11/25/23, 12:08 PM DIAMOND PRICE PREDICTIONS.

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Diamond Price Prediction

importing the libraries

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import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from sklearn import svm
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")

importing the dataset

dia=pd.read_csv("diamonds.csv")

price price in US dollars (326 − −18,823)This is the target column containing tags for the features.

30,000 to 15,00,000 ( 3ok to 15 lakhs rupees)

The 4 Cs of Diamonds:-

carat (0.2--5.01) The carat is the diamond’s physical weight measured in metric carats. One carat
equals 1/5 gram and is subdivided into 100 points. Carat weight is the most objective grade of the
4Cs.

cut (Fair, Good, Very Good, Premium, Ideal) In determining the quality of the cut, the diamond grader
evaluates the cutter’s skill in the fashioning of the diamond. The more precise the diamond is cut,
the more captivating the diamond is to the eye.

color, from J (worst) to D (best) The colour of gem-quality diamonds occurs in many hues. In the
range from colourless to light yellow or light brown. Colourless diamonds are the rarest. Other
natural colours (blue, red, pink for example) are known as "fancy,” and their colour grading is
different than from white colorless diamonds.

clarity (I1 (worst), SI2, SI1, VS2, VS1, VVS2, VVS1, IF (best)) Diamonds can have internal
characteristics known as inclusions or external characteristics known as blemishes. Diamonds
without inclusions or blemishes are rare; however, most characteristics can only be seen with
magnification.

Dimensions

x length in mm (0--10.74)

y width in mm (0--58.9)

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z depth in mm (0--31.8)

dia.head()

Unnamed: 0 carat cut color clarity depth table price x y z

0 1 0.23 Ideal E SI2 61.5 55.0 326 3.95 3.98 2.43

1 2 0.21 Premium E SI1 59.8 61.0 326 3.89 3.84 2.31

2 3 0.23 Good E VS1 56.9 65.0 327 4.05 4.07 2.31

3 4 0.29 Premium I VS2 62.4 58.0 334 4.20 4.23 2.63

4 5 0.31 Good J SI2 63.3 58.0 335 4.34 4.35 2.75

dia.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 53940 entries, 0 to 53939
Data columns (total 11 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 Unnamed: 0 53940 non-null int64
1 carat 53940 non-null float64
2 cut 53940 non-null object
3 color 53940 non-null object
4 clarity 53940 non-null object
5 depth 53940 non-null float64
6 table 53940 non-null float64
7 price 53940 non-null int64

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8 x 53940 non-null float64
9 y 53940 non-null float64
10 z 53940 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(6), int64(2), object(3)
memory usage: 4.5+ MB

dia.describe()

Unnamed: 0 carat depth table price x

count 53940.000000 53940.000000 53940.000000 53940.000000 53940.000000 53940.000000

mean 26970.500000 0.797940 61.749405 57.457184 3932.799722 5.731157

std 15571.281097 0.474011 1.432621 2.234491 3989.439738 1.121761

min 1.000000 0.200000 43.000000 43.000000 326.000000 0.000000

25% 13485.750000 0.400000 61.000000 56.000000 950.000000 4.710000

50% 26970.500000 0.700000 61.800000 57.000000 2401.000000 5.700000

75% 40455.250000 1.040000 62.500000 59.000000 5324.250000 6.540000

max 53940.000000 5.010000 79.000000 95.000000 18823.000000 10.740000

dia.isna().sum()

Unnamed: 0 0
carat 0
cut 0
color 0
clarity 0
depth 0
table 0
price 0
x 0
y 0
z 0
dtype: int64

dia=dia.drop(['Unnamed: 0'],axis=1)

dia.head()

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carat cut color clarity depth table price x y z

0 0.23 Ideal E SI2 61.5 55.0 326 3.95 3.98 2.43

dia.shape
1 0.21 Premium E SI1 59.8 61.0 326 3.89 3.84 2.31

2 0.2310)
(53940, Good E VS1 56.9 65.0 327 4.05 4.07 2.31

3 0.29 Premium I VS2 62.4 58.0 334 4.20 4.23 2.63

Data4 visualization
0.31 Good J SI2 63.3 58.0 335 4.34 4.35 2.75

dia.head()

carat cut color clarity depth table price x y z

0 0.23 Ideal E SI2 61.5 55.0 326 3.95 3.98 2.43

1 0.21 Premium E SI1 59.8 61.0 326 3.89 3.84 2.31

2 0.23 Good E VS1 56.9 65.0 327 4.05 4.07 2.31

3 0.29 Premium I VS2 62.4 58.0 334 4.20 4.23 2.63

4 0.31 Good J SI2 63.3 58.0 335 4.34 4.35 2.75

sns.countplot(data=dia,x='cut')

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<Axes: xlabel='cut', ylabel='count'>

sns.countplot(data=dia,x='color')

<Axes: xlabel='color', ylabel='count'>

sns.boxplot(data=dia[['x','y','z']])

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<Axes: >

dia['cut'].value_counts().plot(kind='pie',autopct='%2.1f%%',legend=True,startangle=120)

<Axes: ylabel='cut'>

sns.countplot(data=dia,x='color')
plt.xlabel("color of the diamonds")
plt.ylabel('number of diamonds')

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Text(0, 0.5, 'number of diamonds')

sns.countplot(data=dia,x='clarity')

<Axes: xlabel='clarity', ylabel='count'>

what is the price of the cut?

plt.figure(figsize=(12,6))
sns.barplot(data=dia,x='cut',y='price')
plt.title('prices of the cut of diamond')

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Text(0.5, 1.0, 'prices of the cut of diamond')

plt.figure(figsize=(12,6))
sns.barplot(data=dia,x='color',y='price')
plt.title('prices of the cut of diamond')

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Text(0.5, 1.0, 'prices of the cut of diamond')

plt.figure(figsize=(12,6))
sns.barplot(data=dia,x='clarity',y='price')
plt.title('prices of the cut of diamond')

Text(0.5, 1.0, 'prices of the cut of diamond')

plt.figure(figsize=(12,6))
sns.barplot(data=dia,x='color',y='price',hue='cut')
plt.title('color - cut - price of diamond')

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Text(0.5, 1.0, 'color - cut - price of diamond')

plt.figure(figsize=(12,6))
sns.barplot(data=dia,x='cut',y='price',hue='clarity')
plt.title('cut - price - clarity of diamond')

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Text(0.5, 1.0, 'cut - price - clarity of diamond')

Data preprocessing

Data encoding to the machine learning

dia.head()

carat cut color clarity depth table price x y z

0 0.23 Ideal E SI2 61.5 55.0 326 3.95 3.98 2.43

1 0.21 Premium E SI1 59.8 61.0 326 3.89 3.84 2.31

2 0.23 Good E VS1 56.9 65.0 327 4.05 4.07 2.31

3 0.29 Premium I VS2 62.4 58.0 334 4.20 4.23 2.63

4 0.31 Good J SI2 63.3 58.0 335 4.34 4.35 2.75

dia['cut']=dia['cut'].map({'Ideal':0,'Premium':1,'Very Good':2,'Good':3,'Fair':4})

dia['color']=dia['color'].map({'G':0,'E':1,'F':2,'H':3,'D':4,'I':5,'J':6})

dia['clarity']=dia['clarity'].map({'SI1':0,'VS2':1,'SI2':2,'VS1':3,'VVS2':4,'VVS1':5,'IF':6,

dia.head()

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carat cut color clarity depth table price x y z

converted
0 all
0.23the categorical
0 1 values 2
into the
61.5numerical
55.0 values according
326 3.95 3.98 to the machine learning
2.43
encoding
1 0.21 1 1 0 59.8 61.0 326 3.89 3.84 2.31

2 0.23 3 1 3 56.9 65.0 327 4.05 4.07 2.31

Train
3 Test
0.29 Splitting
1 5 the1 dataset
62.4 58.0 334 4.20 4.23 2.63

4 0.31 3 6 2 63.3 58.0 335 4.34 4.35 2.75

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

x=dia.drop(['price'],axis=1)

y=dia['price']

x.shape,y.shape

((53940, 9), (53940,))

x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(x,y,test_size=0.2,random_state=1)
x_train.shape,y_train.shape,x_test.shape,y_test.shape

((43152, 9), (43152,), (10788, 9), (10788,))

Model Selection and training

Decision Tree algorithm

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor

from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, classification_report ,roc_auc_score,confusion_m

DTR=DecisionTreeRegressor()
DTR

▾ DecisionTreeRegressor
DecisionTreeRegressor()

DTR.fit(x_train,y_train)

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▾ DecisionTreeRegressor
DecisionTreeRegressor()

DTR.score(x_test,y_test)

0.9644274753307684

DTR.score(x_train,y_train)

0.9999948113472171

yhat=DTR.predict(x_test)
a=yhat.mean()
a

3940.985956618465

plt.figure(figsize=(10,6))
sns.distplot(y_test,color='r',hist=False,label='Actual values')
sns.distplot(yhat,color='b',hist=False,label='Fitted values')
plt.title("Actual vs fitted values in the dataset")

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Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Actual vs fitted values in the dataset')

Random forest algorithm

from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor

from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, classification_report, confusion_matrix, roc_auc

rf=RandomForestRegressor()
rf

▾ RandomForestRegressor
RandomForestRegressor()

rf.fit(x_train,y_train)

▾ RandomForestRegressor
RandomForestRegressor()

rf.score(x_train,y_train)

0.9973538696069512

rf.score(x_test,y_test)

0.9811573144595662

yhat_rf=rf.predict(x_test)
b=yhat_rf.mean()
b

3943.780428965385

plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))
sns.distplot(y_test,hist=False,color='g')
sns.distplot(yhat_rf,hist=False,color='b')

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<Axes: xlabel='price', ylabel='Density'>

price1=[]
for i in dia['price']:
if i<5000:
price1.append('least')
elif (i>5001 & i<10000):
price1.append('min')
elif (i>10001 & i<15000):
price1.append('medium')
else:
price1.append('max')
print(price1)

['least', 'least', 'least', 'least', 'least', 'least', 'least', 'least', 'least', 'least

K nearest Neighbours

from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

k = 5
knn_classifier = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=k)

knn_classifier.fit(x_train,y_train)

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▾ KNeighborsClassifier
KNeighborsClassifier()

knn_classifier.score(x_train,y_train)

0.20012977382276603

knn_classifier.score(x_test,y_test)

0.023451983685576567

yhat_knn=knn_classifier.predict(x_test)
c=yhat_knn.mean()
c

3081.556915090842

plt.figure(figsize=(12,6))
sns.distplot(y_test,hist=False,color='g')
sns.distplot(yhat_knn,hist=False,color='r')

<Axes: xlabel='price', ylabel='Density'>

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LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

lr1=LinearRegression()
lr1

▾ LinearRegression
LinearRegression()

lr1.fit(x_train,y_train)

▾ LinearRegression
LinearRegression()

lr1.score(x_train,y_train)

0.8698060950121344

lr1.score(x_test,y_test)

0.870443409999593

yhlr=lr1.predict(x_test)
d=yhlr.mean()
d

3950.3619654934037

plt.figure(figsize=(18,4))
sns.distplot(y_test,hist=False,color='y')
sns.distplot(yhlr,hist=False,color='r')

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<Axes: xlabel='price', ylabel='Density'>

Model accuracy comparisons

sns.set(context='notebook', style=None, palette='tab10')

models = ['Decision Tree', 'Random Forest', 'kNN','Linear Regression']
scores = [a,b,c,d]
ax = sns.barplot(x=models, y=scores)
ax.set_title('Classification Accuracy Comparison of Models', fontsize=18)
for item in ax.get_xticklabels():
item.set_rotation(60)

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dia.head()

carat cut color clarity depth table price x y z

0 0.23 0 1 2 61.5 55.0 326 3.95 3.98 2.43

1 0.21 1 1 0 59.8 61.0 326 3.89 3.84 2.31

2 0.23 3 1 3 56.9 65.0 327 4.05 4.07 2.31

3 0.29 1 5 1 62.4 58.0 334 4.20 4.23 2.63

4 0.31 3 6 2 63.3 58.0 335 4.34 4.35 2.75

Prediction 1

input_data=[0.23,3,1,3,56.9,65.0,4.05,4.07,2.31]
inp_array=np.asarray(input_data)
inp_array
inp_rshape=inp_array.reshape(1,-1)
inp_rshape
prediction1 = DTR.predict(inp_rshape)
print("The pridicted Price for the above test data of Diamond is", prediction1, "Dollars")

The pridicted Price for the above test data of Diamond is [327.] Dollars

Prediction 2

input_data1=[0.36,2,0,1,55.6,62.2,3.89,4.01,2.99]
inp_arr=np.asarray(input_data)
inp_rshap=inp_arr.reshape(1,-1)
prediction2=rf.predict(inp_rshap)

print("The pridicted Price for the above test data of Diamond is", prediction2, "Dollars")

The pridicted Price for the above test data of Diamond is [350.17] Dollars

True friends are like diamonds, precious and rare. False

friends are like leaves, found everywhere.

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