1

Chapter 4: Motion in Two Dimensions

4.1. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
• In one dimension, a single numerical value describes a particle’s position.
• Using (+) or (–) signs is not always sufficient to fully describe motion in more
than one dimension.
– Vectors can be used to more fully to describe motion
• The position of an object is described by its position vector (𝒓),( drawn from
the origin of some coordinate system to the location of the particle in the x-y
plane as in Figure 4.1.)

• The displacement of the object is

defined as the change in its position

∆𝒓 = 𝒓𝒇 − 𝒓𝒊

2
Average velocity of a particle during the time interval (Δt ) is:
∆𝑟Ԧ
𝒗𝒂𝒗 =
∆𝑡
∆𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
Instantaneous velocity: ∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
The direction of the instantaneous velocity is along a line that is tangent
to the path of the particle and in the direction of motion.

Speed:
𝒔 = |𝒗 |
Speed = magnitude of the instantaneous velocity

∆𝒗
Average acceleration: 𝒂𝒂𝒗 =
∆𝒕
∆𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
Instantaneous acceleration: ∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
3
 Ways an object might accelerate
• The magnitude of the velocity (the speed) is changing
• The direction of the velocity is changing
Even though the magnitude (speed) is constant
(e.g. uniform circular motion)
• Both the magnitude and the direction are changing

Quick Quiz 4.1: Consider the following controls in an automobile in motion: gas
pedal, brake, steering wheel.
What are the controls in this list that cause an acceleration of the car?
(a) all three controls (b) the gas pedal and the brake
(c) only the brake (d) only the gas pedal (e) only the steering wheel (Answer a)

Quick Quiz : Which of the following cannot possibly be accelerating?

(a) An object moving with a constant speed
(b) An object moving with a constant velocity
(c) An object moving along a curve. (Answer b)

4
4.2: Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
1D 1D 2D

The position vector in the xy-plane ( 𝑟Ԧ ) 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 𝑗Ƹ

The velocity of the particle ( 𝑣Ԧ ) 𝑑𝑟Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ = ( ) = 𝑣𝑥 ෠𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝑡
The acceleration ( 𝑎Ԧ ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑎Ԧ = = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗 Ƹ
𝑑𝑡

5
4.2: Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

The Equations of motion

Quantity Vector equation Components equations
𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 t
The final velocity vector 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎Ԧ 𝑡
𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦 t
1
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
The final position vector 2
1
𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎Ԧ 𝑡 2
2 1
𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2
6
Example 4.1 (page 83 )
A particle starts from the origin at (t = 0) with an initial velocity having an (𝑥) component of
(𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 20 m/s) and a (𝑦) component of ( 𝑣𝑦𝑖 = − 15 m/s). The particle moves in the (𝑥𝑦) plane
with an (𝑥) component of acceleration only, given by (𝑎𝑥 = 4.0 m/s2), then (𝑎𝑦 = 0 m/s2).

(A) Determine the components of the velocity vector ( 𝒗𝒙𝒇 , 𝒗𝒚𝒇 ) at any time?
Given: 𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 20 m/s ; 𝑎𝑥 = 4.0 m/s2 ; 𝑣𝑦𝑖 = − 15 m/s ; 𝑎𝑦 = 0 m/s2 ; 𝑣𝑥𝑓 = ? ; 𝑣𝑦𝑓 = ?

𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 t = ( 20 + 4.0 t )

𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦 t = ( − 15) + (0) t = ( − 15 )
Therefore, the final velocity ( 𝑣𝑓 ) is:
𝒗𝒇 = 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦𝑓 𝑗Ƹ = ( 20 + 4.0 t ) 𝑖Ƹ + ( − 15 ) 𝑗Ƹ = ( 20 + 4.0 t ) 𝑖Ƹ − 15 𝑗Ƹ

(B) Calculate the velocity ( 𝑣𝑓 ) and speed (S = | 𝑣𝑓 | ) of the particle at (t = 5.0 s).
The velocity ( 𝒗𝒇 ) of the particle at ( t = 5.0 s ).

𝒗𝒇 = (20 + 4.0 t ) 𝑖Ƹ – 15 𝑗Ƹ = ( 20 + 4.0 x 5 ) 𝑖Ƹ – 15 𝑗Ƹ = 40 𝑖Ƹ – 15 𝑗Ƹ

𝑚
The speed ( S = | 𝑣𝑓 | ): 𝑠 = 𝒗𝒇 = 402 + 152 = 43
𝑠

The angle () that (𝒗) makes with the (𝒙) axis:  = tan-1 ( 𝒗𝒚𝒇 / 𝒗𝒙𝒇 ) = tan-1 (–15/40)= – 21°
(C) Determine the ( 𝑥𝑓 ) and ( 𝑦𝑓 ) coordinates of the particle at any time (t ) and the
position vector ( 𝑟𝑓 ) at this time ( t = 5.0 s ), so ( 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖 = 0 ).
Given: 𝑥𝑖 = 0 ; 𝑦𝑖 = 0 ; 𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 20 ; 𝑎𝑥 = 4 ; 𝑣𝑦𝑖 = − 15 ; 𝑎𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 t + ½ 𝑎𝑥 t 2
𝑥𝑓 = 0 + (20) t + ½ (4) t 2
𝑥𝑓 = ( 20 t + 2 t 2 ) ……………………………..(1)

𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦𝑖 t + ½ 𝑎𝑦 t 2
𝑦𝑓 = 0 + (– 15) t + ½ (0) t 2
𝑦𝑓 = ( – 15 t ) ………………….………..…….(2)

Therefore, the position (𝑟𝑓 ) vector at any time (t ) is:

𝒓𝒇 = 𝑥𝑓 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑓 𝑗Ƹ = ( 20 t + 2 t 2 ) 𝑖Ƹ + (– 15 t ) 𝑗Ƹ = ( 20 t + 2 t 2 ) 𝑖Ƹ – ( 15 t ) 𝑗Ƹ
At ( t = 5 s):
𝒓𝒇 = (20 t + 2 t 2 ) 𝑖Ƹ – (15 t ) 𝑗Ƹ = (20 x 5 + 2 x 52) 𝑖Ƹ – (15 x 5) 𝑗Ƹ = 150 𝑖Ƹ – 75 𝑗Ƹ
The magnitude of ( 𝒓𝒇 ):
𝒓𝒇 = 1502 + 752 = 168 𝑚 8
Solved Problem (P.4.6)(page 102):
A particle initially located at the origin has an acceleration of (𝒂 = 3.0 𝑗Ƹ 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
and an initial velocity of (𝒗𝒊 = 5.0 𝑖Ƹ 𝑚/𝑠). Find (a) the vector position and
velocity at any time t and (b) the coordinates and speed of the particle at (t = 2.0 s).

Solution:

9
 4.3. Projectile Motion

➢ An object may move in both

the x and y directions (i.e. in 2 D)
➢ An object in projectile motion will
follow a parabolic path
➢ Once released, only gravity pulls
on the object
➢ since gravity pulls on the object
downwards:
✓ vertical acceleration downwards
✓ NO acceleration in horizontal ➢ The x-direction is uniform motion
direction
➢ The x- and y-components of 𝑎𝑥 = 0
motion can be treated
independently ➢ The y-direction is free fall
➢ Velocities can be analyzed into │𝑎𝑦│ = 𝑔
x- and y-components 10
Equations of Motion for a Projectile

11 11
 Equations of Motion for a Projectile
𝑥 - direction 𝑦 - direction
Choose (𝑥𝑖 = 0) Choose (𝑦𝑖 = 0)
𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑦 = − 𝑔
𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 cos 𝜃𝑖 𝑣𝑦𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃𝑖
𝒗𝒙𝒇 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒚𝒇 = 𝒗𝒚𝒊 − 𝒈 𝒕
𝟏
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊 𝒕 𝒚𝒇 = 𝒗𝒚𝒊 𝒕 − 𝒈 𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗 𝒚𝒇 = 𝒗 𝒚𝒊 − 𝟐𝒈(𝒚𝒇 − 𝒚𝒊 )

The velocity (𝑣𝑓 ) of the projectile at any point of its motion is the vector sum of its ( 𝑥 ) and
( 𝑦 ) components at that point:

𝑣𝑦𝑓
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣 2 𝑥𝑓 + 𝑣 2 𝑦𝑓 and 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑣𝑥𝑓

12
 Horizontal Range (𝑅) and Maximum Height (ℎ) of a Projectile
The maximum height (point A):
At the maximum height: 𝑣𝑦𝐴 = 𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 0
𝑣𝑦 𝑖
The time to reach (A) is: 𝑡𝐴 =
𝑔
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑖
𝑡𝐴 =
𝑔
The maximum height ( 𝒉): ℎ = 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑦𝑓
𝑣𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑖
ℎ=
2𝑔
The horizontal range (point B):
At the horizontal rang, 𝑦𝑓 = 0
the time to reach B is 𝑡𝐵 = 2 𝑡𝐴 = 2 (𝑣𝑖 sin𝑖 )/𝑔
The Horizontal Range (R): 𝑅 = 𝑥𝐵 = 𝑥𝑓
𝑣𝑖 2 sin 2𝜃𝑖
𝑅=
𝑔
The Maximum Horizontal Range (𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) is when 𝜃𝑖 = 45𝑜 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛90 = 1)
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 2 Τ𝑔 13
Example 4.2 (page 87 )
A long jumper (Fig. 4.11) leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0° above the horizontal
and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(A) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction?
Given: 𝜃𝑖 = 20o , 𝑣𝑖 = 11 m/s , g = 9.8 m/s2

The range (R) is :

(B) What is the maximum height reached?

The maximum height (h) is :

Example 4.4 (page 89 )

A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30.0° to the
horizontal with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s as shown in Figure 4.13. The height from
which the stone is thrown is 45.0 m above the ground.
14
(A) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
Given: 𝑥𝑖 = 0 ; 𝑦𝑖 = 0 ; 𝑦𝑓 = - 45 m ; 𝑔 = 9.8 m/s2

The initial x and y components of the stone are:

(B) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground?
Given: 𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖= 17.3 m/s ; 𝑡 = 4.22 𝑠 𝑔 = 9.8 m/s2

Example 4.3 (page 88 ) ,Example 4.5 (page 90 )

15
Example 4.6:
A plane drops a package of supplies to a party of
explorers, as shown in Figure. If the plane is traveling
horizontally ( 𝑣𝑥𝑖 ) at 40.0 m/s and ( 𝑦𝑓 = ℎ) is 100 m
above the ground, where (𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 ) does the package
strike the ground relative to the point at which it is
released?

Given: 𝑣𝑦𝑖 = 0 ; 𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 40 ; 𝑦𝑓 = ℎ = − 100 𝑚 ;

𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 = ? ; 𝑎𝑦 = − 9.8 ; 𝑎𝑥 = 0
Time needed to hit the ground
𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 𝑡 − 12 𝑔 𝑡 2 d

1 2 100
−100 = 0 𝑡 − 2
9.8 𝑡 2 ⟹ 𝑡= = 4.5 𝑠
9.8
The distance (𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 ) is calculated from:
𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 12 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 = 40 4.5 + + 12 0 𝑡 2 = 40 4.5 = 180 𝑚
The package hits the ground (180 m) to the right of the drop point.
16
Solved Problem:
A player kicks a football with a velocity of (𝑣𝑖 = 20.0 m/s) and at an angle of (𝜃𝑖 =
53o) degrees. (use g = 10 m/s2)
(a) How long ( 𝒕 ) is the ball in the air before it hits the ground?
(𝒗𝒙𝒊 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒊 = 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 53 = 12𝑚/𝑠) and (𝒗𝒚𝒊 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝒊 = 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛53 = 16 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑦𝑓 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 = 0

When the ball hits the ground ( 𝑦𝑓 = 0 )

16
𝒚𝒇 = 𝒗𝒚𝒊 𝒕 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒈 𝒕𝟐 ➔ 0 = 16 𝑡 − 12 10 𝑡2 = 16 − 5 𝑡) ➔ 𝑡= = 3.2 s
5
or use t = 2 (𝑣𝑖 sin𝑖 )/𝑔
(b) How far away (𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇 ) does the ball land on the ground?
𝟏 𝟐 1 2 𝑣𝑖 2 sin 2𝜃𝑖
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊 𝒕 + 𝟐
𝒂𝒙 𝒕 = 12 x 3.2 + 2
0 3.2 = 12 x 3.2 = 38.4 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑅 =
𝑔
(c) How high (𝒉) does it travel?
𝑣𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑖 202 (sin 53)2 400 × (0.8)2
ℎ= = = = 12.8 𝑚
2𝑔 2×10 20

Quick Quiz 4.2(page 85) As a projectile thrown upward moves in its parabolic path, at what point along
its path are the velocity and acceleration vectors for the projectile perpendicular to each other?
(a) nowhere (b) the highest point (c) the launch point.
Quick Quiz 4.2: As the projectile in Quick Quiz 4.4 moves along its path, at what point are the velocity
and acceleration vectors for the projectile parallel to each other?
(a) nowhere (b) the highest point (c) the launch point.
Quick Quiz 4.3(page 86) 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° 17
 4.4. Uniform Circular Motion
➢ The object moves in a circular path of
radius r with constant speed (v ).
➢ Such motion is called uniform circular
motion
➢ Centripetal acceleration (𝒂𝒄):
o The acceleration (𝒂𝒄) is called a
centripetal acceleration
o The acceleration vector is always
perpendicular to the path and always
points toward the center of the circle.
(constant magnitude and always
perpendicular to the velocity vector
for the particle) 𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝒄 =
➢ (𝒂𝒄) is given by: 𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝒓
➢ Period (T ): The time required to complete one revolution. 𝑻=
𝒗
𝟐𝝅
➢ The angular speed(𝝎) of the particle is 18
𝝎=
𝑻
Example:
An object moves in a circular orbit of 640 km radius ( 𝑟 ) with a period ( 𝑇 ) of 96.0 min. What
are the (a) speed and (b) magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the object?

Given: 𝑟 = 640 𝑘𝑚 = 640 × 1000 𝑚 = 6.4 × 105 𝑚

𝑇 = 96 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 96 × 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐. = 5.76 × 103 𝑠𝑒𝑐.

2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 2 3.14 (6.4 × 105 )

(a) 𝑇= 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑣= 𝑇 = = 6.97 × 102 = 697 𝑚/𝑠
5.76 × 103
𝑣2 697 2 2
(b) 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟 = 6.4 × 105 = 0.76 𝑚/𝑠

Quick Quiz 4.4 (Page 93): A particle moves in a circular path of radius (r) with speed (v). It then
increases its speed to (2v) while traveling along the same circular path.
(i)The centripetal acceleration ( 𝑎𝑐 ) of the particle has changed by a factor of
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5 (c) 2 (d) 4 (e) impossible to determine
(ii)By what factor has the period of the particle changed? Answer (b) 0.5

Quick Quiz : Which of the following correctly describes the centripetal acceleration ( ac ) vector for a
particle moving in a circular path?
(a) constant and always perpendicular to the velocity vector for the particle
(b) constant and always parallel to the velocity vector for the particle
(c) of constant magnitude and always perpendicular to the velocity vector for the particle
(d) of constant magnitude and always parallel to the velocity vector for the particle.

19
Quick Quiz 4.5 (Page 95) answer (i) (b) (ii) (d) , Example 4.6 (page 93)
 Chapter 4 - Questions
1. When an object dropped from a moving airplane:
a. It falls straight down.
b. It hits the ground at a point different from the one right below the plane where it was released.
c. It hits the ground at a point below the plane where it was released.
d. None of these.

2. The velocity ( 𝑣𝑦𝑓 ) of the Projectile at the maximum height ( 𝑦𝑓 ) is equal

a. initial velocity b. zero c. ½ 𝑔 d. 2 𝑔

3. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of ( 16 𝑖Ƹ – 12 𝑗Ƹ ) m/s and moves in the
𝑥𝑦 - plane with a constant acceleration of 𝑎 = (3.0 𝑖Ƹ – 6.0 𝑗Ƹ ) m/s2. What is the speed ( S = 𝒗𝒇 ) of the
particle at t = 2.0 s?

a . 52 𝑚/𝑠 b. 39 𝑚/𝑠 c. 46 𝑚/𝑠 d. 33 𝒎/𝒔

𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 16 , 𝑎𝑥𝑖 = 3, t =2
𝑣𝑦𝑖 = – 12 , 𝑎𝑦𝑖 = – 6, t =2

𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥𝑖 t = 16 + 3 ( 2 ) = 16 + 6 = 22

𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 + 𝑎𝑦𝑖 t = – 12 – 6 ( 2 ) = – 12 – 12 = – 24
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦𝑓 𝑗Ƹ = 22 𝑖Ƹ – 24 𝑗Ƹ

S = 𝑣𝒇 = (𝑣𝑥𝑓 )2 + 𝑣𝑦𝑓 2 = 222 + 242 = 33 𝑚/𝑠 20

 Chapter 4 - Questions

4. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of 8.0 𝑗Ƹ m/s and moves in the xy-plane with a
constant acceleration of ( 4.0 𝑖Ƹ + 2.0 𝑗Ƹ ) m/s2. The position ( 𝒓𝒇 ) vector of the particle at t = 1 s is:

a . ( 4.0 𝑖Ƹ + 2.0 𝑗Ƹ ) m b. ( 2.0 𝒊Ƹ + 9.0 𝒋Ƹ ) m c. 8.0 𝑗Ƹ m d. ( 4.0 𝑖Ƹ + 8.0 𝑗Ƹ ) m

1
𝑟𝑥𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2
= (0) + (0) (1) + ½ (4) (1)2 = 2 m

1
𝑟𝑦𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑦𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2
= (0) + (8) (1) + ½ (2) (1)2 = 8 + 1 = 9 m

𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟𝑥𝑓 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑟𝑦𝑓 𝑗Ƹ = ( 2 𝑖Ƹ + 9 𝑗Ƹ ) m

5. An airplane flies horizontally with a speed of 300 m/s at a height of 400 m above the ground.
At what distance (d ) should it release a heavy bomb to hit the target 𝑥 ? Take 𝑔 = 10 m/s2.

a . 3.0 𝑘𝑚 b. 2.4 𝑘𝑚 c. 3.3 𝑘𝑚 d. 𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝒎

Given: 𝑣𝑦𝑖 = 0 ; 𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 300 ; 𝑦𝑓 = ℎ = − 400 𝑚 ;

𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 = ? ; 𝑎𝑦 = − 9.8 ; 𝑎𝑥 = 0
Time (𝑡) needed to hit the ground
𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 𝑡 + 12 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2

1 2 400
− 400 = 0 𝑡 + 2
−9.8 𝑡 2 ⟹ 𝑡= = 9.0 𝑠
9.8
The distance (𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 ) is calculated from:
𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 12 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 = 300 9.0 + 12 0 𝑡 2 = 300 9.0 = 2700 𝑚 = 2.7 𝑘𝑚
The package hits the ground (2700 m) to the right of the drop point.

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6. A projectile is fired from ground level with an initial velocity that has a vertical component of
(𝑣𝑦𝑖 = 20 m/s) and a horizontal component of (𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 30 m/s). Using 𝑔 = 10 m/s2, the horizontal distance
from launching to landing points (Range, R) is:

a. 40 m b. 60 m c. 80 m d. 120 m

𝒗𝒊 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦𝑖 𝑗Ƹ = 30 𝑖Ƹ + 20 𝑗Ƹ
𝑣𝑖 = 𝒗𝒊 = 302 + 202 = 36 𝑚/𝑠

θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑣𝑦𝑖 /𝑣𝑥𝑖 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (20/30) = 33.7°

𝑣𝑖 2 sin 2𝜃𝑖 36 2
sin(2𝑥33.7)
𝑅 = 𝑥𝑓 = = = 119.6 = 120
𝑔 10

7. An object moving at a constant speed requires a time (T) of 6.0 s to go once around a circle with a radius
(r) of 2.0 m. What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration (ac) of the particle during this time?

a. 2.2 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 b. 2.7 𝑚/𝑠 2 c. 3.3 𝑚/𝑠 2 d. 3.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

Given: 𝑟 =2𝑚
𝑇 = 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐.

2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 2 3.14 (2)

(a) 𝑇 = ⇒ 𝑣= = = 2.1 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 𝑇 6
𝑣2 2.1 2 23
(b) 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟 = 2 = 2.2 𝑚/𝑠 2
8. A car travels counterclockwise around a flat circle of radius (𝑟) of 250 𝑚 at a constant speed (𝑣) of
20 𝑚/𝑠. When the car is at point (A) as shown in the figure, what is the car's acceleration (𝑎𝑐 )?

a. 1.6 m/s2, east b. Zero c. 1.6 m/s2, north d. 1.6 m/s2, west

Given: 𝑟 = 250 𝑚
𝑣 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣2 20 2
𝑎𝑐 = = = 1.6 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑟 250

Example 4.3 (page 88 )

Example 4.5 (page 90 )

Example 4.6 (page 93)

Quick Quiz 4.3(page 86) answer: 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°

Quick Quiz 4.5 (Page 95) answer: (i) (b) (ii) (d)
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 Practice problem

Answers: a) 2.81 m/s , b) – 60.2° 25

 Home Work
A particle initially located at the origin has an acceleration of
( 𝑎=2.00
Ԧ 𝑗Ƹ ) m/s2 and an initial velocity of ( 𝑣=5.00
Ԧ 𝑖Ƹ ) m/s. Find (a)
the vector position of the particle at any time t, (b) the velocity of
the particle at any time t, (c) the coordinates of the particle at t =
2.00 s, and (d) the speed of the particle at t = 2.00 s.

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