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BUSINESS REPORT WRITING

8 Parts of Speech

1. NOUN: A noun is a word that names a o love

person, place, thing, or idea.
o freedom
Examples:
o justice
Types of Nouns
e. Collective Nouns: These refer to
a. Common Nouns: These refer to groups of people or things.
general people, places, things, or Examples:
ideas.
o team
Examples:
o family
o dog
o flock
o city
f. Countable Nouns: These can be
o happiness counted and have both singular and
plural forms.
b. Proper Nouns: These name specific
people, places, or things, and are Examples:
always capitalized.
o book/books
Examples:
o car/cars
o John
g. Uncountable Nouns: These cannot
o Paris be counted and typically do not have
plural forms.
o Eiffel Tower
Examples:
c. Concrete Nouns: These represent
tangible things that can be perceived o water
through the five senses.
o information
Examples:
o advice
o table
Nouns in Sentences
o apple
Nouns function in various ways within
o music sentences:
d. Abstract Nouns: These represent  Subject: The person, place, thing, or
intangible concepts, ideas, or idea performing the action.
emotions. Examples:
o Example: The dog barked.
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 Object: The person, place, thing, or  Indefinite Pronouns: These refer to

idea receiving the action. people or things in a general way.
o Example: She petted the  anyone, someone, everyone, no
dog. one, something, anything,
everything, nothing, etc.
 Complement: A word or phrase that
completes the meaning of the subject  Reflexive Pronouns: These refer
or object. back to the subject of the sentence.
o Example: He is a doctor.  myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself, ourselves, yourselves,
 Appositive: A noun or noun phrase
themselves
that renames or describes another
noun.  Reciprocal Pronouns: These
express a mutual action or
o Example: My friend, Sarah,
relationship.
is a talented musician.
 each other, one another
2. PRONOUN: A pronoun is a word that
takes the place of a noun.
 Personal Pronouns: These refer to 3. VERB: A verb is a word that expresses an
specific people or things. action or a state of being.

 Subject pronouns: I, you, Types of Verbs

he, she, it, we, they
1. Action Verbs: These express
 Object pronouns: me, you, physical or mental actions.
him, her, it, us, them Examples:

 Possessive pronouns: mine, o run

yours, his, hers, its, ours,
o jump
theirs
2. Linking Verbs: These connect the
 Demonstrative Pronouns: These
subject to a word or phrase that
point to specific people or things.
describes or identifies it. Examples:
 this, that, these, those
o is
 Interrogative Pronouns: These are
o am
used to ask questions.
o are
 who, whom, whose, which, what
o was
 Relative Pronouns: These introduce
relative clauses. o were
 who, whom, whose, which, o seem
that
o become
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3. Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs):  -s Form: Used with third-person

These combine with main verbs to singular subjects in the present
express tense, mood, or voice. tense.
Examples:
o Example: He walks.
has had
Verbs in Sentences
do does did
Verbs are the heart of a sentence, conveying
can shall will
the action or state of being.
could should would
may Must might  Predicate: The part of the sentence
that contains the verb and tells what
Verb Forms the subject is doing or experiencing.

Verbs change their form to indicate tense o Example: The cat is sleeping
(when the action occurs), number (whether on the couch.
the subject is singular or plural), and  Transitive Verbs: These require an
person (the relationship between the subject object to complete their meaning.
and the verb).
o Example: She read a book.
 Base Form: The simplest form of the
verb.  Intransitive Verbs: These do not
require an object to complete their
o Example: walk meaning.
 Past Tense: Indicates an action that o Example: The sun shines.
happened in the past.
4. ADJECTIVE: An adjective is a word that
o Example: walked describes a noun or pronoun.
 Past Participle: Used with helping A colorful bouquet of flowers,
verbs to form perfect tenses or including red roses, yellow
passive voice. sunflowers, and purple lilies.
o Example: has walked Examples: beautiful, tall, smart
(present perfect)
5. ADVERB: An adverb is a word that
o was walked (passive voice) describes a verb, an adjective, or another
 Present Participle: Used with adverb.
helping verbs to form continuous Types of Adverbs
tenses or as an adjective.
1. Adverbs of Manner: These describe
o Example: is walking (present how an action is performed.
continuous) Examples:
o the walking man (adjective) o quickly
o slowly
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o carefully o extremely
o beautifully o slightly
2. Adverbs of Time: These indicate o too
when an action occurs. Examples:
Adverbs in Sentences
o now
Adverbs can be placed in various positions
o then within a sentence, depending on the word
they modify and the emphasis desired.
o yesterday
 Modifying a Verb:
o tomorrow
o He ran quickly.
o soon
o She sings beautifully.
3. Adverbs of Place: These specify
where an action takes place.  Modifying an Adjective:
Examples:
o The movie was very
o here interesting.
o there o He is quite tall.

o everywhere  Modifying another Adverb:

o nowhere o She speaks extremely fast.

o upstairs o He arrived surprisingly

early.
4. Adverbs of Frequency: These
express how often an action happens. 6. PREPOSITION: A preposition is a word
Examples: that shows the relationship between a noun
or pronoun and another word in the
o always sentence.
o often Common Prepositions
o sometimes Some of the most frequently used
o rarely prepositions include:

o never About. Above across after against

5. Adverbs of Degree: These show the Along among around at befor behind
extent or intensity of an action or Below beneath beside between beyond
quality. Examples:
By down during except for from in
o very
Inside into like near of off on onto
o quite
Out outside over past since through
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Throughout to toward under underneath  or

Until up upon with within without  yet
Prepositions in Sentences  so
Prepositions typically introduce (You can remember these with the acronym
prepositional phrases, which consist of the FANBOYS)
preposition, its object (a noun or pronoun),
Example: I like coffee, but I don't like tea.
and any modifiers.
 Subordinating Conjunctions: These
 Location:
introduce a dependent clause and
o The book is on the table. connect it to an independent clause.
Some common subordinating
o The cat is hiding under the
conjunctions include:
bed.
 because
 Time:
 although
o We will meet at 3 o'clock.
 since
o The movie starts in 10
minutes.  until

 Direction:  while

o He walked toward the park.  if

o The bird flew over the house. Example: Although it was raining, we went
for a walk.
 Manner:
 Correlative Conjunctions: These
o She spoke with confidence. come in pairs and connect words or
o He completed the task phrases of equal importance. Some
without difficulty. common pairs include:

7. CONJUNCTION: A conjunction is a  either...or

word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.  neither...nor
 Coordinating Conjunctions: These  both...and
connect words, phrases, or clauses of
equal importance. The most common  not only...but also
ones are: Example: I like both dogs and cats.
 for 8. INTERJECTION: An interjection is a
 and word that expresses strong emotion.

 nor Examples: Wow!, Ouch!,

Hurray!
 but
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 SUBJECT AND VERB Rule 5. Plural titles of the books, periodical,

AGREEMENT films and the like take a singular
verb.
BASIC RULE Example:

Subject Verb Great Expectations is our favorite.

The Seven Habits of Highly
Plural Plural Effective People is my favorite
Singular Singular book.

Rule 1: A verb should agree with its subject Rule 6. The singular verb form is usually
in number. used for units of measurement or
time, amount of money, space of
Example: time, when use as subject of the
Tanggol is a student. sentence take singular verb.
They are students.
Example:
Rule 2. Do not get confused by the words
Two hundred pesos is the cost of
that come between the subject and my project.
the verb; they do not affect Three yards of cloth costs three
agreement. hundred pesos.
Example: Two hours walk everyday is good
for the body.
Four quarts of oil was required to
The student, who is writing
get the car running.
on the wall, is usually very
good.
Rule 7. When any of the following
Rule 3. Prepositional phrases between the indefinite pronouns is the subject, the
subject and verb usually do not verb is singular: every, each,
affect agreement. everyone, everybody, everything,
nobody, nothing, no one, anyone,
Example: anybody, anything, someone,
The colors of the somebody, something, either,
classrooms are refreshing. neither take a singular verb.

Rule 4. When sentences start with “there” or Example:

“here,” the subject will always be No one of my staff wants to give
placed after the verb. advice.
Example: Each man and woman has the
right to vote.
There is a problem with the balance Everybody wants to be loved.
sheet.
Here are the papers you requested. Rule 8. The number vs. A number
 The number – use singular verb
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 A number – use plural verb Example:

Example: Either the bears or the lion has

escaped from the zoo.
The number of people died due
to the pandemic Corona virus Neither the lion nor the bears have
was 100, 000 and more. escaped from the zoo.
A number of people are waiting
for the arrival of the president. Rule 13. Collective nouns like herd, senate,
class, crowd, flock, etc. usually
Rule 9. Adjectives used as a subject take take a singular verb.
plural verb. Example:
Example: The herd is stampeding.
The organized are always well
liked. When collective noun is taken
individually, then the verb is plural.
The hardworking are rewarded.
Example:
Rule 10. Compound subject joined by NOT
ONLY…BUT ALSO, and BOTH… The committee disagree on the
result of the exam.
take a plural verb.
Example: Rule 14. Few and less / a little; many and
much – use few for count noun
Not only the boys but also the and less / A little for non-count
girls are entitled to scholarship.
nouns.
Both you and I have the chance
to be promoted.  Use singular verb for less and plural
for few.
Rule 11. Some and all take a singular verb if  Use many for count nouns and much
followed by a non-count noun and for non-count nouns.
plural if followed by a count noun.
 Use a singular verb, for much, and
Example: plural verb for many.
Some people are desperate to
me. Example:
Some mayonnaise was spread on For the size of our office, few
the sandwich. computers are enough.
Rule 12. If one subject is singular and one Rule 15. When the gerunds (verb + -ing)
plural and the words are connected are used as the subject of a
by the words or, nor, neither/nor, sentence, they take the singular
either/or, and not only/but also, verb form of the verb; but, when
you use the verb form of the subject
that is nearest to the verb.
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they are linked by and, they take Rule 19. The indefinite pronoun none is
the plural form. singular occasionally require a plural
verb.
Example:
Example:
Standing in the water was a bad
idea. None of the students have done
their homework.
Swimming in the ocean and
playing drums are my hobbies.
Rule 20. If two infinitives (to + base form of
Rule 16. If one of the subjects is affirmative the verb) are separated by and
and other negative; the verb agrees they take a plural form of the
with the affirmative subject. verb.

Example: Example:

Not the teacher, but the students, To read and to write require great
were absent that day. skill.

The students, but the teacher, Rule 21. Nouns in plural form but singular
were absent that day. in meaning take singular verb.

Rule 17. When either or neither are used Example:

without or and nor, respectively, a Statistics is my favorite subject.
singular verb is needed.
Rule 22. Multiple subjects – words or
Example:
phrases (together with, as well as,
Neither of them plays guitar. in addition to, including, with,
Either of them is going to perform plus, and accompanied) added to a
the task. singular subject do not make it
plural.
Rule 18. Nouns occurring in sets of two take Example:
a singular verb when the noun pair
is used but take plural verb when The table, together with the chairs,
the noun pair is not used – costs ₱15,000.00.
regardless of whether one pair or
more is being referred to. Rule 23. The pronoun “YOU” always takes
a plural verb.
Example:
Example:
A pair of shoes is ruined by the
flood. You were invited to come.
You are asked to clean the room.
These shoes are not so clean. You sing so well.