Class XII Physics Notes Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Fields
Class XII Physics Notes Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Fields
Class XII Physics Notes Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Fields
Resource Material
For Revised Syllabus Session 2024-25
EXEMPLAR
SOLUTIONS
PHYSICS
Chapter 1 : Electric Charges and Fields
Class
12
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Chapter 1-
Electric Charges and Fields
Multiple Choice Questions I
1.1. In figure, two positive charges q2 and q3 fixed along the y axis, exert a net electric force in the +x
direction on a charge q1 fixed along the x axis. If a positive charge Q is added at (x,0) the force on q1
1.2. A point positive charge is brought near an isolated conducting sphere. The electric field is best given by
a) fig (i)
b) fig (ii)
c) fig (iii)
d) fig (iv)
Answer:
The correct answer is a) fig (i)
1.4. Five charges q1, q2, q3, q4, and q5 are fixed at their positions as shown in the figure. S is a Gaussian
surface. The Gauss’s law is given by Which of the following statements is correct?
a) E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from q1, q3, and q5 while q on the RHS will
have a contribution from q2 and q4 only
b) E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on the RHS will
have a contribution from q2 and q4 only
c) E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on the RHS will
have a contribution from q1, q3, and q5 only
d) both E on the LHS and q on the RHS will have contributions from q2 and q4 only
Answer:
The correct answer is b) E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on
the RHS will have a contribution from q2 and q4 only
1.5. Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole p is placed as shown. Which of the following
statements is correct?
1.6. A point charge +q is placed at a distance d from an isolated conducting plane. The field at a point P on
the other side of the plane is
a) directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane
b) directed perpendicularly to the plane towards the plane
c) directed radially away from the point charge
d) directed radially towards the point charge
Answer:
The correct answer is a) directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane
1.7. A hemisphere is uniformly charged positively. The electric field at a point on a diameter away from the
centre is directed
a) perpendicular to the diameter
b) parallel to the diameter
c) at an angle tilted towards the diameter
d) at an angle tilted away from the diameter
Answer:
The correct answer is a) perpendicular to the diameter
Multiple Choice Questions II
1.10. If there were only one type of charge in the universe, then
a)
on any surface
b)
1.11. Consider a region inside which there are various types of charges but the total charge is zero. At
points outside the region
a) the electric field is necessarily zero
b) the electric field is due to the dipole moment of the charge distribution only
c) the dominant electric field is proportional to 1/r3 for large r, where r is the distance from a origin in this
region
d) the work done to move a charged particle along a closed path, away from the region, will be zero
Answer:
The correct answer is
c) the dominant electric field is proportional to 1/r3 for large r, where r is the distance from a origin in this region
d) the work done to move a charged particle along a closed path, away from the region, will be zero
1.12. Refer to the arrangement of charges in the figure and a Gaussian surface of radius R with Q at the
centre. Then
a) total flux through the surface of the sphere is –Q/ε0
b) field on the surface of the sphere is –Q/4πε0R2
c) flux through the surface of sphere due to 5Q is zero
d) field on the surface of sphere due to -2Q is same everywhere
Answer:
The correct answer is
a) total flux through the surface of the sphere is –Q/ε0
c) flux through the surface of sphere due to 5Q is zero
1.13. A positive charge Q is uniformly distributed along a circular ring of radius R. A small test charge q is
placed at the centre of the ring. Then
a) if q > 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring., it will be pushed back towards the
centre
b) if q < 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, it will never return to the centre
and will continue moving till it hits the ring
c) if q < 0, it will perform SHM for small displacement along the axis
d) q at the centre of the ring is in an unstable equilibrium within the plane of the ring for q > 0
Answer:
The correct answer is
a) if q > 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring., it will be pushed back towards the centre
b) if q < 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, it will never return to the centre and will
continue moving till it hits the ring
d) q at the centre of the ring is in an unstable equilibrium within the plane of the ring for q > 0
1.14. An arbitrary surface encloses a dipole. What is the electric flux through this surface?
Answer:
According to Gauss law, for an enclosed surface, the electric flux is given as:
The net charge on the dipole is given as –q and +q whose sum is equal to zero.
1.15. A metallic spherical shell has an inner radius R1 and outer radius R2. A charge Q is placed at the
centre of the spherical cavity. What will be surface charge density on
a) the inner surface
b) the outer surface
Answer:
Q is the charge which is kept at the centre of the spherical cavity. –Q is the charge that is induced in the inner
surface and –Q on the outer syrface.
σ is the surface charge density
1.16. The dimensions of an atom are of the order of an Angstrom. Thus there must be large electric fields
between the protons and electrons. Why, then is the electrostatic field inside a conductor zero?
Answer:
The electrostatic field inside a conductor is zero as the dimensions of the atom are in the order of an Angstrom
and the electrostatic field inside the conductor is caused by the presence of the excess charges.
1.17. If the total charge enclosed by a surface is zero, does it imply that the electric field everywhere on the
surface is zero? Conversely, if the electric field everywhere on a surface is zero, does it imply that net
charge inside is zero.
Answer:
The total charge enclosed by a surface is zero, it doesn’t imply that the electric field everywhere on the surface is
zero and the field may be normal to the surface. Also, the conversely it does imply that the electric field
everywhere on the surface is zero.
1.18. Sketch the electric field lines for a uniformly charged hollow cylinder shown in the figure.
Answer:
Following are the side view and tip view of the electric field lines for a uniformly charged hollow cylinder.
1.19. What will be the total flux through the faces of the cube with side of length a if a charge q is placed at
a) A: a corner of the cube
b) B: mid-point of an edge of the cube
c) C: centre of a face of the cube
d) D: mid-point of B and C
Answer:
a) When we consider the charged particle to be placed at the centre of the cube whose side is 2a, then the charge is
equally distributed among 8 cubes. Therefore, the total flux through the faces of the cube = q/8ε0
b) When the charge is placed at B, the charge is equally distributed among the 4 cubes. Therefore, the total flux
through the four faces is given as = q/4ε0
c) When the charge is placed at C, the charge is shared among 2 cubes equally. Therefore, the total flux through
these faces is given as = q/2ε0
d) When the charge is place at D, the charge is distributed among two cubes and therefore, the total flux is given
as = q/2ε0
Short Answers
1.20. A paisa coin is made up of Al-Mg alloy and weighs 0.75 g. It has a square shape and its diagonal
measures 17 mm. It is electrically neutral and contains equal amounts of positive and negative charges.
Treating the paisa coins made up of only Al, find the magnitude of equal number of positive and negative
charges. What conclusion do you draw from this magnitude?
Answer:
1 molar mass M of Al = 6.023 × 1023 atoms
No.of aluminium atoms in one paise coin = N = 6.023 × 1023/26.9815 × 0.75 = 1.76 ×1022
There are 13 protons and 13 electrons on the Al as the charge number is 13
Magnitude of positive and negative charges = 3.48 × 104 C = 34.8 kC
1.21. Consider a coin of example 1.20. It is electrically neutral and contains equal amounts of positive and
negative charge of magnitude 34.8 kC. Suppose that these equal charges were concentrated in two point
charges separated by
a) 1 cm
b) 100 m
Find the force on each such point charge in each of the three cases. What do you conclude from these
results?
Answer:
a) F1 = |q|2/4πε0r12 = 1.09 × 1023 N
b) F2 = |q|2/4πε0r22 = 1.09 × 1015 N
c) F3 = |q|2/4πε0r32 = 1/09 × 107 N
1.22. Figure represents a crystal unit of cesium chloride, CsCl. The cesium atoms, represented by open
circles are situated at the corners of a cube of side 0.40 nm, whereas a Cl atom is situated at the centre of
the cube. The Cs atoms are deficient in one electron while the Cl atom carries an excess electron
a) what is the net electric filed on the Cl atom due to eight Cs atoms?
b) suppose that the Cs atom at the corner A is missing. What is the net force now on the Cl atom due to
seven remaining Cs atoms?
Answer:
a) The net electric field at the centre of the cube is zero as the chlorine atom is distributed equally from all the
eight corners of the cube from the centre.
b) The vector sum of the electric field due to charge A is EA + Eseven chanrges = 0
1.23. Two charges q and -3q are placed fixed on x-axis separated by distance ‘d’. Where should a third
charge 2q be placed such that it will not experience any force?
Answer:
At point P,
q/4πε0 x2 = 3q/4πε0 (x+d)2
(x + d)2 = 3x2
Solving the above equation, we get
1.24. Figure shows the electric field lines around three point charges A, B, and C
a) which charges are positive?
b) which charge has the largest magnitude? Why?
c) in which region or regions of the picture could the electric field be zero?
i) near A
ii) near B
iii) near C
iv) nowhere
Answer:
a) A and C are positive as electric lines come out from the positive charge.
b) The magnitude of C is maximum than A and B because as the electric lines of forces from charge increases, the
intensity of the electric field increases.
c) The electric field will be zero between A and C as that is the neutral point.
1.25. Five charges, q each are placed at the corners of a regular pentagon of side ‘a’
a) i) what will be the electric field at O, the centre of the pentagon?
ii) what will be the electric field at O if the charge from one of the corners is removed?
iii) what will be the electric field at O if the charge q at A is replaced by –q?
b) how would you answer to a) be affected if pentagon is replaced by n-sided regular polygon with charge q
at each of its corners?
Answer:
a) i) The net electric field at O will be zero as it is symmetric to all the five charges.
ii) Following is the electric field at O if the charge from one of the corners is removed:
E1 = -1q/4πε0r2
Also, the direction of the electric field will be from O to A.
b) When a n-sided regular polygon with charge q is replaced at each of the corner, then
i) Again at centre O, the net electric field will be zero.
ii) The direction of electric field will be from O to opposite of OA and the electric field is given as:
E2 = -q/4πε0r2
Long Answer
1.26. In 1959 Lyttleton and Bondi suggested that the expansion of the universe could be explained if matter
carried a net charge. Suppose that the universe is made up of hydrogen atoms with a number density N,
which is maintained a constant. Let the charge on the proton be: ep = -(1 + y) e where e is the electronic
charge.
a) find the critical value of y such that expansion may start
b) show that the velocity of expansion is proportional to the distance from the centre
Answer:
a) There is one proton and one electron charge on each hydrogen atom.
eH = eP + e = -(1+y)e+e=-ye=|ye|
E is the electric field intensity at a distance R on the surface and according to Gauss theorem,
E = 1/3 N|ye|R/ε0
Solving for y we get, y = 10-18
b)
The two protons are kept symmetrically opposite to each other along the diameter. The charge on the sphere is
given as:
K = 2e/πR4
The attractive forces between the proton 1 and proton 2 are given as:
F1 = eE = -eKr2/4ε0
F2 = e2/4πε0 (2r)2
Using the net force on the proton, we can calculate the distance between the protons, r as
r = R/(8)1/4
1.28. Two fixed, identical conducting plates (α and β), each of surface area S are charged to –Q and q
respectively, where Q > q > 0. A third identical plate (γ), free to move is located on the other side of the
plate with charge q at a distance d. The third plate is released and collides with the plate β. Assume the
collision is elastic and the time of collision is sufficient to redistributed charge among β and γ.
a) find the electric field acting on the plate γ before collision
b) find the charges on β and γ after the collision
c) find the velocity of the plate γ after the collision and at a distance d from the plate β
Answer:
a) The electric field at plate γ due to plate α is
c) Let v be the velocity and d be the distance from plate β after collision.
The mass on the plate γ is m and the KE is equal to the work done by the electric field.
Following is the equation after collision
After collision, the electric field at γ is
1.29. There is another useful system of units, beside the SI/mks A system called the cgs system. In this
system Coloumb’s law is given by
Where the distance r is measured in cm, F in dynes and the charges in electrostatic units where 1 es unit of
charge = 1/[3] × 10-9 C. The number [3] actually arise from the speed of light in vacuum which is now taken
to be exactly given by c = 2.99792458 × 108 m/s. An approximate value of c then is c = [3] × 108 m/s.
a) show that the Coloumb’s law is cgs units yields 1 esu of charge = 1 (dyne)1/2 cm. Obtain the dimensions
of units of charge in terms of mass M, length L and time T. Show that it is given in terms of fractional
powers of M and L
b) Write 1 csu of charge = xC where x is a dimensionless number. Show that this gives
1/4πε0 = 10-9/x2 N.m2/C2
With x = 1/[3] × 109 Nm2/C2
Answer:
a) According to the given relation,
Therefore,
1/4πε0 = 10-9/x2 Nm2/C2
x = 1/|3|.109
Substituting the values we get, the force between the charges as
8.987….. ×109 Nm2/C2
1.30. Two charges –q each are fixed separated by distance 2d. A third charge q of mass m placed at the
mid-point is displaced slightly by x perpendicular to the line joining the two fixed charged as shown in the
figure. Show that q will perform simple harmonic oscillation of time period.
Answer:
The charge q is displaced by x perpendicular to the line which joins the two fixed charges. The net force on the
charge q is towards O. The charge has simple harmonic motion and charge q is proportional to the distance from
the centre O.
Net force on the charge is Fnet = 2 F cos θ
Where cos θ is given as
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