Chapters 17 and 18

The Fourier Series

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 Trigometric Fourier Series
• It is a representation that resolves a periodic f(t) into an infinite series of
harmonic sinusoids as follows.

f (t )  a0   (a0 cos n0t  bn sin n0t )
n 1
AC part

• Here ω0=2π/T is called the fundamental frequency.

• T is the period of the function.
• The coefficients an and bn can be calculated by using these equations.
2 T
an   f (t ) cos(not )dt
T 0
2 T
bn   f (t ) sin(not )dt
T 0
2
If desired, some properties of trigonometric functions may be
used to convert the given experssion into an alternative form as
follows.

f (t )  a0   ( An cos(n0t  n )
 n 1
dc 
ac

bn
An  an2  bn2 , n   tan 1 ( )
an

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Conditions (Dirichlet conditions) on f(t) to
yield a convergent Fourier series:
• f(t) is single-valued everywhere.
• f(t) has a finite number of finite
discontinuities in any one period.
• f(t) has a finite number of maxima and
minima in any one period.
• The integral t 0 T

t0
f (t ) dt   for any t 0 .

4
 Example: Determine the Fourier series of the
waveform shown below. Obtain the amplitude
and phase spectra

Solution:

1, 0  t  1
f (t )   and f (t )  f (t  2)
0, 1  t  2
2 T  2 / n , n  odd
an   f (t ) cos(n0t )dt  0 and An  
T 0  0, n  even
2 T  2 / n , n  odd   90, n  odd
bn   f (t ) sin( n0t )dt   n  
T 0 0, n  even n  even
 0,
1 2  1
f (t )    sin( nt ), n  2k  1
2  k 1 n After truncating
the series at
N=11

5
 PROPERTIES
1. Even Symmetry property f (t )  f (t )  bn  0

2. Odd Symmetry : f (t )   f (t )  an  0

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 Circuit Applications
Steps:
1. Express the excitation as a Fourier series.
2. Transform the circuit from the time domain to the
frequency domain.
3. Find the response of the dc and ac components in the
Fourier series.
4. Add the individual dc and ac response using the
superposition principle.

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Example: Find the response v0(t) of the circuit
below when the voltage source vs(t) is given by
1 2  1
vs (t )    sin  nt , n  2k  1
2  n 1 n

j 2n
Answer: V0  Vs
5  j 2n

4
v0 (t )   cos(n t  tan 1 (2n / 5))
k 1 25  4n 2 2

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 PROPERTIES REGARDING THE POWER

1 
The average power property: P  Vdc Idc   Vn In cos( n  n )
2 n 1


The rms value property: Frms  a   (an2  bn2 )
2
0
n 1

Example: Determine the average

power supplied to the circuit shown
below if
i(t)=2+10cos(t+10°)+6cos(3t+35°)

Answer: 41.5W
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 The exponential Fourier series
• The exponential Fourier series of a periodic function f(t) is defined as
follows 
f (t )  n
c e jno t

n  

1 T
cn   f (t )e  jn0t dt, where 0  2 / T
T 0

The amplitude spectrum The phase spectrum

10
 FILTERS
bandpass filter

Input
output

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 Chapter 18
Fourier Transform

12
 Definition of the Fourier Transform

F ( )   f (t )e  jt dt


• It is an integral transformation of f(t) from the time domain

to the frequency domain F(w)
• F(w) is a complex function; its magnitude is called the
amplitude spectrum, while its phase is called the phase
spectrum.
Given a function f(t), its fourier transform denoted by F(w),
is defined by

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The Fourier transform of a single rectangular pulse

A rectangular pulse The spectrum of the

rectangular pulse

 /2
F ( )   Ae jt dt
 / 2

A  j t  / 2
 e
j  / 2
2 A  e j  / 2  e  j   / 2 
  
  2j 

 A sin c
2 14
 Properties of Fourier Transform

F a1 f1 (t )  a2 f 2 (t )  a1F1 ( )  a2 F2 ( ) Linearity


F  f (at ) 
1
F ( ), a is a constant Time Scaling
a a

F  f (t  t0 )  e  jt0 F ( ) Time Shifting

 
F f (t )e j0t  F (  0 ) Frequency Shifting

 df 
F  u (t )  jF ( s ) Time Differentiation
 dt 
F ( )

F  f (t )dt  
t
F (0) ( ) Time Integration
   j

F  f (t )  F ( )  F F (t )  2f ( ) Duality property

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 18.3 Circuit Applications (1)
• Fourier transforms can be applied to circuits with non-
sinusoidal excitation in exactly the same way as phasor
techniques being applied to circuits with sinusoidal
excitations.

Y() = H()X()

• By transforming the functions for the circuit elements into

the frequency domain and take the Fourier transforms of
the excitations, conventional circuit analysis techniques
could be applied to determine unknown response in
frequency domain.
• Finally, apply the inverse Fourier transform to obtain the
response in the time domain.
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Example: Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below for
vi(t)=2e-3tu(t)

Answer:
V0 ( ) 1
H ( )  
Vi ( ) 1  j 2
2
Vi ( ) 
3  j
1 1
V0 ( )  Vi ( ) 
1  j 2 (3  j )(0.5  j )
v0 (t )  0.4(e 0.5t  e 3t )u (t )

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