BLISS POINT STUDIES

RBI GRADE B (DEPR) – Test Series

Test – 1

1-38 questions are of 1 mark each. 39-52 questions are of 2 mark each. 53-58
questions are of 3 mark each and 59-62 questions are of 4 mark each.

1. Consider a Keynesian Cross Model with following features,

Consumption Function: C = 𝐶0 + b(Y-T)

Tax Function: T = 𝑇0 + tY

Income Identity: Y =

𝐶 + 𝐼0 + 𝐺0

Where, C = Consumption; Y = Real Income; T = Tax; I = Investment;

G = Government Expenditure; b = Parameter; t = Tax Rate
(The subscript 0 (zero) indicates that the concerned variable is autonomous)

If b = 0.7 and t = 0.2, value of the Keynesian multiplier is

(round off to 2 decimal places).

(A) 2.27 (B) 2.37

(C) 3.27 (D) 3.37

2. Six identical fair dice are thrown independently. Let S denote the number of
dice showing even numbers on their upper faces. Then the variance of the
random variable S is.

1
(A) (B) 1
2

3
(C) (D) 3.
2

3. Let X and Y be independent standard normal random variables. Then the

 X Y 
2

distribution of U    is
 X Y 

(A) chi-square with 2 degrees of freedom

(B) chi-square with 1 degree of freedom

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 (C) F with (2,2) degrees of freedom

(D) F with (1, 1) degrees of freedom.

4. For a positively sloped LM curve, which of the following statements is

CORRECT?

(A) A decrease in the price level will shift the LM curve to the left

(B) A lower nominal money supply will shift the LM curve to the right

(C) An increase in the price level will shift the LM curve to the right

(D) A higher nominal money supply will shift the LM curve to the right

5. In three independent throws of a fair-dice, let X denote the number of upper

faces showing six. Then the value of E 3  X  is
2

20 2
(A) (B)
3 3

5 5
(C) (D) .
2 12

6. Matching List-I and List-II, choose the CORRECT option.

List-I List-II
(Regulatory and (Established as statutory
Supervisory bodies via Parliamentary Acts
Financial Institutions) in year)
(a) Reserve Bank of India (i) 2016
(b) Security and Exchange (ii) 1934
Board
of India
(c) Insurance Regulatory (iii) 1992
Development Authority of India
(d) Insolvency and Bankruptcy (iv) 1999
Board of India

(A) (a, ii), (b, iv), (c, iii), (d, i)

(B) (a, iii), (b, ii), (c, iv), (d, i)

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 (C) (a, ii), (b, iii), (c, i), (d, iv)

(D) (a, ii), (b, iii), (c, iv), (d, i)

7. GDPF = Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost; GDPM = Gross Domestic

Product at Market Price; NNPF = Net National Product at Factor Cost;
C = Consumption; I = Investment; G = Government Expenditure; X = Export;
M = Import; T = Tax; S = Saving; D = Depreciation; NIA = Net Income from
Abroad

Which of the following expressions is/are CORRECT?

(A) 𝐺𝐷𝑃𝐹 = 𝐶 + 𝐼 + 𝐺 + 𝑋 – 𝑀

(B) 𝐺𝐷𝑃𝑀 = 𝐶 + 𝐼 + 𝐺 + 𝑋 – 𝑀

(C) 𝑁𝑁𝑃𝐹 = 𝐶 + 𝐼 + 𝐺 + 𝑋 – 𝑀 – 𝑇 + 𝑆 – 𝐷 + 𝑁𝐼𝐴

(D) 𝑁𝑁𝑃𝐹 = 𝐶 + 𝐼 + 𝐺 + 𝑋 – 𝑀 – 𝑇 + 𝑆 – 𝐷

8. Let E, F and G be three events such that the events E and F are mutually

exclusive, PE  F   1. PE G   and PG   . Then PF  G equals

1 7
4 12

1 1
(A) (B)
12 4

5 1
(C) (D) .
12 3

9. Which of the following is NOT a component of Gross Domestic Product?

(A) Investment

(B) Rental Income

(C) Transfer Payments

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 (D) Wages and salaries

10. Which of the following are the direct instruments exercised by the Reserve Bank
of India to control the money supply?

(i) Cash Reserve Ratio

(ii) Open Market Operations

(iii) Foreign Exchange Rate

(iv) Statutory Liquidity Ratio

(A) (i, ii, iii)

(B) (i, ii, iv)

(C) (ii, iii, iv)

(D) (I, iii, iv)

11. Let E and F be two mutually disjoint events. Further, let E and F be
independent of G. If p  PE   PF  and q  PG, then PE  F  G is

(A) 1  pq (B) q  p2

(C) p  q2 (D) p  q  pq.

12. Which of the following is NOT a postulate of the Classical Model of full-
employment equilibrium?

(A) Wage-Price flexibility

(B) Perfect information about the market

(C) Consumption and saving functions depend on income.

(D) The price level moves proportionately with the quantity of money.

13. 
Let E and F be two events such that 0  P  E   1 and P  E | F   P E | F  1.
c

Then

(A) E and F are mutually exclusive

(B) P  Ec | F   P  Ec | F c   1

(C) E and F are independent

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 (D) P  E | F   P  Ec | F c   1

14. Independent trials consisting of rolling a fair die are performed. The probability
that 2 appears before 3 or 5 is

1 1
(A) (B)
2 3

1 1
(C) (D)
4 5

15. A long-run cost function for a product exhibits economies of scale if

(A) average cost of production increases when the output increases
(B) the production function has decreasing returns to scale.
(C) average cost of production falls as the output increases.
(D) average cost of production remains constant as the output increases.

16. Which of the following statements is NOT correct in the context of quantity
theory of money?
(A) The quantity of money available determines the price level in the
economy.
(B) The growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the
inflation rate in the economy.
(C) The velocity of money must rise with the increase in the quantity of
money in the economy.
(D) The economy’s output is determined by factor supplies and technology,
because money is neutral.

 
17. Let X 1 ~ N 1 ,  12 and X 2 ~ N 2 ,  22   be two normally distributed random

variables , where 1  2, 2  3 and  12  4,  22  9. The correlation coefficient

between them is 0.5. Then variance of the random variable  X1  X 2  is _________.
(A) 7 (B) 11
(C) 13 (D) 19

18. An unanticipated inflation would cause

(A) redistribution of wealth from lenders to borrowers

(B) redistribution of wealth from borrowers to lenders

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 (C) gains for both borrowers and lenders

(D) losses for both borrowers and lenders

19. Which one of the following committees is NOT associated with financial sector
reforms in India?

(A) RaghuramRajan Committee (2013)

(B) Narasimham Committee (1991)

(C) Tarapore Committee (1997)

(D) Urjit Patel Committee (2013)

20. A monopolist is facing a downward sloping linear market demand. His variable
cost of production is zero. The profit maximizing price will

(A) lie in the strictly inelastic region of the demand curve

(B) lie in the strictly elastic region of the demand curve

(C) be at the unitary elastic point of the demand curve

(D) be equal to the marginal cost of production

21. Suppose that the market for pizza is perfectly competitive with constant long
run marginal cost. If there is a per unit sales tax on pizza then which of the
following is correct?

(A) Producers will bear all the taxation burden

(B) Consumers will bear all the taxation burden

(C) Consumers and producers will equally share the taxation burden

(D) Tax incidence will depend on the shape of the demand curve

22. In the hypothesis testing which of the following the size of power of the test?

(A) 1- (probability of accepting null hypothesis when it is ture)

(B) 1- (probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is ture)

(C) 1- (probability of accepting null hypothesis when it is false)

(D) 1+(probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is ture)

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23. Consider an economy where the final commodity is produced by a single firm
using labour only. The price-setting firm charges a 25% mark-up over its per
unit nominal wage cost. The workers demand a real wage rate W/P = (1-u).
where u is the unemployment rate, P is the price, and W is the nominal wage
rate. The natural rate of unemployment in this economy is

(A) 20%

(B) 17%

(C) 13%

(D) 10%

24. If the marginal propensity to save is 0.3 and the marginal propensity to import
is 0.1, and the government increases expenditures by Rs. 10 billion, ignoring
foreign-income repercussions, by how much will GDP rise?

(A) Rs. 15 billion. (B) Rs. 10 billion.

(C) Rs. 20 billion. (D) Rs. 25 billion.

25. Under a floating exchange rate regime, following an expansion in the money
supply, monetary authorities will:

(A) Buy domestic currency in foreign exchange market.

(B) Sell domestic currency in the foreign exchange market.

(C) Do nothing in the foreign exchange market.

(D) Buy foreign currency in the foreign exchange market.

26 Deadweight loss is a measure of

(A) change in consumer welfare

(B) change in producer welfare

(C) change in social welfare

(D) change in social inequality

27 To regulate a natural monopolist with cost function Cq  a  bq, the

government has to subsidize the monopolist under

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 (A) average cost pricing

(B) marginal cost pricing

(C) non-linear pricing

(D) all of the above

28 Suppose an economic agent lexicographically prefers x to y , then her

indifference curves are

(A) straight lines parallel to the x axis

(B) straight lines parallel to the y axis

(C) convex sets

(D) L shaped curves

29. Which of the following assumptions is NOT required for the 'First welfare
theorem' in an exchange economy?

(A) Well defined property rights

(B) Absence of externalities

(C) Monotonic preferences

(D) Convex preferences

30. Given below are two statements

Statement I: 'Balanced Growth' in the Solow model implies identical rates of

growth in different sectors of the economy.

Statement II: 'Balanced Growth' in the Solow model implies constant factor
shares in a growing economy. Choose the correct answer from the options given
below

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true

(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false

(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false

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 (D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

31. The competitive market for good 𝑋 has the demand function 𝑥 𝑑 = 100 − 𝑝 and
the supply function 𝑥 𝑠 = 20 + 3𝑝. If the government imposes a sales tax of Rs 10
per unit of the good on sellers, The equilibrium market price will increase by:

(A) Rs. 10

(B) Rs. 7.50

(C) Rs. 5

(D) Rs. 0

32. Which of the following id NOT correct regarding R-squared (𝑅2 ) and Adjusted R-
Squared (𝑅̅ 2 ) ?

(A) 𝑅2 is a scale invariant statistic.

(B) 𝑅̅ 2 is always positive.

(C) 𝑅2 tends to increase if we add an additional explanatory variable.

𝑛−1
(D) 𝑅̅ 2 = 1 − (1 − 𝑅2 ) (𝑛−𝑘 ), where k is the number of parameters and n is the
number of observations.

33. The number of ways in which six letters can be placed in six directed envelopes
such that exactly four letters are placed in correct envelopes and exactly two
letters are placed in wrong envelops is

(A) 1 (B) 15 (C) 135 (D) None of these.

34. In how many ways can three persons, each throwing a single die once, make a
score of 8?

(A) 5 (B) 15 (C) 21 (D) 30

35. Let A and B be two mutually exclusive evens with positive probability each,
defined on the same sample space. Find the correct answers:

(A) A and B are necessarily independent

(B) A and B are necessarily dependent

(C) A and B are necessarily equally likely

(D) None of the above.

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36. In the IS-LM model, ‘crowding out effect’ will not happen if

1. money supply is fixed money supply

2. money supply is adjustable

3. economy is saddled in the ‘liquidity trap’

4. money demand is only for transaction purposes

Which of the above is /are true?

(A) Both 1 and 4 (B) Only 3

(C) Both 2 and 3 (D) Only 2

37. The aggregate wage bill in an economy is equal to 40 and output, which is
produced according to the Cobb-Douglas production function, is equal to 100.
The output growth rate is 10 percent and the growth rates of capital and labour
are 10 percent and 5 percent respectively. What is the overall productivity (TFP)
growth rate for this economy?

(A) 0.03

(B) 0.02

(C) 0.04

(D) 0.01

38. Matching List-I and List-II, choose the CORRECT option.

List-I List-II
(a) Fiscal Deficit (i) Difference between
Government revenue expenditure
and Government
revenue receipts
(b) Revenue Deficit (ii) Difference between
Government total expenditure
and Government total non-debt
receipts minus interest
Payments

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 (c) Primary Deficit (iii) Difference between
Government
total expenditure and
Government total non-debt
receipts

(A) (a, iii), (b, ii), (c, i)

(B) (a, iii), (b, i), (c, ii)

(C) (a, i), (b, iii), (c, ii)

(D) (a, ii), (b, i), (c, iii)

39. Let X1 , X 2 ,......, X 21 be a random sample from a distribution having the variance

X i and S  i 1 X i  X  . Then the value of E S  is

1 21

21
5. Let X 
2
i 1
21

(A) 5 (B) 100

(C) 0.25 (D) 105.

40. Let X be a random variable such that E X   and

 1   1 
P X   x  P X   x
 2   2 

for all 𝑥 ∈  Then

1 1
(A) EX   and Median X  
2 2

1 1
(B) EX   and Median  X  
2 2

1 1
(C) EX   and Median  X  
2 2

1 1
(D) EX   and Median  X  
2 2

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41. In the context of Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve (EAPC), which of the
following statement is/are correct?

(A) An increase in the natural rate of unemployment shifts EAPC to the left.

(B) An increase in the expected inflation shifts EAPC up and to the rights.

(C) If actual unemployment rate equals the natural rate of unemployment,

the unanticipated inflation equals zero.

(D) As long as actual unemployment rate exceeds the natural rate of

unemployment, the actual inflation rate exceeds the expected inflation

42. A firm in operating in a perfectly competitive environment. A change in the

market condition leads to an increase in the firm’s profit by an amount K.
Which of the following describe the change in the Producer’s Surplus due to the
above change in the market condition?

(A) The Producer’s Surplus increases by K

(B) The Producer’s Surplus increases by less than K but greater than 0

(C) The Producer’s Surplus changes but is not possible to know the direction
of the change

(D) The Producer’s Surplus doesn’t change

43. Let x1 , x2 , ... , xn  be the realization of a randomly drawn sample of size n with
sample mean x , and k be a real number other than x . Let S1 and S 2 be the
sums of squared deviations defined as
n n
S1    xi  x  and S 2    xi  k  .
2 2

i 1 i 1

Then,
(A) S1  S2 (B) S1  S2 only if x  k
(C) S1  S2 (D) S1  S2 only if x  k

44. Two firms, X and Y, are operating in a perfectly competitive market. The
price elasticity of supply of X and Y are respectively 0.5 and 1.5. Then

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 (A) if the market price increases by 1 %, X supplies 0.5 % less quantity

(B) Y experiences a slower increase in marginal cost in comparison to X

(C) if market price increases by 0.5 %, X supplies 1 % more quantity

(D) Y experiences a rapid increase in marginal cost in comparison to X

45. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT in the context of an Open
Economy IS-LM Model under Floating Exchange Rate (with fixed price) and
Perfect Capital Mobility?

(A) An expansionary fiscal policy would appreciate the domestic currency value

(B) An expansionary monetary policy would depreciate the domestic currency

value

(C) Exchange rate has significant impact on determining the equilibrium level of
income and employment

(D) Monetary policy is fully effective in determining income and employment

whereas fiscal policy is ineffective

Consider f:  defined by f  x   

11
46. i 1
x  a i for all x  , where a1  ...a11 .
This function has a minimum when x equals :

(A) a 2 (B) a 6

(C) a 7 (D) a11

47. Which of the following CORRECTLY defines the relationship between the
Variances of sample means

for simple random samples drawn with and without replacement from a normal
population?

𝜎2 𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛
(A) > ( 𝑁−1 )
𝑛 𝑛

𝜎2 𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛
(B) ≤ ( 𝑁−1 )
𝑛 𝑛

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 𝜎2 𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛
(C) < ( 𝑁−1 )
𝑛 𝑛

𝜎2 𝜎 2 𝑁−𝑛
(D) = ( )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑁−1

48. In an exchange economy there are two goods X and Y and two agents A and B.
A owns 10 units of good Y while B owns 10 units of good X. A has a
lexicographic preference where good X come before good Y. She will choose the
bundle that offers the most X. no matter how much Y there is. Only when there
is a tie between bundles with regard to X will A start comparing Y across
bundles. Agent B also has lexicographic preference, but for her good Y comes
before good X. Consider the following statements.

Statement I- An allocation where A gets 10 units of good X and B get 10 units of

good Y is Pareto optimal.

Statement II- An allocation where A gets 10 units of good X and 5 units of good
Y while B gets 5 units of good Y is Pareto optimal.

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true

(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false

(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false

(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

49. Which of the following statements is NOT correct under the IS-LM (Fixed Price)
model?
(A) The LM curve represents the combinations of income and interest rate,
where money market is in equilibrium.

(B) The IS curve represents the combinations of income and interest rate,
where product market (goods and services) is in equilibrium.

(C) An increase in money supply raises income and reduces interest rate
when the IS curve has negative slope and the LM curve has positive
slope.

(D) Monetary policy has a relatively weak effect on income when the interest
responsiveness of the demand for money is relatively low.

50. Let X-N(𝜇𝑥, 𝜎𝑥2 ) and X-N(𝜇𝑦, 𝜎𝑦2 ). Which of following is/are NOT correct?

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 2
1 𝑥−𝜇𝑥
1 𝜇𝑥 −2( 𝜎 )
(A) The area 𝐹 (𝑋 ) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 dx is 1.
𝜎𝑥√2𝜋 −∞

(B) The areas under the normal probability curve between the ordinates at

X  3 X and Y  2Y are 0.9544 and 0.9973, respectively.

(C) For variable X.

Quartile Deviation : Mean Absolute Deviation : Standard Deviation

2 4
≅ 𝜎𝑥 : 𝜎𝑥 :𝜎𝑥
3 5
(D) If X and Y are independent, then (X-Y)~N(𝜇𝑥 − 𝜇𝑦 , 𝜎𝑥2 + 𝜎𝑦2 )

i) A&B

ii) A&C

iii) B&D

iv) A&D

51. You have a budget of Rs. 4000 and would like to purchase LPG cylinders from a
local seller who charges Rs. 50 per cylinder. The seller has a subsidy scheme by
which if you return the empty cylinder purchased from him, you will get a
refund of Rs. 20 per cylinder. You cannot borrow money from anyone. The
maximum number of cylinders you can purchase is

(A) 131

(B) 132

(C) 133

(D) 134

52. Suppose that the regression model id 𝑌𝑖 = 𝛽0 +𝛽1𝑋1𝑖 + 𝛽2 𝑋2𝑖 + 𝜇𝑖 =1,

2,…….n. Which of
the following null hypotheses could be tested using the F-test?

𝛽1
(A) =0
𝛽2

(B) 𝛽0 = 0

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 (C) 𝛽1 𝛽2 = 0

(D) 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 = 0
1) A&D

2) C&D

3) B&D

4) C&D

53. Consider an Economy that produces only Apples and Bananas. The
following Table contains per unit price (in INR) and quantity (in kg) of these
goods. Assuming 2010 as the Base Year and using GDP deflator to calculate
the annual inflation rate, which of the following options is CORRECT?

Year Price Quantity Price Quantity

of of Apple of of
Apple Banan Banana
a
2010 1 100 2 50
2011 1 200 2 100
2012 2 200 4 100

(A) GDP deflator for the year 2011 is 100 and the inflation rate for the year 2011
is 0 %

(B) GDP deflator for the year 2012 is 50 and the inflation rate for the year 2012
is 100 %

(C) GDP deflator for the year 2011 is 50 and the inflation rate for the year 2011
is 0 %

(D) GDP deflator for the year 2012 is 100 and the inflation rate for the year 2012
is 100 %

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54. Let X be Poisson (2) and Y be Binomial (10, 3/4) random variables. If X and
Y are independent, then P  X Y  0 is

10 10
1 1
(A) e2   
4
1  e2  (B) e2   
4
1  2e 
2

10
1
2 21
(C) e   (D) e 1  
4 4

55. A monopoly canteen serves packed meals to two groups of consumers, groups X
and group Y. The demand for packed meals for X and Y are given by,
Qx = 200 – 4 P and QY = 300 – P,
Where P is the uniform price per unit. The unit cost of producing each meal is
Rs. 50. The value of P (in Rs.) that maximizes the canteen's profit is

(A) 75
(B) 50
(C) 125
(D) 175

56. Suppose we run OLS regression: 𝑌𝑖 = 𝛽1 + 𝛽2 𝑋𝑖 + 𝜖𝑖 , where notations have their

usual meaning. After this we get an estimate of 𝑌̂𝑖 = 𝛽̂1 + 𝛽̂2 𝑋𝑖 . Now we regress
(OLS) 𝑌𝑖 on 𝑌̂𝑖 . Estimated coefficient of 𝑌̂𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝛼̂2. Which of the following is correct?

(A) 𝛼̂2 = −𝛽̂1

(B) 𝛼̂2 = 𝛽̂2

(C) 𝛼̂2 = 0

(D) 𝛼̂2 = 1

57. Using ordinary least squares, a market analyst estimates the following
demand function log X     log P  
where X is the output, and P is the price. In another formulation, she
estimates the above function after dividing all prices by 1000. Comparing the
two sets of estimates she would find that.
(A) ̂ and ˆ will be the same in both formulations

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 (B) ˆ and ˆ will differ across both formulations

(C) ̂ will change but ˆ will not

(D) ˆ will change but ̂ will not

58. An amateur singer has just recorded his first music album with a recording
company. The demand for his ablum is given by Q = 40000 – 800 P, where Q is
the number of the albums sold and P is the price of each album. Furthermore,
per unit cost of producing each album is given by Rs. 8. A profit maximizing
recording company has offered has offered the following contract options to the
singer
(i) 20% of the revenue from the sales of the album
(ii) Rs. 2 per album sold
(iii) A fixed fee of Rs. 32,000

Which of the following is/are correct?

(A) Contract (i) yield the highest payment to the singer
(B) Contract (ii) yield the highest payment to the singer
(C) Contract (iii) yield the highest payment to the singer
(D) Contract (ii) and (iii) yield the same payment to the singer

59. Let X and Y be two independent random variables with the cumulative
distribution functions
x
3
FX  x   1    , x  1, 2, 3,
4
y
2
GY  y   1    , y  1, 2, 3, ,
3
respectively. Let Z = min  X , Y  . Then, the probability P  Z  6  is

1 1
(A) (B)
64 32
63 31
(C) (D)
64 32

60. Consider an exchange economy with goods x and y, and agents 1 and 2, whose
  2 2
 
endowments are 1x , 1y   0,9  and  x ,  y  10, 0  respectively.

The utility functions of 1 and 2 are u1  x, y   min x, y and u2  x, y   min x, y
respectively. The allocation that gives (10, 9) to 1 and (0, 0) to 2 is

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 (A) Pareto efficient but not a competitive equilibrium allocation

(B) Neither Pareto efficient nor a competitive equilibrium allocation

(C) a competitive equilibrium allocation that is Pareto efficient

(D) a competitive equilibrium allocation that is not Pareto efficient

61. A tour operator has a bus that can accommodate 20 tourists. The operator
knows that tourists may not show up, so he sells 21 tickets. The probability
that an individual tourist will not show up is 0.02, independent of all other
tourists. Each ticket costs 50, and is non-refundable if a tourist fails to show
up. If a tourist shows up and a seat is not available, the tour operator has to
pay 100 to that tourist.

The expected revenue of the tour operator is

(A) 950 (B) 967

(C) 976 (D) 985

62. A production function at time 𝑡 is given by

𝑌𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝐾𝑡𝛼 𝐿1−𝛼
𝑡 , 𝛼 𝜖 (0,1), 𝛼 ≠ 0.5,

Where Y is output, K is capital L is labour and A is the level of Total Factor

𝑌𝑡
Productivity. Define per capita output as 𝑦𝑡 = and capital-output ratio as 𝑘𝑡 =
𝐿𝑡
𝐾𝑡 𝑑𝑥𝑡
𝑌𝑡
. For any variable 𝑥𝑡 , denote 𝑑𝑡
by x. The per capita output growth rate is

𝑦̇ 1 𝐴̇ 𝛼 𝑘̇
(A) = +
𝑦 (1−𝛼) 𝐴 (1−𝛼) 𝑘

𝑦̇ 𝛼 𝐴̇ 1 𝑘̇
(B) = +
𝑦 (1−𝛼) 𝐴 (1−𝛼) 𝑘

𝑦̇ 𝐴̇ 𝑘̇
(C) 𝑦
= (1 − 𝛼) 𝐴
+𝛼𝑘

𝑦̇ 𝐴̇ 𝑘̇
(D) 𝑦
=𝛼 𝐴
+ (1 − 𝛼) 𝑘

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