impaired and
lead to hypoxemia.
Increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), which is the amount of oxygen in the air we
breathe in, can improve hypoxemia because it increases the amount of oxygen reaching the
alveoli in the lungs (Lacerna, et al., 2020). This can help to compensate for any V/Q imbalances
characterized by damage to the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing
(Lacerna, et al., 2020). It is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to irritants like
cigarette smoke. On the other hand, pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue, usually caused
by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It typically leads to inflammation and consolidation of lung tissue,
whereas emphysema does not involve infection or inflammation (Lacerna, et al., 2020).
Additionally, emphysema is a chronic condition that develops over time, while pneumonia is an
References
Bassetti, M., Mularoni, A., Giacobbe, D. R., Castaldo, N., & Vena, A. (2022, April). New
respiratory and critical care medicine (Vol. 43, No. 02, pp. 280-294). Thieme Medical
Publishers, Inc..
Lacerna, C. C., Patey, D., Block, L., Naik, S., Kevorkova, Y., Galin, J., ... & Witt, D. (2020). A
