DATA

MANAGEMENT
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the
statistical instrumentation of collecting, classifying,
pPresenting, analyzing and interpreting quantitative or
numerical data.

Divisions of Statistics:

1. Descriptive Statistics - includes collection, classification, presentation and

description of numerical data to be able to summarize and describe the
group characteristics of the data.

2. Inferential Statistics – refers to techniques of interpreting the values

resulting from the descriptive techniques and using then in drawing
conclusions or judgment about the population on representative sample.
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Population (N) is a collection, or set of individuals, objects, or measurements whose

properties are to be analyzed. It is the totality of the observation.

Sample (n) is a subset of a population. It is a smaller group representing the

population having identical characteristics from which it was taken.

Slovin’s Formula:
𝑵 n = sample
𝒏= N = population
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
e = marginal error

Marginal error is the probability of committing a mistake

Confidence level is the probability of getting the correct result
 SAMPLE

Example: In a population of 5,000 students, how many samples will you

take to get an accurate result of a study?

Solution: N = 5,000 students 𝑵

𝒏=
n=? 𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐

If e = 1% If e = 5% If e = 10%

5,000 5,000 5,000

𝑛= 𝑛= 𝑛=
1 + (5,000)(0.01)2 1 + (5,000)(0.05)2 1 + (5,000)(0.10)2

𝒏 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟕𝟎 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒏 = 𝟗𝟖 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sampling Techniques Or Sampling Plan is the process of gathering sampling units
from the population.

1. Probability Sampling Technique is a sampling technique wherein each of the

population unit has a n equal chance of being included in the sample.

a. Random Sampling is also called “Lottery Sampling” or “Raffle Sampling”.

Example: electronic raffle system, random picker, etc.

b. Systematic Sampling in this technique, elements are numbered for identification
and samples are selected at regular intervals.

Example:

If N = 300, e = 10% and n = 75, which of the 300 will be Included in the sample?

𝑵 𝟑𝟎𝟎
Use: 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 = = =𝟒
𝒏 𝟕𝟓

Therefore, from the population, take the elements tagged as the

4th, 8th, 12th, 16th,…
c. Stratified Sampling in this technique, the set of interests is divided into groups or
aggregates from which the actual sampling is done.

Example: If e = 5%, n = 370. Using stratified sampling, how will you get the 370 sample
from the 5,000population?
College # of
computation Sample
Students
900
CED 900 × 370 67
5000
2000
CEA 2,000 × 370 148
5000
Use:
1000
CAS 1,000 × 370 74
𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑒 × 𝑛 5000
𝑁 1100
CBEA 1,100 × 370 81
5000
N=5,000 n=370
2. Non-Probability Sampling Technique is a sampling technique wherein each of
the population unit has a n equal chance of being included in the sample.

a. Convenience Sampling in this technique, the samples are simple those chosen
to respond.

b. Purposive Sampling in this technique, the samples are chosen based on

specific objectives.
 Types of Data

CATEGORICAL DATA (QUALITATIVE DATA) – data that can be placed into

categories according to their characteristics or attributes

NUMERICAL DATA (QUANTITATIVE DATA) – data that are numerical in nature.

DISCRETE DATA – data that are expressed as counts.

CONTINUOUS DATA – data that are expressed as measurements.

 Types of Data

NOMINAL DATA – values that represent ORDINAL DATA – values that represent
discrete units and are used to label discrete units and ordered units.
variables
Ex. Ex. EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND

O Elementary
O High School
O Undergraduate
O Graduate
O Post Graduate
 Types of Data

INTERVAL DATA – represents ordered RATIO DATA – represents order and have
values that have the same difference the same difference and it has an absolute
zero value,

Ex.
Ex.
 Types of Data

PRIMARY DATA – collected directly from where they arise

SECONDARY DATA – data that has been collected in the past by
someone else but made available for others to use.

Terms:
Response Variable – a characteristic of interest about each individual element
of a population or sample.

Example: At entrance into college, applicants fill out

information sheets consisting of the following:

Student’s name: ____________

Student’s age: ______________
Course: _________________
 Terms:

Datum (Singular)– a value of response variable associated with one element of a

population or sample.

Example: Jacob entered college and filled the information sheet.

Student’s name: Jacob Angeles
Student’s age: 18
Course: BS Mathematics

Data (Plural)– set of values collected from the response variable from each of the
elements belonging to the sample.

Example: The set of 25 courses collected from 25 applicants.

 Terms:

PARAMETER – a numerical characteristic that describes the entire population.

Example: The average age of all students admitted to college.

STATISTIC – a numerical characteristic of a sample, also called “estimate”

Example: The average age found by using the set of 25 students.

 Data Gathering Techniques

1. Direct or Interview – researcher prepares a set of questions and

respondents will answer verbally and directly.

2. Indirect or Questionnaire – researcher prepares a well-planned,

written questions.

3. Registration – it involves analyzing existing records and documents

4. Observation – collects information on the characteristics of the units

under study by actual measurement.

5. Experimental Method – makes trials and tests; it is used to describe

any process that generates a set of data
 Presentation of Data

1. Textual – Data gathered are presented in paragraph form

Example:

Of the 150 sample interviewed,

the following complaints were noted: 27
for lack of books in the library, 25 for a
dirty cafeteria, 20 for lack of laboratory
equipment, 17 for a not well maintained
university building.
 Presentation of Data

2. Tabular – using a statistical table where data is systematically organized in columns

and rows

Parts of a statistical table:

Title Body
Heading Footnotes
Stubs Source Notes
Box head
 Presentation of Data

Example: 20 applicants were given a performance evaluation appraisal.

The data set is:

 Presentation of Data

Performance Evaluation Appraisal

RATINGS FREQUENCY PERCENT

HIGH 7 35
AVERAGE 8 40
LOW 5 25
 Presentation of Data

3. GRAPHICAL – using a statistical table where data is systematically

organized in columns and rows

Types
Bar Graph
Pie or Circle Graph
Line Graph
Pictograph
 Presentation of Data

Bar Graph:
Selected Causes of Death in the Philippines:
 Presentation of Data

Pie Chart:
Three Leading Causes of Child Mortality Among
Filipinos Ages 5- 9
 Presentation of Data

Line Graph:
Distribution of Enrolment at a Day Care, 1999-2006
 Presentation of Data
Pictogram:
Number of Persons Who have Excessive Depression by Cluster
 Frequency Distribution Table

Frequency tells you how often something happened.

The frequency of an observation tells you the number
of times the observation occurs in the data.

Example: Let’s say you did a survey on number of households

to find out how many pets they own

3, 0, 1, 4, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1
2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3
 Simple Frequency Distribution Table

Step 1: Construct the table. Write the Categories:

3, 0, 1, 4, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3

Number of Tally Frequency Percent

Pets (f)
(x)
0

4
 Simple Frequency Distribution Table

3, 0, 1, 4, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3

Step 2: Tally the numbers (raw data)

0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4
Number of Tally Frequency
Pets (f)
(x)
0 IIII
1 IIII – I
2 IIII
3 III
4 II
 Simple Frequency Distribution Table

Step 3: Write the data into numerical frequencies

Number of Tally Frequency

Pets (f)
(x)
0 IIII 4
1 IIII – I 6
2 IIII 5
3 III 3
4 II 2
 Simple Frequency Distribution Table

Step 4: Determine the percentage

Number of Pets Frequency Percent
(x) (f)
0 4 20
1 6 30
2 5 25
3 3 15
4 2 10

Percentage Formula: Frequency of the

class
f
%=  100%
n
Percentage Total number of
values (sample)
A. 50 students were asked for the number of children in their family. The
data collected were as follows:
2 6 2 5 4 3 4 5 4 6
3 3 2 1 3 2 4 3 3 3
3 2 1 5 3 2 3 4 4 4
4 4 3 6 7 3 2 4 2 3
1 1 1 4 5 1 1 2 5 2

Construct an frequency distribution table.

Prepare the following graphs:
(a) Frequency Polygon
(b) Bar Graph
(c) Circle Graph / Pie Chart
(d) Pictogram
B. Using the following information about the employees of Rizal Technological
University
Religious preference Frequency
of Employee
Roman Catholic 300
Protestant 225
Iglesia ni Cristo 275
Christian 575
Total

Construct an frequency distribution table.

Prepare the following graphs:
(a) Frequency Polygon
(b) Bar Graph
(c) Circle Graph / Pie Chart
(d) Pictogram