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Lecture 1

Biosignals and systems course: lecture 1

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Shereen Elmetwally
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8 views

Lecture 1

Biosignals and systems course: lecture 1

Uploaded by

Shereen Elmetwally
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Biosignals & Systems


Lecture 1
Course Objectives
By the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate the knowledge and understanding of biosignals


and the concept of a system.
2. Describe elementary signals and basic operations on signals.
3. Express any waveform in terms of basic elementary signals,
as the unit step function.
4. Demonstrate understanding of Laplace transform and its
properties.
5. Use Laplace transform in systems analysis.
6. Discuss of the concept of convolution and system impulse
response.
7. Overview Fourier transform and its relation to Laplace
transform.
8. Analyze analog filters and study their design procedures.
9. Overview the sampling theory.
10. Practice applications using MATLAB.
11. Effectively manage tasks, time and resources
2
Course Assessment

 Final exam: 60%


 Year work: 40%
 Mid-term: 20%
 Quizzes & Assignments: 15%
 Attendence: 5%

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 3


Course Delivery Methods
 Lectures:
 On campus (odd weeks)
 Distance learning (even weeks)
• ppt and videos will be uploaded offline prior to lecture
timing on schedule via the course link on Blackboard.

 Office hours: Biweekly from 11:30 to 12:10.

 Sections/Tutorials:
 Face-to-face: to be performed on campus in a physical
classroom.
 Online: to be coordinated with the course TA.

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 4


Biosignals and Systems: Three
building blocks

Concept

2x3=6 Math

Tools

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 5


Biosignals and Systems

 Signal: A signal is any function of


time.
 System: A system is some machine or
procedure that takes one signal as
input, does some processing to it, and
produces another signal as output.
x(t) y(t)

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 6


Biosignals and Systems

 We encounter many types of signals in various


applications
 Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and
electric fields,…
 Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,…
 Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,…
 Biosignals: pressure, temperature, EEG, ECG,
EMG,….

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 7


Biosignals and Systems

 Most real-world signals are analog


 They are continuous in time and amplitude
 Convert to voltage or currents using sensors and
transducers

 Analog circuits process these signals using


 Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…

 Analog signal processing examples


 Audio processing in FM radios
 Video processing in traditional TV sets
Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 8
Biosignals: where do they
come from?
Biological signals:
 An action potential is defined as
a sudden, fast, transitory, and
propagating change of the
resting membrane potential.

 Only neurons and muscle cells


are capable of generating
an action potential; that
property is called the excitability.

o Biosignals are the reflection of accumulated action


potentials of subdermal tissues of a living being.

o They reflect the electrical activities of the muscular and


the neural cells in a synchronized manner.
9
Biosignals: where do they
come from?
Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Time

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 10


Biosignals: where do they
come from?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Time

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 11


Biosignals: where do they
come from?
Electromyogram (EMG)

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 12


Elementary Signals
& Operations
Big Picture: 4 Types
Aperiodic Periodic

Analog
(continuous-
time)
t t

Discrete-
time
t t

14
Basic operations on signals
Given a signal:

x(t)

0 t
Mirror:
x(-t)

0
t
15
Basic operations on signals
Time- Shifting or time delay:

x(t) x(t-a)

Right: +ve a
Left: -ve a
0 a t

16
Unit Step Function
 Denoted as u0(t) is a discontinuous function that changes
abruptly from 0 to1 at t = 0.

 if it changes at t = t0 instead, it is denoted as u0(t-t0)

 If it changes abruptly from 0 to 1 at t = -t0, it is denoted as

18
Unit Step Function
The unit step function offers a convenient
method of describing the sudden application of
a signal, for example a voltage or current source

Example:
 Consider the network shown,
where the switch is closed at time
t =T.

 Express the output voltage as


a function of the unit step function,
and sketch the appropriate waveform.

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 19


Unit Step Function

Solution:
 The output voltage

 Therefore,

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 20


Unit Step Function
Other forms of the unit step function:

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 21


Unit Step Function
 Can be used to represent other time-varying
functions such as the rectangular pulse.

= +

 Thus, the pulse is represented as:

22
Unit Step Function
Example: Express the square waveform as a sum of unit
step functions.

The square waveform is the summation of all the above:

Combining like terms, we get

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 23


Unit Step Function
Example: Express the symmetric triangular waveform as a
sum of unit step functions.

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 24


Unit Ramp Function
 Denoted as u1(t), is defined as

 This integral represents the area under the step input


from - ∞ to t. Therefore:

 Similarly, u0(t) is the derivative of u1(t):

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 25


Unit Ramp Function
 Higher order functions can be generated by repeated
integration of the unit step function.

and

 Example:

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 26


Unit Impulse (or Delta)
Function
 The unit impulse or delta function, denoted as δ(t), is the
derivative of the unit step

 The function of Figure (a) becomes the unit step as ε  0


We see that as ε  0, 1/2ε becomes unbounded, but the
area of the rectangle remains 1.
 Therefore, δ(t) approaches a very large spike or impulse
at the origin, with unbounded amplitude, zero width, and
area equal to 1.

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 27


Delta Function: Sampling
Property
 The sampling property of the delta function states that:

 When a = 0:

 This means that: multiplication of any function by the


delta function results in sampling the function at the time
instants where the delta function is not zero.

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 28


Delta Function: Sampling
Property

Continuous-time
signal
t

“Sampling”

Discrete -time
signal

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 29


Delta Function: Sifting
Property
 The sifting property of the delta function states that:

 This means that: if we multiply any function by


δ(t-α), and integrate from - ∞ to ∞, we will obtain the
value of f(t) evaluated at t = α.

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 30


Proof:

 Consider
 Using intergration by parts:

0 a α b

 Then

 Since for a ≤ t < α


 Therefore

31
Example
Evaluate the following expressions:

Solutions:

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 32


Example

Solution:

33
Example, cont’d.

Biosignals and Systems by A.Prof. Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally 34


Example, cont’d

35

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