Class XI Chemistry Notes Chapter 2 Structure of Atom
Class XI Chemistry Notes Chapter 2 Structure of Atom
Resource Material
For Revised Syllabus Session 2024-25
EXEMPLAR
SOLUTIONS
Chemistry
Chapter 2:Structure of Atom
Class
11
Powered by
Chapter 2 –
Structure of Atom
Solution:
Option (iv) is the answer.
4. Which of the following statement is not correct about the characteristics of
cathode rays?
(i) They start from the cathode and move towards the anode.
(ii) They travel in a straight line in the absence of an external electrical or
magnetic field.
(iii) Characteristics of cathode rays do not depend upon the material of
electrodes in a cathode ray tube.
(iv) Characteristics of cathode rays depend upon the nature of gas present
in the cathode ray tube.
Solution:
Option (iv) is the answer.
5. Which of the following statements about the electron is incorrect?
(i) It is a negatively charged particle.
(ii) The mass of an electron is equal to the mass of a neutron.
(iii) It is a basic constituent of all atoms.
(iv) It is a constituent of cathode rays.
Solution:
Option (ii) is the answer.
6. Which of the following properties of an atom could be explained correctly by
Thomson Model of an atom?
(i) Overall neutrality of atom.
(ii) Spectra of a hydrogen atom.
(iii) Position of electrons, protons and neutrons in an atom.
(iv) Stability of atom.
Solution:
Option (i) is the answer.
7. Two atoms are said to be isobars if.
(i) they have the same atomic number but a different mass number.
(ii) they have the same number of electrons but a different number of neutrons.
(iii) they have the same number of neutrons but a different number of electrons.
(iv) the sum of the number of protons and neutrons is the same but the number of
protons is different.
Solution:
Option (iv) is the answer.
8. The number of radial nodes for 3p orbital is __________.
(i) 3
(ii) 4
(iii) 2
(iv) 1
Solution:
Option (iv) is the answer.
9. Number of angular nodes for 4d orbital is __________.
(i) 4
(ii) 3
(iii) 2
(iv) 1
Solution:
Option (iii) is the answer.
10. Which of the following is responsible to rule out the existence of definite paths
or trajectories of electrons?
(i) Pauli’s exclusion principle.
(ii) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
(iii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
(iv) Aufbau principle.
Solution:
Option (ii) is the answer.
11. A total number of orbitals associated with the third shell will be __________.
(i) 2
(ii) 4
(iii) 9
(iv) 3
Solution:
Option (iii) is the answer.
12. Orbital angular momentum depends on __________.
(i) l
(ii) n and l
(iii) n and m
(iv) m and s
Solution:
Option (i) is the answer.
13. Chlorine exists in two isotopic forms, Cl-37 and Cl-35 but its atomic mass is
35.5. This indicates the ratio of Cl-37 and Cl-35 is approximately
(i) 1:2
(ii) 1:1
(iii) 1:3
(iv) 3:1
Solution:
Option (iii) is the answer.
14. The pair of ions having same electronic configuration is __________.
(i) Cr3+, Fe3+
(ii) Fe3+, Mn2+
(iii) Fe3+, Co3+
(iv) Sc3+, Cr3+
Solution:
Option (ii) is the answer.
15. For the electrons of an oxygen atom, which of the following statements is correct?
(i) Zeff for an electron in a 2s orbital is the same as Zeff for an electron in a 2p
orbital.
(ii) An electron in the 2s orbital has the same energy as an electron in the
2p orbital.
(iii) Zeff for an electron in 1s orbital is the same as Zeff for an electron in a 2s
orbital.
(iv) The two electrons present in the 2s orbital have spin quantum numbers
ms but of opposite sign.
Solution:
Option (iv) is the answer.
16. If travelling at the same speeds, which of the following matter waves has the
shortest wavelength?
(i) Electron
(ii) An alpha particle (He2+)
(iii) Neutron
(iv) Proton
Solution:
Option (ii) is the answer.
Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)
In the following questions, two or more options may be correct.
17. Identify the pairs which are not of isotopes?
(i) 6X12, 6Y13
(ii) 17X35, 6Y37
(iii) 6X14, 7Y14
(iv) 4X8, 5Y8
Solution:
Option (iii) and (iv) are the answers.
18. Out of the following pairs of electrons, identify the pairs of electrons present
in degenerate orbitals :
(i) (a) n = 3, l = 2, ml = –2, ms= − 1/2
(b) n = 3, l = 2, ml = –1, ms= − 1/2
(ii) (a) n = 3, l = 1, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
(b) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
(iii) (a) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
(b) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
(iv) (a) n = 3, l = 2, ml = +2, ms = − 1/2
(b) n = 3, l = 2, ml = +2, ms = +1/2
Solution:
Option (i) and (iv) are the answers.
19. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is correct?
n l ml
(i) 1 1 +2
(ii) 2 1 +1
(iii) 3 2 –2
(iv) 3 4 –2
Solution:
Option (ii) and (iii) are the answers
20. In which of the following pairs, the ions are iso-electronic?
(i) Na+, Mg2+
(ii) Al3+, O–
(iii) Na+, O2-
(iv) N3-, Cl–
Solution;
Option (i) and (iii) are the answers.
21. Which of the following statements concerning the quantum numbers are
correct?
(i) The angular quantum number determines the three-dimensional shape of
the orbital.
(ii) The principal quantum number determines the orientation and energy
of the orbital.
(iii) The magnetic quantum number determines the size of the orbital.
(iv) Spin quantum number of an electron determines the orientation of the
spin of the electron relative to the chosen axis.
Solution:
Option (i) and (iv) are the answers.
III. Short Answer Type
22. Arrange s, p and d sub-shells of a shell in the increasing order of effective
nuclear charge (Zeff) experienced by the electron present in them.
Solution:
d<p<s
S orbitals shield the electrons from the nucleus more than p-orbitals which shield more in d.
23. Show the distribution of electrons in oxygen atom (atomic number 8) using
orbital diagram.
Solution:
8O= 1s2 2s2 2p4
24. Nickel atom can lose two electrons to form Ni2+ ion. The atomic number of nickel is 28. From which orbital
will nickel lose two electrons.
Solution:
One Ni atom has 28 electrons and its electronic configuration is : [Ar] 4s2 3d8
It becomes Ni2+ by losing 2 electrons, hence configuration of Ni2+ is : [Ar] 4s0 3d8
So, nickel loses two electrons from the 4s orbital, not the 3d orbital as per the Aufbau principle
25. Which of the following orbitals are degenerate?
3dxy, 4dxy, 3dz2 , 3dyx, 4dyx, 4dzz
Solution:
The energy of orbitals depends on the principal quantum number or the main shell to a large extent. Hence, orbitals
with an equal value of n will have the same levels of energy and will be called degenerate orbitals.
Degenerate orbitals are 3dxy, 3dz2, 3dyx because they have the same main shell n = 3.
And 4dxy, 4dyx, 4dzz because they have the same value of n=4.
26. Calculate the total number of angular nodes and radial nodes present in 3p orbital.
Solution:
Nodes are the region present among the orbitals where the probability density of finding electrons will be zero.
In case of np orbitals , radial nodes = n – l – 1 = 3 –1 – 1 = 1
Angular nodes = l = 1.
27. The arrangement of orbitals based on energy is based upon their (n+l ) value. Lower the value of (n+l ),
lower is the energy. For orbitals having the same values of (n+l), the orbital with a lower value of n will have
lower energy.
I. Based upon the above information, arrange the following orbitals in the increasing order of energy
(a) 1s, 2s, 3s, 2p
(b) 4s, 3s, 3p, 4d
(c) 5p, 4d, 5d, 4f, 6s
(d) 5f, 6d, 7s, 7p
II. Based upon the above information, solve the questions given below :
(a) Which of the following orbitals has the lowest energy?
4d, 4f, 5s, 5p
(b) Which of the following orbitals has the highest energy?
5p, 5d, 5f, 6s, 6p
Solution:
(i) (a) the increasing order of energy of the given orbital is : 1s >2s >2p> 3s
(b) the increasing order of energy of the given orbital is : 3s<3p<4s<4d
(c) the increasing order of energy of the given orbital is : 4d<5p<6s<4f<5d
(d)the increasing order of energy of the given orbital is: 7s<5f<6d<7p
(ii) (a) among the orbitals, 5s has the lowest energy.
the (n+l) value for 5s is the lowest = 5 + 0 = 5. Other orbitals have (n+l )value more than 5 –
5p= 5 + 1 = 6 , 4f = 4 + 3 = 7 , 4d = 4 + 2 = 6.
(b) among the orbitals , 5f has the highest energy because the (n +l ) value – 5 + 3 = 8 is highest.
5d = 5 + 2 = 7 , 5p = 5 + 1= 6 , 6s =6 + 0 = 6 , 6p =6 + 1 = 7.
28. Which of the following will not show deflection from the path on passing through an electric field?
Proton, cathode rays, electron, neutron
Solution:
Neutron will not show deflection from the path on passing through an electric field.
This is due to the neutral nature of the neutron particles. Therefore, it has no charge and does not get affected by any
electric field.
Among other 3 particles proton (positive ), electron (negative), cathode rays (the beam of electrons, negatively
charged) all have charges in them so they will get deflected easily by an electric field.
29. An atom having atomic mass number 13 has 7 neutrons. What is the atomic number of the atom?
Solution:
The mass number of an atom = number of protons + number of neutrons
Therefore atomic number ( number of protons ) = mass number – no. Of neutrons.
The atomic number of atom: 13 – 7 = 6.
30. Wavelengths of different radiations are given below :
λ(A) = 300 nm
λ(B) = 300 μm
λ(c) = 3 nm
λ (D) 30 A°
Arrange these radiations in the increasing order of their energies.
Solution:
According to Planck’s quantum theory, energy is related to the frequency of radiation by :
E = h × Frequency
So, E is proportional to 1/ λ
Hence, the relation b/w energy and wavelength are inversely proportional, therefore lesser the wavelength higher will
be the energy of the radiation.
For the given wavelengths
λ(A) = 300 nm = 300 x 10-9 m = 3 x 10 -7 m
λ(B) = 300 μm = 3 00 x 10-6 = 3 x 10-4
λ(c) = 3 nm = 3 x 10 – 9
λ (D) 30 A° = 3 X 10 – 9
the increasing order of the given wavelengths : λ(c) = λ (D) <λ(A)< λ(B)
hence the increasing order of energy will be the opposite: λ(B)< λ(A:<λ(c) = λ (D)
31. The electronic configuration of the valence shell of Cu is 3d10 4s1 and not 3d94s2. How is this configuration
explained?
Solution:
Configuration with filled and half-filled orbitals has extra stability. In 3d104s1, d orbitals are filled and s orbitals are
half-filled.
32. The Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum corresponds to the transition from n1 = 2 to n2 = 3,4,……….
This series lies in the visible region. Calculate the wavenumber of the line associated with the transition in
Balmer series when the electron moves to n = 4 orbit. (RH= 109677 cm-1)
Solution:
According to Bohr’s model for the hydrogen atom
ν = RH(1/n12-1/ n22)cm-1
here, n1 = 2 and n2 = 4 and H = Rydberg’s constant = 109677
Hence, wave number -v= 109677 ( ¼-1/16)
= 20564.44cm-1
33. According to de Broglie, the matter should exhibit dual behaviour, that is both particle and wave-like
properties. However, a cricket ball of mass 100 g does not move like a wave when it is thrown by a bowler at a
speed of 100 km/h. Calculate the wavelength of the ball and explain why it does not show wave nature.
Solution:
m= 100g or 0.1kg
ν= 100km/h =100*1000/60*60 = 1000/36m/s
λ =h/mν = 2.387*10-34m
34. What is the experimental evidence in support of the idea that electronic energies in an atom are quantized?
Solution:
The bright-line spectrum shows that the energy levels in an atom are quantized. These lines are obtained as a result of
electronic transitions between the energy .and if the electronic energy levels were continuous and not quantized or
discrete; the atomic spectra would have shown a continuous absorption(from lower to higher energy level transition) or
emission (from higher to lower energy level transition.
35. Out of electron and proton which one will have, a higher velocity to produce matter waves of the same
wavelength? Explain it.
Solution:
Out of electron and proton, being the lighter particle electron will have a higher velocity and will also produce matter
waves of the same wavelength.
36. A hypothetical electromagnetic wave is shown in Fig. 2.2. Find out the wavelength of the radiation.
Solution:
The wavelength can be defined as the distance between two alike successive points in a wave (usually b/w two maxima
s i.e. peaks or two minima s i.e. troughs are shown in the fig.)
So, for the given hypothetical wave, wavelength λ = 4 * 2.16 pm
= 8.64 pm.
37. Chlorophyll present in green leaves of plants absorbs light at 4.620 × 1014 Hz. Calculate the wavelength of
radiation in nanometer. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does it belong to?
Solution:
Relation b/w wavelength and frequency can be expressed as :
λ = c/ν, where c be the velocity of light and ν is the frequency of the radiation.
For the given problem λ = 3 x 108 ms-1 / 4.620 x 1014 Hz
= 0.6494 times10-6m-1
38. What is the difference between the terms orbit and orbital?
Solution:
The orbit stands for a definite circular path for the electrons to revolve around the nucleus. It represents the two-
dimensional motion of the electrons around the nucleus, the orbital is not that well-defined path because it’s a region
around the nucleus where the probability of finding an electron is maximum.
39. Table-tennis ball has a mass 10 g and a speed of 90 m/s. If speed can be measured within an accuracy of 4%
what will be the uncertainty in speed and position?
Solution:
According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle :
“It is fundamentally impossible to determine accurately both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time.
∆x. ∆p ≥ h/4π
From the given problem,
mass of the ball = 4 g and speed is = 90 m /s
hence,the uncertainty of speed is ∆v = 4/100 × 90 = 3.6 m/s
∆x is given by ∆x = h/4πm∆v
Hence , the uncertainty of postion is ∆x = 6.26 × 10-34 / 4 × 3.14 × 4× 3.6
= 1.46 x 10-33 m
40. The effect of the uncertainty principle is significant only for the motion of microscopic particles and is
negligible for the macroscopic particles. Justify the statement with the help of a suitable example.
Solution:
The uncertainty principle is only significantly applicable for microscopic particles and not macroscopic particles this
can be concluded from the measurement of uncertainty:
For example, if we take a particle or an object of mass 1 milligram i.e. 10-6 kg )
We calculate the,
∆x. ∆ν = 60626*10-34/ 4*3.14*10-6
= 10-28 m-2 s -1
The value we got is negligible and very insignificant for the uncertainty principle to apply to the particle.
41. The hydrogen atom has only one electron, so mutual repulsion between electrons is absent. However, in
multielectron atoms mutual repulsion between the electrons is significant. How does this affect the energy of an
electron in the orbitals of the same principal quantum number in multielectron atoms?
Solution:
The hydrogen atom has only one electron, so mutual repulsion between electrons is absent. However, in multielectron
atoms mutual repulsion between the electrons is significant. How does this affect the energy of an electron in the
orbitals of the same principal quantum number in multielectron atoms?
IV. Matching Type
In some of the following questions, one option of the left column maybe
Correlated to more than one option in the right column.
42. Match the following species with their corresponding ground state electronic
configuration.
Solution:
(i) → c
(ii) →d
(iii) →a
(iv) →e
43. Match the quantum numbers with the information provided by these.
Quantum number Information provided
Solution:
(i) →d
(ii) →c
(iii) →a
(iv) →b
V. Assertion and Reason Type
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given
below each question.
48. . Assertion (A): All isotopes of a given element show the same type of chemical
behaviour.
Reason (R): The chemical properties of an atom are controlled by the
number of electrons in the atom.
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) Both A and R are false.
Solution:
Option (i) is correct
49. Assertion (A): The black body is an ideal body that emits and absorbs radiations
of all frequencies.
Reason (R): The frequency of radiation emitted by a body goes from a lower
frequency to higher frequency with an increase in
temperature.
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the explanation of A.
(iii) A is true and R is false.
(iv) Both A and R are false.
Solution:
Option (ii) is the answer.
50. Assertion (A): It is impossible to determine the exact position and exact
the momentum of an electron simultaneously.
Reason (R): The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined.
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true and R is false.
(iv) Both A and R are false.
Solution:
Option (iii) is correct
CLICK TO DOWNLOAD NCERT EXEMPLAR
SOLUTIONS
CLASS 11: CHEMISTRY (ALL CHAPTERS)
JOIN OUR
WHATSAPP
GROUPS
FOR FREE EDUCATIONAL
RESOURCES
JOIN SCHOOL OF EDUCATORS WHATSAPP GROUPS
FOR FREE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
We are thrilled to introduce the School of Educators WhatsApp Group, a
platform designed exclusively for educators to enhance your teaching & Learning
experience and learning outcomes. Here are some of the key benefits you can
expect from joining our group:
Access to Previous Years' Question Papers and Topper Answers: The group
provides access to previous years' question papers (PYQ) and exemplary answer
scripts of toppers. This resource is invaluable for exam preparation, allowing
individuals to familiarize themselves with the exam format, gain insights into scoring
techniques, and enhance their performance in assessments.
Free and Unlimited Resources: Members enjoy the benefit of accessing an array of
educational resources without any cost restrictions. Whether its study materials,
teaching aids, or assessment tools, the group offers an abundance of resources
tailored to individual needs. This accessibility ensures that educators and students
have ample support in their academic endeavors without financial constraints.
Instant Access to Educational Content: SOE WhatsApp groups are a platform where
teachers can access a wide range of educational content instantly. This includes study
materials, notes, sample papers, reference materials, and relevant links shared by
group members and moderators.
Timely Updates and Reminders: SOE WhatsApp groups serve as a source of timely
updates and reminders about important dates, exam schedules, syllabus changes, and
academic events. Teachers can stay informed and well-prepared for upcoming
assessments and activities.
Access to Expert Guidance: SOE WhatsApp groups are moderated by subject matter
experts, teachers, or experienced educators can benefit from their guidance,
expertise, and insights on various academic topics, exam strategies, and study
techniques.
Join the School of Educators WhatsApp Group today and unlock a world of resources,
support, and collaboration to take your teaching to new heights. To join, simply click
on the group links provided below or send a message to +91-95208-77777 expressing
your interest.
Best Regards,
Team
School of Educators
Join School of Educators WhatsApp Groups
You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical
tips and Viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum, syllabus,
marking scheme, toppers answer scripts, revised exam pattern, revised syllabus,
Blue Print etc. here . Join Your Subject / Class WhatsApp Group.
Entrepreneurship French IT
Artificial Intelligence
You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical
tips and Viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum, syllabus,
marking scheme, toppers answer scripts, revised exam pattern, revised syllabus,
Blue Print etc. here . Join Your Subject / Class WhatsApp Group.
Artificial Intelligence
Entrepreneurship French IT
AI IIT/NEET CUET
Groups Rules & Regulations:
To maximize the benefits of these WhatsApp groups, follow these guidelines:
Additional notes:
1. Avoid posting messages between 9 PM and 7 AM.
2. After sharing resources with students, consider deleting outdated data if necessary.
3. It's a NO Nuisance groups, single nuisance and you will be removed.
No introductions.
No greetings or wish messages.
No personal chats or messages.
No spam. Or voice calls
Share and seek learning resources only.
Join our premium groups and just Rs. 1000 and gain access to all our exclusive
materials for the entire academic year. Whether you're a student in Class IX, X, XI, or
XII, or a teacher for these grades, Artham Resources provides the ultimate tools to
enhance learning. Pay now to delve into a world of premium educational content!
Class 12
📣 Don't Miss Out! Elevate your academic journey with top-notch study materials and secure
your path to top scores! Revolutionize your study routine and reach your academic goals with
our comprehensive resources. Join now and set yourself up for success! 📚🌟
Best Wishes,
Team
School of Educators & Artham Resources
SKILL MODULES BEING OFFERED IN
MIDDLE SCHOOL
Artificial Intelligence Beauty & Wellness Design Thinking & Financial Literacy
Innovation
Digital Citizenship Life Cycle of Medicine & Things you should know What to do when Doctor
Vaccine about keeping Medicines is not around
at home
Application of Photography
Satellites
SKILL SUBJECTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL (CLASSES IX – X)
Food Production Front Office Operations Banking & Insurance Marketing & Sales
Artificial Intelligence
Physical Activity Trainer Electronics & Hardware
Data Science
(NEW)
Mass Media Studies Library & Information Fashion Studies Applied Mathematics
Science