Laboratory Manual

Electrical Measurements and

Instrumentation
EEE374

Prepared by:
Muhammad Sualeh
Jawad Ahmad
Asad Javid
Zeeshan Lodhi

Revised by:
Dr. Noman Ullah
Noman Ullah
Dr. Muhammad Arif

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus)
University Road, Tobe Camp, 22060, Abbottabad – Pakistan
Name: ________________________________________

Registration No: ________________________________________

Class: ________________________________________

Teacher: ________________________________________

Lab Engineer: ________________________________________

 List of Experiments

EXPERIMENT – 1 ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF INSTRUMENTS 1

EXPERIMENT – 2 MULTI-METERS AND PHASE SEQUENCER 2

EXPERIMENT – 3 DC AMPERE METER 4

EXPERIMENT – 4 LOADING EFFECT IN VOLTMETER 7

EXPERIMENT – 5 DC PARAMETER TESTER 9

EXPERIMENT – 6 ENERGY METER AND POWER METER 12

EXPERIMENT – 7 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 14

EXPERIMENT – 8 PH METER 16

EXPERIMENT – 9 CONDUCTIVITY METER 17

EXPERIMENT – 10 MEGGER AND EARTH RESISTANCE TESTER 18

EXPERIMENT – 11 DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE 20

EXPERIMENT – 12 STROBOSCOPE 22

EXPERIMENT – 13 LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER 23

EXPERIMENT – 14 STRAIN GAUGE 25

EXPERIMENT – 15 PNEUMATICS 27

EXPERIMENT – 16 LOGIC IN PNEUMATICS 31

EXPERIMENT – 17 THERMOCOUPLE, THERMISTOR AND RTD 32

EXPERIMENT – 18 PLC SIMULATION 35

EXPERIMENT – 19 PLC IMPLEMENTATION 37

EXPERIMENT – 20 PLC BASED FORWARD/REVERSE MOTOR OPERATION 38

APPENDIX 39
 1

Experiment – 1 Accuracy and Precision of Instruments

Objective:
To calculate error, accuracy and precision of instruments.
Apparatus required:
DC supply, DMM

Theory
Error is the deviation of the true value from the desired value. Error can be expressed in absolute
or percentage form.
e = |Yn − Xn |
Yn − Xn
%e = | | ∗ 100
Yn
Where, e is absolute error, Yn is expected value and Xn is measured value
# 𝐘𝐧 𝐗𝐧 𝐞 %𝐞
1
2
3
4
5

Accuracy is the degree of exactness of measurement compared to the expected value. It is more
frequently expressed as an accuracy rather than error.
Yn − D
a=| | ∗ 100
Yn
Where D is the most deviated measured value X n from the expected value Yn
# 𝐘𝐧 𝐗𝐧 𝐃 𝐚
1
2
3
4
5

Precision is a measure of the consistency or repeatability of measurements. The precision of a

measurement is a quantitative or numerical indication of the closeness with which a repeated set
of measurement of same variable agree with the average set of measurements.
R−D
P=| | ∗ 100
R
Where R is the mean of measured values Xn and D is most deviated value from the mean R.
# 𝐗𝐧 𝐑 D 𝐩
1
2
3
4
5

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 2
Experiment – 2 Multi-meters and Phase Sequencer
Objective:
To study the use of different Multi-meters by taking reading of different components/
parameters and the use of phase sequencer.
Task 1:
Write known values of different components/parameters (with necessary arrangements
where required) and fill in the table below.
S No. Component / Parameter Known values
1. Resistance
1. AC (V)
2. AC (I)
3. DC (V)
4. DC (I)
5. HFE [β= Ic/Ib]
6. Capacitor
7. Temperature
8. Inductor
9. Frequency
Task 2:
Write model number of multi-meter and fill in the following table by taking all possible
measurements.

Temperature
Resistance

Frequency
HFE (548)

Capacitor

Inductor
AC (V)

DC (V)
AC (I)

DC (I)
S. No

Meter Model
Number

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 3
Task 3:
Apply the connections and observe the phase sequence by pressing the button, if the
meter rotates clockwise the phases are in sequence.

S.No Observation Result

L1(-) L2(+) L3(+)
1 Y R B
2 Y B R
3 R Y B
4 R B Y
5 B Y R
6 B R Y

Task 4:

1. What is the advantage of using a clamp meter for AC current measurement?

2. What is the working principle of phase sequence meter?

3. Which meter gives reading close to the expected value?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 4
Experiment – 3 DC Ampere Meter
Objective:
To understand design and function of DC Ampere meter
Equipment required:
DC supply, Resistance box, Galvanometer, Connecting Leads.

Theory
The PMM instrument is used as DC Ammeter. Since the coil winding of PMMC is small, it can
carry only very small currents. When large currents are to be measured, it is necessary to bypass a
major part of the current through resistance called shunt.

ISH Im

RSH

Rm

𝑅𝑚 is Internal resistance of the meter, 𝐼𝑚 is full scale deflection current of meter, 𝑅𝑆𝐻 is
Resistance of shunt, 𝐼𝑆𝐻 is Shunt current and 𝐼 is Total current.
Im − R m
R SH =
I − Im
Task 1:
1. Connect the supply, resistance and galvanometer as in circuit.
2. Calculate the shunt for three scales
3. Take three readings on every scale.
Scales Rm I Im ISH R SH
0 − 10mA 10mA
0 − 10mA 5mA
0 − 10mA 2.5mA
0 − 100mA 100mA
0 − 100mA 50mA
0 − 100mA 25mA
0 − 1A 1A
0 − 1A 500mA
0 − 1A 250mA

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 5

Universal shunt eliminates the possibility of having the meter in the circuit without a shunt. Figure
shows a circuit of a universal shunt Ammeter.

0-10mA
R3
Im

0-100mA
R2
Rm
0-1A
R1

ISH R SH = Im R m

For 0 − 10mA, R SH = R1 + R 2 + R 3
For 0 − 100mA, R SH = R1 + R 2 and R m = R m + R 3
For 0 − 10mA, R SH = R1 and R m = R m + R 2 + R 3

Task 2:
1. Connect the supply, resistances and ammeter according to the circuit (Ammeter parallel
to the R1 , R 2 and R 3 )
2. Find R m , Im and ISH and for a given scale calculate R1 , R 2 and R 3 ).

Scales Rm I Im ISH R1 R2 R3
0 − 10mA 10mA
0 − 10mA 5mA
0 − 10mA 2.5mA
0 − 100mA 100mA
0 − 100mA 50mA
0 − 100mA 25mA
0 − 1A 1A
0 − 1A 500mA
0 − 1A 250mA

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 6
Task 3:

1. How a PMMC instrument is converted into an Ammeter?

2. If we decrease the shunt resistance, what happens to the range of an ammeter?

3. What is swamping shunt resistance?

4. What is electrodynamic wattmeter?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 7
Experiment – 4 Loading Effect in Voltmeter
Objective:
To understand the loading effect of voltmeter in measurements.

Equipment Required:
Dc voltage source, two resistances, Dc voltmeter, connecting leads.

Theory:
The meter indicates a lower reading than what existed before the meter was connected. This is
called the loading effect of an instrument and caused mainly by low sensitivity of the instruments.

R1

R2 V Rm

R2 V
V2c = , (calculated voltage)
R1 +R2
Req V
V2e = , (expected voltage drop) Req = RR2+2RRmm
R1 +Req

Task 1:
1. Connect the resistances and voltmeter with DC source in series
2. Select the voltage supply to the circuit, note known values of 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 and 𝑅𝑚 .
3. Calculate the voltage (𝑉2𝑐 ).
4. Calculate the expected voltage, considering loading effect (𝑉2𝑒 ).
5. Measure the voltage across 𝑅2 using Voltmeter (𝑉2𝑚 ).
6. Vary the voltage and take three readings.
7. Change 𝑅2 and take three readings.
No V R1 R2 Rm V2c V2e V2m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad
 8

Task 2:

1. What is voltmeter loading effect?

2. How is loading effect dependent on the internal resistance of a voltmeter?

3. How to avoid voltmeter loading effect?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 9
Experiment – 5 DC Parameter Tester
Objective:
To study the use of DC parameter tester.

Apparatus required:
Transistors, Diodes, LEDs, FETs, Capacitors, 7805 and Transistor tester.

Theory:
The 294 type Digital Display Transistor DC Parameter Tester is mainly used for testing the DC
parameters of manifold semiconductors such as diode, transistor, controlled silicon and field effect
transistor. It also can be used to test the withstand voltage of capacitor, protection voltage of
varistor and isolation. Meanwhile it also can test 78 and 79 series three-terminal voltage regulator.
Visit appendix for detailed manual.

Don’t touch the bar “C”. Set the range selector at lowest position. When the value to be measured
is unknown. Don’t insert components into the socket before rotating the range selector to change
the function. Always be careful when working on V (BR) measurement.

Task 1:
Reverse Breakdown Voltages of Transistors
The reverse breakdown voltages of transistor are BVCBO, BVCEO, BVEBO, BVCES, and their
connecting methods areas shown in the appendix. Connecting the tested transistor according to its
type and the picture and be sure of good contact. Press “TEST” button and the red LED light is on
indicating the generation of high voltage. Meanwhile the display shows the reading which is
namely the tested breakdown voltage.

S.NO Parameters NPN Connection Result

1 BVCBO 548

2 BVCEO 548

3 BVEBO 548

Reverse Breakdown Voltages of Diodes

Either PNP or NPN step can be used when testing the reverse breakdown voltages of diode which
should be connected as shown in appendix. Pay attention to the polarity of test voltage and avoid
wrong connection. As to the diode with reverse voltage below 200V, the values from 200V step
and 1000V step should almost be the same. Big difference indicates poor reverse breakdown
feature of the diode or high leakage current. Press “TEST” button, the red LED light is on and the
reading on the display is namely the tested breakdown voltage.
Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad
 10

S.NO Parameters Diode Connection Result

1 Reverse Breakdown Voltage

2 Reverse Breakdown Voltage

3 Reverse Breakdown Voltage

Forward and Reverse Voltages of LEDs

Either PNP or NPN step can be used when testing the forward voltage drop and reverse voltage of
light emitting diode which should be connected as in appendix. Pay attention to the polarity of test
voltage and avoid wrong connection. Expand its application to test the operating voltage of neon
lamp, energy saving lamp and neon sign. Insert the two pins of the diode into the C and E hole of
socket. Press “TEST” button, the red LED light is on and the reading on the display is the operating
voltage and the diode should emit light.

S.No Parameters Diode Connection Result

Test isolation of electrical appliance

Connect the C and E pole of socket to the two test terminals of the electrical appliance through
lead. Select 1000V step of VBR and press the test button. The tester provides about 1500V DC
voltage. If the electrical appliance is in good isolation, near 1500V reading will appear. If it cannot
tolerate 1500V voltage, the tested electrical appliance will be disrupted or broken down. The
readings on the display will jump or be “000”.

S.No Parameters Connections Result

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 11

Test withstand voltage of electrolytic capacitor

Turn the rotary switch to 200V step of NPN. Insert the electrolytic anode into capacitor jack C+ and cathode
into capacitor jack C-. Press the test button “TEST” and the displayed reading will rise gradually till it
cannot climb any more. The final reading is the electrolytic capacitor withstand voltage.

S.No Parameters Capacitor Result

Electrolytic
1 Withstand voltage
(1uf)

Mica
2 Withstand voltage
823J/100V

3 Withstand voltage Ceramic (4)

Three terminal voltage regulator 78 and 79 series

a. Make sure it is 78 type or 79 type. Turn the switch to the corresponding range step.
b. The 78 type and 79 type pin function is as shown in the picture. The connection method is to insert the
1, 2 and 3 legs of regulator into the corresponding 1, 2 and 3 jacks shown on the panel.
c. Press the test button “TEST” and directly read the displayed reading.
The C and E current of this function step is 10mA. It can be used to test the zener voltage of zener diode
below 6V as well as brightness and operating voltage of light emitting diode.

S.No IC Result
1
7805

2 7812
3 7824
4 7904
5 7912
6 7924

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 12
Experiment – 6 Energy Meter and Watt Meter
Objective:
To Understand the connections and working of single phase energy meter by applying
different loads and use of a Watt meter
Apparatus required:
Single phase energy meter, variable load of 1kW and Watt meter.

Energy meter Watt Meter

Task 1:
Properly apply the connections to the single-phase energy meter. Then apply the Variable load of
1kw and start varying the load gradually and note down the readings.
Task 2:
1. Power off the load. Switch “ON” the watt meter.
2. Determine the highest anticipated watt (2000w-6000w) on scale and press the
corresponding push button.
3. Make the wire connection and connect the test leads in to the terminal as shown above
4. Connect the load to the load terminal. Adjust the watt Zero knob until it will display “0”.
5. Switch “ON” the load, the meter will show the watt value.
6. Note the readings in the table.
S.No Energy Meter Applied load Time Units Measured Watt
1
2
3
4
5
6

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 13

Task 3:

1. What is 1 kWh?

2. Discuss briefly about single phase and three phase meters.

3. Discuss how watt meter consists of both ammeter and voltmeter?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 14
Experiment – 7 Wheatstone Bridge

Objective:
To find unknown resistance using wheatstone bridge

Apparatus required:
Slide wire Wheatstone bridge, decade resistance box, DMM

Theory:

The wheat stone bridge is a circuit used to compare an unknown resistance with a known
resistance. The bridge is commonly used in control circuits. In practice, the wheat stone bridge is
seldom used merely to determine the value of resistor. It is usually used to measure small changes
in Rx due to temperature change or displacement. In this experiment we will use five coils made
up of copper or copper Nickle alloy. First we will calculate their resistance using a Digital multi-
meter and then we will re-calculate the resistance using wheat Stone Bridge.

Task 1:
1. In slide wire Wheatstone bridge resistance R1 and R2 are two portion of a single, uniform Ni-
Cr wire.
2. The two portions of the wire on either side of the contact (point A) have resistance R1 and R2.
3. The digital meter (DMM) in voltage mode will serve as galvanometer.
4. The 10 Ω resistor in series with an adjustable power supply serves to limit the current through
the bridge to less than 1 A.
5. Set the supply voltage at 6V.
6. The known resistor Rk is adjustable and can be set to any value from 1Ω to 999 Ω.
7. Adjust the portion of the sliding contact to balance the bridge (zero reading on the DMM)
8. First calculate the resistance of the five coils using DMM.
9. Now put each coil in the wheat stone bridge and recalculate the values of each coil.

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 15

S. No R1 R2 Rk Rx
1

Task 2:

1. Name two advantages of a wheat stone bridge over an ordinary Ohmmeter?

2. Discuss the use of wheat stone bridge as a signal conditioning circuit.

3. What is balance condition of Wheatstone bridge?

4. What is standard resistance in a Wheatstone bridge?

5. What is the effect of temperature on the measurement of Wheatstone bridge?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 16
Experiment – 8 pH Meter
Objective:
To study the use of pH meter.
Apparatus required:
pH meter (AD-110), solutions of different pH

Theory
A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid.
Reaction between acid and base or alkali (solid base) is called neutralization that
produces salt and water. Water is the reference point for pH as water is not considered to
be an acid or base.

Calibration (AD-110)
1. Enter the calibration mode by pressing “CAL”.7.01 PH” will start blinking.
2. For a single point calibration, immerse PH electrode and temperature probe in any of the
solution, PH 4.01, 7.01,10.01)
3. The meter automatically recognizes and display the value.
4. When PH tag stops blinking press SET/HOLD to confirm the calibration point.
5. If PH 7.01was used press SET/HOLD button to exit calibration mode.
6. For two-point calibration repeat the procedure for next PH 4.01 solution.

Task 1:
1. Attach the PH electrode and temperature probe to the instrument.
2. Turn ON the instrument by pressing the ON/OFF button.
3. Remove the protective bottle from the PH electrode tip. Immerse PH electrode and
temperature probe in the solution to be used, stir gently and wait for stable reading.
4. The electrode tip should be at least 4 cm in the solution and temperature probe should be
located as near as possible to the PH electrode
5. Press the SET/HOLD button to display the desired range PH or C.
6. To freeze the display from measurement mode, press the hold SET/HOLD key until “H”
tag lights up.
13. Press SET/HOLD again to return to normal mode.
14. Turn off the meter.
15. Clean the electrode with cleaning solution then rinse it with water.

S. NO Solution pH (AD-110) pH (HI-98107)

1

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 17
Experiment – 9 Conductivity Meter
Objective:
To study the use of conductivity meter.

Apparatus required:
Conductivity meter.

Theory:
An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) measures electrical conductivity in a solution. It is
commonly used in fresh water system to monitor the number of nutrients, Salts or impurities in
the water. The common laboratory conductivity meters employ a potentiometric method and four
electrodes. Often the electrodes are cylindrical and arranged concentrically. The electrodes are
usually made of platinum metal. An alternating current is applied to the outer pair of electrodes.
The potential between the inner pair is measured. Conductivity in a principle could be determined
using the distance between the electrodes and their surface area using the ohm law but generally,
for accuracy, a calibration is employed using electrolytes of well-known conductivity.

Calibration:
1. Clear the probe with alcohol and let it dry.
2. Open a sachet of calibration solution and immerse the probe so that metal pins are
completely submerged.
3. Wait until the reading is stable.
4. Adjust the calibration trimmer on the rear of the instrument with the screw driver until
the display shows “1410”.

S. No Solution Conductivity
1

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 18
Experiment – 10 Megger and Earth Resistance Tester

Objective:
To study the use of megger.

Apparatus required:
Megger, cables having different number of cores, Earth Resistance Tester

Theory:

Megger is used for measuring high resistance and electrical lines, windings of motors, generators,
cables or other electrical installations during their installation, running, maintenance and repair. It
can also be used as a common insulation tester.

Earth testing cover the testing of earth electrodes and the measurement of soil resistivity.

Task 1:

S.NO Parameter Connection Cable Result

Connect two Terminals of the
Insulation
1 Object at “earth” and at “line”
Resistance
respectively
Connect the object terminal to
2
Earth test “line” and a good earth wire to
“earth” terminal
Connect two Terminals of the
object at “earth” and “line”
Insulation resistance
and intermediate
Between two
3 Insulation layer between the
Cables cores and
“core” and “sheath” to the
A sheath
guard for eliminating
Surface leakage.

Task 2:
1. Connect green yellow and red test leads to the instrument terminals E, P and C with
auxiliary earth bars P1, C1driven into the earth in a straight line.
2. Set function switch to the ACV position and make certain that the voltage reading is less
than 10VAC; otherwise accurate earth resistance may not be made.
3. Set the range switch to the suitable range and set the function switch to ohm Position
then press the ON button and timer button at the same time and take reading on display.
4. When none of E, P and C are connected with the test leads the display shown 300-800 is
normal.

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 19

S. No Point Reading
1
2

Task 3:

1. What is the advantage of using a megger over Ohmmeter?

2. What is the purpose of a mechanical generator in megger?

3. How is megger internally different in construction from an ohmmeter?

4. How does earth resistance vary with the depth?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 20
Experiment – 11 Digital Oscilloscope

Objective:
To study different functions and use of a digital oscilloscope.
Equipment:
Digital Oscilloscope, Function Generator

Task 1:
To set up a TDS1001B or TDS2022B oscilloscope to verify that it is functioning properly,
follow these steps:
1. Connect oscilloscope to an AC supply by using the appropriate power cord and adapters.
2. On the top of the oscilloscope, push the ON/OFF button to turn on the power.
3. Wait until the display shows that the oscilloscope has passed all self-tests.
4. On the top of the front panel, push the DEFAULT SETUP button. The default attenuation
factor for the probe is set at 10X.
5. Connect a P2220 passive voltage probe (provided with the oscilloscope) to the CH1 input
connector. Ensure that the attenuation switch on the probe is set to X10.
6. Attach the probe tip to the 5V at 1kHz connector on the front panel, and the probe ground
lead to the ground connector on the front panel.
7. On the top of the front panel, push the AUTOSET button. A square wave of about 5 volts
peak-to-peak at a frequency of 1 kHz should be displayed.
8. Push the CH1 MENU button twice to switch channel 1 off and push the CH2 MENU
button to activate channel
9. Move the probe to CH2 on the front panel, and repeat steps 7 and 8 for CH2.
The oscilloscope has passed the functional check if a square wave of about 5 volts
peak-to-peak at a frequency of 1 kHz is observed.
Unsatisfactory functional check can be due to an undercompensated or
overcompensated probe that can cause errors in measurements. (consult operating manual
or consult lab engineer)

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 21
Task 2:
Vary the following controls to modify different components of the displayed waveform, also
consult instruction manual for detailed explanation.
1. VERTICAL Controls
2. HORIZONTAL Controls
3. TRIGGER Controls
4. MENUS Function Controls

Task 3:
1. What is the advantage of using a digital oscilloscope over analog oscilloscope in terms of
calibration?

2. What is the bandwidth of the digital oscilloscope?

3. Write disadvantages of a digital oscilloscope?

4. What are the five groups in which waveforms are classified into?

5. Write down the measured parameters provided by function generator.

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 22
Experiment – 12 Stroboscope

Objective:
To study the use of stroboscope for checking the speed and motion

Apparatus required:
Stroboscope, cyclic motion.

Theory:
A stroboscope is an instrument used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving,
or stationary. The principle is used for study of rotating, reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating
objects. Machine parts and vibrating strings are common examples.

Task 1:
1. Switch OFF the object to be measured, make a mark on rotation area where it is intended
to measure the RPM, then power ON the object.
2. Switch ON the stroboscope
3. At the start display will show 100 RPM which is the default value.
4. X2 button will double the display value and %2 button will divide the display value.
5. To adjust the exact display value, rotate the adjusting knob clockwise and anti-clock wise
to increase or decrease the display value.
6. Pressing + or _ button once continuously will increase or decrease the display value
7. When checking the speed, care must be taken to ensure that strobe is flashing in one to
one with the object being measured.
8. For motion analysis, simply locate the actual speed as mentioned above then turn the dial
slowly up or down this will give a slow motion effect allowing complete inspection.

S. No Object RPM
1
2
3

Task 2:

1. Discuss the use of stroboscope and state other possible ways of measuring RPM?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 23
Experiment – 13 Linear Variable Differential Transformer
Objective:
Measurement of displacement using LVDT.

Apparatus required:
LVDT Kit, multi-meter, connecting wires.

Theory:
The differential transformer is a passive inductive transformer also known as Linear Variable
Differential Transformer (LVDT). LVDT has a soft iron core which slides within the hollow
transformer & therefore affects magnetic coupling between the primary and two secondary. The
displacement to be measured is applied at its arm attached to soft iron core. When core is in normal
position (null), equal voltages are induced in the two secondary’s. The frequency of ac applied to
the primary windings ranges from 50 Hz to 20 KHz.

Task 1:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. The core is initially brought to the null position.
4. First turn the nut in the clockwise direction to move core inwards i.e left of null position
& take respective voltage readings from voltmeter.
5. Now turn nut in anticlockwise direction to move the core towards right of the null point
& again take respective voltage readings from voltmeter.
6. Plot the graph from the observation taken.

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 24
Displacement Micrometer
S. No Displacement Reading Analog o/p
(mm)

Task 2:

1. State uses of LVDT?

2. Core of LVDT is made up of which material?

3. LVDT is active transducer or passive.

4. Write any two advantages of LVDT?

5. LVDT is which type of transducer?

6. How do we take the output of LVDT?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 25
Experiment – 14 Strain Gauge
Objective:
Measurement of strain using strain gauge

Apparatus required:
Strain cantilever kit, multi-meter, connecting wires.

Theory:
Strain is defined as compression per unit area. The primary quantities like resistance, capacitance
are measured with the strain gauge element, where force applied to any elastic material, results in
strain.
L
R=ρ
A
Where R = resistance (Ω)
ρ = resistivity (Ω-m)
L = Length of wire (m)
A = Uniform cross sectional area of wire (m2)
If a metal wire or conductor is stretched or compressed its resistance changes because of change
in length, change in resistivity and cross sectional area. This effect is called piezo resistive effect.
The cantilever used in the primary elastic transducer of force measuring system where a known
mass is attached to cantilever, the unbalanced voltage, can be calibrated in terms of either force or
weight.

Task 1:

1. Connect the strain cantilever at the experimental kit.

2. Switch on the power supply
3. Give some time to stabilize the instrument.
4. Balance the strain cantilever bridge by corresponding zero, then turn trim port
5. Set the gain of strain cantilever by SPAN, and then turn trim port.
6. Now apply weight at the cantilever beam and take readings.

S. No Weight Display Readings Analog (o/p) Signal (mv)

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 26
Task 2:

1. What is the working principle of strain gauge?

2. What type of transducer is strain gauge?

3. What are the advantages of strain gauges?

4. What are the uses of strain gauges?

5. What do we call the combination of gauges?

6. Is it active type of transducer or of passive type?

7. How would you classify strain gauges?

8. What is gauge factor?

9. What is poison ratio?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 27
Experiment – 15 Pneumatics
Objective:
To understand the different parts and the working of a compressor.

Equipment:
Power source, Compressor

Task 1:

1. Set the auto on/off lever to the off position and check the compressor visually for any damage.
2. Check the drain valve and oil level of the pump.
3. Plug the power cord n to the proper receptacle.
4. Turn the auto on-off lever to the on-auto position and the compressor will start and build the
air pressure in the tank to the cut-out pressure and then shut off automatically.
5. Adjust the regulator to PSI setting that is needed, the compressor is now ready use.

Briefly explain the following

1. Air Intake Filter

2. Tank Pressure Gauge:

3. Regulator Gauge:

4. Pressure Regulator

5. Check Valve

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 28

6. Tank Drain Valve:

7. Pressure Switch

8. Motor thermal overload

9. Cut-in Pressure

10. Cut –out Pressure

11. SAC

12. DAC

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 29
13. Shuttle Valve:

14. Air distributor:

15. FRL

16. Safety Relief Valve

17. Tubing

18. Ball Valve:

19. Reservoir:

20. Bar/psi/kg/pascal/torr:

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 30
Task 2:
Study the function and symbols of different valves.

S.No Valve Description Symbol

3/2 - Way Push

1
Button

3/2 - Way Air

2
Operated Valve

3/2 - Way Roller

3
Type Valve

3/2 - Way Solenoid

4
Valve

5/2 - Way Pilot

5
Valve

5/2 - Way Dual Pilot

6
Valve

5/2 - Way Solenoid

7
Valve

3/2 - Way 8 Port

8
Valve

Quick Exhaust
9

AND Valve
10

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 31
Experiment – 16 Logic in Pneumatics
Objective:
To design and assemble AND and OR Logic on pneumatic system

Equipment:
Power supply, compressor, tubing, two 3/2way button valves, two 3/2-way air operating valves
and single acting cylinder.

Task 1:
1. Switch ON the compressor to build the air pressure
2. Set the regulator gauge at 6-7 bars
3. Properly apply the tubes as in diagram below
4. By pressing and releasing the both the 3/2-way push button valves simultaneously the
single acting cylinder will be extracted. While by pressing a single 3/2-way push button
valve the cylinder will not be extracted, hence OR logic implemented.

Task 2:
1. Switch ON the compressor to build the air pressure
2. Set the regulator gauge at 6-7 bars
3. Properly apply the tubes according to diagram as below
4. By pressing and releasing anyone or both the 3/2 way push button single acting cylinder
will be extracted, hence OR logic implemented.

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 32
Experiment – 17 Thermocouple, Thermistor and RTD

Objective:
Measurement of temperature using thermocouple, thermistor, RTD

Apparatus required:
Thermocouple Kit, Thermistor Kit, RTD Kit, heating arrangements, Ice, Thermometer,
and H2O

Theory:

Thermocouple

This transducer is widely used in industrial applications for temperature measurement.

Thermocouple is active transducer because there is no need of voltage source and transducer bridge
circuitry. When two dissimilar metals A & B are joined together to form a closed circuit and the
junction J1 and J2 are kept at two different temperatures T1 and T2 then an emf is generated
resulting flow of current in loop or circuit. The two junctions in the loop are reference or cold
junctions which is generally kept at 0oC and the other is hot junction at which the temperature is
to be measured. The emf generated is proportional to the difference of temperatures, the materials
used for thermocouples.

Thermistors

Thermistors are also called thermal resistors. For thermistors, the absolute temperature-
resistance relationship is given by

Where RT = Resistance of the thermistor at absolute temperature T

RT0=Resistance of the thermistor at absolute temperature T0
β = Constant
T and T0 = Absolute temperatures

Thermistors are made up of semiconductor materials. As temperature changes the resistance of the
material also changes. The temperature range for thermistors is -60oC to +15oC. Its resistance
varies from 0.5 Ω to 0.75 MΩ. Thermistor is placed in contact with the media whose temperature
is to be measured. As the temperature of the media changes, the resistor of the thermistor gets

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 33
changed. This change of resistance can be measured by connecting the thermistor in any one arm
of the wheat stone bridge.

Resistance Temperature Devices

This type of transducer is used for temperature measurement. Here the basic concept used is that
the electrical resistance of different metals changes in accordance with the temperature i-e for
temperature measurement. Principle used is that the resistance of the conductor changes in
proportion with the change in temperature. The unknown temperature is determined in terms of
electrical resistance of the conductor, which senses the temperature. The change in resistance of
this device is precisely determined either by bridge circuit or by ohmmeter. Resistance of a
conductor changes with change in temperature. This property is used for the measurement of
temperature and each transducer is called Resistance thermometer and falls in the category of
electrical resistive transducer. The variation of resistor "R" with temperature "T" can be presented
as

R = Ro(1+α1T+α2T2+......)

Where R0 resistance at 0oC

α1, α2 are constants

Generally, the metal used is platinum. This is used because of following features:

Platinum provides good stability and accuracy.

It can operate on wide range of temperatures.
It has good linearity over wide temperature range.
Less errors during operations.

Task 1:
1. Arrange the boiling water and ice cold water.
2. Calibrate the Temperature measuring kits.
3. Measure the temperature of water using Thermocouple, Thermistor and RTD
respectively.
Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad
 34

Display Reading Display Reading Display Reading

S. No Temperature (mv) (mv) (mv)
Thermocouple Thermistor RTD
Temp with ice
1 cold water

Temperature
with boiling
2
point

Task 2:

1. What is the working principle of the thermocouple?

2. What is cold junction compensation technique?

3. What are the advantages and limitations of thermistor?

4. What are the various configurations of thermistors?

5. Which material is generally used in the construction of RTD?

6. What are the uses of RTD?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 35
Experiment – 18 PLC Simulation

Objective:
Introduction to PLC (ED-4260) and GMWIN

Theory:
National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA) define PLC as a digital oriented electronic
device which uses programmable memory to perform special function such as logic, sequence
timing and computation through digital or analog input/output module, and which controls variety
of machines and processors.

Control Elements
Input Devices are composed of sensors which convert physical signals into electrical signals and
a converter, which transfers the signal to the controller.
Output Devices convert the control signal to operational signals to stimulate the actuator.
Control Device sends output signals by executing appropriate control method and control
algorithm depending on input condition.

PLC Programming
There are 5 types of languages to program a PLC
1: LD (Ladder Diagram)
2: FBD (Function Block Diagram)
3: IL (Instruction List)
4: ST (Structure text)
5: SFC (Sequential Function Chart)

First two are graphical languages while other three are text based languages.

Launching of GMWIN
Step 1: Go to Start menu  Programs  LGIS GMWIN 4  GMWIN 4.0
Step 2: Go to Project  New Project Enter Project Name  Select PLC GM4 and Click next
Step 3: Define Name  use default name enter next
Step 4: Go to Select Language  LD and click finish, following window will appear.

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 36
Variable Representation
Variables are categorized as direct or named variables.
For Input variables %I and for output %Q is used.
For intermediate variables X for 1 bit, B for 1 Byte (8 bit), W for word (16 Bits) are used.
So Input address for variable looks like %IX0.0.0, and for output %QX0.1.0.
The later three digits represent the following information.
% [Location][Size][Base Number].[Slot Number or Card Number].[Contact Point]

Ladder Logic Program

Task 1:
Perform the following operations and show them to the lab engineer. Attach simulation and ladder
diagrams along for 3rd part.

1. For every input %IX0.0.0 to %IX0.0.15 connect 16 outputs on simulator. (With direct
variables)
2. For every input %IX0.1.0 to %IX0.1.15 connect 16 outputs on simulator. (With Named
Variables)
3. Implement AND, OR, NOR and NAND operation on Simulator.

Task 2:

1. Which language is used to program PLC in this experiment?

2. Write model and specifications of PLC to be used?

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 37
Experiment – 19 PLC Implementation
Objective:
To implementation of basic logic gates and wiring inputs/outputs on PLC.

Equipment:
1: ED-4260 PLC
2: RS232 cable for interfacing between PLC and Computer.
3: PLC Input Controller (IM-4260-2)
4: PLC Output Simulator (OM-4260-3).
5: Power supply

Task 1:
Design a ladder diagram and run the simulation.
Connect the wires with PLC Input Controller (IM-4260-2) for inputs and PLC Output Simulator
(OM-4260-3) for outputs according to the design.
Upload the program following the instructed steps.
Operate PLC and verify the logic.

Task 2:
1. Draw the Ladder Diagram of implemented logic

2. Draw the Wiring Diagram of implemented logic

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 38
Experiment – 20 PLC based Forward/Reverse Motor Operation
Objective:
In this lab motor’s start/stop and Forward/Reverse Operation will be performed using
PLC.

Equipment:
1: ED-4260 PLC
2: RS232 cable for interfacing between PLC and Computer.
3: PLC Input Controller (IM-4260-2)
4: PLC Output Simulator (OM-4260-3).
5: Count and Position Simulator (PM-4260-4)
5: Power supply

Task 1:
Program the PLC on GMWIN to control Motor operations on “Count and Position Simulator (PM-
4260-4)”, using input PLC Input Controller (IM-4260-2), and use “PLC Output Simulator (OM-
4260-3)” for motor operation indication.

Task 2:
1. Draw Ladder Diagram of Motor Start/Stop and Forward/Reverse Logic

2. Draw wiring Diagram of Motor Start/Stop and Forward/Reverse logic

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

Affective Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Cognitive Level Rubrics (20)

Poor (5) Good (6-10) Very good (11-15) Excellent (16-20)

Psychomotor Level Rubrics (60)

Poor (0-30) Good (31-40) Very good (41-50) Excellent (51-60)

Total Marks (100)

Affective (20) Cognitive (20) Psychomotor (60)

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________
 39
Appendix

294 type Digital Display Transistor DC Parameter Tester

Panel Functions

1. Test button: press this button and high-voltage circuit works; Press it again to cancel the
generation of high voltage. This button can only be used for measurement of VBR, Iceo
and three-terminal voltage regulator.
2. High-voltage indicator light: this LED is on when high voltage circuit works.
3. Reading hold button: press this button to hold the displayed readings and meanwhile
“HOLD” symbol will appear. Press this button again to cancel holding and meanwhile
“HOLD” symbol will disappear.
4. Liquid crystal display screen: the characters on the reading location of tested values can
only be clearly viewed in environment with light due to features of liquid crystal.
5. External electric supply socket: the specification of power supply is 6V 3A DC regulator.
6. Capacitor test socket: tested electrolytic capacitor jack
7. Transistor test socket: tested transistor jack
8. Rotary switch: power switch and measuring function Selection.

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 40
Technical Parameters

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 41
Terminals Configuration for Measurements

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad

 42
NPN general purpose transistors BC546; BC547; BC548

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab Manual – EE Department - CIIT Abbottabad