MALAWI ASSEMBLIES OF

GOD UNIVERSITY

FORM AND STYLE GUIDE

Available online at www.MAGU .ac.mw

MAG University
Area 32/10 Paul Kagame Road,
P.O Box 209, Lilongwe, Malawi
[email protected]

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First Edition December 2013

© 2004 MAGU
All Rights Reserved

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 PREFACE1

As in any University, writing papers and dissertation demands a particular standard.

MAGU ’s Form and Style is an adaptation of the sixth edition of the Turabian’s Manual for
Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (6th ed.). The structure of the guide has been
arranged in a topical arrangement, in which all guidelines on a particular aspect of style are
included in one section of the guide. This edition has been expanded to include more guidelines on
basic editorial style, such as capitalization, punctuation, abbreviation, etc.

Because of the increased use of Internet and other electronic sources, this Manual contains
additional guidelines and examples on documenting these sources. Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.)
contains limited information on documenting electronic sources; thus, The Chicago Manual of
Style (15th ed.), the extensive manual on which Turabian is based, was consulted in compiling the
information on documenting electronic sources. The MAGU Form and Style Guide will always be
“in process” because of the updates required with the increased use of electronic and other
nonprint sources, the changes in Turabian style, and the continual evolution of the English
language. MAGU gives credit to the Global University of Springfield, Missouri upon whose work
this Manual is founded.

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This is an adaptation of Global University Form and Style Guide 4th ed. Springfield, MO: MAGU

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 Contents
PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 6
SECTION 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 7
GENERAL FORMAT .................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Title Page .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Student Information Header ................................................................................................. 8
1.3 Margins ................................................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Font ....................................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Spacing ................................................................................................................................. 9
1.6 Pagination ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.7 Paragraph Indentation......................................................................................................... 10
1.8 Footnotes ............................................................................................................................ 10
SECTION 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 11
ACADEMIC STYLE ................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Turabian Style .................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Capitalization...................................................................................................................... 14
Italics and Quotation Marks ..................................................................................................... 18
2.5 Punctuation ......................................................................................................................... 19
2.6 Spelling ............................................................................................................................... 21
2.7 Numbers ............................................................................................................................. 21
2.8 Lists or Series ..................................................................................................................... 25
2.9 Levels of Heading .............................................................................................................. 27
2.10 Outlines ............................................................................................................................ 29
SECTION 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 30
DOCUMENTATION ................................................................................................................... 30
3.1 Academic Integrity ............................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Turabian Documentation Style ........................................................................................... 30
3.3 Author-Date System: Reference Lists and In-Text Citations ............................................. 31
3.4 Reference Lists ................................................................................................................... 32
3.5 In-Text Citations................................................................................................................. 34
SECTION 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 36
DOCUMENTATION—SPECIFIC CONTENT .......................................................................... 36
4.1 Books .................................................................................................................................. 36
4.2 Periodicals .......................................................................................................................... 41
4.3 Internet and Other Electronic Sources................................................................................ 44
4.4 Other Sources ..................................................................................................................... 46
SECTION 5 ...................................................................................................................................... 49
DOCUMENTATION—EXAMPLES .......................................................................................... 49
5.1 Books .................................................................................................................................. 49
5.2 Periodicals .......................................................................................................................... 51
5.3 Internet and Other Electronic Sources................................................................................ 52
5.4 Other Sources ..................................................................................................................... 53
SECTION 6 ...................................................................................................................................... 55
QUOTATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 55
6.1 Basic Format....................................................................................................................... 55

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 6.2 Scripture Quotations ........................................................................................................... 58
SECTION 7 ...................................................................................................................................... 61
THESIS FORMAT ....................................................................................................................... 61
7.1 Organization of Thesis ....................................................................................................... 61
7.2 General Format ................................................................................................................... 62
7.3 Title Page ............................................................................................................................ 63
7.4 Dedication .......................................................................................................................... 63
7.5 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 64
7.6 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. 64
7.7 List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 65
7.8 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 65
7.9 List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 65
7.10 Glossary ............................................................................................................................ 66
7.11 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 67
7.12 Levels of Heading ............................................................................................................ 67
7.13 Figures and Tables............................................................................................................ 67
7.14 Appendixes ....................................................................................................................... 70
7.15 Reference List................................................................................................................... 71
7.16 Point of View.................................................................................................................... 71
7.17 Verb Tense ....................................................................................................................... 72
REFERENCE LIST .................................................................................................................. 74
APPENDIXES.................................................................................................................................. 75
APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 76
SAMPLE UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT & GRADUATE ASSIGNMENT PAGES ........ 76
APPENDIX B............................................................................................................................... 82
ABBREVIATIONS OF BOOKS OF THE BIBLE .................................................................. 82
APPENDIX C............................................................................................................................... 84
SAMPLE OUTLINE ................................................................................................................ 84
APPENDIX E ............................................................................................................................... 86
SAMPLE GRADUATE THESIS PAGES ............................................................................... 86

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 INTRODUCTION

Academic writing reflects the cognition, learning, organization, and research of the student.
The MAGU Form and Style Guide presents an overview of academic writing for MAGU. It
specifies the writing preferences of the university (e.g., title page, levels of heading, and
appendixes) and presents guidelines on format, academic style (e.g., capitalization, punctuation,
etc.), and documentation. These guidelines provide a degree of uniformity to the academic writing
process. The intent of the form and style guidelines is to assist students to develop their writing
skills into acceptable form and to prepare students for further academic and professional writing.

The MAGU Form and Style Guide is the style standard for all academic levels at MAGU .
Berean School of the Bible (BSB) assignments should conform to the style requirements listed in
appendix A. Undergraduate projects and graduate assignments and theses should conform to the
guidelines for form and style as specified in this guide unless the Office of the Deputy Vice
Chancellor of the Dean of Faculty in which a student is enrolled grants special written approval for
a student to use an alternative academic style.

Students studying at any MAGU level may contact the Dean of the respective faculty for
additional information on issues relating to form and style. Graduate-level students should contact
their MAGU mentor for specific questions relating to academic form and style. Additional
examples, explanations, and resources regarding form and style are available from the Internet and
university libraries.

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 SECTION 1

GENERAL FORMAT

1.1 Title Page

1.1.1 Title Page Requirements

All MAGU undergraduate projects and graduate assignments must have a title page. The title page
must contain the title, student information, submission statement, name of university, and date. See
the sample undergraduate project title page and the sample graduate assignment title page in
appendix B for proper format.

1.1.2 Title

The title is centered two inches (5 cm) from the top of the page in uppercase letters. Titles of more
than forty-eight characters should be divided and placed on two or more lines in inverted pyramid
order (i.e., the first line is longer than the second, the second longer than the third, etc.) and
double-spaced. The title should be brief and identify the paper explicitly.

1.1.3 Student Information

The student information is typed five line spaces below the title. The word By (not italicized), the
student’s name, the student’s number and office code, and the name of the Graduate Studies Center
(if applicable) are each centered on a separate line, in mixed case letters, and double-spaced.

1.1.4 Submission Statement

The following submission statement is typed five blank line spaces below the student information
in mixed case letters, centered, and double-spaced.

Example—Undergraduate Project Submission Statement. See Appendix B for Sample Project Title Page.

A Project

Submitted to the Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Course Number

Course Title

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Example—Graduate Assignment Submission Statement. See Appendix B for Sample Assignment Title Page.

Unit (Number) or Final Assignment

Submitted to Dr. (Name of Mentor)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Course Number

Course Title

1.1.5 University and Date

The name of the university and the date, which are each centered on a separate line, are typed five
line spaces below the submission statement in mixed case letters and double-spaced.

1.1.6 Bottom Margin

A two-inch (5 cm) bottom margin is required on the title page. Using the line spacing above, there
will be a two-inch margin if the title has two lines. If the title is longer or shorter than two lines (or
if a Learning or Studies Center is not listed), the spacing between the sections of the title page will
need to be adjusted to maintain a two-inch (5 cm) bottom margin. There should be an equal
amount of space between the sections of the title page.

1.2 Student Information Header

To ensure accurate record keeping, MAGU requires that the following pertinent student
information appear on the line after the page number in the header of each page of an
undergraduate project, graduate assignment, or rough draft of a thesis.

First Name/Family Name, Student Number Course Number/Course Title

1.3 Margins
1.3.1 Basic Format

Margins should be set at one inch (2.54 cm) on all sides of the text (left, right, top, and bottom).
Page numbers, which are added with the insert function, violate the top margin.

1.3.2 Flush-Left Style—Not Justified Style

Use the flush-left style feature and leave the right margin ragged or uneven; do not use the

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 “justification” word processing feature, which makes all lines the same length. Words should not
be divided and hyphenated at the end of a line; instead, let a line run short.

1.4 Font
1.4.1 Times New Roman

Use Times New Roman font for all papers, proposals, and theses. In some cases, different fonts
may be acceptable in the appendixes of the thesis (e.g., letters, tracts, or supplementary materials
that were scanned for use in the thesis).

1.4.2 12-Point Font All fonts should be 12-point font size. Use the same font throughout
the paper or thesis. Exceptions can be made for students with visual disorders. Exceptions
to font size are also acceptable in tables and figures.

1.4.3 Font Features

MAGU requires that students with access to word processors use italics rather than underlining for
book and journal titles, etc. See section 2.4.1.3 for further explanation. Use italics for foreign
words that are not in common English usage. In other instances, use italics discretely to place
proper emphasis on the text while conforming to accepted academic form and style. Do not use
boldface or colored text in student papers or theses.

1.5 Spacing

1.5.1 Line Spacing

Double-spacing is required throughout most of a student paper or thesis. MAGU requires single-
spacing for (a) reference list entries (double-spacing is required between entries), (b) block
quotations, (c) headings, and (d) content footnotes. Content within tables or figures may also be
single-spaced.

1.5.2 Spacing between Sentences and after Colons

Only one space follows punctuation that ends a sentence (i.e., periods, exclamation points, and
question marks). Only one space follows a colon.

1.6 Pagination

1.6.1 Placement of Page Numbers

All page numbers should appear as a header one-half inch (1.27 cm) from the top edge and one
inch (2.54 cm) from the right-hand edge of the page. Page numbers, which are added by using the
insert function on a word processor, will violate the one-inch (2.54 cm) top margin.

1.6.2. Arabic Numerals

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Number the pages of a student paper or assignment consecutively in arabic numerals.

1.6.3 Title Page

The title page is counted in the pagination sequence but the numeral does not appear on the page.

1.6.4 Font

Use 12-point Times New Roman font (not italics or bold) for the pagination default on your word
processor.

1.7 Paragraph Indentation

Paragraphs should be indented one-half inch (1.27 cm) and be at least two sentences in length;
avoid the use of single-sentence paragraphs.

1.8 Footnotes

1.8.1 Documentation Footnotes

MAGU requires the use of parenthetical author-date reference citations to document the source of
quotations, concepts, or statements (see sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.4).
Thus, do not use footnotes to document sources.

1.8.2 Content Footnotes

1.8.2.1 Definition. Content footnotes are footnotes that supplement or augment

information in the text. Limited use of content footnotes is permissible.

1.8.2.2 Numbering. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively as they appear in the

text. The place in the text at which a footnote is introduced should be marked with a
superscript arabic numeral (e.g., 1) following the punctuation mark.

1.8.2.3 Placement. Footnotes should begin at the bottom of the page on which they are
referenced. A separator or solid line of two inches (5 cm) should be placed between the text
and the first footnote. If the footnote is continued on a second page, another separator
should be inserted on the following page.

1.8.2.4 Font. Footnote numbers and footnote text should be in 10-pt. font size (the
default font size for footnote numbers and text on most word processors).

1.8.2.5 Format. Each footnote should (a) begin on a new line, (b) be indented one-
half inch (1.27 cm) on the first line, and (c) be single-spaced with one blank line (12
points) between entries.

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 SECTION 2

ACADEMIC STYLE

2.1 Turabian Style

2.1.1 Academic Style—Definition

Academic style refers to the style standard accepted by a college or university for academic
writing. Most universities adopt an academic style that is compatible with the academic disciplines
of the university and modify that style to meet their specific criteria.

2.1.2 Turabian Style

2.1.2.1 MAGU’ style standard—Turabian. MAGU has

adopted Turabian academic style with modification for student papers and theses.
Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations was designed as
a guide to acceptable style for formal papers. The guidelines and examples in the MAGU
Form and Style Guide are based on Turabian style.
Because MAGU’s style guide does not contain all the guidelines a student needs for
writing a paper or thesis, students are advised to obtain a copy of the current edition of
Turabian’s Manual listed below:

Turabian, Kate L. 1996. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations. 6th ed., rev. John Grossman and Alice Bennett. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press.

2.1.2.2 MAGU’s style guide not in Turabian style. The MAGU Form and Style Guide is
itself not a model of Turabian style. See the sample project/assignment pages in appendix B
and the sample graduate thesis pages in appendix E for models of Turabian style.

2.1.3 CMS Style

2.1.3.1 Turabian style based on CMS style. Guidelines and examples in Turabian’s Manual
for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations are based on the style guidelines in
the more extensive Chicago Manual of Style. The editorial style of the Chicago Manual of
Style is referred to as CMS style. For style issues not addressed in Turabian’s Manual, refer
to the current edition of the Chicago Manual of Style listed below:

University of Chicago Press. 2003. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.

The Chicago Manual of Style Web site at www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/ is also a helpful

resource for questions on CMS style.

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 2.2 Abbreviations

2.2.1 Types of Abbreviations

In this style guide, abbreviation is used for the following three types of terms:

1. Acronyms: Terms based on the first letters of the elements of a name and read as single
words (e.g., NATO, AIDS, UNICEF, etc.).
2. Initialisms: Terms read as a series of letters, rather than as single words (e.g., AG,
CNN, FFFM, etc.). Contractions: Abbreviations that include the first and last letters of
a word (e.g., Dr. for Doctor) or shortened forms of a full word (e.g., vol. for volume).

2.2.2 When to Use Abbreviations

2.2.2.1 Terms used five or more times. Abbreviations should be used only if the terms are
used five or more times in a paper. The terms should be spelled out the first time they are
used followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Use only the abbreviation in subsequent
references to the term.

The Finnish Free Foreign Mission (FFFM) began the work in Kenya in 1949. . . The

FFFM emphasized that national evangelists and pastors should be involved in the work.

2.2.2.2 Parenthetical material, parenthetical references, reference lists, tables, and

figures. Abbreviations are preferred in parenthetical material, parenthetical
references, reference lists, tables, and figures. Abbreviations are generally not used in the
text of a paper except for those instances listed in sections 2.2.2.3–2.2.2.7.

(e.g., title page, table of contents, etc.) (1 Sam. 5:15)

Terms such as editor, translator, volume, revised, enlarged, etc., are abbreviated in
reference list entries. The names of countries, states, provinces, etc., are also abbreviated in
reference list entries. Abbreviate names of states using the official U.S. Postal Service
abbreviations.

Blenkinsopp, Joseph. 1996. A History of Prophecy in Israel. Rev. and enl. ed.
Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox.

2.2.2.3 Forms of address. Forms of address are always abbreviated (e.g., Mr., Mrs., or Dr.)
whether used with the full name or the surname only.

2.2.2.4 before names of Christian saints. Saint is abbreviated when it appears before the
name of a Christian saint (e.g., St. Thomas Aquinas).

2.2.2.5 Academic titles. Academic titles are abbreviated in both reference lists and in the
text. Abbreviations for academic titles follow full names and are set off by two commas.
Do not use the form of address (e.g., Dr.) if the academic title is listed after the name.

Gibbs, D.Min., served as chairman of the committee .

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 2.2.2.6 Religious, professional, and military titles. Abbreviate religious, professional, and
military titles unless the title is preceded by the. Spell out the title if preceded by the.
Titles, spelled out or abbreviated, are used only when followed by the person’s full (first
and last) name. Do not use the titles with a surname alone.

Correct Use of Titles: Rev. Charles T. Crabtree the Reverend Charles T. Crabtree

Incorrect Use of Titles: Rev. Crabtree Reverend Crabtree

the Rev. Crabtree the Reverend Crabtree

2.2.2.7 Familiar abbreviations. Certain familiar abbreviations (e.g., IQ or DNA) are

almost always used in their abbreviated form and can be used without explanation.

2.2.3 When Not to Use Abbreviations

2.2.3.1
Terms used less than five times within text. Do not use an abbreviation if the abbreviation
will be used less than five times in the text of a paper.

2.2.3.2 Books of Bible within text. Books of the Bible should be spelled out within the text
of a paper.

In Philippians 2:3–4, Paul instructs believers to imitate Christ’s humility.

2.2.3.3
Geographical names within text. Spell out the names of countries, states, provinces, and
the like within the text of a paper.

2.2.3.4
Compass points and terms for streets within text. Spell out compass points and terms such
as street, avenue, and boulevard in the text of a paper.

MAGU is located at 1211 South Glenstone Avenue in southeast Springfield.

2.2.3.5
Terms of measure. Terms of measure (e.g., distance, volume, weight, etc.) are not
abbreviated in text in nontechnical writing (Turabian 1996, 20).

Eight inches seventeen centimeters 150 miles

125 pounds fifty kilometers seven ounces

2.2.3.6 Additional guidelines. See pages 14–25 of Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.) for
additional guidelines on the use of abbreviations.

2.2.4 Periods with Abbreviations: General Guideline

Use periods with abbreviations that appear in lowercase letters; do not use periods with
abbreviations that appear in capital letters (Turabian 1996, 15).

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 e.g. i.e. p.m. vol. etc. AGWM UN OPEC BBC

2.2.5 Periods with Abbreviations: Exceptions

2.2.5.1 After initials used for given names. Periods are used after initials standing for
given names (e.g., C. S. Lewis).
2.2.5.2 After academic degrees and professional titles. MAGU prefers that periods be
used after abbreviations for academic degrees and professional titles (e.g., Ph.D., D.Min.,
B.A., M.A., M.S., M.D., D.D.S., etc.).
2.2.5.3 “U.S.” preferred. The abbreviation for United States is traditionally used with
periods (University of Chicago Press 2003, 568). The abbreviation may be used in text
when the word is used as an adjective.

Membership in U.S. churches has increased in the past decade.

When the word is used as a noun, it must always be spelled out.

Church membership in the United States has increased in the past decade.

2.2.6 Space or No Space Between Letters

2.2.6.1 No space between letters in acronyms and initialisms. Do not insert a space
between the letters of acronyms (e.g., OPEC, UNESCO, etc.) and initialisms (e.g., YMCA,
UN, M.A., B.S., etc.).

2.2.6.2 No space in an abbreviation with a single letter and a contraction. Do not insert a
space when part of an abbreviation is a single letter and part is a contraction or shortened
word (e.g., D.Min., Ph.D., etc.).
2.2.6.3 Space between the initials of personal names. Insert a space between the initials of
personal names (e.g., F. F. Bruce).

2.3 Capitalization

2.3.1 Basic Capitalization Guidelines

2.3.1.1 Proper nouns and adjectives. In English, proper nouns and adjectives are
capitalized.

Napoleon Brussels, Belgium Eiffel Tower African nations

2.3.1.2 Proper nouns and adjectives part of everyday language. Proper nouns and
adjectives that have become a part of everyday language are not capitalized (e.g., india ink,
arabic numeral, french fries, etc.). Consult Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary for
guidance on capitalizing specific proper nouns and adjectives.

2.3.2 Capitalization Guidelines for Religious Names and Terms

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 2.3.2.1 Names of deities. Capitalize the names of deities, whether in monotheistic or
polytheistic religions (University of Chicago Press 2003, 347).

God Jesus Jehovah Yahweh Satan ( but the devil) Allah

Alternative or descriptive names for God are also capitalized.

the Almighty the Holy Spirit the Lord the Trinity Son of God

2.3.2.2 Pronouns referring to God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. MAGU requires that
personal pronouns referring to God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit be capitalized. MAGU’s
guideline on the capitalization of personal pronouns referring to God is a departure from
guidelines in both the Chicago Manual of Style and the SBL Handbook of Style.

God demonstrated His love by sending His Son into the world to redeem mankind.

2.3.2.3 Names and versions of the Bible and revered works of other religions.
Capitalize, but do not italicize, names of the Bible, versions of the Bible, and revered works
of other religions. Note that biblical, the adjective form of Bible, is not capitalized.
MAGU requires that both the noun and adjective forms of Scripture be capitalized when
referring to the Bible (a departure from CMS style). The adjective form, scriptural, is not
capitalized.

Bible; biblical Scripture(s); scriptural the Revised Standard Version

the Law Qur’an Sutra

2.3.2.4 Books of the Bible and sections of the Bible. Capitalize, but do not italicize, the
names of books of the Bible. “The word book is usually lowercased, and the words gospel
and epistle are usually capitalized” (University of Chicago Press 2003, 351).

Exodus; the book of Exodus the Psalms; a psalm

Matthew, the Gospel of Matthew Acts; the Acts of the Apostles
Galatians, the Epistle to the Galatians the Gospel writers

The word gospel is not capitalized when the term is used as a noun or an adjective to mean
“the good news.”

We are exhorted to take the gospel of Jesus Christ to all nations.

Christians must endeavor to preach the gospel message to all the world.

2.3.2.5 Names of religious groups. Capitalize the names of major religions,

denominations, sects, orders, and religious movements.

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 Christianity; Christian Buddhism; Buddhist Judaism; Jew
Protestantism; Protestant Catholicism; Catholic Mormonism;
Mormon

MAGU requires that the noun forms of both Pentecostal and Charismatic be capitalized.
The adjective form of these words is not capitalized.

doctrine of a Pentecostal pentecostal believer

worship style of a Charismatic charismatic prayer group

2.3.2.6 Church. Capitalize the word church when it is part of the name of a
denomination or a specific local church.

the Church of England First Assembly of God Church

Do not capitalize church if the reference is not to a specific church.

There is only one Assemblies of God church in the city of 75,000 people.

Do not capitalize church when used for organized Christianity as an institution in the noun
or adjective forms.

the early church church and state the church fathers

2.3.2.7 Additional guidelines. For additional guidelines on the capitalization of religious

names and terms, refer to pages 347–353 of the Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.).
Another valuable resource is the SBL Handbook of Style, particularly “Appendix A:
Capitalization and Spelling Examples.” Full bibliographic information on this handbook is
listed in the reference list of the MAGU Form and Style Guide.

2.3.3 Headline-Style Capitalization

2.3.3.1 Headline-style
capitalization used for titles of works within text. Titles within the text of a paper should
be capitalized using headline-style capitalization.

2.3.3.2
Headline-style capitalization used for titles of works in reference list.
MAGU requires that titles in the reference list be capitalized using headline-style
capitalization, the style preferred for reference lists in the humanities. This is a variation
from the guidelines in Turabian’s Manual and the Chicago Manual of Style, which indicate
that titles in reference lists should be capitalized using sentence-style capitalization, the

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 style more commonly used in reference lists in the sciences. MAGU’s variation in
capitalization style is permissible in Turabian and CMS documentation (University of
Chicago Press 2003, 596).

2.3.3.3 Format for headline-style capitalization. The first and last words of the title and
all major words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and longer conjunctions) are
capitalized in headline-style capitalization. The first word after a colon or a dash in a title is
also capitalized. Articles, prepositions, to used as an infinitive, and short coordinating
conjunctions ( and, but, or, nor, for) should not be capitalized. See section 2.4 for the
proper use of italics and quotation marks with titles.

“The Purpose of Signs and Wonders” Journal Article Title In Text

The Purpose of Signs and Wonders Journal Article Title in Reference List
Through the Centuries: A History of the Church Book Title (Text and Reference List)

2.3.3.4 Capitalization of hyphenated titles. Always capitalize the first element of a

hyphenated title. Capitalize subsequent elements unless they are articles, prepositions, or
coordinating conjunctions. Do not capitalize the second element in a hyphenated number

Record-Breaking Church Attendance” Computer-Generated Music

“Church Growth in the Twenty-first Century” Cross-Cultural Ministry
“On-the-Job Training for Missionaries” A Run-in with Authorities in China

If the first element of a hyphenated title is a prefix that cannot stand by itself as a word
(e.g., pre, anti, re, etc.), do not capitalize the second element unless it is a proper noun or
adjective. See section 4.7 of Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.) for further guidelines on the
capitalization of hyphenated titles.

Re-thinking Theological Education “Growth in Mid-Atlantic Region”

2.3.4 Sentence-Style Capitalization

2.3.4.1 Sentence-style capitalization used for some levels of heading. Use sentence-style
capitalization for fourth- and fifth-level headings. See section 2.9.3.

2.3.4.2 Format for sentence style capitalization. Only the first word of the heading and
any proper nouns or adjectives are capitalized in sentence-style capitalization.
The following example shows the proper capitalization of a fourth-level heading.

Christianity spreads to Asia Minor

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 Italics and Quotation Marks

2.4.1 Italics

2.4.1.1 Titles of books and periodicals. The titles of books, periodicals (journals,
magazines, and newspapers), and pamphlets are italicized in both the text of the paper and
in the reference list. See guidelines in sections 4.1.3 and 4.2.4.

2.4.1.2 Emphasis. Use italics for emphasis but do so infrequently; overuse of italics
causes them to lose their effectiveness.

These titles are not enclosed in double quotation marks in the reference list.
2.4.1.3 Italics with other punctuation. The punctuation immediately following italics
(except parentheses, brackets, or quotation marks) must also be italicized.

2.4.1.4 Italics vs. underlining. MAGU prefers that italics be used for book and
periodical titles and for emphasis. If a student does not have the use of a word processor,
these titles and words to be emphasized may be underlined. “Never use both italics and
underlining in the same manuscript, however” (Turabian 1996, 68).

2.4.1.5 Foreign words. Italicize foreign words and phrases. If the foreign word is used
several times in a paper, it should be italicized only the first time it appears in the paper. If
the word appears only a few times, the italics may be retained throughout the paper. If a
translation follows the foreign word, it is enclosed in parentheses.
Foreign words familiar to most readers and listed in a dictionary (e.g., vis-à-vis, agape,
etc.) need not be italicized.

The legal term plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagium (kidnapper).

2.4.1.6
Words and phrases used as words; letters used as letters. Italicize a word or letter that is
not used functionally but rather refers to the word or letter itself.

The word book is usually lowercased. Use lowercase letters a, b, and c.

2.4.1.7 Italics vs. quotation marks. MAGU prefers that foreign words and phrases used
as words be italicized. If a student does not have the use of a word processor, foreign words
and phrases used as words may be enclosed in double quotation marks.

2.4.2 Double Quotation Marks

2.4.2.1 Titles of articles, chapters, dissertations, and unpublished works within text.
The titles of periodical articles, chapters, dissertations, and unpublished works are
enclosed in double quotation marks in the text of the paper. These titles are not enclosed in
quotation marks in a reference list entry.

18
 Monroe Brewer’s article, “Church-Based Missionary Training,” gave added insight.

2.4.2.2 Short quotations and dialog. Quotations of fewer than forty words and dialog are
enclosed in double quotation marks. See section 6.1.1 for guidelines on formatting short
quotations.

2.4.2.3 Quotation marks with other punctuation. Quotation marks follow a comma or
period.

The baptism in the Spirit is an empowering experience,” stated the pastor.

The pastor stated, “The baptism in the Spirit is an empowering experience.”

Quotation marks precede colons, semicolons, question marks, and exclamation points
unless a question mark or exclamation point belongs with the quoted material.

The pastor stated, “The baptism in the Spirit is an empowering experience”; he

then explained the benefits of receiving this experience.

What did he mean when he said, “The baptism is an empowering experience”?

The pastor asked, “Do you want to receive the baptism in the Spirit?”

2.4.3 Single Quotation Marks

Use single quotation marks within double quotation marks. The punctuation guidelines for single
quotation marks are the same as those listed in section 2.4.2.3.

He told the crowd, “I want to hear you say, ‘Yes, I believe.’”

2.5 Punctuation

2.5.1 General Punctuation Guidelines

General guidelines on the various marks of punctuation are not given in this style guide.
Refer to pages 50–63 of Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.) for basic punctuation
guidelines.

2.5.2 Commas

The guidelines in this section do not cover all of the many uses of the comma. These
guidelines deal only with those uses of the comma with which students have the most
difficulty. Refer to pages 52–56 of Turabian’s Manual for a complete list of guidelines on
19
the use of commas.

2.5.2.1 Used to join two independent clauses. Place a comma before the coordinating
conjunction ( and, but, or, nor, for) in sentences containing two independent clauses.

This first miracle in Cana revealed His glory, and His disciples put their faith in Him.
2.5.2.2 Used in a series of three or more elements. Use a comma to separate the elements
in a series of three or more elements. Turabian and MAGU style require that a comma be
placed before the conjunction joining the last two elements of a series.

The apostles’ ministry was marked by signs, wonders, and healings.

2.5.2.3 Used after introductory phrases. Use a comma after an adverbial or participial
phrase at the beginning of a sentence.

After their arrival, the apostles reported all that God had done through them.

2.5.2.4 Used to set off nonrestrictive clauses. Use commas to set off a nonrestrictive
clause from the rest of the sentence. A nonrestrictive clause is a clause that could be
omitted without changing the essential meaning of the sentence.

The students, who all wore academic regalia, marched into the chapel for the graduation.

2.5.2.5 Not used to set off restrictive clauses. Do not use commas to set off a clause that
is restrictive (essential) to the meaning of the sentence.

The students who graduated with honors wore gold honor cords.

2.5.2.6 “That” used for restrictive clauses; “which” used for nonrestrictive clauses. The
relative pronoun that is used to introduce restrictive clauses, clauses that narrow a category
and are essential to the meaning of the sentence. MAGU prefers that the relative pronoun
which be used to introduce nonrestrictive clauses, clauses that do not narrow a category
but add something about the item being discussed (clauses that are not essential to the
meaning). Commas are not used to set off the restrictive clauses beginning with that.
Commas are used to set off the nonrestrictive clauses beginning with which.

Administrators from universities that offer an M.Div. program will be at the seminar.

MAGU, which is located in Springfield, Missouri, now offers an M.Div. program.

2.5.2.7 Interjections and conjunctive adverbs. Interjections and conjunctive adverbs are
set off with commas if they cause a distinct break in the flow of a sentence.

Do not, however, supply full given names for those authors who always use initials only.

20
 If such elements do not break the flow of the sentence, commas are not used.

It is therefore clear that the students were not prepared for the test.

2.5.2.8 Commas used before and after “etc.” Use commas before and after the
abbreviation etc.
Do not include the words ed., trans., etc., in the in-text citation.

2.6 Spelling

2.6.1 Standard Spelling Reference

Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary is the standard spelling reference for student
papers and theses. When the dictionary gives a choice of two spellings, use the spelling
listed first.

2.6.2 American vs. British Spelling

It is acceptable to use either the American or British variation of English spelling,

whichever is customary for the MAGU student.

2.7 Numbers

2.7.1 General Rules

2.7.1.1 General rule. Spell out whole numbers from one through one hundred,
round numbers (hundreds, thousands, hundred thousands, and millions), and any number
beginning a sentence. Use numerals for other numbers.

thirty-three colleges one hundred students five thousand years

two hundred girls 101 members 1, 252 men

The general rule applies to ordinal numbers as well.

thirty-first floor five thousandth person 101st day

The number before a book of the Bible is spelled out at the beginning of a sentence.

First Corinthians 13 was the reading for today’s service.

2.7.1.2 Numbers in the millions or more. Numbers in the millions or more are given in a

21
 mixture of numerals and the spelled out numbers (e.g., million, billion, etc.), especially
when the numbers are fractional (e.g., 2.5 million citizens).

2.7.1.3 Commas in numbers. Numbers of four or more digits (except for four-digit
page numbers and four-digit years) require commas.

5,678 students population of 135,566 1295 B.C.

2.7.1.4 En dash for inclusive numbers. MAGU requires that those students who have
word processors use an en dash (–) rather than a hyphen for inclusive numbers. Those
students who do not have access to a word processor may use a hyphen. This guideline is a
variation from that listed in Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.)

pages 76–85 enrollment for 2000–2003 ages 5–10

Do not use an en dash if the words from or between is used before the first of a pair of
numbers.

Attendance in adult Christian education increased 25 percent from 2002 to 2003.

2.7.2 Consistency of Numbers within a Sentence, Paragraph, or Series of Paragraphs

Follow the guidelines in the Chicago Manual of Style listed below: Where many numbers
occur within a paragraph or a series of paragraphs, maintain consistency in the immediate
context. If according to rule you must use numerals for one of the numbers in a given
category, use them for all in that category. In the same sentence or paragraph, however,
items in one category may be given as numerals and items in another spelled out.
(University of Chicago Press 2003, 381)

Enrollment in the course increased from 85 students in 2002 to 125 students in 2003.

Note: Because numbers both below one hundred and above one hundred are used in
referring to students, both numbers referring to students must be given in numerals.

Between 2,550 and 3,000 congregants worship each Sunday in the three-story building.

Note: The latter number (3,000) would be expressed as three thousand if it

appeared alone in a sentence or paragraph. Because numerals are required for the first
number (2,550), numerals are used for all other numbers in that category. The three in
three-story building is spelled out, as it would be following the general rule, because it
refers to a different category.

2.7.3 Physical Quantities

2.7.3.1 General Contexts. Physical quantities such as lengths, distances, and time

22
 are treated according to the general rule.

fifteen minutes seventy-nine degrees one hundred centimeters

101 kilometers 125 feet 1,250 miles

2.7.3.2 Simple fractions. Simple fractions are spelled out (e.g., two-thirds cup).

2.7.3.3 Whole numbers plus fractions. A unit consisting of a whole number and a fraction
should be expressed in numerals (e.g., 2¼ feet, 1¾ miles, etc.).

2.7.4 Percentages and Decimal Fractions Percentages and decimal fractions are always
expressed in numerals. In the humanities style used by MAGU, percent is spelled out.

45 percent of churches interest rate of 5.9 percent 80–85 percent of the students

2.7.5 Currency

2.7.5.1 U.S. Currency. The general rule for numbers also applies to amounts of
money in U.S. currency. “If the amount is spelled out, so are the words dollars and cents;
if numerals are used, the dollar sign ($) precedes them” (Turabian 1996, 28). Like other
decimal fractions, fractional amounts of money over one dollar are expressed in numerals.

one hundred dollars total $101 in expenses $1.55 for each book

2.7.5.2 Monetary amounts in the millions or more. Like other numbers in the millions or
more, large sums of money are given in a mixture of numerals and the spelled out numbers
(e.g., $15 billion, $4.5 million).

2.7.6 Dates

2.7.6.1 Year alone. Years are expressed in numerals unless they are at the
beginning of a sentence.

The Assemblies of God was formed in 1914.

Nineteen twenty-nine was the year that the stock market crashed in the United
States.

2.7.6.2 Specific dates. Use cardinal numerals to express specific dates. Do not use
ordinal numerals (numerals with suffixes st, nd, rd, or th) when citing dates. The form for
writing the date using either month/day/year or day/month/year should be consistent
throughout the paper. If using the month/day/year style, the style more common in the
United States, set off the year with commas.

On December 20, 1998, a seminar was scheduled at the university.

23
 With the day/month/year style, commas are not used.

The semester began on 28 August 2001.

2.7.6.3 Month and year alone. When month and year alone are used, do not use commas
or abbreviate the month.

The study was completed in October 1999.

2.7.6.4 Centuries. Centuries should be spelled out in lowercase letters.

ninth century twenty-first century eighteen hundreds

2.7.6.5 Decades. Decades may be spelled out in lowercase letters (if the century is
clear) or expressed in numerals. Either format is acceptable but be consistent in format
throughout the paper. No apostrophe appears between the year and the s in decades
expressed in numerals.

the eighties OR 1980s

2.7.6.6 Era designations. Era designations are capitalized without a space between
letters (e.g., B.C.). MAGU prefers that students use the era designations B.C. (before
Christ) and A.D. ( anno Domini, in the year of our Lord) in lieu of B.C.E. (before the
common era) and C.E. (of the common era). Note that B.C. follows the year and A.D.
precedes the year.

1050 B.C. A.D. 67

2.7.7 Time of Day

2.7.7.1 Spelled-out forms. “Times of day in even, half, and quarter hours are
usually spelled out” (University of Chicago Press 2003, 391).

Devotions began at seven o’clock in the morning.

2.7.7.2 Numerals for exact times. Use numerals (with zeros for even hours) if
emphasizing exact times. The abbreviations a.m. and p.m. are lowercased.

The seminar will begin on June 20 at 7:30 a.m. in the MAGU chapel.
2.7.7.3 Noon or midnight. Do not use numerals to express noon or midnight.

The catered lunch will be served in the conference room at noon.

24
2.7.8 Names

2.7.8.1 Monarchs and personal names. Use capital roman numerals after names.

Elizabeth II Adlai E. Stevenson III

2.7.8.2 Dynasties, political divisions, and military units. Use ordinal numbers to
designate dynasties, political divisions, and military units. The ordinal number precedes the
division or unit. Numbers of one hundred or less are spelled out and capitalized. Numbers
over one hundred are expressed in numerals.

Nineteenth Dynasty 105th Congress

2.8 Lists or Series

2.8.1 Parallelism

Divide elements in a list or series into singular ideas or thoughts. Begin all elements of a
series in a uniform or parallel way (e.g., with a verb, participle, noun, infinitive, etc.).

2.8.2 Run-in Lists

2.8.2.1 Unlettered lists vs. lettered lists. Do not letter the items in a run-in list unless
letters are needed to clearly separate the items.

This style guide provides guidelines and examples on format, academic style,
documentation, and quotations.

2.8.2.2 Format for letters. If a series is lettered, MAGU prefers that students use
lowercase letters (not italicized) enclosed in parentheses.

2.8.2.3 No punctuation before parentheses if preceded by verb or preposition. “No

punctuation precedes the first parenthesis if the last word of the introductory material is a
verb or a preposition” (University of Chicago Press 2003, 271). See the first example in
section 2.8.2.5.

2.8.2.4 Colon before parentheses if preceded by an independent clause. A colon precedes

the first parenthesis if the introductory material is an independent clause.
See the second example in section 2.8.2.5.

2.8.2.5 Punctuation between items. Use commas to separate items in a series that does not
contain internal commas.

The Christology of Paul in Romans includes (a) redemption, (b) reconciliation, (c)
regeneration, and (d) justification.
25
 Use semicolons to separate items in a series that contains internal commas.

Reasons for the mission’s failure include the following: (a) a lack of regard for the
cultural, social, and economic background of the people; (b) the absence of theological
education; and (c) the lack of cooperation, not only between missionaries, but also
between missionaries and nationals.

2.8.3 Vertical Lists

2.8.3.1 Basic format. Vertical lists are best introduced by complete grammatical
sentences followed by a colon (University of Chicago Press 2003, 272). The list is often
introduced with as follows or the following.

2.8.3.2 Double-spaced with a hanging-indent format. MAGU prefers that the items in a
vertical list be double-spaced. Use a hanging-indent format of one-half inch (1.27 cm) for
items in the list that are longer than one line. In this case, subsequent lines are aligned with
the first word following the numeral.

2.8.3.3 Unnumbered vs. numbered vertical lists. If the items in a list show steps in a
procedure, suggest chronology or importance among items, or suggest relative importance,
etc., use a numbered vertical list. Otherwise, use an unnumbered vertical list.

2.8.3.4 Numbered vertical lists. If the items are numbered, begin each entry with a capital
letter—whether or not the entry forms a complete sentence. Do not add a period after the
items in the list if the items do not consist of complete sentences.

The goals of the missiology curriculum are as follows:

1. To provide a background on the biblical basis of missions

2. To emphasize the importance of cultural context
3. To give students a brief introduction to various world religions

Do add a period after the items in a numbered vertical list if at least one entry is a complete
sentence. Include no more than three sentences in each item.

Guidelines for church leadership are as follows:

1. The church board should provide governance for the local church.
2. The pastor’s staff should serve in a management capacity.
3. The pastor’s role is to lead as servant and shepherd. He should follow the example of
Christ who “made himself nothing, taking the very nature of a servant” (Phil. 2:6).

2.8.3.5 Unnumbered vertical lists. Unless numbers are required to show steps,
chronology, importance, etc., use an unnumbered vertical list. The items in an unnumbered
list must each be an incomplete sentence. Often, unnumbered lists consist of items with one
word or short phrases. Begin unnumbered items with lowercase letters (unless items are
proper nouns or adjectives) and do not add a period after the items.

26
 To deal with his uncertainty and insecurity, man has created alternative religions
including the following:
pantheism
reincarnation
relativism
esotericism
self-indulgence
2 ritual
. manipulation
8 idolatry
.
3.6 MAGU prefers that bullets not be used in vertical lists. Because bullets are considered
appropriate mainly for instructional or promotional material, MAGU prefers that bullets
not be used in vertical lists in student papers and theses.

2.9 Levels of Heading

2.9.1 Definition of Levels of Heading

Some papers and all theses are divided into sections and subsections. These divisions are given
titles called headings, which are often designated by levels (e.g., first level, second level, etc.). The
levels of heading establish via format or appearance the hierarchy of the sections. All topics of
equal importance have the same level of heading throughout the paper or thesis. The principal or
first-level headings have greater attention value than the lower-level headings.

2.9.2 Basic Format

2.9.2.1 Spacing before and after headings. MAGU does not require any additional line
spaces before or after any level of heading. Double-spacing is continued before and after all
levels of heading. If a heading is the first item on a page, it should begin on the first text
line of the page.

2.9.2.2 Single-spacing between lines of headings. Although headings should be kept

short, the text may require a lengthy heading. Centered headings with more than forty-eight
characters should be divided and placed on two or more lines in inverted pyramid order
(i.e., the first line is longer than the second, the second longer than the third, etc.) and
single-spaced. Do not end a page with a heading.

2.9.3 MAGU University’s Levels of Heading

MAGU’s levels of heading follow the levels of heading listed on pages 11–12 of
Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.). MAGU prefers that the first-, third-, and fifth-level headings
be italicized. The levels of heading are formatted as follows:

1. First level: The first-level heading is centered, italicized, and capitalized using
headline-style capitalization. See section 2.3.3.3 for the format for headline-style
capitalization.
27
 2. Second level: The second-level heading is centered in regular text type and capitalized
using headline-style capitalization.
3. Third level: The third-level heading is placed flush left (at left margin), italicized, and
capitalized using headline-style capitalization.
4. Fourth level: The fourth-level heading is placed flush left in text type and capitalized
using sentence-style capitalization. See section 2.3.4.2 for the format for sentence-style
capitalization.
5. Fifth level: The fifth-level heading is run-in at the beginning of a new paragraph,
italicized, and capitalized using sentence-style capitalization with a period at the end of
the heading.

The levels of heading for a thesis requiring five levels of heading would be formatted as follows.
These examples of levels of heading are taken from Turabian’s Manual (1996, 11).

Traditional Controversy between Medieval

Church and State

Reappearance of Religious Legalism

Legalism and the Poets

The gospel as it is related to Jesus

The gospel legalized in the church. The gospel that the early Christians preached within
the pagan sects was also a product of their experience.

2.9.4 Determining Levels of Heading

Student papers usually require only one to three levels of heading. Each category must have at
least one counterpart at the same level (although, for brevity, the following examples do not
include counterparts). MAGU’s formats for the various levels of heading are given below.

2.9.4.1 One level. For a short student paper, one level of heading may be sufficient.
When only one level is required, use the first-level heading.

Leadership Styles

2.9.4.2 Two levels. When two levels of heading are required, use the first-level heading
and the third-level heading.

Leadership Styles

2 Biblical Patterns
.9.4.3. Three levels. When three levels of heading are required, use the first-level heading,
the third-level heading, and the fifth-level heading.

28
 Leadership Styles

Biblical Patterns

Moses’ leadership style. Moses provides an example of . . .

2.10 Outlines

Some student papers require an outline of main themes, divisions, and subdivisions. See the
sample outline in appendix D. Guidelines for writing an outline are listed below. MAGU’s outline
numbering patterns differ from Turabian’s outline numbering patterns.

2.10.1 Numbering Patterns

2.10.1.1 Most outlines require three or four levels. Most outlines require only three or
four levels or divisions.

2.10.1.2 Numbering pattern for outline with many levels. The first level of an outline with
many levels should begin with a capital roman numeral (e.g., I, II, etc.).

2.10.1.3 Numbering pattern for outline with fewer levels. The first level of an outline with
fewer levels should begin with a capital letter (e.g., A, B, etc.) or an arabic numeral (e.g., 1,
2, etc.).

2.10.1.4 Same numbering pattern throughout. Multiple outlines in a paper should follow
the same numbering pattern.

2.10.2 Format of Outline

2.10.2.1 Two sections at any level. An outline must have at least two sections at any level
for all divisions and all subdivisions.

2.10.2.2 Sentence or heading outline. An outline may be a sentence outline or a heading or

phrase outline. The structure should be consistent and parallel for each level of each
division of the outline.

2.10.2.3 Capitalization. An outline should have sentence-style capitalization at all levels.

2.10.2.4 Line spacing. Double-space (one blank line) before all items in the first three
levels of an outline. Single-space (no blank line) before all items after the first three levels
of an outline. Single-space the text within a section at all levels of an outline.

2.10.2.5 Indentation. Begin the first level of an outline at the left margin with a one-half
inch (1.27 cm) hanging indent. Begin each level of an outline after the first level one-half
inch (1.27 cm) from the previous level and use a one-half inch (1.27 cm) hanging indent.

29
 SECTION 3

DOCUMENTATION

3.1 Academic Integrity

3.1.1 Ethics, Copyright Law, and Courtesy

Ethics, copyright law, and courtesy require a student to properly acknowledge the sources cited in
a student paper or thesis. Plagiarism, derived from the Latin word plagium (kidnapper), is a legal
term that denotes a violation of copyright law. Literally, the concept means cheating by stealing
quotes, research, or concepts and attributing them to oneself.

3.1.2 Direct Quotations

Direct quotations must be clearly identified by quotation marks or a block quotation format and
in-text citations.

3.1.3 Guidelines for Citing Sources

Writers must cite the source of a direct quotation or paraphrase. Writers must also cite the source
of facts, ideas, or opinions not commonly known. As a general rule, a universally accepted fact
does not have to be cited. For example, a student would not need to cite a source for the fact that
Corinth was a major urban center located on the Isthmus of Corinth, as this fact is generally known
in the biblical studies discipline.

3.1.4 Consequences of Failure to Identify Sources

Failure to identify sources may result in a failing grade, expulsion from the university, or criminal
charges. Refer to the “Basic Standards of Academic Integrity” section of the respective MAGU
catalog for information on the university’s policy on cheating, plagiarism, fabrication, and
obtaining an unfair advantage.

3.2 Turabian Documentation Style

3.2.1 A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations—Turabian

Students must use the documentation guidelines specified in A Manual for Writers of Term Papers,
Theses, and Dissertations (6th ed.) by Kate L. Turabian.

3.2.2 The Chicago Manual of Style

Turabian’s Manual is based on the more extensive Chicago Manual of Style. Because the current
(6th) edition of Turabian’s Manual contains limited information on documenting electronic

30
sources, the Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.), revised in 2003, was consulted in compiling the
guidelines and examples in this guide on documenting electronic sources.

3.3 Author-Date System: Reference Lists and In-Text Citations

3.3.1 Author-Date Documentation System

MAGU requires that students use the author-date system of documentation. This system is
comprised of two elements: a reference list of all sources cited or quoted and brief in-text citations
of the author, date, and page number (if required) enclosed in parentheses.

3.3.2 Reference List

The reference list provides full bibliographic details of each source cited.

Steyne, Philip M. 1992. In Step with the God of the Nations. Houston: Touch Publications.

3.3.3 In-Text Citation

An in-text citation briefly identifies the source in the text and refers readers to the complete entry
in the reference list.

He states, “Biblical Christianity is not imprisoned in any culture” (Steyne 1992, 29).

3.3.4 Footnotes

MAGU students should not use footnotes to document sources used in a student paper or thesis.
The use of content footnotes, however, is permissible.

3.3.5 Author-Date System in Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.)

3.3.5.1 Author-date guidelines in chapter 10. Turabian’s Manual provides guidelines for
both the author-date documentation system and the documentation system using footnotes.
Chapter 10 of Turabian’s Manual, “Parenthetical References and Reference Lists,” gives
guidelines for the author-date documentation system.

3.3.5.2 Parenthetical reference (PR) and reference list (RL) in chapter 11. Chapter 11,
“Comparing the Two Systems,” gives examples of both documentation systems. Each
entry shows a sample footnote or note (N), a bibliography entry (B), a parenthetical
reference citation (PR), and a reference list entry (RL). MAGU students should refer only
to the PR (parenthetical reference citation) and RL (reference list entry) examples in
chapter 11. Do NOT refer to the N (note) or B (bibliography entry) examples.

31
 3.4 Reference Lists

3.4.1 Format for Reference List

3.4.1.1 Purpose. In the author-date system, the reference list is the primary medium for
documentation. The in-text citations merely point the reader to the full information in the
reference list.

3.4.1.2 Composition of reference list. List all sources cited in the paper in the reference
list. Do not list sources not cited in the paper.

3.4.1.3 Line spacing. Single-space reference list entries; double-space between entries.

3.4.1.4 Paragraph format. Use a hanging indent format of one-half inch (1.27 cm) for
entries longer than one line.

3.4.2 Basic Elements of Reference List Entry

3.4.2.1 Author. List the author’s name (surname, given name, middle name or initial) first
in the reference list entry. MAGU requires that students use the humanities style of full
given names rather than initials. Do not, however, supply full given names for those
authors who always use initials only (e.g., C. S.
Lewis or F. F. Bruce).

3.4.2.2 Date. Give the date immediately after the name of the author(s). Because in-
text citations are comprised of the name of the author(s) and the date, the date appears
directly after the name in the reference list entry.

3.4.2.3 Title. List the title after the date. Capitalize the title using headline-style
capitalization (see section 2.3.3.3 for format for headline-style capitalization). Note that
sentence-style capitalization, commonly used for titles in reference lists in the sciences, is
used in the example reference list (RL) entries in Turabian’s Manual. MAGU, however,
requires that titles in the reference list be capitalized using headline-style capitalization,
which is preferred in reference lists in the humanities disciplines. This variation in
capitalization is permissible in Turabian and CMS style documentation (University of
Chicago Press 2003, 596).

3.4.2.4 Publication information. After the title, list the place of publication and
publisher for books, or periodical title and issue information for periodicals.

3.4.3 Arrangement of Reference List Entries

3.4.3.1 Alphabetical arrangement. Arrange entries alphabetically by the authors’

surnames. If no author or editor is given, alphabetize the source by the title (excluding the
articles A, An, and The).

32
Reed, Lyman. 1985. Preparing Missionaries for Intercultural Communication.
Pasadena: William Carey Library.

Reflections on Training for Mission. 1978. Missiology: An International Review 6, no.

2:131–138.

Reid, Daniel G., Robert D. Linder, Bruce L. Shelley, and Harry S. Stout. 1990.
Dictionary of Christianity in America. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.

3.4.3.2 One-author entries versus multiauthor entries. Place one-author entries before
multiauthor entries.

Fee, Gordon D. 2000. Listening to the Spirit in the Text. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Fee, Gordon D., and Douglas Stuart. 2003. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth: A
Guide to Understanding the Bible. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.

3.4.3.3 Successive entries, same author. Use a 3-em dash (———) for successive entries
by the same author(s) or editor(s). Successive entries are arranged chronologically by year
of publication.
Ryken, Leland. 1984. How to Read the Bible as Literature. Grand Rapids: Academie
Books.

———. 1986. Culture in Christian Perspective: A Door to Understanding and

Enjoying the Arts. Portland: Multnomah.

3.4.3.4 Successive entries, same author, same year. Works by the same author in the same
year are arranged alphabetically by title and are distinguished by lowercase letters a, b, c
(not italicized), and so on after the date. The lowercase letter is included after the date in
the in-text citation.

Ryken, Leland. 1987a. Words of Life: A Literary Introduction to the New Testament.
Grand Rapids: Baker.

———. 1987b. Work and Leisure in Christian Perspective. Portland: Multnomah.

3.4.3.5 Edited or translated works in successive entries by same author. The 3-em dash
replaces the name of the author only. Any abbreviations (e.g., ed. ) after the author’s name
must be listed after the 3-em dash. Arrange the works in chronological order regardless of
the added abbreviation. This arrangement is a change from previous Chicago Manual of
Style guidelines (University of Chicago Press 2003, 616). In the example below, Bray is
the author of the first and third entries, editor of the second entry.

33
 Bray, Gerald L. 1979. Holiness and the Will of God. Atlanta: John Knox.

———, ed. 1994. Documents of the English Reformation. Minneapolis: Fortress.

———. 1996. Biblical Interpretations: Past and Present. Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity.

3.5 In-Text Citations

3.5.1 Format for In-Text Citations

3.5.1.1 Agreement of citation and reference list entry. The author, date, and page number
(if applicable) in the in-text citation must agree exactly with the corresponding reference
list entry.

3.5.1.2 Basic format. Place the author’s surname followed by the year of publication in
parentheses. There is no intervening punctuation between surname and date.

(Ferguson 1993)

3.5.1.3 Page numbers. Do not include a page number when merely referencing a general
idea. Include page numbers after the year for direct quotations, paraphrased material, and
references to an idea specific to a writer or researcher. Separate year and page number with
a comma.

Citation for General Idea (Keener 1993) Citation for Quotation (Hemer 1989, 151)

3.5.1.4 Same author, same year. For works by the same author in the same year, also
include the lowercase letters a, b, c (not italicized), and so on after the date in the in-text
citation.

(Ryken 1987b)

3.5.1.5 Multiple references. Separate two or more references in a single citation with
semicolons. List references in alphabetical order.

(Ball 1999, 26; Mills 1988, 256; Porter and Fink 1985, 148)

3.5.1.6 Multiple references, same author. Separate two or more references to the same
author with commas. If page numbers are required, separate the references with
semicolons.
(Ryken 1982, 1987)

(Ryken 1982, 51; 1987, 79)

34
3.5.2 Placement of In-Text Citations

3.5.2.1 Before mark of punctuation. Place in-text citations just before a mark of
punctuation.
He argues that Paul’s purpose in Philippians is to encourage unity (Pollard 1996, 45).

3.5.2.2 After author’s name. If the author’s name appears as part of the narrative, do not
repeat it in the in-text citation. Enclose only the year of publication in parentheses and
place the citation after the author’s name. Cite any required page numbers after the
paraphrased or quoted material.

Pollard (1996) argues that Paul’s purpose in Philippians is to encourage unity (45).

3.5.2.3 Several references to same source within a paragraph. When citing the same
page from the same source within a paragraph, place the in-text citation after the last
reference. When citing different pages from the same source within a paragraph, place the
in-text citation at the first reference; include only the page number in subsequent in-text
citations within a paragraph. If the same source is cited again in the following paragraph,
however, the entire in-text citation must be repeated.

The missionary training program is a two-year intensive curriculum. Students are

trained in biblical, theological, missiological, pastoral, and practical studies (Harley
1991, 137). . . . The missiological studies focus on such subjects as the biblical basis of
missions, cultural context, church growth, world religions, and missiological
methodologies (138).
The curriculum also focuses on communication skills (Harley 1991, 137). This
part of the program develops the missionary’s ability to communicate vision through
different media in various contexts. . .

35
 SECTION 4

DOCUMENTATION—SPECIFIC CONTENT

4.1 Books

Include the following elements, where applicable, in the reference list entry for a book: 1. Author
2. Date
3. Title
4. Editor, compiler, or translator
5. Edition
6. Volume
7. Series title
8. Place of publication
9. Publisher

4.1.1 Author

4.1.1.1 One author. Invert the author’s name, listing surname first and then given name
separated by a comma. Give the author’s surname and publication date in the in-text
citation.

Gromacki, Robert G. 1974. New Testament Survey. Grand Rapids: Baker.

(Gromacki 1974)

4.1.1.2 Two or three authors. List the authors in the order listed on the title page. Invert
only the first author’s name. Include all authors’ surnames in the in-text citation. Use the
word and rather than an ampersand (&) between the authors’ names.

Hesselbein, Frances, Marshall Goldsmith, and Richard Beckhard, eds. 1996. The Leader
of the Future: New Visions, Strategies, and Practices for the Next Era.
New York: Jossey-Bass.

(Hesselbein, Goldsmith, and Beckhard 1996, 53)

4.1.1.3 Four to ten authors. List all authors’ names in the order listed on the title page.
Invert only the first author’s name. Give only the first author’s name followed by et al. (not
italicized) in the in-text citation.

Scott, Bernard Brandon, Margaret Dean, Kristen Sparks, and Frances LaZar. 1993.
Reading New Testament Greek. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.

(Scott et al. 1993, 146)

36
 4.1.1.4 More than ten authors. List only the first seven authors listed on the title page
followed by et al. (not italicized). List only the first author’s name followed by et al. (not
italicized) in the in-text citation.

Grant, Edward A., Michael E. Thornburg, Thomas R. Hawkins, Kenneth R. Baker, Sarah
D. Stafford, Richard A. Jenkins, Elizabeth A. Hines, et al. 1987.
Dictionary of Theological Terms. Chicago: Abbey Books.

(Grant et al. 1987, 405)

4.1.1.5 Editor in place of author. For edited, compiled, or translated works, add the
abbreviations ed., eds., comp., comps., or trans. after the name(s), preceded by a comma.
Do not include the words ed., trans., etc., in the in-text citation.

Tigay, Jeffrey H., ed. 1985. Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.

(Tigay 1985, 159)

4.1.1.6 Association as author. For works issued by an association, organization, or

corporation, list the association as the author.

University of Chicago Press. 2003. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.

(University of Chicago Press 2003, 649)

4.1.1.7 No author. For works with no author, editor, or organization listed on the title
page, begin the reference list entry with the title. Use an abbreviated form of the title of the
work (italicized) in the in-text citation.

The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. 2000. 17th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Review Association.

( Bluebook 2000, 39)

4.1.2 Date

List the year the work was published directly after the name of the author(s). The date is usually
found on the title page or the copyright page.

4.1.3 Title

4.1.3.1 Title. List the title directly after the date. Italicize the title and capitalize using
headline-style capitalization. See section 2.3.3.3 for the format for headline-style
capitalization.

37
 4.1.3.2 Subtitle. Use a colon (also italicized) to separate the main title from the
subtitle. Always begin the subtitle with a capital letter.

Talbert, Charles H. 1992. Reading John: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the
Fourth Gospel and the Johannine Epistles. New York: Crossroad.

(Talbert 1992, 45)

4.1.3.3 Chapter or other titled part of a book. When citing a specific chapter (or other
titled part of a book), list the title of the chapter after the date. Do not italicize the chapter
title or enclose it in quotation marks. Add the word In (not italicized) and the title of the
book in italics. List inclusive (first and last) page numbers of the chapter after the title of
the book preceded by a comma. Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. before the page
numbers.

Ashbrook, James B., and Carol Rausch Albright. 1997. The Frontal Lobes, Intending,
and a Purposeful God. In The Humanizing Brain, 132–152. Cleveland: Pilgrim.

(Ashbrook and Albright 1997, 142–143)

4.1.3.4 Chapter or other titled part of a multiauthor book. When citing a contribution to a
multiauthor book, list the contributor’s name first, followed by the date and the title of the
chapter (not italicized). Add the word In (not italicized), followed by the title of the book in
italics, followed by the name(s) of the editor(s). Give inclusive (first and last) page
numbers of the chapter after the name(s) of the editor(s) preceded by a comma. The
author(s) of the chapter are given in the in-text citation.

Adeyemo, Tokunboh. 2001. Profiling a Globalized and Evangelical Missiology. In

Global Missiology for the 21st Century, ed. William D. Taylor, 259–270.
Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.

(Adeyemo 2001, 266)

4.1.4 Editor or Translator in Addition to Author

List the name of the editor or translator if listed on the title page with the author. MAGU
prefers that the words edited by or translated by be spelled out rather than abbreviated
when they appear at the beginning of a segment (after a period) in a reference list entry.

Brueggemann, Walter. 1992. Old Testament Theology: Essays on Structure, Theme, and
Text. Edited by Patrick D. Miller. Minneapolis: Fortress.

(Brueggemann 1992, 177)

38
4.1.5 Edition

Include the edition number after the title if the work is not the first edition. Express the edition
number in ordinal form. Note that the Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.) revised the guidelines
for the abbreviations of second and third. “And we no longer urge deletion of the n in 2nd or the
r in 3rd” (University of Chicago Press 2003, xi). Thus, CMS style now uses the abbreviations 2nd
and 3rd.

Hesselgrave, David J. 1991. Communicating Christ Cross-Culturally. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan.

(Hesselgrave 1991, 51)

4.1.6 Volume

4.1.6.1 Format of volume numbers. Use arabic numerals for volume numbers even if the
volume numbers appear in roman numerals in the original source. Volume numbers follow
any edition numbers.

4.1.6.2 Multivolume work as a whole. List the total number of volumes if the
multivolume work is cited as a whole.

Bromily, Geoffrey W., ed. 1979–1988. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.

Rev. ed. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

(Bromily 1979–1988)

4.1.6.3 Single volume of multivolume work with same volume titles. List the individual
volume number if a single volume of the multivolume source is cited.

Barrett, David B., George T. Kurian, and Todd M. Johnson. 2001. World Christian
Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern
World. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

(Barrett, Kurian, and Johnson 2001, 79)

4.1.6.4 Separately titled volume in a multivolume, edited work. When citing a

Separately titled volume in a multivolume, edited work, first list the author, date, and title
of the specific volume cited. Then add the volume number followed by the title of the
multivolume work, followed by the name(s) of the editor(s) of the multivolume work.

Winter, Bruce W., and Andrew D. Clarke, eds. 1993. The Book of Acts in Its Ancient
Literary Setting. Vol. 1 of The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting, ed.
Bruce W. Winter. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

(Winter and Clarke 1993, 85)

39
 4.1.6.5
Chapter or other titled part of a separately titled volume in a multivolume, edited work. When
citing a specific chapter (or other titled part) of a separately titled volume in a multivolume, edited
work, first list the author, date, and title of the chapter (not italiczed). Add the word In (not
italicized) and the title of the volume in italics, followed by the editor(s) of the volume, followed
by the inclusive page numbers of the chapters. Then add the volume number followed by the title
of the multivolume work in italics, followed by the names of the editor(s) of the multivolume
work. Give the author of the chapter in the in-text citation.

Bauckham, Richard. 1993. The Acts of Paul as a Sequel to Acts. In The Book of Acts in Its
Ancient Literary Setting, ed. Bruce W. Winter and Andrew D. Clark, 105–152. Vol. 1
of The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting, ed. Bruce W.
Winter. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

(Bauckham 1993, 147)

4.1.7 Series Title

4.1.7.1 Series title. For sources that are part of a series, include the series title after the
title of the book. Do not italicize the series title or enclose it in quotation marks; use
headline-style capitalization.

France, R. T. 1985. The Gospel According to Matthew. The Tyndale New Testament
`Commentaries. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

(France 1985, 149)

4.1.7.2 Numbered series. If the series is numbered, include the number immediately
after the series title with no intervening punctuation unless the words vol. or no. are used.

McEvenue, Sean E. 1990. Interpreting the Pentateuch. Old Testament Studies 4.

Collegeville, MN: Liturgical.

(McEvenue 1990, 38)

4.1.8 Place of Publication

4.1.8.1 City. List the city in which the book was published. The place of publication is
usually found on the title page or the copyright page.

4.1.8.2 Two or more cities. If two or more cities (e.g., New York and London) are given
on the title page, include only the first city in the reference list entry.

4.1.8.3 State, province, or country. If the city is not well known or can be confused with
another city (e.g., Springfield, Missouri, with Springfield, Massachusetts), also include the
abbreviation of the state (use U.S. Postal Service abbreviations), province, or country.

40
 McGee, Gary B. 1997. People of the Spirit: The Assemblies of God. Springfield, MO:
Gospel Publishing House.

(McGee 1997)

4.1.9 Publisher

Give the name of the publisher in as brief a form as possible. Abbreviations such as Inc., Co. ,
& Co., Ltd., and S.A. following a publisher’s name are omitted in the reference list entry. An
initial The in a publisher’s name is omitted. The words Publishing Company and Press may also
be omitted. Do not omit Press from the name of a university press, as the university itself may
also issue publications. The word Books is usually retained. MAGU prefers that and, rather than
an ampersand ( & ), be used in a publisher’s name (e.g., Harper and Row rather than Harper &
Row).

4.2 Periodicals

Include the following elements, where applicable, in the reference list entry for a
periodical:

1. Author
2. Date
3. Title of article
4. Title of periodical
5. Issue information
6. Page numbers

4.2.1 Author

4.2.1.1 Author. Give the full name of the author or authors. Follow the formatting
guidelines for author in section 4.1.1.

4.2.1.2 No author. If no author is given for a periodical article, list the title of the
article in place of the author’s name. Do not italicize the title or enclose it in quotation
marks. Cite the title of the article in an abbreviated form in the in-text citation. The title of
the article is enclosed in quotation marks in the in-text citation.

Mission Agencies in Century Twenty-one: How Different Will They Be? 1999.
International Bulletin of Missionary Research 23, no. 4:145.

(“Mission Agencies” 1999, 145)

41
4.2.2 Date

List the year the periodical was issued directly after the author’s name.

4.2.3 Title of Article

List the title of the article after the date. Do not italicize the title of the periodical article or enclose
the title of the article in quotation marks. Use headline-style capitalization (see section 2.3.3.3).

Edwards, James R. 1994. The Authority of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark. Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 37:217–233.

(Edwards 1994, 231)

4.2.4 Title of Periodical

List the title of the periodical immediately after the title of the article. Italicize the title of the
periodical and use headline-style capitalization (see section 2.3.3.3).

4.2.5 Issue Information (Volume and Issue Numbers)

4.2.5.1 Format of volume and issue numbers. Use arabic numerals for volume and issue
numbers even if the journal uses roman numerals.

4.2.5.2 Volume number. List the volume number after the journal title without
intervening punctuation; do not italicize the volume number.

Leyerle, Blake. 1993. John Chrysostom on the Gaze. Journal of Early Christian Studies
1:159–174.

(Leyerle 1993, 163)

4.2.5.3 Issue number. If an issue number is also given, list it after the volume
number, separated by a comma and preceded by the abbreviation no. (not italicized).
It is not necessary to include the month or season if an issue number is given.

Brueggemann, Walter. 2001. Voice as Counter to Violence. Calvin Theological Journal

36, no. 1:22–33.

(Brueggemann 2001, 25)

4.2.6 Page Number(s)

4.2.6.1 Inclusive page numbers. Page numbers must be included in a reference list entry
for a periodical. List inclusive (first and last) page numbers of the article immediately
after the colon following the volume or issue number. Do not use the abbreviations p. or

42
 pp. before the page numbers.

4.2.6.2 Spacing before page number(s) immediately following a volume or issue number.
There is no space between the colon and the page numbers when the page numbers
immediately follow the volume or issue number.

Olson, Roger E. 1983. Trinity and Eschatology. Scottish Journal of Theology 36:213–215.

(Olson 1983, 214)

4.2.6.3 Spacing before page number(s) after parenthetical information (month or season).
If parenthetical information (e.g., month or season) comes between the volume number and
the colon, a space follows the colon.

Pannenberg, Wolfhart. 1981. The God of History. Cumberland Seminarian 19

(Winter/Spring): 25–31.

(Pannenberg 1981, 30)

4.2.7 Magazines

4.2.7.1 Journal versus magazine.A journal is a scholarly or professional periodical

available mainly through subscription (e.g., Journal of Biblical Literature). Cite journals by
volume, issue number (where applicable), and date. A magazine is a weekly or monthly
periodical that is more accessible to the general public and is available either by
subscription or in individual issues (e.g., Newsweek or Scientific American).

4.2.7.2 Variation in format for magazine entry. Magazines are usually cited by date
alone, even if the magazine has a volume and/or issue number. A comma separates the
magazine title and the date of issue, which is given in the month-day style (a change from
previous CMS style guidelines) (University of Chicago Press 2003, xii). A comma rather
than a colon separates page numbers from the date of issue

Woodward, Kenneth L. 2001. How Should We Think About Islam? Newsweek,

December 31, 102–103.

(Woodward 2001, 103)

4.2.8 Daily Newspapers

4.2.8.1 In-text citations only. Turabian (1996) states that “news items from daily papers
are rarely listed in a bibliography or reference list. If a newspaper is cited only once or
twice, a note or a parenthetical citation in the text is sufficient” (204). MAGU requires that
students adhere to this guideline and cite newspaper articles in in-text citations or in the
narrative of the text.

43
 4.2.8.2 Format of in-text citation. Include the name of the newspaper and the date of
issue in the in-text citation. The name(s) of the author or authors should be included in the
narrative of the text.

In an article on persecution in China ( New York Times, October 9, 2002), Edward

Eckholm reported that a Chinese court had overturned the death sentences of several

Christian leaders.

4.3 Internet and Other Electronic Sources

4.3.1 General Principles

The reference list format for books, periodicals, etc., in electronic versions is much the same as
that for the print versions of these sources. In addition to the information listed for the print
versions, a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and accession date are required for material accessed
on the Internet. List the medium (e.g., CD-ROM, e-book, etc.) for all other electronic sources.

4.3.2 Books on Internet

4.3.2.1 Internet site. After listing the information required for a book in print form,
list the name of the Internet site from which the book was retrieved.

4.3.2.2 Uniform resource locator (URL). List the URL after the Internet source preceded
by a period. Do not capitalize the first letter of the protocol (e.g., the h in http) even though
it follows a period in the reference list entry. Follow the capitalization of the URL exactly
as given on the Internet site, as some URLs are case sensitive. Do not underline the URL.
The document in the example below is in exact facsimile copy with original page numbers;
thus, a page number can be included in the in-text citation.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-
pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ (accessed February 1, 2004).

(Kurland and Lerner 2000, 13)

4.3.2.3 URLs and line breaks. The University of Chicago Press (2003) provides the
following guidelines for URLs and line breaks:

In a printed work, if a URL has to be broken at the end of a line, the break should
be made after a double slash (//) or a single slash (/), before a tilde (~), 50 a period,
a comma, a hyphen, an underline (_), a question mark, a number sign, or a percent
symbol; or before or after an equals sign or an ampersand. A hyphen should never
be added to a URL to denote a line break, nor should a hyphen that is part of a URL
44
 appear at the end of a line. (645)

4.3.2.4 Accession date. MAGU requires that the date the book was accessed be listed in
the reference list entry. The accession date is listed in parentheses immediately after the
URL with no intervening punctuation. The accession date is followed by a period at the end
of the reference list entry. See section 4.3.2.2 for an example of accession date format.

4.3.3 Books in Other Electronic Mediums (CD-ROM, Reader e-book, etc.)

4.3.3.1 After listing the information required for a book in print form, add the type of
medium (e.g., CD-ROM, e-book, etc.) and version number if any.

Oxford English Dictionary. 2000. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CD-ROM,
version 2.0.

( Oxford English Dictionary 2000)

4.3.3.2 Previously published book in an electronic reference library on CD-ROM.

MAGU prefers that the original print publication data be listed for books in a reference
library on CD-ROM. Add the name of the reference library (e.g., PC Study Bible), the
publication information for the CD-ROM, the words CD-ROM (not italicized), and the
version if any. Page numbers are usually included in works on CD-ROM and should be
included in the in-text citation if quoting or paraphrasing from the source.

Unger, Merrill F. 1988. New Unger’s Bible Dictionary. Rev. and updated ed.
Chicago: Moody. PC Study Bible. Seattle: Biblesoft. CD-ROM, version 3.0.

(Unger 1988, 152)

4.3.4 Journals on Internet

4.3.4.1 URL and accession date. After listing the information required for a periodical in
print form, list the URL of the Internet site from which the journal was retrieved and the
accession date. Follow the guidelines in sections 4.3.2.2–4.3.2.4 on listing the URL and
accession date.

4.3.4.2 Page number(s) for Internet journal article based on print source. Many journal
articles in print format are available on the Internet in exact facsimile copy (usually in
Adobe’s PDF format). The original page numbers are included in the Internet version of
such articles. List the inclusive page numbers of the article after the volume or issue
number in the reference list entry.

Ferziger, Adam S. 2004. Religious Zealotry and Religious Law: Rethinking Conflict
and Coexistence. Journal of Religion 84, no. 1:48–77. http://www
.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JR840103PDF (accessed February 17,
2004).

(Ferziger 2004, 59)

45
 4.3.4.3 No page number(s) available for some Internet journal articles. Some journal
articles that originally appeared in print version may not be available on the Internet in
exact facsimile (PDF) format and will not include the page numbers from the original
source. Articles in Internet-only journals also will not include page numbers. In such cases,
page numbers cannot be included in the reference list entry. When page numbers are not
included for a journal on an Internet site, make every effort to direct the reader to the
citation or quotation. In the in-text citation, add a descriptive locator, such as a subhead, to
direct the reader to the section in which the quotation or citation is located. Enclose the title
of the subhead in quotation marks.

Chow, Andy. 1998. Hong Kong Immigrants: When the Mission Field Comes to You.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly 34, no. 3. http://bgc.gospelcom.net/
emis/1998/hongkon.html (accessed January 15, 2004).

(Chow 1998, under “Cultural Adaptation”)

4.3.5 Material Posted on Web Sites (e.g., www.bible.org)

4.3.5.1 Basic format. “For original content from online sources other than periodicals,
include as much of the following as can be determined: author of the content, title of the
page, title or owner of the site, URL” (University of Chicago Press 2003, 714). When a
date is not included in the information on a Web site (as in the example below), list author
only in the reference list entry and in-text citation. If page numbers are not included in the
document on the Web site, cite the subhead (enclosed in quotation marks) in which the
quotation is found.

Herrick, Greg. The Issue of Forgiveness in the Sermon on the Mount. Biblical Studies
Foundation. http://www.bible.org/docs/nt/books/mat/matt6.htm (accessed
January 16, 2004).

(Herrick, under “Story of Jacob”)

4.3.5.2 No author. If there is no author per se, list the owner of the site as the author.
Had Herrick not been listed as the author in the example above, the reference list entry and
in-text citation would be formatted as below.

Biblical Studies Foundation. The Issue of Forgiveness in the Sermon on the Mount.
http://www.bible.org/docs/nt/books/mat/matt6.htm (accessed January 16, 2004).

Biblical Studies Foundation, under “Story of Jacob”)

4.4 Other Sources

4.4.1 Reference Works

4.4.1.1 Article or entry in well-known reference work. Well-known reference works, such
as general encyclopedias and dictionaries, are not listed in the reference list (Turabian
46
 1996, 204). These works are cited only in in-text parenthetical citations. List the title of the
reference work, the edition number, the abbreviation s.v. (not italicized) for sub verbo
(under the word), and the title of the entry enclosed in quotation marks.

( Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “salvation”)

4.4.1.2 Signed article or entry in well-known reference work. If the article is signed,
include the author’s name as well in the in-text citation. In this case, list the author’s full
name, followed by the title of the entry in quotation marks, followed by in (not italicized),
followed by the title of the reference work and the edition number.

(Morris Jastrow, “Nebo,” in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed.) 4.4.1.3

4.4.4.3 Article or entry in scholarly reference work. Articles in scholarly reference works
(e.g., theological dictionaries or Bible encyclopedias) should be included in the reference
list. Articles in these works are usually signed by the individual contributor. First, list the
name of the contributor who wrote the article or entry followed by the date. Format the
entry as for a chapter in a multiauthor book (see section 4.1.3.4). The author of the
individual article or entry is given in the in-text citation.

Wilson, E. A. 1988. Hispanic Pentecostalism. In Dictionary of Pentecostal and

Charismatic Movements, ed. Stanley M. Burgess and Gary B. McGee, 390–
400. Grand Rapids: Regency Reference Library.

(Wilson 1988, 396)

4.4.2 Unpublished Dissertations or Theses

List the author, date, and title of the thesis. Do not italicize the thesis title or enclose it in quotation
marks. The type of thesis or dissertation and the academic institution follow the title.

Stotts, George R. 1973. The History of the Modern Pentecostal Movement in France. Ph.D.
diss., Texas Tech University.

(Stotts 1973)

4.4.3 Secondary Sources

4.4.3.1 Definition of secondary sources. Secondary sources are references to or quotes

from the work of one author contained in a work by another author. Students are
encouraged to obtain the original of the work cited or quoted when possible.

4.4.3.2 Original and secondary sources listed. If a secondary source must be used, both
the original and the secondary sources are listed in the reference list entry. First, list the
original author, date, title, and publication information followed by the page number on

47
 which the quote originally appeared. The secondary source information is then given, and
the page number on which the quote appears in the secondary source is listed at the end of
the entry. Include only the author and date of the original source in the in-text citation.

Wood, Marc. 1985. Perspectives on Church Growth. Philadelphia: Abbott Books, 251.
Quoted in Elizabeth Link, Strategies for Church Growth in the Twenty-first
Century (New York: Heinrich Publications, 2000), 121.

(Wood 1985, 251)

4.4.4 Scripture Passages

4.4.4. In-text citation only. Scripture passages are cited only in in-text citations. Do not
list the Bible or specific versions of the Bible in the reference list.

4.4.4.2 Format of Scripture reference. Cite book of the Bible, chapter, and verse in the
in-text citation. Abbreviate books of the Bible in Scripture references using the
abbreviations of books of the Bible in appendix C. Use arabic numerals to indicate book,
chapter, and verse divisions. Use an en dash, rather than a hyphen, between inclusive
chapter numbers and verse numbers. See the Scripture reference samples in section 9.30 of
The Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.).

(1 Kings 5:10–12)

4.4.5 Personal Communications

4.4.5.1 In-text citation only. Personal communications (email correspondence, telephone

conversations, etc.) are cited only in in-text citations. Do not list personal communications
in the reference list, as these items are not recoverable data.

4.4.5.2 Format of in-text citation. Include the name of the person, the words personal
communication (not italicized), and the date (month-day-year) of the communication in the
in-text citation.

(Luke G. Bollier, personal communication, March 26, 2004)

48
 SECTION 5

DOCUMENTATION—EXAMPLES

5.1 Books

5.1.1 One Author (Section 4.1.1.1)

Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. 1998. The Christian and the “Old” Testament. Pasadena: William Carey
Library.

(Kaiser 1998, 113)

5.1.2 Two or Three Authors (Section 4.1.1.2)

Shawchuck, Norman, and Roger Heuser. 1996. Managing the Congregation: Building Effective
Systems to Serve People. Nashville: Abingdon.

(Shawchuck and Heuser 1996, 45)

5.1.3 Four to Ten Authors (Section 4.1.1.3)

Scott, Bernard Brandon, Margaret Dean, Kristen Sparks, and Frances LaZar. 1993. Reading
New Testament Greek. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.

(Scott et al. 1993, 135)

5.1.4 More Than Ten Authors (Section 4.1.1.4)

Grant, Edward A., Michael E. Thornburg, Thomas R. Hawkins, Kenneth R. Baker, Sarah D.
Stafford, Richard A. Jenkins, Elizabeth A. Hines, et al. 1987. Dictionary of
Philosophical Terms. Chicago: Abbey Books.

(Grant et al. 1987, 229)

5.1.5 Editor in Place of Author (Section 4.1.1.5)

Barrett, C. K., ed. 1987. The New Testament Background: Writings from Ancient Greece and
the Roman Empire That Illuminate Christian Origins. Rev. ed. San Francisco: Harper
San Francisco.

Barrett 1987, 144)

49
5.1.6 Association as Author (Section 4.1.1.6)

American Psychological Association. 2001. Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

(American Psychological Association 2001, 155)

5.1.7 No Author or Editor (Section 4.1.1.7)

The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. 2000. 17th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Review
Association.

(Bluebook 2000)

5.1.8 Chapter or Other Titled Part of a Book (Section 4.1.3.3)

Ashbrook, James B., and Carol Rausch Albright. 1997. The Frontal Lobes, Intending, and a
Purposeful God. In The Humanizing Brain, 132–152. Cleveland: Pilgrim.

(Ashbrook and Albright 1997, 142–143)

5.1.9 Chapter or Other Titled Part of a Multiauthor Book (Section 4.1.3.4)

Bowen, Dorothy N., and Earle A. Bowen. 1991. What Does It Mean to Think, Learn, Teach?
In Internationalising Missionary Training, ed. William D. Taylor, 270–275. Exeter,
UK: Paternoster.

(Bowen and Bowen 1991, 273)

5.1.10 Editor in Addition to Author (Section 4.1.4.)

Hemer, Colin J. 1989. The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History. Edited by Conrad
H. Gempf. Tübingen, Germany: J. C. B. Mohr.

(Hemer 1989)

5.1.11 Book in Edition Other Than First (Section 4.1.5)

Rothwell, William J., and H. C. Kazanas. 1994. Human Resource Development: A Strategic
Approach. Rev. ed. Amherst, MA: HRD.

(Rothwell and Kazanas 1994, 89)

50
5.1.12 Multivolume Work as a Whole (Section 4.1.6.2)

Freedman, David Noel, ed. 1992. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday.

(Freedman 1992)

5.1.13 Single Volume of a Multivolume Work (Section 4.1.6.3)

Barrett, David B., George T. Kurian, and Todd M. Johnson. 2001. World Christian
Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World.
2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Barrett, Kurian, and Johnson 2001, 79)

5.1.14 Separately Titled Volume of a Multivolume Work (Section 4.1.6.4)

Bruce, F. F. 1989. Philippians. Vol. 11 of New International Biblical Commentary, ed. W.

Ward Gasque. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.

(Bruce 1989)

5.1.15 Chapter in a Volume in an Edited, Mutivolume Work (Section 4.1.6.5)

Rosner, Brian S. 1993. Acts and Biblical History. In The Book of Acts in Its Ancient Literary
Setting, ed. Bruce W. Winter and Andrew D. Clark, 65–82. Vol. 1 of The Book of Acts
in Its First Century Setting, ed. Bruce W. Winter. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

(Rosner 1993)

5.1.16 Title in a Series (Section 4.1.7)

McQuilkin, Robertson. 1996. Use and Misuse of the Social Sciences: Interpreting the Biblical
Text. Evangelical Missiological Society Series 4. Pasadena: William Carey Library.

(McQuilkin 1996, 38)

5.2 Periodicals

5.2.1 Journal Article—Volume Only (Section 4.2.5.2)

Ward, Ted W. 1987. Educational Preparation of Missionaries: A Look Ahead. Evangelical

Missions Quarterly 23:398–404.

(Ward 1987, 401)

51
5.2.2 Journal Article (No Author)—Volume and Issue Numbers (Section 4.2.1.2)

Christian Conversion in Context. 1982. International Bulletin of Missionary Research 6, no.

2:82–85.

(“Christian Conversion” 1982, 82)

5.2.3 Journal Article—Volume and Month or Season (Section 4.2.6.3)

Guelich, Robert A. 1991. Spiritual Warfare: Jesus, Paul, and Peretti. Pneuma 13
(Spring): 33–64.

(Guelich 1991, 41)

5.2.4 Magazine Article (Section 4.2.7.2)

Woodward, Kenneth L. 2001. How Should We Think About Islam? Newsweek, December
31, 102–103.

(Woodward 2001, 103)

5.2.5 Newspaper Article (Section 4.2.8)

Newspaper articles are not listed in the reference list.

( New York Times, October 9, 2002)

5.3 Internet and Other Electronic Sources

5.3.1 Book Accessed on Internet (Section 4.3.2)

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ (accessed
February 1, 2004).

Kurland and Lerner 1987, 13)

5.3.2 Book on CD-ROM (Section 4.3.3.1)

Smith, Mary. 1998. Biblical Imagery. Miami: IBT Multimedia. CD-ROM.

(Smith 1998, 384)

52
5.3.3 Book in an Electronic Reference Library on CD-ROM (Section 4.3.3.2)

Unger, Merrill F. 1988. New Unger’s Bible Dictionary. Rev. and updated ed. Chicago: Moody.
PC Study Bible. Seattle: Biblesoft. CD-ROM, version 3.0.

(Unger 1988, 126)

5.3.4 Journal Article from Internet—PDF or Exact Facsimile (Section 4.3.4.2)

Ferziger, Adam S. 2004. Religious Zealotry and Religious Law: Rethinking Conflict and
Coexistence. Journal of Religion 84, no. 1 (January): 48–77. http://www
.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JR840103PDF (accessed February 17, 2004).

(Ferziger 2004, 59)

5.3.5 Journal Article from Internet—Not PDF or Exact Facsimile (Section 4.3.4.3)

Chow, Andy. 1998. Hong Kong Immigrants: When the Mission Field Comes to You.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly 34, no. 3. http://bgc.gospelcom.net/ emis/1998/
hongkon.html (accessed January 15, 2004).

(Chow 1998, under “Cultural Adaptation”)

5.3.6 Material Published on Web Site (Section 4.3.5.1)

Herrick, Greg. The Issue of Forgiveness in the Sermon on the Mount. Biblical Studies
Foundation. http://www.bible.org/docs/nt/books/mat/matt6.htm (accessed January 16,
2004).

(Herrick, under “Story of Jacob”)

5.4 Other Sources

5.4.1 Encyclopedia or Dictionary Article in Well-Known Reference Work (Section 4.4.1.1)

Articles in well-known reference works are not listed in the reference list.

( Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “salvation”)

5.4.2
Signed Encyclopedia or Dictionary Article in Well-Known Reference Work (Section 4.4.1.2)

Articles in well-known reference works are not listed in the reference list.

(Morris Jastrow, “Nebo,” in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed.) 60

53
5.4.3 Encyclopedia or Dictionary Article in Scholarly Reference Work (Section 4.4.1.3)

Robeck, C. M., Jr. 1988. Pentecostal World Conference. In Dictionary of Pentecostal and
Charismatic Movements, ed. Stanley M. Burgess and Gary B. McGee, 707–710.
Grand Rapids: Regency Reference Library.

(Robeck 1988, 708)

5.4.4 Unpublished Thesis (Section 4.4.2)

Gibbs, Carl B. 1990. Principles of Bible Interpretation: An Independent-Study Text. D.Min.

diss., Western Conservative Baptist Seminary.

(Gibbs 1990, 89)

5.4.5 Paper Presented at Meeting or Conference

Doyle, Brian. 2002. Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59. Paper presented
at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, June 19–22, in
Berlin, Germany.

(Doyle 2002, 19)

5.4.6 Secondary Source (Section 4.4.3)

Wood, Marc. 1985. Perspectives on Church Growth. Philadelphia: Abbott Books, 251.
Quoted in Elizabeth Link, Strategies for Church Growth in the Twenty-first Century
(New York: Heinrich Publications, 2000), 121.

(Wood 1985, 251)

5.4.7 Scripture Passage (Section 4.4.4)

The Bible or specific versions of the Bible are not listed in the reference list.

(1 Thess. 4:15–16)

5.4.8 Personal Communication (Section 4.4.5)

Personal communications are not listed in the reference list.

(John V. York, personal communication, April 6, 2004)

54
 SECTION 6

QUOTATIONS

6.1 Basic Format

6.1.1 Short Quotations (Fewer Than Forty Words)

6.1.1.1 Run in the text. MAGU requires that direct quotations of fewer than forty words
be run in or incorporated into the text.

6.1.1.2 Quotation marks. Enclose a run-in quotation in double quotation marks.

Use single quotation marks within the double quotation marks for any material that was
enclosed in double quotation marks in the original source. In the following example, dove
is enclosed in double quotation marks in the original source.

Ryken (1992) states, “Even the prophet’s name is ironic: Jonah means ‘dove,’ symbol

of hope and peace, which are the farthest things from Jonah’s mind” (338).

6.1.1.3 Punctuation before run-in quotations. A comma is most often used after the
introductory element that sets a quotation off syntactically from the text. Verbs such as
stated, states, reported, reports, observes, observed, etc., are used to introduce the
quotation.

Morgan (2003) reported, “Enrollment at the study centers increased 12 percent in 2002”

(56).

A colon is used after a more formal introductory element. The introductory element often
uses words such as thus, the following, or as follows.

Morgan (2003) reported the following statistic: “Enrollment at the study centers

increased 12 percent in 2002” (56)

No punctuation is used before the quotation if the quotation is joined to the introductory
element with words such as that, if, etc.

Morgan (2003) reported that “enrollment at the study centers increased 12 percent in

2002” (56). 55
6.1.1.4 Exact replication. Reproduce the wording, spelling, punctuation, and
capitalization of the quotation exactly as it appears in the original source (even if the
original source is incorrect) with the following exception: the capitalization of the first
word of a quotation may be altered depending on its use in the sentence.

6.1.1.5 Capitalization guidelines. If the quotation is set off syntactically from the text by
a comma or colon, capitalize the first word of the quotation, even if it is in lowercase in the
original. In the original of the passage quoted below, Man occurs within a sentence and is
not capitalized; however, because the quotation is set off syntactically by a comma in the
sentence below, Man is capitalized.

He states, “Man has other physical and emotional needs which all religions meet one

way or another” (Steyne 1992, 20).

If a quotation is joined to an introductory text with words such as that, if, etc., the first
word of the quotation is not capitalized, even if it is capitalized in the original source.
In the original of the passage quoted below, coercive is the first word of a sentence and is
capitalized; however, because the quotation is joined syntactically to the introductory
words in the sentence below, coercive is not capitalized.

Most leaders agree that “coercive power is based on fear in both the leader and the

follower” (Covey 1991, 103).

6.1.1.6 Ellipsis points. Use ellipsis points (period dots) for words, phrases, or
sentences omitted in quoted material. “There should be a space before each dot, unless the
first dot is the period of an abbreviation or sentence, and a space after the last if a word
follows” (Turabian 1996, 80). Ellipsis points may be used in both run-in and block
quotations.

6.1.1.7 Three ellipsis points for omission within sentence. Use three ellipsis points for an
omission within a sentence.

The president stated, “What the university needs . . . is a new education building”

(Poole 2002, 152).

6.1.1.8 Four ellipsis points for omission following a sentence. Use four ellipsis points for
an omission following a sentence. The first dot, placed immediately after the last word of
the sentence, is the period.

Willard (1998) states, “We were built to count, as water is made to run downhill. . . .
That is our destiny” (15).

56
 6.1.1.9 When not to use ellipsis points. Do not use ellipsis points “before the first word of
a quotation, even if the beginning of the original sentence has been omitted” (University of
Chicago Press 2003, 459). Also, do not use ellipsis points after a quotation, even if the end
of the original sentence has been omitted.

Incorrect Use of Ellipsis Points:

Raines (2004) reported that “. . . enrollment increased 10 percent in 2003” (33).

Raines (2004) reported that “enrollment increased 10 percent in 2003 . . .” (33).

Correct Use of Ellipsis Points:

Raines (2004) reported that “enrollment increased 10 percent in 2003” (33).

6.1.1.10 Ellipsis points used for deliberately incomplete sentence. Three ellipsis points are
used, however, after “a quoted sentence that is deliberately left grammatically incomplete”
(University of Chicago Press 2003, 461).

Look at the paragraph beginning “A remarkable feature of AG growth . . .” and

compare the growth of the fellowship by decades.

6.1.1.11 In-text citation. Include the author’s surname, year of publication, and page
number in the in-text citation. For a quotation at the end of a sentence, place the in-text
citation immediately after the quotation marks and before the mark of punctuation.

He emphasizes that “structural and relational dimensions of training must be

appropriate to training goals” (Ferris 1994, 5).

For a quotation in mid-sentence, place the in-text citation immediately after the quotation
marks and continue the sentence.

He reports that “population statistics reveal a 30 percent decrease in population from

1990 to 2000” (Joyner 2001, 244), but he does not list reasons for the decline.

6.1.2 Block Quotations (Forty or More Words)

6.1.2.1 Set off from text. MAGU requires that direct quotations of forty or more words be
set off in a freestanding block. Indent block quotations one-half inch (1.27 cm) from the
left margin and single-space. The right margin is not indented and is unjustified or
“ragged” as is the right-hand margin in the rest of the paper.

57
 6.1.2.2 Paragraph indentation. Do not indent the first line of a block quotation an
additional one-half inch (1.27 cm) even if it is the beginning of a new paragraph in the
quoted text. If a block quotation has additional paragraphs, however, indent the first line of
each subsequent paragraph an additional one-half inch (1.27 cm).

6.1.2.3 Punctuation before block quotations. A colon precedes a block quotation

introduced by thus, as follows, or other similar wording that requires a colon. Other block
quotations may be preceded by a period, though a colon is also acceptable. Be consistent in
using a period or a colon for those block quotations not introduced by thus, as follows, etc.
A colon precedes the block quotations in the examples in this guide.

6.1.2.4 No quotation marks. Do not enclose block quotations in quotation marks; do,
however, retain any quotation marks within the original source.

6.1.2.5 In-text citation. Include the surname of the author(s), year of publication, and
page number in the in-text citation. Place the in-text citation after the final mark of
punctuation.

He explains the dialectical principle in Ecclesiastes:

There are “under the sun” passages and “above the sun” passages. The writer’s
negative pictures of life are the conclusions that emerge when life is lived only
on an earthly plane. When the narrator voices despair over the futility of life
under the sun, he is not affirming this as his final view of life. Throughout the
work . . . he offers exuberant pictures of the God-centered life. (Ryken 1992,
320)

6.2 Scripture Quotations

6.2.1 Short Scripture Quotations (Fewer Than Forty Words)

6.2.1.1 Run in the text. Run in or incorporate Scripture quotations of fewer than forty
words into the text.

6.2.1.2 Quotation marks. Enclose a run-in Scripture quotation in double quotation marks.
Use single quotation marks within the double quotation marks for any material that was
enclosed in double quotation marks in the Scripture passage. In the following example,
“Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the Book of the
Law” is enclosed in double quotation marks in the Scripture passage.

Paul instructs the believers that “all who rely on observing the law are under a curse, for it

is written: ‘Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the

Book of the Law’” (Gal. 3:10).

58
 6.2.1.3 Ellipsis points. Use ellipsis points for material omitted from Scripture quotations,
both run-in and block. See sections 6.1.1.5–6.1.1.10 for guidelines on ellipsis points. The
following is an example of ellipsis points used for an omission within a sentence.

In the following passage, Paul urges Christians to imitate Christ’s compassionate

attitude: “Therefore, as God’s chosen people, . . . clothe yourselves with compassion,

kindness, humility, gentleness and patience” (Col. 3:12).

6.2.1.4 In-text citation. Cite the Scripture reference (book of the Bible, chapter, and
verse) in the in-text citation. Abbreviate books of the Bible cited in Scripture references
using the abbreviations of books of the Bible in Appendix C. Use arabic numerals to
indicate book, chapter, and verse divisions. Use an en dash, rather than a hyphen, between
inclusive verse numbers and chapters (University of Chicago Press 2003, 261–262;
Alexander et al. 1999, 6). Cite the version of the Bible the first time a Scripture passage is
quoted in a paper. Do not repeat the version in subsequent citations if the same version is
used throughout the paper.

First Citation (1 Sam. 18:3–4 NIV)

Subsequent Citation (Rom. 14:1–15:13)

6.2.2 Block Scripture Quotations (Forty or More Words)

6.2.2.1 Set off from text. Set off direct Scripture quotations of forty or more words in a
freestanding block. Indent block quotations one-half inch (1.27 cm) from the left margin
and single-space. The right margin is not indented and is unjustified or
“ragged” as is the right-hand margin in the rest of the paper.

6.2.2.2 No quotation marks. Do not enclose block Scripture quotations in quotation

marks; do, however, retain any quotation marks within the original Scripture passage.
The following example is of a block Scripture quotation that does not contain material
enclosed in quotation marks in the Scripture passage.

Paul explains the importance of the Spirit in overcoming the desires of the flesh:

So I say, live by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the sinful
nature. For the sinful nature desires what is contrary to the Spirit, and the Spirit
what is contrary to the sinful nature. . . . But if you are led by the Spirit, you are
not under law. (Gal. 5:16–18)

The following example is of a block Scripture quotation that contains material enclosed in
quotation marks in the Scripture passage, in this case the words of Jesus.

59
 Jesus admonishes the teachers of the law for their interpretation of the law:

“Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You give a
tenth of your spices—mint, dill and cumin. But you have neglected the more
important matters of the law—justice, mercy and faithfulness. You should have
practiced the latter, without neglecting the former.” (Matt. 23:23)

6.2.2.3 In-text citation. Cite the Scripture reference (book of the Bible, chapter, and verse)
in the in-text citation. Abbreviate books of the Bible cited in Scripture references using the
abbreviations of books of the Bible in appendix C. Use arabic numerals to indicate book,
chapter, and verse divisions. Use an en dash, rather than a hyphen, between chapters and
verse numbers. Cite the version of the Bible quoted the first time a Scripture passage is
quoted in a paper. Do not repeat the version in subsequent citations if the same version is
used throughout the text. Place the in-text citation after the final mark of punctuation of
the block quotation.

60
 SECTION 7

THESIS FORMAT

7.1 Organization of Thesis

Organize the sections of the thesis using the following format.

7.1.1 Preliminary Pages (Front Matter)

Title Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Glossary
Abstract
7.1.2 Text of Thesis
Chapter 1. Introduction
Problem Statement
Purpose of Study
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Limitations of Study
Definitions and Terms
Chapter 2 Review of Literature
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Summary
Chapter 3 Methodology
Chapter 4 Results for Quantitative Thesis/Findings for Qualitative Thesis*
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 3
Chapter 5 Discussion
Review of Findings
Implications
Recommendations for Future Research
Summary and Conclusion
7.1.3 End
Matter
Appendixes
Reference List
* A qualitative thesis may have several chapters of findings, increasing the total number of
chapters.

61
 7.2 General Format

7.2.1 Margins

The margin guidelines for a thesis are the same as those in section 1.3 with the following
exception: MAGU requires a 1½ inch (4 cm) left margin for theses, as the binding of theses
reduces the left margin.

7.2.2 Font

The font guidelines for a thesis are the same as those in section 1.4.

7.2.3 Spacing

The spacing guidelines for a thesis are the same as those in section 1.5.

7.2.4 Pagination

7.2.4.1 Preliminary pages. The preliminary or introductory pages are numbered

consecutively with lowercase roman numerals, centered at the bottom of the page.
Use the following guidelines in paginating the preliminary pages.

1. Title page: The title page is counted as page i in the lowercase roman numeral
preliminary pagination, but no numeral appears on the page.
2. Dedication: The dedication is counted in the lowercase roman numeral preliminary
pagination, but no numeral appears on the page.
3. Table of contents: The table of contents is the first page to carry the appropriate
lowercase roman numeral (page iii if a dedication is included).
4. Acknowledgments through glossary: The acknowledgments through the
glossary also carry the appropriate lowercase roman numerals.
5. Abstract: The abstract is the last page to carry the appropriate lowercase roman
numeral.

7.2.4.2 Text of thesis. Begin arabic numeral pagination with chapter 1 of the thesis.
The arabic numerals should appear as a header one-half inch (1.27 cm) from the top edge
and one inch (2.54 cm) from the right-hand edge of the page. MAGU does not require that
the position of the page number on the first page of the chapter differ from the position of
page numbers on subsequent pages of the chapter (a deviation from Turabian style).

7.2.4.3 End matter. Use the following guidelines in paginating the end matter.

1. Appendixes: A separator page is required at the beginning of the appendix section and
2. before each appendix. Each appendix starts on a separate page and arabic numeral
pagination continues from the text of the thesis.
3. Reference list: Arabic numeral pagination continues from the appendixes throughout
the reference list.

62
7.2.5 First Page of Chapter

7.2.5.1 Two-inch top margin. The body of a thesis is divided into chapters with each
chapter beginning on a new page. A two-inch (5 cm) top margin is required on the first
page of a new chapter.

7.2.5.2 Chapter title. Center the generic heading CHAPTER (not italicized) in
uppercase letters followed by a numeral (e.g., CHAPTER 2). The title, which describes the
content of the specific chapter, is centered a double-space below the generic chapter
heading in uppercase letters (e.g., REVIEW OF LITERATURE). See the sample first page
of a chapter in appendix E.

7.2.5.3 Placement of page number. MAGU does not require that the position of the page
number on the first page of a chapter differ from the position of page numbers on
subsequent pages of the chapter (a deviation from Turabian style).

7.3 Title Page

The guidelines for the thesis title page are the same as those in section 1.1 except for the
submission statement. Use the following submission statement for the thesis title page. See the
sample thesis title page in appendix E.

A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

Master of Arts in Ministerial (or Biblical) Studies

7.4 Dedication

MAGU does not require that students include a dedication. If a student desires to include a
dedication, it should be brief and need not include the word dedicated; the word To is usually
sufficient. “It is not necessary to identify (or even give the whole name of) the person to whom the
work is dedicated. . . . Extravagant dedications are a thing of the past, and humorous ones rarely
stand the test of time” (Turabian 1996, 3). The dedication is typed in uppercase and lowercase
letters, centered on a line, and placed three inches (7.6 cm) from the top of the page. Do not add a
period or other final punctuation after the dedication.

To Christine

63
 7.5 Table of Contents

7.5.1 Elements to Include

List all elements of the thesis except the preliminary pages that do not carry roman numerals (i.e.,
title page and dedication). List the elements in the table of contents in the order given in section
7.1 starting with the acknowledgments (if applicable). Do not list the table of contents in the table
of contents. Include a page number for each element listed. See the sample table of contents in
appendix E in this guide and the sample table of contents in section 14.19 in Turabian’s Manual
(6th ed.).

7.5.2 Sections to Include

MAGU requires that the table of contents contain the titles of each section of the thesis through
the third level and the appropriate page number designations. Capitalize levels of heading as they
appear in the body of the paper.

7.5.3 Format

7.5.3.1 Title. Type the title CONTENTS (not italicized) in uppercase letters and center one
inch (2.54 cm) from the top of a new page. Leave two blank line spaces before listing the
sections of the thesis.

7.5.3.2 Spacing. Double-space between items in the table of contents. If an item is

longer than one line, single-space the additional line(s) and use a hanging indent.

7.5.3.3 Indentation. Indent headings in one-half inch (1.27 cm) increments.

7.5.3.4 Dot leaders. Separate the headings from the page numbers with a line of
spaced periods (dot leaders). Use the tab format leader function on a word processor to
create the dot leaders. Page numbers are aligned at the right one-inch (2.54 cm) margin.

7.6 Acknowledgments

7.6.1 Guidelines

MAGU does not require that students include an acknowledgments page; however, a student may
choose to recognize the kindness of those who assisted his or her research effort.

7.6.2 Format

7.6.2.1 Title. Type the title ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (not italicized) in uppercase

letters and center two inches (5 cm) from the top of the page.

7.6.2.2 Text. Type the text of the acknowledgments in paragraph form as in a

chapter and double-space.

64
 7.7 List of Figures

7.7.1 Guidelines

If a thesis contains more than one figure, include a list of figures after the acknowledgments (if
applicable) or table of contents. See the sample list of figures in appendix E and the sample list of
figures in section 14.21 of Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.).

7.7.2 Format

7.7.2.1 Title. Type the title FIGURES (not italicized) in uppercase letters and center two
inches (5 cm) from the top of the page.

7.7.2.2 Alignment Type the figure number (in arabic numerals) followed by a period flush
left under the word Figure (not italicized) and the page number flush right under the word
Page (not italicized).

7.7.2.3 Captions. Indent one-half inch (1.27 cm) after the figure number and type the
figure caption. The captions in the list of figures should agree with the captions given
beneath the figures in the text of the thesis with the following exception: the figure captions
in the list of figures are capitalized using headline-style capitalization rather than the
sentence-style capitalization used for the captions under the figures.

7.7.2.4 Dot leaders. Separate the captions from the page numbers with a line of spaced
periods (dot leaders) (see section 7.5.3.4).

7.7.2.5 Spacing. Double-space between captions; single-space within them if a caption

is longer than one line. Use a hanging indent format of one-half inch (1.27 cm) for captions
longer than one line (a deviation from Turabian style).

7.8 List of Tables

7.8.1 Guidelines

If a paper contains more than one table, include a list of tables after the list of figures. See the
sample list of tables in appendix E and the sample list of tables in section 14.22 of Turabian’s
Manual (6th ed.).

7.8.2 Format

Format the list of tables in the same manner as the list of figures with the following exceptions:
type the title TABLES (not italicized) two inches (5 cm) from the top of the page and the word
Tables (not italicized) flush left above the table numbers.

7.9 List of Abbreviations

7.9.1 Guidelines
65
 If numerous abbreviations (i.e., acronyms, initialisms, and contractions) are used in the thesis,
compile a list of abbreviations and place it after the list of tables. Even when a thesis contains a list
of abbreviations, terms should be spelled out the first time they are used in the text, followed by
the abbreviations in parentheses (see section 2.2.2.1 of this guide). See the sample list of
abbreviations in appendix E in this guide and the sample list of abbreviations in section 14.32 in
Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.).

7.9.2 Format

7.9.2.1 Title. Type the title ABBREVIATIONS (not italicized) in uppercase letters and
center two inches (5 cm) from the top of the page.

7.9.2.2 Alphabetical order. List the abbreviations in alphabetical order at flush left (a
deviation from Turabian style) and leave one-half inch (1.27 cm) between the longest
abbreviation and the spelled-out term. Align the first letter of all other spelled-out terms
“with the first letter of the term following the longest abbreviation”
(Turabian 1996, 8).

7.9.2.3 Spacing. Double-space between terms; single-space within terms if the spelled-
out term is longer than one line.

7.9.2.4 Hanging-indent format. Use a hanging-indent format for spelled-out terms

longer than one line. In this case, the additional lines will be aligned with the first letter of
the term following the longest abbreviation.

7.10 Glossary

7.10.1 Guidelines

Technical terms and concepts that vary from ordinary usage should be defined or described in the
text. Independent or dependent variables should be operationally defined as well. If numerous
technical terms are used in a thesis, compile a glossary of the terms and their definitions to
acquaint readers with the unique terminology. Place the glossary after the list of abbreviations. See
the sample glossary in appendix E in this guide and the sample glossary in section 14.33 in
Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.)

7.10.2 Format

7.10.2.1 Title. Type the title GLOSSARY (not italicized) in uppercase letters and center
two inches (5 cm) from the top of the page.

7.10.2.2 Alphabetical order. List the terms in alphabetical order at flush left. Capitalize
the first letter of the term being identified, add a period after the term, and insert two
spaces. “The translation or definition follows, with its first word capitalized and ending
with a period, unless all definitions consist only of single words or phrases, in which case
no final punctuation should be used” (Turabian 1996, 9).

7.10.2.3 Spacing Double-space between items; single-space within an item if the item
66
 is longer than one line.

7.10.2.4 Hanging-indent format. Use a hanging indent format of one-half inch (1.27
cm) for entries longer than one line.

7.11 Abstract

7.11.1 Guidelines

MAGU requires that students prepare an abstract for the thesis. The abstract is a summary of the
entire research effort. The abstract may be included in a published collection of abstracts and thus
“should include sufficient information about the research problem, methodology, results, and
interpretations to give potential readers an idea as to whether the study addresses a topic of
concern to them and therefore merits their further attention” (Leedy 2005, 289–290). Place the
abstract after the glossary. See the sample abstract in appendix E.

7.11.2 Format

7.11.2.1 Title. Type the title ABSTRACT (not italicized) in uppercase letters and center
two inches (5 cm) from the top of the page.

7.11.2.2 Length. The abstract must be limited to 350 words or less; thus, the abstract must
be concise and specific. The abstract should contain only one or two paragraphs.
abbreviations should be liberal; however, the abstract is a self-contained document and
abbreviations and terms that need to be explained in the text should also be explained the
first time they are used in the abstract.

7.11.2.3 Paragraph indentation. The first lines of paragraphs are not indented in the
abstract.

7.12 Levels of Heading

Follow the guidelines for levels of heading in section 2.9.

7.13 Figures and Tables

7.13.1 Basic Format

7.13.1.1 Numbers and titles. As a general rule, all figures and tables should be (a)
assigned an arabic numerical designation in order of their appearance in the thesis, (b)
titled, and (c) given a brief description or explanation.

7.13.1.2 Placement. A figure or table should be inserted in the text as close as possible
after the first reference to it. Finish the paragraph of text in which the reference occurs
before inserting a figure or table. If a figure or table cannot be accommodated in the space

67
 remaining on a page, continue the text to the end of the page and place the figure or table at
the top of the next page.

7.13.1.3 Spacing before and after figures and tables. Leave three blank lines (36 points)
before and after figures and tables in the text. No line spaces are required before figures
and tables at the top of a page (i.e., they begin at the one-inch (2.54 cm) top margin).

7.13.1.4 References in text. In the text of a paper, refer to figures and tables by their
numbers (e.g., in Table 2) rather than by the figure above, the figure below, the table
above, or the table below.

7.13.2 Figures

7.13.2.1 Description. A figure can be a map, list, illustration, chart, diagram, or graph that
is needed to explain the content of a paper or thesis. See the sample figure in appendix E.

7.13.2.2 Figure numbers and legends. Leave two blank lines (24 points) between the
figure and the figure number and legend. Type the abbreviation Fig. (not italicized)
followed by the appropriate number and a period. Insert two spaces and type the figure
legend using sentence-style capitalization (see section 2.3.4), followed by a period.

7.13.2.3 Short figure legends. The legend may be a short title or caption. Short figure
legends are centered under the figure.
Fig. 2. Linguistic map of Kenya.

7.13.2.4 Long figure legends. Figure legends frequently consist of longer explanations
(not always a complete grammatical sentence). Add a period after long figure legends even
if they are not a complete sentence. Additional sentences needed to clarify the figure may
be added after the figure legend. Longer figure legends run the width of the figure. Single-
space the lines of the figure legend if the figure caption is longer than one line. Type
second and subsequent lines of the caption flush left.

Fig. 5. Relationship between the Finnish Free Foreign Mission and the Full Gospel
Churches of Kenya after 1998.

7.13.2.5 Further guidelines. See chapter 7 and sections 14.23–14.24 of Turabian’s

Manual (6th ed.) for further guidelines on and samples of figures.

7.13.2.6 Broadside figures. If a figure is too wide for the page, it may be placed broadside
or lengthwise. A broadside figure is printed in landscape rather than portrait orientation.
“The legend, with its number, should appear below the illustration so that it reads vertically
up the page. The page number is in its normal position” (Turabian 1996, 106). See the
sample broadside figure in section 14.24 of Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.).

7.13.3 Tables

7.13.3.1 Description. A table is used to organize or compress data or information into

68
a standardized form. Tables should be accurate, easy to read, and uniform in spacing.
Tables are used to present information in numerical form (e.g., percentages, ratios, means,
and totals) for the purpose of making comparisons or reporting data. Only relevant data
should be included in tables in the text of the thesis; supplemental data should be placed in
the appendixes. See the sample table in appendix E.

7.13.3.2 Shape. Most tables run the long way on the page. “A table may occupy the
full width of the page or less than the full width. In either case, each table must be
centered horizontally on the page” (Turabian 1996, 94).

7.13.3.3 Table number and title. Center the word TABLE (not italicized) in uppercase
letters and the appropriate arabic numeral at the top of the table. Leave two blank line
spaces (24 points) and center the table title in uppercase letters. Single-space the lines of
the table title in inverted pyramid order if the title is longer than one line.

TABLE 3

GROWTH AT GREEN FOREST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,

BOSTON, MA, IN FIVE-YEAR INCREMENTS
FROM 1950 TO 1990

7.13.3.4 Broadside tables. If a table is too wide for the page, it may be placed
broadside or lengthwise. The table will then be printed in landscape rather than portrait
orientation. “No text should be placed on a page containing a broadside table. The page
number appears in its usual place” (Turabian 1996, 95), even though the table is printed in
landscape orientation. See the sample broadside table in section 14.30 of Turabian’s
Manual (6th ed.).

7.13.3.5 Continued tables. A long table may be continued to subsequent pages. The
table number and title are typed on the first page of the table; only the table number and
Continued are typed on subsequent pages of the table.

TABLE 3— Continued

7.13.3.6 Tables in appendixes. Number tables in appendixes separately from the tables in
the text (e.g., TABLE A1, TABLE A2, etc.).

TABLE A2

GROWTH IN GLOBAL UNIVERSTIY M.A.

GRADUATES FROM 1999 TO 2004

7.13.3.7 Notes. Source notes or other general notes may be typed flush left below a
table. Leave one blank line between the table and the note. Single-space the lines of the

69
 note typing subsequent lines flush left. To acknowledge the source of a table, include a
source note introduced by the word Source (italicized), followed by a colon. Other notes on
the table are introduced by the word Note (italicized), followed by a colon.

Note: The values represent mean percentages of correctly answered questions on the
final exam.

7.13.3.8 Further guidelines. See chapter 6 and sections 14.25–14.31 of Turabian’s

Manual (6th ed.) for further guidelines on and samples of tables.

7.14 Appendixes

7.14.1 Description

The appendixes consist of separately identified pages at the end the thesis containing information
that amplifies or supplements the content of the document. Appendixes may contain (a) material
that is too complex to be included in the text, (b) technical notes, (c) methodologies, (d)
illustrations, (e) copies of documents, (f) case studies, or (g) figures. Place the appendixes after the
last chapter of text (before the reference list) and not at the end of individual chapters.

7.14.2 Format

7.14.2.1 Lettered consecutively. Appendixes are lettered consecutively in the

order they are referenced in the text.

7.14.2.2 Titles. Each appendix must bear a descriptive title, which also appears in
the table of contents.

7.14.2.3 Separator page before section and before individual appendix. Global
University requires a separator page before the appendix section and before each individual
appendix. The separator page before individual appendixes is a deviation from Turabian
style.

7.14.2.4 Separator page for thesis with one appendix. If a paper contains only one
appendix, center the word APPENDIX (not italicized) 3½ inches (9 cm) from the top of a
separate sheet of paper, double-space, and center the title of the appendix in uppercase
letters. The appendix follows the separator page.

7.14.2.5 Separator pages for thesis with more than one appendix. If more than one
appendix is used, begin the appendixes by centering the word APPENDIXES (not
italicized) 3½ inches (9 cm) from the top of a separate sheet of paper. Each appendix
should also have a separator page before it. Center the word APPENDIX (not italicized)
followed by the appropriate capital letter (e.g., APPENDIX A) 3½ inches (9 cm) from the
top of a separate sheet of paper, double-space, and center the title of the appendix in
uppercase letters. If the appendix title is longer than one line, single-space the lines of the
title and arrange the lines in inverted pyramid order (i.e., the first line is longer than the
second, the second line longer than the third, etc.). See the separator pages for appendixes
A–E.
70
 7.14.2.6 Line spacing. The text within an appendix may be double-spaced or single-
spaced depending on the nature of the material; line spacing does not need to be the same
for all the appendixes. Data, tables, figures, illustrations, or lengthy case studies, etc., may
be single-spaced. “Explanations of methods and procedures should be double-spaced like
the text” (Turabian 1996, 13).

7.14.2.7 Previously published material. Previously published material in text form should
be retyped and paginated consecutively with the rest of the appendixes. Previously
published material that is not in text form (e.g., figures, tables, maps, etc.) may be scanned
or photocopied for inclusion in an appendix. Page numbers from the original document
should be concealed. Insert the appropriate page number on scanned documents.
Photocopied material need not carry the new page number if it is difficult to affix the
number, but it should be counted in the pagination of the appendix.

7.14.2.8 Scanned or photocopied material. Scanned or photocopied material that is

included in an appendix should be letter quality and can be reduced to fit within the
margins of the paper or thesis.

7.15 Reference List

See section 3.4 for guidelines on formatting the reference list. The title REFERENCE LIST
(not italicized) is centered two inches (5 cm) from the top of the page. Leave two blank line
spaces (24 points) before the first entry of the reference list. See the sample reference lists
in appendixes B and E and in section 14.39 of Turabian’s Manual (6th ed.).

7.16 Point of View

7.16.1 Third Person Point of View

7.16.1.1 Avoid first person point of view. Writers of theses should convey objectivity in
their writing style. Thus, students should eliminate first (i.e., I and we) and second (i.e.,
you) personal pronouns from their academic writing. Writing in the first person (e.g., I will
demonstrate) conveys a perception of opinion rather than fact. To avoid this impression of
opinion, use the third person point of view exclusively. If possible, also avoid substituting
the writer or the researcher for I. While these forms are technically third person, they still
refer to the author and as such are “implied” first person.

Incorrect

I sent the attendance questionnaire to twenty-six churches in suburban Miami.

The researcher sent the attendance questionnaire to twenty-six churches in suburban

Miami.

Correct

The attendance questionnaire was sent to twenty-six churches in suburban Miami.

71
 7.16.1.2 Avoid second person point of view. Writing in the second person (e.g., you can
see) conveys the perception of lecturing or sermonizing. To avoid this impression, use the
third person point of view. Also, avoid substituting the reader for you. While this form is
technically third person, it still refers to the audience and as such is “implied” second
person.

Incorrect

You can see that school attendance increased 3 percent with the later start time.

The reader can see that school attendance increased 3 percent with the later start time.

Correct

The results of the study indicate that school attendance increased 3 percent with the
later start time.

7.16.2 Editorial We

Do not use we editorially to refer to humankind, people, a group of people, etc.; instead,
use an appropriate noun or clarify your usage.

Incorrect

We must share Christ’s love with both the impoverished and the wealthy.

Correct

Christians must share Christ’s love with both the impoverished and the wealthy.

7.17 Verb Tense

7.17.1 Abstract

Use the past tense to describe the methodology, variables manipulated, tests applied, etc. Use the
present tense to describe results with continuing applicability or conclusions drawn (American
Psychological Association 2001, 14).

7.17.2 Literature Review

In general, use past tense (e.g., documented) or present perfect tense (e.g., have shown) for the
literature review. Present tense may also be used in the literature review to express ideas that are
not restricted to a certain time period.

7.17.2.1 Past tense for action that occurred at a definite time in the past. Use past tense to
72
 make direct reference to what a source wrote or did in the past.

Stine (2000) surveyed seventy-five pastors in his five-year study on church growth.

7.17.2.2 Present perfect tense for action that began in past and continues to present.
Use present perfect tense to express a past action or condition that did not occur at a
specific, definite time or to describe an action that began in the past and continues to the
present.

Several denominations have used the methods in Stine’s (2000) study to analyze church
growth.

7.17.2.3 Present tense for ideas that are not restricted to a single time period. Use present
tense to make direct reference to the work itself or to represent general ideas that are not
restricted to a single time period.

In Church Growth, Stine (2000) analyzes ten factors that contribute to church growth.

Church growth continues to be a topic of interest to church leaders and pastors.

7.17.3 Description of Procedure and Results

Use past tense for the description of the procedure and the description of the results.

Church attendance at the 9:00 a.m. service increased 7 percent in the six-month period
following the change in service times.

7.17.4 Discussion of Results and Conclusions

Use present tense to discuss the results and to present the conclusions. Using present tense when
reporting conclusions encourages your readers to join you in discussing the issues involved.

The results of the survey indicate that 75 percent of those who attend the 9:00 a.m. service are
under the age of thirty-five.

The study shows that the 9:00 a.m. service is more convenient for most parishioners.

73
 REFERENCE LIST

Alexander, Patrick H., John F. Kutsko, James D. Ernest, Shirley A. Decker-Lucke, and David L.
Petersen, eds. 1999. The SBL Handbook of Style: For Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and
Early Christian Studies. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.

American Psychological Association. 2001. Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psyhological Association.

MAGU. 2001. School of Graduate Studies Student Handbook: Master of Arts Program. Vol. 2,
No. 2. Springfield, MO: ICI University, a division of MAGU.

Leedy, Paul, and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod. 2005. Practical Research: Planning and Design. 8th ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Turabian, Kate L. 1996. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
6th ed., rev. John Grossman and Alice Bennett. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

University of Chicago Press. 2003. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.

74
APPENDIXES

75
 APPENDIX A

SAMPLE UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT & GRADUATE ASSIGNMENT

PAGES

76
 Sample Title Page—Undergraduate Project

CHRIST’S RESPONSE TO THE PHARISAICAL LAWS OF SEPARATION,

THE SABBATH, AND RITUAL PURITY

By

John A. Doe

123456789-XYZ

A Project

Submitted to the Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

BIB1032
Life of Christ

MAGU
April 2004

77
 Sample Title Page—Graduate Unit or Final Assignment

CHRIST’S RESPONSE TO THE PHARISAICAL LAWS OF SEPARATION,

THE SABBATH, AND RITUAL PURITY

By

Freda Banda

123456789-XYZ

Malawi Assemblies of God University

Unit III Assignment

Submitted to Dr. Enson M. Lwesya

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

BIB5203

Backgrounds to the New Testament

Malawi Assemblies of God University

April 2004

78
 Sample Text of Paper—Student Information in Header under Page Number—Text Begins One Inch from
Top of Page

This paper examines both the Pharisees’ and Jesus’ interpretation of three areas of the

law—separation, the Sabbath, and ritual purity. The Pharisees’ interpretation of the law was based

on the belief that the oral ( halakoth) and the written laws were equal in authority. From this belief

came a complicated system of laws that regulated virtually every area of life. In fact, the system

was so complicated that, at the time of Herod the Great, there were only 6000 Pharisees in

Palestine (Ferguson 1993, 482). Barclay (1975b) attributes the small number of Pharisees to the

fact that “if a man was going to accept and carry out every little regulation of the Law, he would

have time for nothing else” (282).

Jesus, like the Pharisees, was a loyal Jew who accepted the authority of the Torah (Mark

1:40–45, 6:56, 12:36, 14:12 NIV). He also had many friendly contacts with certain Pharisees, but

Jesus strongly disagreed with their legalism. Jesus compared them to “whitewashed tombs” (Matt.

23:27) because they appeared to be alive but were dead inside. The Pharisees were therefore very

uncomfortable with Jesus and conspired against Him.

Separation

Though the origin of the term Pharisees is uncertain, it may have derived from the Hebrew

word parash meaning “to separate,” for the Pharisees were truly separatists. The Law stated that a

Pharisee “could not eat in the house of a ‘sinner’ . . . but might entertain a sinner in his house. He

had to provide clothes, however, lest the sinner’s own clothes be ritually impure” (Gundry 1994,

74). Jesus, on the other hand, often associated with sinners, publicans, and tax collectors. The

publicans and tax collectors were considered the greatest of sinners and were often shunned and

definitely hated. Zacchaeus climbed the tree not only to see Jesus better but also possibly to escape

the crowds that so badly hated his kind.

79
 Sample Text of Paper–Continued

Jesus’ association with sinners infuriated the Pharisees, and they again brought Him to
task:

While Jesus was having dinner at Levi’s house, many tax collectors and “sinners” were
eating with him and his disciples, for there were many who followed him. When the
teachers of the law who were Pharisees saw him eating with the “sinners” and tax
collectors, they asked his disciples: “Why does he eat with tax collectors and
‘sinners’?” On hearing this, Jesus said to them, “It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but
the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners.” (Mark 2:15–17)

Christ’s response cut right to the core of the issue, showing the great gulf between Him and His

accusers. Jesus can do more for the person who admits he needs help (sinner) and seeks Him out

than for the person who feels he needs no help (Pharisee) and therefore has no need of Jesus.

Jesus’ focus is always on the person; He is a personal savior.

The Sabbath

The practice of the “Sabbath” as a sacred day of rest originated from the creation account

where God worked for six days and on the seventh day He rested (Morgenstern 1962, 140). To

ensure that they were honoring the Sabbath, the Pharisees created a system of labor laws and

practices that, on one hand, they scrupulously followed and, on the other hand, tried to sidestep.

The following are some of the detailed pharisaical laws dealing with the issue of labor on

the Sabbath:

1. Spitting on the bare ground during the Sabbath was forbidden because, if the spitting

were to disturb the dirt, this might constitute plowing and thus constitute labor.

2. Looking in the mirror on the Sabbath was forbidden for a woman because she might be

tempted to pull out a gray hair, which would constitute labor.

(Paper continues—See next page for Reference List.)

80
Sample Reference List—Student Information in Header under Page Number—Title Begins One
Inch From Top of Page

REFERENCE LIST

Barclay, William. 1975a. The Gospel of Mark. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: Westminster.

———. 1975b. The Gospel of Matthew. Rev. ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Westminster.

Ferguson, Everett. 1993. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans.

France, R. T. 1971. Jesus and the Old Testament. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.

France, R. T., and David Wenham, eds. 1983. Studies in Midrash and Historiography.
Sheffield, UK: JSOT.

Gromacki, Robert G. 1974. New Testament Survey. Grand Rapids: Baker.

Gundry, Robert Horton. 1967. The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew’s Gospel.
Leiden: Brille.

———. 1994. A Survey of the New Testament. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.

Keener, Craig S. 1993. The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament.
Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.

Kepler, Thomas S. 1962. Sabbath Day’s Journey. In Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible,
ed.George Arthur Buttrick, 4:141. New York: Abingdon.

McClaflin, Mike. 2000. Life of Christ: An Independent-Study Textbook. 3rd ed. Springfield,
MO: MAGU.

Morgenstern, Julian. 1962. Sabbath. In Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, ed. George
Arthur Buttrick, 4:135–141. New York: Abingdon.

Sanders, E. P. 1993. Jesus in Historical Context. Theology Today 50, no. 3:429–448.
http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1993/v50-3-article8.htm (accessed January 16,
2004).

81
 APPENDIX B

ABBREVIATIONS OF BOOKS OF THE BIBLE

82
 Abbreviations of Books of the Bible
[ Note: The following Bible abbreviations follow The Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.). Refer to
page 579 of The Chicago Manual of Style for abbreviating the Apocryphal books.]

Old Testament

Genesis Gen. Ecclesiastes Eccles.

Exodus Exod. Song of Solomon Song of Sol.
Leviticus Lev. Isaiah Isa.
Numbers Num. Jeremiah Jer.
Deuteronomy Deut. Lamentations Lam.
Joshua Josh. Ezekiel Ezek.
Judges Judg. Daniel Dan.
Ruth Ruth Hosea Hosea
1 Samuel 1 Sam. Joel Joel
2 Samuel 2 Sam. Amos Amos
1 Kings 1 Kings Obadiah Obad.
2 Kings 2 Kings Jonah Jon.
1 Chronicles 1 Chron. Micah Mic.
2 Chronicles 2 Chron. Nahum Nah.
Ezra Ezra Habakkuk Hab.
Nehemiah Neh. Zephaniah Zeph.
Esther Esther Haggai Hag.
Job Job Zechariah Zech.
Psalms Ps. (pl. Pss.) Malachi Mal.
Proverbs Prov.

New Testament
Matthew Matt. 1 Timothy 1 Tim.
Mark Mark 2 Timothy 2 Tim.
Luke Luke Titus Titus
John John Philemon Philem.
Acts Acts Hebrews Heb.
Romans Rom. James James
1 Corinthians 1 Cor. 1 Peter 1 Pet.
2 Corinthians 2 Cor. 2 Peter 2 Pet.
Galatians Gal. 1 John 1 John
Ephesians Eph. 2 John 2 John
Philippians Phil. 3 John 3 John
Colossians Col. Jude Jude
1 Thessalonians 1 Thess. Revelation Rev.
2 Thessalonians 2 Thess. or Apocalypse or Apoc.

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 APPENDIX C

SAMPLE OUTLINE

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 Form and Style Requirements for an Outline

The following sample outline contains basic guidelines for writing an outline.

I. General guidelines for an outline

A. The first level of an outline with many levels may begin with a capital roman numeral
(I, II). The first level of an outline with fewer levels may begin with a capital letter (A,
B) or an arabic number (1, 2).
B. All outlines should follow the same numbering pattern when a paper includes more
than one outline.

II. Structure of an outline

A. An outline must have at least two sections at any level for all divisions and
subdivisions.
B. An outline may be a sentence outline or a heading or phrase outline. The structure
should be consistent and parallel for each level of each division of the outline.
C. An outline should have sentence style capitalization at all levels.

III. Line spacing of an outline

A. Between levels and sections
1. Double-space (one blank line) before all items in the first three levels of an
outline.
2. Single-space (no blank line) before all items after the first three levels of an
outline.
B. Text within a section
1. Single-space the text at all levels of an outline.
2. Begin the first level of an outline at the left margin with a one-half inch (1.27 cm)
hanging indent.
3. Begin each level of an outline after the first level one-half inch (1.27 cm) from
the previous level and use a one-half inch hanging indent.
a. This is an example of the spacing between levels and sections at the fourth
level of an outline.
b. This example uses limited entries at each level within each division and
subdivision, but an outline should include as many entries as are needed at any
one level.
c. Examples of additional outline levels follow:

1)
2)
a)
b)
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
i)
ii)

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 APPENDIX E

SAMPLE GRADUATE THESIS PAGES

86
 Sample Title Page

THE IMPACT OF THE AFRICAN RENAISSANCE ON CHRISTIAN

EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA

By
José Augusto Cossa

A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

Master of Arts in Ministerial Studies

MAGU

Springfield, Missouri

June 2001

87
 Sample Table of Contents—Title Begins One Inch from Top of Page

CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................v

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vi

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................. vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................ viii

GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................ ix

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................. xi

Chapter

1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1

Statement of Problem........................................................................................10

Purpose of Study ..............................................................................................11

Hypotheses.......................................................;;;;;;;;;;;.....................................13

Importance of Study.........................................................................................14

Assumptions.....................................................................................................15

Limitations and Delimitations.........................................................................16

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..............................................................17

Renaissance and Reformation..........................................................................18

Background .....................................................................................................18

Renaissance......................................................................................................21

African Renaissance........................................................................................23

iii

88
 Sample Table of Contents—Continued Page Begins One Inch from Top of Page

CONTENTS (Cont.)

Page
3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................48

Overview............................................................................................................................48

Research Methodology .....................................................................................................51

Target Sample of the Population.......................................................................................53

Procedures.........................................................................................................................55

Data Collection and Recording.........................................................................................58

Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................60

4. RESULTS ...............................................................................................................................63

5. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................66

Discussion ........................................................................................................................66

Conclusions.......................................................................................................................68

Implications of Research...................................................................................................70

Recommendations.............................................................................................................72

Appendixes

A. SURVEY OF PENTECOSTAL LEADERS.................................................................80

B. LETTER FROM LEADERSHIP DIRECTOR OF CHURCH .....................................84

REFERENCE LIST ...........................................................................................................88

iv

Note: For binding purposes, MAGU requires a 1½-inch (4-cm) left margin for all pages of a thesis.
Because the MAGU Form and Style Guide is printed on both sides of the paper, these sample
thesis pages do not have a 1½-inch left margin.

89
 Sample List of Figures—Title Begins Two Inches from Top of Page

FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Linguistic Map of Kenya .................................................................................................29

2. Expansion of the FFFM Work in Western Kenya Region................................................53

3. Expansion of the FFFM Work in Mount Kenya Region .................................................70

4. Expansion of the FFFM Work in Rift Valley Region.......................................................75

5. Three Regions of the FGCK ............................................................................................81

6. FGCK Administrative Structure 1953–1963 ...................................................................98

7. FGCK Administrative Structure 1963–1990 .................................................................101

8. FGCK Administrative Structure 1990–2000 .................................................................103

9. Evangelized Areas of Kenya...........................................................................................124

90
 Sample List of Tables—Title Begins Two Inches from Top of Page

TABLES

Tables Page

1. Population Density in Kenya ...........................................................................................27

2. Language Groups in Kenya .............................................................................................29

3. Income of Koru Bible School 1990–2000 .......................................................................51

4. FGCK Church Growth 1970–2000...................................................................................61

5. Comparison of Church Growth in Various Denominations in Kenya 1995–2000 ..........76

6. Unreached People Groups of Kenya.................................................................................95

vi

91
 Sample List of Abbreviations—Title Begins Two Inches from Top of Page

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AG Assemblies of God

AGWM Assemblies of God World Missions

AGM Annual General Meeting

AGTS Assemblies of God Theological Seminary

AIM Africa Inland Mission

CMS Church Mission Society

CTS Cape Theological Seminary

EU Evangel University

FFFM Finnish Free Foreign Mission

FGCK Full Gospel Churches of Kenya

FPM Finnish Pentecostal Movement

GSC Graduate Studies Center

GU Global University

PAG Pentecostal Assemblies of God

PAOC Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada

STL Speed the Light

UN United Nations

YFC Youth for Christ

vii

92
 Sample Glossary—Title Begins Two Inches from Top of Page

GLOSSARY

Abstract. The abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a thesis.

Acronym. An acronym is a term based on the first letters of the elements of a name and read as a
single word.

Appendixes. The appendixes contain separately identified pages at the end of the thesis containing
information that amplifies or supplements the content of the document.

Author–Date Method of Citation . The author–date method of citation is documentation in the

text of a paper that briefly identifies the source of a quotation, concept, or statement.
The author’s surname, year of publication, and page number (for quotations or paraphrased
material) are inserted at the appropriate point in the text, referring readers to full
bibliographic information in the reference list.

Contraction. A contraction is an abbreviation that includes the first and last letters of a word or
shortened forms of a full word.

End Matter. The end matter contains the appendixes and reference list that come at the end of the
thesis.

Initialism. An initialism is a term based on the first letters of the elements of a name and read as a
series of letters, rather than as a single word.

Preliminary Pages. The preliminary pages (or front matter) are all the material of an introductory
nature that precede the text of the thesis.

Reference List. A reference list is a list of all sources that were cited in the text of a paper or
thesis.

viii

93
 Sample Abstract—Title Begins Two Inches from Top of Page

ABSTRACT

This study focused on the problem that institutions of Christian higher education are

reactive or passive towards political, social, and spiritual trends affecting education and leadership

in South Africa. A group of thirty-two participants consisting of Christian higher education

leaders, clergy, Christian scholars, and politicians was selected from various regions of South

Africa. An instrument focusing on historical precedents and current ideas of the African

Renaissance was designed and utilized. The findings reveal that the respondents predict a move

towards indigenous forms of Christian higher education teaching methods, curriculum, objectives,

and leadership. The study concludes that the African Renaissance in South Africa will impact

institutions of Christian higher education by promoting a proactive approach to current trends.

ix

94
 Sample First Page of a Chapter—Chapter Heading Begins Two Inches from Top of Page

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Renaissance is not a new concept. It emerged in Europe in the thirteenth century and

extended throughout the fifteenth century (New 1977). In the context of Africa, the use of the term

renaissance is encountering challenges from scholars and concerned Africans. Scholars agree with

the phenomenon but argue that the semantics are not appropriate to describe Africa’s uniqueness in

the world. They stress that the Renaissance was unique to Europe and cannot be replicated.

Kirby (1998) argues that South African Deputy President Thabo Mbeki, who is notoriously

famous for adopting the term African Renaissance to the African economic policy reforms, is

misusing the term.2 1 In Kirby’s view, African Renaissance is mythical because it addresses

“social reconstruction, political reform, balanced economical cadences, industrial and technical

interlinkings, better telephone lines, and medical services” (1), rather than traditions, arts, and

ideas of the African people. He advocates that the term is more acceptable in Africa when it is used

in the context of sociocultural transformation rather than socioeconomic reforms. Kirby states that

“African Renaissance would be a resuscitation of the prodigious and extraordinary compass of

African musical forms and traditions, graphic arts, ideas” (10). Friedman (1996) suggests that an

African Renaissance in the arts is reflected in the paintings of South African artist Keresemose

Richard Baholo (1).

2
On June 2, 1999, Thabo Mbeki was elected president of South Africa, succeeding President Nelson
Mandela, the first black president of South Africa.

95
 Sample Thesis Page—First Line of Text Begins One Inch from Top of Page

Some important features of its background were (a) the rise of a pan-European culture; (b)
emergent individual thinking; (c) the rise of capitalism opposed to the Church’s prohibition of
loans for interest, as well as the Church’s later compromise with capitalism; and (d) the nation
states in Europe with the consequent divisions of territory. Estep (1986) also identifies a concept
he named “medieval montage” that describes feudal Europe (66).
Feudal Europe’s superstitions demanded a new approach to life and such an approach could
be found only in the Renaissance.
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a period hostile to “scholastic philosophy, Aristotelianism,
predominantly theological interests, and debased (if alive) Latinity which ruled in the universities”
(Elton 1963, 45). Renaissance was also a return to vernacular languages that marked a revival of
ancient literature and promoted a more critical approach to all forms of study. A classical example
from Petrarch’s stories on true wisdom, which is included in Elton’s Renaissance and
Reformation: 1330-1638, is the story of the simpleton and the scholar. In the classic, the quest for
true wisdom characterized the Renaissance man.
The following observation on the relationship between the Renaissance and the
Reformation inspired some of the questions of the proposal at hand:
The perennial question of whether the Reformation could have occurred without the
Renaissance may always go unanswered. That which is beyond question, however, is that the
Renaissance made its own unique and indispensable contribution to the intellectual and religious
development of the age. (Estep 1986, xi)
New (1977) established a basis for the Renaissance and the Reformation. In his
perspective, both the Renaissance and the Reformation had the same causes, but each required a
different approach (152). Indirectly, his text suggested a correlation between renaissance and

96
 Sample Thesis Page With Table—First Line of Text Begins One Inch from Top of Page

A table should be inserted as close as possible after the first reference to it in the text.
Finish the paragraph of text in which the reference occurs before inserting the table. Leave
three blank lines (36 points) before a table and three blank lines after a table in the text.
Center the word TABLE (not italicized) and its appropriate arabic numeral at the top of the table.
Leave one blank line space (12 points) and center the table title in uppercase letters. If the table
title is longer than one line, single-space the lines of the title and arrange the lines in inverted
pyramid order (i.e., the first line is longer than the second, the second line longer than the third,
etc.).

TABLE 1

GROWTH AT GREEN FOREST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

IN FIVE-YEAR INCREMENTS FROM 1950–1990

Enrollment
Year Enrollment Attrition Extended Growth Men Women

1950 112 41 16 71 90 22
1955 115 45 18 70 88 27
1960 121 44 20 77 86 35
1965 143 51 26 92 90 53
1970 156 63 31 93 91 65
1975 172 65 27 106 100 72
1980 201 71 31 130 90 101
1985 243 81 36 152 103 140
1990 266 95 44 171 151 115

The next paragraph of the paper or thesis would continue at this point three line spaces (36

points) below the table.

97
 Sample Thesis Page With Figure—First Line of Text Begins One Inch from Top of Page

A figure should be inserted as close as possible after the first reference to it, usually after

the end of the paragraph in which the reference occurs. Leave three blank lines (36 points) before

the figure and three blank lines after the figure in the text. A figure caption is typed two

blank lines (24 points) below the figure. Begin the caption flush left and type the abbreviation Fig.

(not italicized), followed by the appropriate arabic numeral and a period. Insert two spaces and

type the figure caption, using sentence-style capitalization, followed by a period. Add any

information needed to clarify the figure. Figure 1 shows the correct format for figures in the text of

a paper.

ATONEMENT

ATONEMENT

JUSTIFICATION
CONVERSION SANCTIFICATION
REPENTANCE GLORIFICATION
REGENERATION ADOPTION
COMMITMENT EXPIATION

Fig. 1. The redemptive process. The redemptive process is focused on the atonement of Christ’s
substitutionary sacrifice for sinners. The circle represents the elements of conversion, the cross is
the way of redemption, and the square represents the believer’s position as a child of God.

The next paragraph of the paper or thesis would continue at this point three line spaces (36
points) below the figure.

98
 Sample Reference List–Title Begins Two Inches from Top of Page

REFERENCE LIST

Allen, D. Matthew. The Kingdom in Matthew. Biblical Studies Foundation.

http://www.bible.org/docs/nt/books/mat/kgdm.htm (accessed April 23, 2004).

Barnett, Paul William. 1977. Who Were the “Biastai” (Matthew 11:12–13)? Reformed
Theological Review 36:65–70.

Bornkamm, Günther. 1960. Jesus of Nazareth. Translated by Irene and Fraser McCluskey
with James M. Robinson. New York: Harper.

Bornkamm, Günther, Gerhard Barth, and Heinz Joachim Held. 1963. Tradition and
Interpretation in Matthew. Translated by Percy Scott. Philadelphia: Westminster.

Dahlberg, B. T. 1975. The Typological Use of Jeremiah 1:4–19 in Matthew 16:13–23.

Journal of Biblical Literature 94:73–80.

Davids, P. H. 1988. Hades. In Encyclopedia of the Bible, ed. Walter A. Elwell, 1:912.
Grand Rapids: Baker.

Foerster, Werner. 1976. Beelzebou/l. In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed.
Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich. Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley, 1:606–
607. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Gundry, Robert H. 1994a. Matthew: A Commentary on His Handbook for a Mixed Church
under Persecution. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

———. 1994b. A Survey of the New Testament. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.

Kingsbury, Jack Dean. 1975. Matthew: Structure, Christology, Kingdom. Minneapolis:

Fortress.

———. 1977. Matthew: A Commentary for Preachers and Others. London: SPCK.

Kümmel, Werner Georg. 1957. Fulfillment and Promise. Translated by D. M. Barton.

Studies in Biblical Theology 23. Naperville, IL: Allenson.

Kurke, Leslie. 2000. The Strangeness of “Song Culture”: Archaic Greek Poetry. In
Literature in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A New Perspective, ed. Oliver Taplin.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

99