THEORIES OF CRIME

1. The strain of anomie

2. Differential association
3. Subcultures and social disorganization
4. Social control theory
5. Ethnic succession

MAFIA
- is a term used to describe a number of criminal organizations around the
world
- the first organization to bear the label was the Sicilian Mafia based in
Italy, known to its members as Cosa Nostra
- in sum, mafia means protection against arrogance of the powerful, remedy to
any damage, sturdiness of body, strength and serenity of spirit, and the best and
exquisite part of life.
- apparently Sicilian-Arabic derived from terms meaning to protect and to act
as guardian; a friend or companion; to defend; preservation, power, integrity,
strength, and a condition that designates the remedy of damage and ill.

OMERTA
- is a code of silence and secrecy that forbids Mafiosi from betraying their
comrades to the authorities.
- Ideal of manliness
- Noncooperation with authorities
- Self-control in the face of adversity
- Vendetta-blood washes blood
- Neither government nor church to be trusted

The foundation of the entire mafia is respect. Fear is the engine, and money is the
fuel. But longevity of the mafia as an enterprise is built upon an abiding and
uncommon sense of respect.

The penalty for transgression is death, and relatives of the turncoat may also be
murdered. Mafiosi generally do not associate with police (aside perhaps from
corrupting individual officers as necessary). For instance, a mafioso will not call
the police when he is a victim of a crime. He is expected to take care of the
problem himself. To do otherwise would undermine his reputation as a capable
protector of others, and his enemies may see him as weak and vulnerable.

According to legend, the word Mafia was first used in the Sicilian revolt � the
Sicilian Vespers � against rule of the Capetian House of Anjou on 30 March 1282. In
this legend, Mafia is the acronym for "Morte Alla Francia, Italia Anela" (Italian
for "Death to France, Italy cries!"). However, this version is now discarded by
most serious historians.

RULES OF AMERICAN MAFIA

- Always show respect to those who can command it.

- Report any failure to show respect to one�s patron immediately.
- Violence must be used, even if only a limited type, to ensure respect.
- Never ask for surnames.
- Never resort to violence in a dispute with a member or associate of another
family.
- Never resort to, or even threaten, violence in a member of your family.
- Do not use the telephone except to arrange a meeting place, preferably in
code, from which you will then travel to a place to discuss business.
- Avoid mentioning specifics when discussing business-for example names, dates,
and places- beyond those absolutely necessary for understanding.
- Keep your mouth shut-anything you hear, anything you see, stays with you, in
your head; do not talk about it.
- Do not ask necessary questions. The amount of information given to you is all
you need to carry out your instructions.
- Never engage in homosexual activities.
- If your patron arranges for two parties to work together, he assumes
responsibility for arbitrating any disputes between the parties.
- The boss can unilaterally direct violence, including murder, against any
member of his family, but he cannot engage in murder-for-hire, that is, make a
profit from murder.
- The boss cannot use violence against a member or close associate of another
family without prior consultation with that family�s boss.
- The principal form of security in the American Mafia is an elaborate system
of referral and vouching. Vouching for someone who turns out to be an informant or
undercover officer entails the death penalty.

RUSSIAN ORGANIZED CRIME

VORY V ZAKONE
- aka � thieves with code of honor�

It is the Sicilian counterpart, linked to a territorial-based provision of

protection services and to alliance between upper world and the underworld. It is
characterized by the three types of actors in crime picture at Russia namely:

(1) corrupt government officials,

(2) shady business tycoons (oligarch); and
(3) members of criminal gang headed by a so called authorities and loosely tied
with criminal fraternity known as �thieves in law� (Vory V. Zakone). They were
able to create protective roof through their financial and fraternity connection.

ORGANIZED CRIME IN NORTH AMERICA (LATINO GANGS)

It first formed in the barrios in the 1920s. By 1990s, the Major Latino gangs had
joined into two syndicates, the Nortenos based in northern California and the
Surtenos based in Southern Califoria.

The Nortenos include such gangs as Big Hazard, the Breed Street Gang and the
Silver Leaf Nortenos (SLN).

The Surtenos include the Assasins, King Kobra and Mara Salvatrucha.

In the Midwest

The Latino gang coalesced into two syndicates, the Folk Nation and the
Peoples Nation based in Chicago.
In Texas, Mexican American gangs have proliferated with the Mexican Mafia,
the PRM (Partido Revolucionario Mexicano), and Mexicles being the most prominent.

In the Eastern United States

The major syndicates are La Gran Raza (The Great Race) and La Gran Familia
(The Great Family). The Dominican Gangs became the major player in Drug trade in
Metropolitan New York and in Northern New Jersey.

In Miami and Dade County, Florida,

The Cuban Mafia has built a strong base, having taken advantage of an alliance with
Santo Trafficante�s Italian American Mafia family based in Tampa.

In Puerto Rico, the Neta Association began as a prison gang, but it has spread
beyond the island and beyond the prison walls.

ORGANIZED CRIME IN ASIA

China Organized Criminal Groups

1. Gangs (Triad) = work in cooperative ventures involving black market

activities, burglaries and thefts, hijackings and extortions.

2. Criminal Syndicates = commonly involved in sophisticated crimes such as

prostitutions, human trafficking and other organized form of both are involved in
drug trafficking particularly of heroin from the golden triangle as well as
Exploitation of women and children and smuggling of illegal immigrants vices.

Dragon Syndicates is another name for the Chinese Triads, a name popularized by
Martin Booth�s much acclaimed study �The Dragon Syndicates: the Global Phenomenon
of the Triads (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000).
The Triad came from the symbolic triangle in their flag which indicates the three
(3) elements: The Heaven, The Earth and the Man.

Hong Kong Organized Criminal Groups

Triads, such as �Wo Sing Wo� and 14K are two of the many triads in Hongkong.
They are involved in various activities ranging from drug trafficking to
corruption.

ICAC- Independent Commission Against Corruption is one of the most active

Criminal Justice Unit involved in controlling illicit activities of these triads

JAPAN

Yakuza (8-9-3) or Boryokudan

- is the most influential organized crime group in Japan.
- Yakuza makes billions of dollars through corporate extractions and the
Sokoiya (shareholders meeting men).
- Other activities that they are involved include exploitation of women,
prostitutions (mostly coming from the Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan) and
gambling den.

CAMBODIA
Drug trafficking and human smuggling are the most notable organized criminal
activities in Cambodia which are widely controlled by the Chinese and Myanmorese.
Other activities involved gambling, corruption, prostitution and money
laundering.

Due to people�s belief of the effect of having sex with virgin women, prostitution
became one of the most expensive organized crime and virgin women are the highest
valued commodities.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA
KEANDAL EMENING SCARUPS

Although not considered as criminal groups, they also engage in criminal activities
someway to help the weak and the poor. They are notable for their loyalty and
faithfulness.
Organized criminal groups come in the form of political groups used as
henchmen to attack political rivals
. Several organized groups are associated with YAKUZA and other groups in the
United States are involved mostly in drug trafficking, prostitution and
exploitation of women.

MYANMAR
Myanmar has the largest organized crime groups controlled by military Junta.
It includes the following:

*United Wa State Army (UWSA) � under the command of Wei-Huseh-Kong � has

connection with Southeast Asian and North America.

* Kinkang Chinese � in coordination with MNDAA, protects cultivation areas

and refining of drugs.

* Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army � control the plantations and

refine opium into heroin and also produced methamphetamine.

Trafficking of women and children to Pakistan and Thailand and corruption are
also some of the activities of the group.

TAIWAN
Taiwan organized crime has close connection with the Chinese Triads and Hong
Kong particularly the United Bamboo Gang. They are involved in drug trafficking,
prostitution, women and child trafficking.

SINGAPORE
This is the country with the lowest cases of organized activities due to
stringent laws and severe penalties and the government�s strong will power for the
implementation of laws.

THAILAND
The country considered to be the most notorious in the world in terms of sex
industry. Supplies or imports about one (1) million women in different countries in
Asia.

VIETNAM
�Nam Cam Gang� is one of the most noted organized crime group in Vietnam and
known for drug trafficking and one of the major transit point of drugs in Laos,
Myanmar, China and Taiwan from Cambodia.

PHILIPPINES
The country considered as the heaven for the sex industry. A number of women
are sent abroad as entertainers but later end-up as prostitutes. Thailand, Japan
and other Asian Countries are common places of their destination. Young children
for pedophiles are also being catered.

1. Francisco Group
- Dragon or Kuratong Baleleng Group, now led by Manuel Francisco, operates in
Visayas and Mindanao

2. Pentagon Group
- operates in Mindanao headed by Tahir Alonto, a creation of MILF to generate
funds. Alonto is a nephew of MILF Chairman AL HAJ MURAD

3. Lexus Group
- specializes in carnapping and operates in NCR and Luzon

4. Rex �Wacky� Salud Group

- engaged in illegal gambling and operates in Cebu

5. Vic Yu Group
- engages in illegal gambling and operates in Visayas.

6. Superable Family
- a kidnapping for ransom (KFR) group with a 1 Million prize for the leader�s
head who was killed in action during a shoot-out with law enforcers

7. Martires KFR group

- killed in Action (KIA)

8. Waray-Waray Group
- an ethnic group engaged in kidnap for ransom operations. Members are either
belong from the family clan or natives from Samar and Leyte. Their leader was
arrested on September 24, 2005.

9. Lupo Rhu Group

- lead by Lupo Miguel Tuliao; Agustin Cavilan; and Nestor Merin.