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Validating Arguments Using Categorical Logic - With Solution

Critical thinking

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M Patel
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21 views7 pages

Validating Arguments Using Categorical Logic - With Solution

Critical thinking

Uploaded by

M Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VALIDATING ARGUMENTS USING CATEGORICAL LOGIC

Categorical Syllogisms
• Syllogisms: is a three-line deductive argument, that consists of two
premises and one conclusion.
• Categorical: Each statement should begin with either All, Some or No.
• Example
All cats are animals.
Some animals are wild.
Some cats are wild.

Categorical Statements
1. All S are P
2. No S are P
3. Some S are P
4. Some S are Not P

Converting the Categorical Statements into Vein Diagrams

1. All S are P 2. No S are P

3. Some S are P 4. Some S are not P


Convert the following examples into Vein Diagrams
• No artichokes are fruits.
• Some rectangles are squares.
• All architects are professionals.
• Some stakeholders are jazz fans.
• All persons born in the United States are US citizens.
• No senator are nonpoliticians.
• Not a single chess master is a rock star.

Determine Validity using Vein diagram


Example-1
Some Baptists are coffee-lovers.
All Baptists are protestants.
So, some protestants are coffee - lovers.

Premises Vein Diagram

Argument is valid as conclusion follows premises.

Example-2
No Democrats are Republicans.
Some life guards are Republicans.
So, some life guards are not Democrats.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is valid as conclusion follows premises.
Example-3
No doctors are professional wrestlers.
All cardiologists are doctor.
So, no cardiologists are professional wrestlers.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is valid as conclusion follows premises.

Example-4
No scientists are toddlers.
All physicists are scientists.
So, some physicists are not toddlers.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is Invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.

Example-5
Some bankers are vegetarians.
No anarchists are bankers.
So, some anarchists are not vegetarians.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is Invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.
Example-6
No landlubbers are sailors.
Some sailors are not pirates.
So, some pirates are not landlubbers.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is Invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.

Example-7
No sharks are pets, since no barracuda are pets, and no sharks are barracuda.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is Invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.

Example-8
All snakes are reptiles.
All reptiles are cold blooded animals.So, all snakes are cold blooded animals.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is valid as conclusion follows premises.
Example-9
No farmers are city dwellers. Hence, since all city dwellers are urbanites, no
urbanites are farmers.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.

Example-10
Some bankers are vegetarians. No anarchists are bankers. So, some anarchists are
not vegetarians.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.

Example-11
Some dotcom millionaires are philanthropists. All philanthropists are altruists
Hence, some altruists are dot-com millionaires.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is valid as conclusion follows premises.
Example-12
All ecologists are environmentalists. Hence, because all ecologists are wilderness
– lovers, all wilderness – lovers are environmentalists.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.

Example-13
All cats are carnivores. All tigers are cats. So, all tigers are carnivores.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is valid as conclusion follows premises.

Example-14
No one who is Nobel prize winner is a rock star. Some astrophysicists are Nobel
prize winners. Therefore, some astrophysicists are not rock star.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is Valid as conclusion follows premises.
Example-15
Some tarot-readers are lottery players. All tarot-readers are fraud. So, some frauds
are lottery players.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is valid as conclusion follows premises.

Example-16
All poems are sonnets. No mathematical treatise is a poem. Therefore, no
mathematical treatise is a sonnet.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.

Example-17
No lie is immoral, for no harmless acts are immoral and some lies are harmless.

Premises Vein Diagram


Argument is invalid as conclusion does not follow the premises.

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