Histology Lecture - Nervous Tissue

NERVOUS TISSUE
Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

NERVOUS TISSUE
• Tissues capable of receiving and transmitting
impulses
• Components of NT
• - neurons [nerve cell]
• - nerve fibers
• - supporting cells [neuroglia]
• - blood vessels

Cellular Components of the Nervous System
Neurons
Glia
(support cells)
Generic neuron
• Large cell body (aka soma or
perikaryon)
• Large, euchromatic nucleus
(and usually a prominent
nucleolus)
• Extensive cytoplasmic
extensions:
– Dendrite(s): single or
multiple extensions
specialized for receiving
input
– Axon: single, large
extension specialized for
conveying output (in
humans, can be up to 1.5m
in length)
Motor neuron with Nissl bodies
D
NU N
D
NB
NB
AH
V
A
D
A-axon D-dendrite N-nucleus NB-Nissl body

AH-axon hillock V-blood vessel NU-nucleolus
Nissl
substance is
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Synapses can form between
many different parts of
neurons and between a
neuron and a non-neuronal
cell, e.g., a muscle or a
secretory cell.
A single neuron can

receive activating or
inhibiting inputs from
thousands of synaptic
connections.
Motor neuron cell body in the spinal cord

At a chemical synapse
neurotransmitter
release is triggered by
the influx of Ca2+ and
postsynaptic
neurotransmitter
receptors receive the
signal.
neurons [nerve cell]
Has body and processes – axon\dendrites

Schwann Cells Nodes of Ranvier
Axon
Classification of neurons
– based on structure and function
• Unipolar neuron • Sensory – receives
• Bipolar neuron stimuli to from int/ext
• Multipolar neuron environment into CNS
• Pseudounipolar neuron • Motor – transmit
stimuli from CNS to
effector organs
• Interneuron – connect
neurons

Nerve fibres
• Nerves are bundle of fibres wrapped in a CT sheath. They
are formed by axons and dendrites
• Types
• 1 sheated, myelinated fibers e.g prehlangonic fibres of PNS
• 2 sheated, unmyelinated e.g post glangonic fibres of PNS
• 3 unsheated, myelinated e.g white matter of brain/spinal
cord
• Unsheated, unmyelinated e,g gray matter of
brain/spinalcord

Histology of nerve a fibre [axons]
• Axons are protoplasmic processes that extends from the
soma. They begin at the axon hillock
• They are immediately covered by layer of fat called
myelin/medullary sheath
• The sheath is interrupted at the node of ravier
• Covering the myelin sheath is neurilemma [sheath of
schwann] formed by schwann cells
• The whole axon is enclosed in a CT called endoneuron

Schwann Cells Nodes of Ranvier
Axon
Classification of nerves
• Sensory nerves – afferennt • Histological feature of nerve
fibres that transmit stimuli bundles
from int/ext environment to • a single nerve fibre is covered
CNS by CT called endoneuron
• Motor nerves – efferent fires • Several nerves fibres are
that transmit stimuli from to arranged in group are called
effector organ fasciculus. The CT covering it is
• Mixed nerve - both called perineurium
sennsory+motor • A block of whole muscle with
several fasciculus is covered y
epineurium
• Blood vessels, lymph, fat cells
may be present in epineurium
and perineurium
Integration center
synapses
NERVE ENDINGS
• Nevve fibres terminate in • terminal corpuscles – hve
effector orgns in a way to coonective tissue cpsule in
depict their fucntion their ending
• Example for Sensory nerves • MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLE
• Free nerve endings. Fxns: [TTACTILE CORPUSCLE]
sense of temperature, touch • Fxn: touch
pain • Structure: have round cells
• Stucture: nked fibers, branch arranged transversely in btwn
or twig like ct plate. The ending is spiral in
• Loction: skin, periosteum, shape. The structure is
tendon, hir root, blood vessel covered by ct capsule
wall, mucus mb • Location: skin, penis, clitoris,
nipple, lips, tip of tongue,
• RUFFINI COPUSCLE – spindle
shape, heat

• Pacinain corpuscles • End bulb of krause
• Fxn: sense of pressure, • Fxn – sense of cold
tension, vibration, touch • Structure – sphericl
• Structure: capsule shape, covered by ct cp,
surround plates of flat cap has central caity and
cells. Btw the plate are nked fibres
interstitial fluid and • Loction- oropharynx,
nakedfibres cojunctiv of eye, anal
• location-blood vessel canal, ext genital, nipple,
wall, jxt capsule,
ligament, skin, penis,
clitoris, nipple, lips,
perioseum
Neurotendinous endings of Golgi
[Golgitendons]
Neurotendinous endings of Golgi
[Golgitendons] Neuromuscular spindle
• Fxn- sense of tension • Fxn – stretch receptors, reflex for
• Structure – the naked fibers control of muscle tone
enter into the tedons mixing • Structure – infrafusal fibers
with collagen fibers formed spindle shape
surrounded by extrafusal fibres.
• Location- jxn of tendon with Sensory fibres enters and wrap
muscle around the infrafusal fibers as
free nerve endings while motor
nerves enter the extrafusalfiber
as motor end plate.
• Location – muscle [eye/hand]
Skin touch receptors
Pain and temperature sensed by free nerve endings
MOTOR ERVE ENDINGS
MOTOR END PLATE Free nerve endings
• Fxn – contraction • Fxn regulation+ balance
• Structure – a neuromuscular jxn
formed btw motor nerve endings • The end Free nerve have
and muscles. The end of the nerve swellings that come in
branches sme part comes in
contact with sarcolemma at the contact with the
middle of the ms fiber. This area is sarcolemma
oval or circular and forms the end
plate. Ssome fine branches enter • Location- smooth muscle,
into groves in the sarcolemma
called synaptic cleft. The end of glands
this fibers has swellings called
terminal buttons
• Location- skeletal ms
NEUROGLIA
• Other tpyes of cell in the ns apart from
neurons. They support, protect and give
nutrition to neuron. Examples are microglia,
astrocytes, oligedentrocytes, ependyma cells.
Parasympathetic ganglion cells:
multipolar neurons that also reside entirely within the PNS
in the wall of the innervated organ
(shown here in the seminal vesicle)
Pre-ganglionic motor neurons have components
in the CNS and PNS and are also multipolar
Visceral motor output to post ganglionic neuron

Neuroglia
in the CNS
microglia+/mesoglia
• small cells with short
numerous processes,
condesed over nucleus, fxn
for defence [phagocytic]
• location – grey matter of
cns

astrocytes
• Are star shape, enlarge • Fxn – support, maintain
terminal, they surround electrolyte balance,
blood vessels nutritional intermediary,
• Two types – protoplasmic nerve repair,
and fibrous astrocytes
• Protoplasmic A. has many
irregular processes +
granular cytoplasm, located
in grey matter of cns
• Fibrous A – has straight
processes, cytoplasm is full
of fibril, located in white
matter of cns
BBB
Glia are different from neurons:
1. Neurons have TWO "processes" called axons and dendrites.
Glial cells only have ONE.
2. Neurons CAN generate action potentials. Glial cells CANNOT,
however, do have a resting potential.
3. Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters. Glial
cells do NOT have chemical synapses.
4. Neurons do NOT continue to divide. Glial cells DO continue
to divide.
5. There are many MORE (10-50 times more) glial cells in the
brain compared to the number of neurons.
• OLIGODENTROCYTES • EPENDYMAL CELLS
• Small cells, short/few • Cuboidal/low columnar
processes cell, have cilia, lines
• Fxn- nutrition, protection, ventricles of brain and sc
myelin • Location – ventricles,
• Grey and white matter of canal of sc, neural tube
brain • Fxn – produce csf
• Note neuro-
secretory/neuro-
epithelium
THANK YOU

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NERVOUS TISSUE

Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

A-axon D-dendrite N-nucleus NB-Nissl body

A single neuron can

Motor neuron cell body in the spinal cord

Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

Visceral motor output to post ganglionic neuron

Anatomy Dept, University of Port Harcourt

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