> Lineanty dependent & Independent vectors :— Let Xi, X2,X3---- Xn be Nh ho of vectors defined in Rn, then they ane aid to be Linea _dependenk. if Weve exist Sr no, of constant Ky Ky Ky ==> Ky. suck trot Kit erg == Kn y EO Other wise, They ane ineorhy, independent, © Example- let there ane ree vectors — t x= a2) > xX = 1-4) and Xs = (4-4 3)" 1S* inethode 2- mabix (A) = (% % %) = [t 2 * Cx, 2 3) tut 2 =, 3 (Al = 4 (3-4) -2(-3+2) +4( 1-2) = 2+2-4 =o “TIAL =o] So- Linesaly dependent vectors. if (Al fo Men Lineorty independ nd vecor | 2° _melfode + wx, eUh-2 2)" & X=(245 -1)F & X3=(4 -13)' We Can See- % Sy, +X 2X, +X -Xy 50 (2) X +W)X + FL)X, =ONe, Fence, these vector one Sinecnby dependent vectors, > Di onalisation !- Let ry, AzBAy be He eigen values of mabsix Aagq and Set %,+X2 &X_ one the comvespordig eigen vectors, Such Yeak- AX = AX je, AX = AX, AX, = AX AX; =AgXq ‘a di 4 trol motyix) 18 a mabix a deprtinion y= (OT ) 3x ° 0 | % Diagerok/ spectral © 0 Ai rete D> FT AX, =A feve- X, is an eigen vector AX, = ApX ponrceposling to eigen vectos Ay AX, = Agxy * Model matrix 2- matix formed by eigen vectoxs of a matix is ‘called model matytx. P= (XX) D> modell mata’ elyer vectors > Any aquare matvix (A) cen be diogomaliised by wing it's model matsix (P). Such Mok -* Diogonali sation is possible only when pt exists, je, \Pl #0 SP is a combination of Lineonty independent vectors. Note :- Diagonatisation possible 0 when alk eigen Vectors ane «te independent. see p AP De D= PAP: BAP De = P'A-L-AP W=ptee % DK = Pink p +e Mier WF Kos ew [De pw) if p= 20°00 Hg 6oo Ub Eg) ten oF (S28) OED = (Oh r= [ 4o ( 2) ene (34) Qus:- find tre volue of (ptm pe) if Sol pL Ap a p8 = (e P | O06 64 fo > D= pap P.DPp = PpAP Pp POPT= LAL [For=a|xA> -p.op" AA = PDpT.p OP" a= poLpP’ Acs PDs! reo 7 ‘ Bust if a matrix A= (2 L r): eigen values ested: one (2 2 -2) en find Me Volue of Prrp. 2 OO Ewe hot cole 2 °| w zt) (041) a) e8) © O-2 0 O02 oo4 00-8 Solutim- ., eigen values — (2 2 -2) So- a (3 ° 2 ) o 29 Oo 0-2 e-(p'p3 = pic vos Bi -O “(PA Pe) D Css)= (F838) Oo o (2) oo 8 fence, option Cp) wilh be correct answer uss :- if te eigen value ane (236) and corres pond 3 veclors one (3): (3 )s€3) the apectyal and model matrix 44 2 _ Solution -eigen values 3 (-2 3 6) 2 eigen vectors - x= > model mati x (Pp) = (x X x3) _ {2 £ 2 [: fs 2] bn Basis }- A set S= {xX --- Xn} of vector Apace v is acid to be basis if XX Xz~--~- Xy One Lnconty independent Atk (S) spans vector Space (V), V = RQ = {a,b} where- AbER fox_example- x = (2) : x, = (3) cae soi aoe Be a %) ie 5 )alpl= 3-2= L “NAL FO Sie, Sineonly et vec tors So- 2 boss = 5 = {x YY = §(2)9(5)5 ~ basig means deck of Bneoasy independent vectors, =Standand basis s- aek of Nine indeperdent Vectovs of unit dength. fox example- x, =(3], x= (2) mod six’ (A) = [e etal feo =L lal fo > Aineanty independent So- Btandand basis > seat > Lets express {Ris vectow (3) in tesmy of Lineowty independent vectors (:) L (4) 2 eee L (3),> 9(2}-24[4) b) _ fatb (3) 7 (SI + (33 ' 0 fe, atb=2 S az2-b = 2-(4) > [G53] 2aAt3b=3 2(2-b) +3b=3 4-2b43b=3 [BEI Ghz As) (3) Hence, Every vector in the span of a a be Independent ack can be exp ened OX a unique reat combination of the sas €lemerc (basia).> Properties of eigen vectoys 3 - 48)- Eyen vectors covves ponding to distinct eigen values of a veal ayinmebric mokwx ane oxthegonal, fox example = -(2 4 ) seal gymmebric 7 f& 4.2) 4.7 mate, \P-AT] =9 2r» 4 4 2X =o QA)=36 =0 4a X-4r-L6 =o NEAA-12 =O (A-6) CAt2) =9 ie EE abso ate 1 ARGS AE HZ Notes- eigen valuss ov elgen ps at one also Enown a8 Jatert value os fatent vectors, eo AX =r So- AX, = NX AX,- AX, =O (A-Ad X, =O (2) «Ets ee 44) _ Ua =a a, Let X, be ea then - [4 4. *) =6 4-4} (xm - 42% +42% | _ fo 4% 4% 2 je- ~4%, +4% =o | 4%, ~F%y, =o Ly tern one a grig dame eg” ie- two unknowns & L eg —» co many 20" possible ae let mak Men- Wak “= (B)=(Ck) = (2) cigen vec tov (basi) a ed JA an elgen vector Koiewegperde eigen Value 6, So~ Eigen vector corresponding fo A,=-2 AXy = AX, > (A-A,I)x, =0 Ce 4 ] (2) =o 4 2dr Key, 4 4 =| ~o 4 a] \%4%34+4%q | 70 4%, +4q | (2) '% Arerdag eo | 4% + 49%q =O = ae, ! ae let %w=K en- Xq == 1k % = (B)= (4) = & (4) X= (4) ts an ejsen vector covsesponding to eigen value A ,=7-2 - Gm) = (1 4) dot product _ cL = -J+) =O ot vectous ~ Lxb+ ex) fence, both XxX, & X, ane ov Regorol bo eady other. SoEien Vectors cosvespomdins to distinct eigen values one Linea independent. fos_example- Lak a= (24) —> Previous example, on Aniving = » =6 rz 2. i & as ae Vos eS n= (1) 02[4) Ns Aistinet eigen distinck elgen volucy So- vecto®¥ P=(X% x) - al 3 jP) = -t-L = 7-2 = 2 Ip] to] (Gineouly independesd) %& A maksix Raving distinct eigen values is always diag alligabbe, because, 1 we fave distinct eigen values then all corvespending vectors wit be Linen } independent —>Cdiogmatisation possible. > Een Vectors cowses ponding to sepeated efyen Li Valuss of any Aquare matrix may be nN independent ox Mm : dependent. pende “4 be Uineanty whe Line a tt * Tdependent 3 dagmathiisa ble uthenever Si di ia bl a ~> rot agonalisn : > A makix Rauing, wepeated eigen valu0g mag OE may not be Giagonaliaable.Sox example :- 2 ee AS (: ° ONO oO o| => diogonal matrix 2 (S84 eigen values will be princi pal digg. clemal eigen values (A) = 2,2,2. ae eyen values. "> [A-xT)X= 0 2X»A O00 x 9 2r0 %! =O O16 el) oo of ° 0 6 of |e 2] 09 of |% G No ony es? formed, 30 aU ftwee ane free 2 Vaniables, So - Lt *F ky a {E a it Xs, k3 So- aera ei 4 XeHo | thle lag °| = ° 4 v v v x X X3 i oo P= (2 L ° | > Ipl= ee tT tee ert] So~ 4fese vectors arte Hineanly independent Voniable. diagonati sable.Ww let A= (or °) => Uppes Awfongulay ool eiaen values with be principal diegonal clemerd) A= Lb E, ated ehyer value a (A-AT) x fr» os] {™ ae 6 1A 0] |] o opal L3 fe x =0 & othey two one free variables so Met HEH K M= x= (2) [8] * onl ole)oof ° y Zz £, (dependent) {wo eae vectors & thind is So~ (rot diagmalisable) _ dependent. (because inverse with not exist) (e not exist]Elgen vectors of (A, l?, adyt), AAA") Ore allways aame. but eigen vector 0 A & At a an of f A" Ads(A) Ae Aa— ar A a ® Elsen values ane same but ' een vectors ane different — 2 Eyen values ane different but eigen Vecto¥s ane 4ame. pa -—- Qusss- if eigen vector of A is (°| Ren a 1 whet “WH be eigen vector \' “of Ane? *s elgen vectow of (A, AY AP--- AT) ane Zame, . S00) _ elven vectos _ [+t Sanath I= WHET )Q34 O38 Q39 Chapter 5 Eigen values & Eigen vectors Let, 4,=-1 and A, =3 be the Eigen values and ¥; = [5] and ¥; = [1] be the corresponding Eigen vectors of a real 2 x 2 matrix 8. Given that P = (V,V,), which one of the following matrices represents BBB? aga eof 3 of 4) OG 9 Consider the system of equations Atnxny¥ (nxt) = Agaxe Where, A is a scalar. Let (4),x;) be an Eigen pair of an Eigen value and its corresponding Eigen vector for real matrix A. Let Ibe a (n x7) unit matrix. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) For a homogeneous n x n system of linear equations, (A - Al)x = 0 having a nontrivial solution, the rank of (A — I) is less than n. (B) For matrix A”, m being a positive integer, (A7", x]") will be the Eigen pair for all i. (Q If AT = A“?, then |A;| = 1 for alll i. (D) If AT = A, then 4; is real for all i. ‘A matrix is constructed by stacking three column vectors ¥;, 02,03 as M = [rm vs] Choose the set of vectors from the following options such that Rank of matrix(M) = 3. Q40 Qui Qa2 wok o-Bletile-E If a matrix is squared, then (A) both eigenvalues and eigenvectors must change (B) both eigenvalues and eigenvectors are retained (C) eigenvalues get squared but eigenvectors are retained {D) eigenvalues are retained but eigenvectors change The product of the eigenvalues of the matrix 10 1 [ 241 | 1 1 -3! (A) 4 @) 0 © -6 @)-9 12 3 Focthe matin 4] =f 2 3} wen 3.1 the following statements is/are TRUE?Q.46 Qaz7 (A) The eigen values of [4]" are same as the eigen values of [4] (B) The eigen values of [4] are the reciprocals of the eigenvalues of [A] (©) The eigenvectors of [A]” are same as the eigenvectors of [4] (D) The eigenvectors of [A]~* are same as the eigenvectors of [4] Which one of the following statements is ‘TRUE about every n x n matrix with only real eigen values? (A) If the trace of the matrix is positive and the determinant is negative, at least one of its eigen values is negative. (B) If the trace of the matrix is positive, all its eigen values are positive. (© If the determinant of the matrix is positive, all its eigen values are positive. (D) If the product of the trace and determinant of the matrix is positive, all its eigen values are positive. For a given 2 x 2 matrix A, it is observed a capt 1 tat 4[_j]=—1[_g]anda[_> ~2[_3]. Then matrix ais wasLi alto sILi al alo Wa al alte Ii Al orf 3 @) 4=[_} © 4=[} If 1, 0, and - 1 are the eigenvalues of a 3 x 3 matrix A, then the trace of A? + 54 is equal to__. Q48 Q50 Q56 Qs7 Q59 Q7 ‘The maximum value of the determinant among all 2 x 2 real symmetric matrices with trace 14 is. If a matrix M is defined as _plo 6 s =[E fol-the sum ofall the eigen values of M? is equal to____(in integer). M The following set of three vectors (:) (2) and (:) is linearly dependent 1 2. when x is equal to (Ayo @) 1 ©2 @)3 Atleast one eigenvalue of a singular matrix is (A) positive (B) zero (©) negative (D) imaginary The necessary condition to diagonalize a matrix is that (A) all its eigen values should be distinct (B) its eigen vectors should be independent (C) its eigen values should be real (D) the matrix is non-singular For any positive numbers a and b, the matrix 1 P= [| [4 5 6]is .b (A) orthogonal (B) diagonalizable (© nonsingular (D) ofrank2> Solutions 3+ tet Apenh 1 A, FS eigen values. & ¥=(o] & N= (t] of a Real mabix R,, Pog). ( RPy =a +: distinct eigen valuss 30 ~ diogonaltiable a Diagoralisstencerd™- (PR: p)=D se=(ht) x 0=(5 3) pe =< option(D) with be cowtect argwer. Let's heck all optors- (A) * CA-AT)X =0 fox non-trivial- |A-AT| =O So- wank of (A-AT) wish be Less fran n. Ccowrect ) (8) for moatsix AM :- eigen value > x buk elyen value yeraing same = (Ancorvect) So— paty (ATS %) (S) if Av= A ig orthogonal mahix Ever) = Evia") EVA) = Ee] Cevenyy =2 ee evcay= ta fe, [APPL©) Ff AT=A ie, Aqmmedsic ynakyix and fox symmebsic mateix all We values, ane veal (A is veal for all i). (conve) fence, Optin(B) with be correct answer ag it wos asking fox not corsect. — wee vectors - viv, & Vy as M=[y Ve Va) choose We aek of vector auch trat P(M)=3 1, PYank of melsix (m)= no. of Vaniables So- IM] 0 Crust not zero.) check all options - = =[{2-1 0 (A) M=Ly va V3) . aol > IMj=o LLe @) M=|t + © 1] > IM|=0 O° ©) nfs 7 | Sia L ©) "3 ° 4] > tea] = Luyalu)eatol=a OptiM CD) wilh be covrect any wer Ag FEF tence,ft Qus-40- option(c) - TE a matrix is squared, yren- eigen values qet Aquared but eigen vectors one vetnined. Quss-41- Buss-Ab- makes x (A) = 3 . ‘| es > Product of eigen volues = determinowt = IAl = L(-6-4)+L (0-2) -3-2 =-9 Product of eigen values = -9 option Cd) will be crrect arnwery bon Qusg- 42 2- (MSQ) - option (A,B & 0) one correct amwey a Quss-44:- option (a) ww be covsect angwer, (A) 2 trace of matrix is tVE detesminant js —ve : ey determinant = Product of eigen volusy, BD Ay AD Agr An = TYE then -atfeost one eljen value is raative option (R) ,(C) &(D) ane incoxvect. as : ataQuu-461- A ts) 2x2 madtaix, elt « Gl la) 2X, &X, ane line independent So- . oy P Teetercli ate} 2 D= PAP ov le ene" fe (% X) ie (+ 4) > \Pl= -24b =-L pt= ads _ +3) > pts 24) 1A =e a4 : oe i ae : (3 oe So - a= PDP pe on A} [3] 4] option Cc) fs comsect avgwery. Aor Qus-4-F to eigen Nelues = Loh -4 brace of (FR+SA) = 3 cen vollue of A—-(1,0, -t) sos pro, o, w)>U, 0, 1) sy SR (ei, 0, Sxet)) -9(5,0,~5) trace of (AP +SA) = sum of eigen valu of (AYSA) 4= (145) t(oro) +UU+e5)) = 2 trace of (ASA) =2|° J Gusg~48 | noe trace = 14 for a 2x2 f *t.) Grace gti +Aq) =L4 2 Determinant (Det) = AAD = Ay (14-Ax) deb = SAAL- AD foe maarimum determinant - d (ut) a ayy J4-2A=9 [A= t Ap = AA = 4-4 So- SOc mami a eles =axy =49 A Qus3-So 3- Z Le 6 fon te 7 i) [M-aAtl = tor» 6 |. ie yo-r| 2 Uo- -ay-36 =o 100+ 29A-36 =0 A= 2ATEA =O (A~16) (A-4) =o‘ eigen vols of M= 16,4 eS ae = 4096 , 64 Sum of eigen values of my? = 4oge +64. = 4360 be cs Ce at nd Quis-56 : Havee vectors (?)-(2)4(2) ra Kineonty dependent - So - ci 3 P= G G +) Low rv Sor Kineoaty dependent |p] =o 2c S| 26 4 ae =o § (12-42% (4-4) +3(2%-6) =o 12- 4% + 6%-18 =o 2% =6 be 3 ophion (p) with be coxvect anrwer ay Quast: 2 for Aingulor makyix => determinart =o te, (Ay Ap Ag ~~ An) =O So- atheat one eigenvalue will be zer0. Farce, OPtion(B) void be correct anwer. AnsQuus-so s- option(a) widl be cowsect ane fh Quss-F43- makyix (P) = (ales SG], a,bane+ve b 45 6 P ate sa «| Ab Sb 6b *s a&b ane ave So- can't be or Feronad *. P= 4 5 6 4a Sq 6a 4b Sb Gb Ri > Re aRy Ry > Rg-bRy Asie p= o ¢ © a te-o €- |p]=0 3 singulay mokHx and wank of p> [PRET] So ~ option (Aye (O) are incorect. So ~— option(s) Lagonatizable uordl be eet anwey