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AY P EŞ İ N D E
 MUHARR1RtN BAŞKA ESERLIRİ

HAZIRLANANLAR :

SOR.GÜN (Roman)
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GURBET HİKAYELERİ .... 1 Cild

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K.irpi'nin Dedikleri 1 Cild

Sakın aldanma, inanma, kanma 1 Cild
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Ay Peşinde ... 1 Cild
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Tanıdıklarım 1 Cild

HALEP'DE �LANLAR

Deli 1 Cild
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Mevcutları tiikenmit olan Lu eserler cSemib Lutfi» Ki­

labni tarafından killiyat olarak yeniden 'b.dmaktadır.
 KOl..LIYAT: s

REFiK HALiD ı

AY PEŞİNDE

- ilaveli ikinci Bastlq -

•
SEMiH LÔTFI ERCIYA.S
SEMiH LOTFI KiTABEVi
 KOl..LIYAT: s

REFiK HALiD

AY PEŞİNDE

- ilaveli ikinci Bastlq -

•
SEMiH LÔTFI ERCIYA.S
SEMiH LOTFI KiTABEVi
 Ay Peşinde

- Vatan masalı -

Va.ktile, Anadoluda hüküm süren padişahlardan biri·

nin dünya güzeli bir kızı doğmuş... İpek saçlan topukları·
na kadar uzun imiş ve kestikçe uzar, tellerinden atlaslar
dokunur, dibalar örülür, azalıp eksilmezmiş. Güldükçe ya­
naklarından güller biter, imbiklere konur; ıtriyatı çıkar,
kopardıkça ürermiş. Ağzı bir tatlı, ballı meyva imiş, insa­
nın yedikçe canına can katar ve elini sürdüğü dal asma ve
dudağı dokunduğu su şarap olur, gözünü çevirdiği toprak­
tan feyiz, bereket fışkınr ve başının üstünden güneş
çekilmezmiş ... Pad�ah, bu misilsiz sultana, Adalardenizi­
nin güzel bir körfezinde somaki mermerden bir kasır yap­
tırmış ve demiş ki :
- Kızımın saçlarından ipek dokunmak için etrafa tez·
gahlar kurulsun! Yanaklannda biten gülleri süzmek için
imbikler dizilsin. Ağzının meyvası kutulara bastınlsın ve
baktığı yeri kaplıyan zahireler için ambarlar yaınlsın! Eli··
nin sürüldüğü dallar üzüm vereceği ve dudağını dokundu­
ğu sular şarap olacağı cihetle de küpler hazırlansın ve
pekmez ocakları yansın!
Dediği gibi yapılmış, tılsımlı sultan sarayına kurulmuş
ve az zamanda şehir, cihanın göz diktiği, imrenip kıskan­
dığı, koşup yerleştiği bir işlek liman olmuş. Körfeze gemi .•

ler dolar, dağlara köşkler kurulur; alışveriş, geliş gidiş, saz

söz, orada herkes zengin, sıhhatte ve bahtiyar olurmuş.
Pazar yerleri şal, halı yüklü katırlan, üzüm ve incir taşı­
,
yan develeri güç alır, iskeleye yıkılan zahireyi gemiler güç
8 AY P E Ş i N D E

götürürmüş... Altın ceplerden taşar, sanki servet gökler­

den serpilirmiş ! . .
Derken, günün birinde denizin öbür kıyısındaki bir
sergerde, kulaktan methini dinliye dinliye bu sultana aşık
olmuş ve bu şehre sahip olmayı kurmuş ... cAskerlerim ha­
zır olsun, demiş, okl�nı zehirli sulara batırsınlar, kalkan­
larına bir kat daha çelik kaplasınlar ve zırhlarına bürü­
nüp meydana toplansınlar, feyiz ve bereket diyarına akın
var ! »
Bir sabah, bu harp kafilesi, etrafa ok atarak, ölüm sa­
lar�k o bereket beldesine girmiş ve ahaliyi esir etmiş. . . As­
kerler ambarları yağma, eşyayı talan ederlerken ser·
gerde, somaki saraya koşmuş ve tılsımlı sultanın karşısına
çıkmış :
- Sen benimsin, demiş, artık ipek saçlarını ben tara­
yacağım, gül yanaklarını ben öpeceğim, ağzının ballı mey­
vasını ben yiyeceğim ve gözünün baktığı toprağın feyzin­
den, üzümlerinden ve şaraplarından ben faydalanacağim.
Fakat bakmış ki o gül yanaklar artık gülmüyor ve gül
vermiyor, o tatlı dudaklarda meyva bitmiyor, o ipek saç­
lar uzamıyor, o gözler bir yere bakmıyor, o tılsımlı eller
bir dala sürünmüyor ve o sular şarap olmuyor. . . Sultan bir
taş gibi donmuş, artık hayat eseri göstermiyor !
Sergerde dört tarafa adamlar salmış, sihirbazlar çağır­
mış, acuzeler aratmış, kahinler buldurmuş, bu derde bir
çare aramış. O zaman dem.işler ki :
- Ey silahlı ! Bu sultana sahip olmak ve bu beldede
yerleşmek, bir tılsım vardır, ancak onu ele geçirmekle ka·
bildir ve bu bir zor iştir.
Sergerde haykırmış :
- Söyleyin her ne ise yapayım, her tarafı kana bula­
yım, önüme gelen yeri ateşlere yakayım, icabına bakayım!
Bu meclis kurulu iken vakit gece imiş. Başkahin ye­
rinden ağır ağır kalkmış, sergerdenin elinden tutarak pen­
cereye yaklaşmış ve yüksek bir dağ tepesinde, ta göklerin
içerisinde ışıl ışıl parıldıyan keskin yüzlü bir gümüşten
 AY P E Ş i NDE

orağı, hilali göstererek :

- Buna varmak bunu tutmak, bunu kırmak lazımdır;
ta ki şehir senin olsun, sultan artık sana gülsün.. O yerin­
.

de durdukça bu yerlerde incir, üzüm deremezsin, buğday

ekip biçemezsin, ipek örüp giyemezsin, şarap içip geze­
mezsin, rahat yüzü göremezsin! ..
Sergerdenin mızrağı uzun, fakat aklı kısa; zırhı ağır,
fakat kafası hafif imiş! Bakmış ki ay parçası pek uzakta
durmuyor, o yüksecik dağın yamacında, bir başına, karan­
lıkta bekçisiz bekliyor :
- Bu mu, demiş, zor dediğin hiçten iş ! Şimdi gider,
o dağa ben tırmanırım ve o ayı yakalayıp dizlerime dayı­
yarak iki parça· eder, suratına fırlatırım !
Kahin demiş :
- Kolay görme, zor iştir, yakın durur, uzaktır; küçük
durur, büyüktür; tek sanırsın, çok olur; hilal dersin bedir
olur; yıldız kadar bekçisi var; yıldınmc!an silahlıdır, bu­
lut kaplı hisarlıdır, ele geçmez bir tılsım o...
Sergerde dinlememiş, hemen koşmuş, boru çalmış, as·
kerlerini topla�ış ve başlamış yamaçlara tırmanmıya, aya
doğru uzanmıya ... Fakat ne mümkün? Dağ ardında bir dağ
daha, ne aşılmaz berzahlar, ne korkulu boğazlar, gündüz­
leri sıcaklar, geceleri ayazlar, çıktıkça çıkıyorsun, düşe
kalka yürüyorsun, fakat sonu gelmiyor, « Ha yaklaştım ! »

dedikçe, insan eli ermiyor; « İşte ucu ! » dedikçe gümüş

orak yakasını vermiyor. Sergerde inatçıymış ... Yamaçlara
bin müşkülatla tırmanır, teker meker yuvarlanır, yine kal­
kar, yine çıkar, yine düşer, yine fakat gözü yılmaz koşar­
mış ... Tırnakları sökülmüş, dizkapağı yaralı, kargısına da­
yanmış aya bakar, salarmış !
Nihayet bir gün gelmiş, ne görsün? Dümedüz bir ova,
sanki gökten bir parça, ay orada, önünde yere yatmış du­
ruyor, hareketsiz uyuyor... Fakat yüksek yerler fırtınalı
olur derler, birdenbire bir kasırga koparak bulutlan yere
çarpmış, kayaları tartaklamış, yıldırımlar, şimşekler, bir
afettir başlamış... Gök malını saklamış, bütün yıldızlar saf
10 AY P E Ş i NDE

saf olmuş, harp etmiş, ay parçası kahramanlar, sergerdeyi

püskürtmüş! Ödü kopmuş, askerler, mızraklarını atarak
çalataban yamaçlardan atılmışlar ve bin zorlukla aştıkları
dağlardan haykırarak teker meker yuvarlanıp, çıktıkları
yere yine tekrar dönüp gelmişler!
Sergerde, kafasından yaralı, bir kayanın üstünde hün­
gür hüngür ağlarmış :
- Bu iş benim karım değil. Kasırgalar yenerek bulut­
ları aşamam, göğe çıkıp yıldızları birer birer vuramam,
kabil değil; ayı tutup iki parça kıramam, bu tılsımı boza­
mam! Buralarda duramam !

İşte bu tılsımlı vak'ayı müteakıp o sultanın ipek sa­

çından bir kırmızı bayrak örüp üstüne bir gümüş ay iş­
lemişler ve o şehre işaret olmak üzere de o ayın kucağına
bir tek parlak yıldız koymuşlar.
Ay gökte du:ı.-dukça, yani dünya durdukça bu bayrak
da o bereket beldesinde dikili durmuş !
 Anadol u da Bahar

Anadolu kasabalarında, eskiden, insanın ömrü kotra­

da rüzgar bekler gibi daimi bir bekleme, durgunluk ve sı­
kıntı içinde geçer; bu hayattan şifa, sıhhat ve zevk bekle­
mek abestir, günler adamı için için, sessiz sadasız, yumu­
şacık dişlerile farkında olmıyarak mütemadiyen kemirir,
eritir ve bir gün kof edip bitirir. Artık, özünü kurt yemiş
bir ağaç gibi, sizden çiçek, yaprak, meyva, yani fikir, zevk,
neş'e beklemek abestir; kaba, hantal, lüzumsuz bir şekil,
bir eşya haline gelir, kütük gibi hissiz durur. Hulasa k.u­
rursunuz.
Bu üzücü ve eritici hayat içinde İstanbul gittikçe size
mükemmel, latif, misilsiz görünmeğe başlar; gittikçe İs­
tanbulu hayalinizde şi�inleşmiş, şevklenmiş bulur; İstan­
bulun hatırasile bir başınıza vakit geçirmeyi gittikçe her
meşguliyetten üstün görürsünüz. Bir ucu da İstanbula
bağlı olan telgraf tellerine gıpta ve tahassürle baktığım ve
telgraf direklerine başımı dayayıp yüreğimden toplanan
feryatları rüzgarların tellerdeki titrek, uzun, ve melal ve­
rici ahenğile bestelediğim zaman ben de Anadoluya sü­
rülmüş her İstanbullu gibi ıstırap çeker, İstanbulu böyle
içten figan ile, feryat ile yadederdim.
İnsan nasıl çoktanberi kaybettiği bir sevdiğinin çeh­
resini hatırlamıya uğraşır ve bazan, birdenbire gözünün
?nüne gelmiş kadar canlı görürse ben de menfalarımda
Istanbulun sokaklarını, meydanlarını, binalarını tahattur­
la uzun uzun vakit geçirir ve bazan birdenbire mesela
Köprü üstünü, Beyazıt meydanını, Bebek koyunu veya
Kalamış iskelesini sanki karşımda duruyormuş gibi en in-
12 AY PE ŞiNDE

ce köşelerine kadar canlanmış buluverince ne ince bir ke­

yif, ne temiz, ne hoş bir zevk duyardım.
Kış akşamları küçücük kasabaları karanlık ve sessiz­
lik, bir daha sabah olmıyacak ve hayat avdet etmiyecek
gibi matemler içinde örterken kendimi bir an için mese­
la Köprü başındaki saatin altında, dükkanlardan taşan ve
tramvaylardan çakan elektrik ziyalarile aydınlanmış, ka­
labalıktan şaşkın, gürültüden sersem bir halde, böyle kay­
nıyan ve karanlıkları yakan ışıklı ve sesli bir hayat için­
de bulmak en tatlı emellerimden, en zevk verici tahayyül­
lerimden biri olurdu.
Anadoludaki kasaba hayatı kadar. kasvetli bir hayat
tasavvur edilemez; kışı, yazı, sabahı, akşamı, baharı ve ha­
zanı hulasa her mevsimi ve her saati birbirinden berbat,
bunaltıcı ve boğucudur ve oralarda iç sıkıntısı müzmin bir
illettir ki 9,evası, şifası hemen kasaba hududundan çıkmak,
kırlara, tabiate atılmaktır.
Anadoluda geçirdiğim baharları hatırlıyorum. Ana­
dolunun baharları biribirlerine benzemezler ve zaten Ana­
dolu baharları arabalarla geçerken ve kasabalarda tüner­
ken göze görünmezler. O yerlerde baharı ırmak kenarla­
rında, dağlar ardında, kovuklarda aramak icap eder. Yol
Üzerlerinde dört beş söğütle ucu bucağı bulunmaz geniş
ekin tar lalarından başka bahardan alamet yoktur ve hatta
hazan saatlerce gidersiniz de bir ağaç ve bir ekili toprak
bulamazsınız. İnsana işte bunun içindir ki Anadolu her
mevsimde ıssız, çorak, ve sevimsiz görünür...
Fakat bir kasabada yerleşir ve bir derece yerlileşirse­
niz iş değişir. Bir gün sizi alırlar ve şehrin yanın saat öte­
sine, iki heybetli ve kasvetli dağın arasından inen bir arı­
zalı yola sokarlar... Döne döne, düşe kalka ve sıcaktan ter­
liye bunala kayalar üzerinden iner, inersiniz... Kabil değil,
tahmin edemezsiniz ki bu çorak, yanık ve taşlı yol sizi bir
cennete götürsün. Fakat' bir dönemeç kenarında, hayretle
birden haykırırsınız :
- Ah, ne güzel yer !
 AY P E Ş iND E 13

Filhakika gözünüzün önünde serilen manzara emsal­

sizdir. Sanki yarım saat yürümek suretile bir kıt'a değiş·
tirmiş, bir üstüva hattını geçmiş, bir başka dünyaya var­
mışsınızdır. Aşağıda, o ne yeşillik, o ne feyiz, o ne letafet­
tir! Bir. vadi ki çiçek açmış meyva ağaçlarile dolu... Ara­
sında değirmenler dönüyor, sular çağlıyor ve insanı mest
eden ılık bir hava içinde ciğerlerinize çiçek kokusu, tıka­
yacak kadar doluyor... Yolunuz her adımda daha fazla gü­
zelleşir ve iğdeler, Anadolunun bu rayihasında manayı
hiç bir kalemin anlatamıyacağı ve tesirinden hiç bir fer­
din kurtulamıyacağı sıcak, baygın, maddi aşkı harekete
getiren çiçekli ağaçları başınızın üzerini tamamen örter.
Artık gölgede ve serinlik içi�desiniz, çiçekler ve ye­
şilliklerle örtüldünüz, sevimli kuşlar ve süslü böcekler ara­
sında teraneler dinliyerek gidiyorsunuz. Bir aralık yabani
güller yolunuzu kaplar, bir dehlize girmişsinizdir ki du­
varları koncelerle kaplıdır ve tavanlarından mütemadiyen
geçkin gül yaprakları dökülür, biraz ötede dere ile bulu­
şursunuz, iki tarafınızı körpe sazlar ve nazik dalları çeh­
renize sürünen söğütler sarar; bir yemyeşil, kuytu, rutu­
betli, serin yol ki size tepede kaynıyan güneşi bir şurup
gibi tatlılaştırıp ve soğutup öyle sunuyor.
Daha sonra birdenbire bir ağaçsız saha... Gözleri ka­
maştıran bir ışık altında köklerini su örtmüş olan yonca­
lar diz boyu kabarmış ve sarı çiçekleri birer süslü mahluk
gibi dipdiri başlarını kaldırmış, bir kelebek ve kuş sürüsü
gibi hemen uçmıya hazır, hafif bir rüzgarla adeta kanat­
larını sallıyor... Yanda bir su değirmeni : loş, kuytu bir
dam altında taşların uğultusu, köpüren, fışkıran suyun se�
sile karışmış, kapısında kumrular dolaşıyor ve etrafında
uslu gözlü eşekler düşünüyor. Derken iri, bembeyaz çiçek­
leri kemale ermiş bir ayva veya bir elma ormanı... Yarım
saat, kesilmeden, devam ediyor ve beklemediğiniz bir an­
da bitip önünüze kocaman bir genişlik çıkarıyor. Bir geniş­
farla, masmavi bir deniz keyfile menevişler, ürpermeler­
ve hışıltılar yaparak dalgalanıp gidiyor. Ah bu çiçekten
14 AY PE Ş i NDE

mahsuller, bu haşhaş tarlaları!..

İşte Anadolunun kıyı ve köşelerinde böyle baharlar,
böyle cennetler saklıdır.
Bahar zamanı Anadoluda seyahatin ne garip değişik­
likleri de vardır. Mesela deniz kenarını sımsıcak, adeta
yaz içinde bırakırsınız, keten ceket sizi sıkar ve arabanın
kızan muşambası başınızı yakar. Böyle, hararetten bunal­
mış, yürür, birtakım yokuşlar iner, inişler çıkar, gider, gi­
dersiniz. Nihayet bir dağa tırmanmak icap eder, bir dağ
ki her dönemecinde rüzgarın daha sertleştiğini ve havanın
daha soğuduğunu hissedersiniz. Sırta çıktığınız zaman ar­
kanızda palto size az gelir ve sabahleyin, aşağıda, bir yem­
yeşil söğüt gölgesinde sıcaktan şikayetçi, bol su içerek
kahvaltı etmiş ve toprağa serilip yatmışken akşama han­
da ocak yaktırır ve çay yaptırırsınız ve geceyi dişleriniz
vurarak titriye titriye geçirirsiniz.
Temmuzda ekinlerin henüz, bir karış büyüyüp yeşil­
lendiği yüksek dağ tepeleri, Ilgaz etekleri vardır ki bakar­
sanız dürbünle denizi görebilirsiniz, Ö)'.'le bir deniz ki ke­
narında güneş her şeyi kavurmuş, ağaçlar bile güz mevsi­
mine başlangıç olarak sararmış, solmuştur ve o yazdan bu
bahara erebilmek için yürük bir at ile dokuz saat tırman­
mak kafidir. Bir defa, Yozgada beş saatlik bir yerde bak­
tım ki hükumet erkanı, değirmen kenarına halılar sermiş­
ler, yemyeşil ve çiçekli dallar altında seyran yapıyor, nar­
gile içiyorlar... Beş saat sonra şehre çıktım ki soğuk insa­
nın yüzünü kavuruyor, hanlarda saç sobalar yanıyor ve
ağaçlar henüz tomurcuksuz, küskütük duruyor. Beş saat­
lik bir mesafe arasında kış ve bahar!
Bazan da hiç bahar yüzü görmemiş araziye yolunuz
düşer: Tozlu, kurak, kavruk bir saha ki dört gün sürüyor,
ne bir tutam yeşillik, ne bir tek filiz... Başıboş aç develerin.
bu genişliklerde ağır ağır, vahşi ve yaslı dolaştığını gö­
rürsünüz, bir saha ki insanı yazın sıcaktan yakar, kışın so­
ğuktan dondurur ve ikisi ortası bir mevsim nedir bilmez!
En garibi mesela bu arazi Ankaranın yanındadır, arzın
 AY P E ŞiNDE 15

arkasında değil !
Anadolu halkı baharı tıpkı böcekler gibi bekler: Sin-
dikleri deliklerden taze can bularak çıkmak ve hayata tek­
rar kanşmak için... Kış sonuna doğru o erimez ve tüken­
mez kar tabakaları altından bir nevi sarışın ve beyaz çi­
çekler, çiydemler fırlar... Kokusuz, kansız, su gibi yumu­
şak, yarı çiçek, yarı kar, zavallı çiydemler... Çocuklar bun­
lan toplarlar ve bir dala dizip maniler, beyitler okuyarak
ev ev dolaşırlar, zahire toplarlar. Bu, baharı tebşir, tebrik
ve tehniye demektir. Çiydemler herkesin yüzünü güldü­
rür ve bu ilk bahar müjdesi her tarafta bir bayram tesiri
yapar.
Anadolu halkı bahar gelince, bazı yerlerde, çoluk ço­
cuk kırlara dağılırlar ve (Mavi mak )ismini verdikleri bir
nevi yabani semizotu toplarlar, buna yoğurt döküp kapışa
kapışa yerler. Bu ot lezzetsizdir. Yemeği de tatsız _olur. Fa­
kat herkes bir defa olsun baharda bunu yemek mecburiye­
tindedir. Keramet o otta, otun çeşni ve lezzetinde değil,
tam bahar zamanı, soğukların sonunda yerden fışkırma­
sında, güneşi ve sıcağı müjdelemesindedir.
Anadolunun baharları, müthiş bir kışın ardından ye­
tişmek itibarile her yerden fazla sabırsızlıkla beklenir ve
oralarda bahar velevki devamsız, şaşaasız dahi olsa ikram
ile, izaz ile neş'eli karşılanır.
Ben Anadoluda İstanbulun tahassürünü ancak bahar­
da, ırmak ve dağ kenarlannda gezerken unutur, ancak ba­
har gelince gözlerimi İstanbul tarafından çevirir, bulun­
duğum yerlere dikerdim.
Another random document with
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 1. Procellaria gigantea. Gmel.
This bird, which is called by the English, “Nelly,” and by the
Spaniards, “Quebranta-huesos,” (properly an osprey,) is common in
the southern latitudes of South America. It frequents both the inland
sounds, and the open ocean far from the coast. It often settles and
rests on the water. The Nelly, in its flight and general appearance on
the wing, has many points of resemblance with the Albatross; but, as
in the case of that bird, it is in vain to attempt observing on what it
feeds; both seem to hunt the waters for days together, in sweeping
circles, with no success. In the stomach, however, of one which I
opened, there was the beak of a large cuttle-fish. The Nelly,
moreover, is a bird of prey: it was observed at Port St. Antonio, by
some of the officers of the Beagle, to kill a diver. The latter tried to
escape, both by diving and flying, but was continually struck down,
and at last was killed by a blow on its head. At Port St. Julian, also,
these great petrels were seen killing and devouring young gulls. The
Nelly breeds on several of the small islands off the coast of
Patagonia; for instance, Sea-Lion Island, in the mouth of the Santa
Cruz. Most other species of the family retire for the purpose of
breeding to the Antarctic Islands.
I have often observed in the southern seas, a bird similar in every
respect to the Nelly, excepting in its plumage, being of a much more
intense black, and its bill rather whiter. I procured a specimen thus
coloured, at Port Famine, and had concluded that it was a distinct
species, until Mr. Low, (an excellent practical observer, long
acquainted during his sealing voyages with the productions of these
seas,) assured me that he positively knew, that these black varieties
were the one-year-old birds of the common greyish black Nelly.
 2. Procellaria glacialoïdes. A. Smith.
Procellaria glacialoïdes, A. Smith, Illust. of Zool. of S. Africa, Aves, pl. 51.

I saw this petrel on both sides of the Continent south of lat. 30°;
but seldom more than two or three together. I am informed that it
arrives in Georgia in September for the purpose of breeding, and that
it lays its eggs in holes in the precipices overhanging the sea. On the
approach of winter it is said to retire from that island. My specimen
was caught in the Bay of St. Mathias (lat. 43° S.) by a line and bent
pin, baited with a small piece of pork; the same means by which the
Pintado (Dapt. Capensis)is so easily caught. It is a tame, sociable,
and silent bird; and often settles on the water: when thus resting it
might from a distance be mistaken, owing to the general colour of its
plumage, for a gull. One or two often approached close to the stern of
the Beagle, and mingled with the Pintados, the constant attendants
on vessels traversing these southern seas.
 Daption Capensis. Steph.
Procellaria Capensis, Linn. Syst. i. 213.

This petrel is extremely numerous over the whole southern ocean,

south of the Tropic of Capricorn. On the coast, however, of Peru, I
saw them in lat. from 16° to 17° S., which is considerably farther
north than they are found on the shores of Brazil. Cook, in sailing
south in the meridian of New Zealand, first met this bird in lat. 43°
30′. The Pintados slightly differ in some of their habits from the rest
of their congeners, but, perhaps, approach in this respect nearest to
P. glacialoïdes. They are very tame and sociable, and follow vessels
navigating these seas for many days together: when the ship is
becalmed, or is moving slowly, they often alight on the surface of the
water, and in doing this they expand their tails like a fan. I think they
always take their food, when thus swimming. When offal is thrown
overboard, they frequently dive to the depth of a foot or two. They
are very apt to quarrel over their food, and they then utter many
harsh but not loud cries. Their flight is not rapid, but extremely
elegant; and as these prettily mottled birds skim the surface of the
water in graceful curves, constantly following the vessel as she drives
onward in her course, they afford a spectacle which is beheld by
every one with interest. Although often spending the whole day on
the wing, yet on a fine moonlight night, I have repeatedly seen these
birds following the wake of the vessel, with their usual graceful
evolutions. I am informed that the Pintado arrives in Georgia for the
purpose of breeding, and leaves it, at the same time with the P.
glacialoïdes. The sealers do not know any other island in the
Antarctic ocean excepting Georgia, where these two birds (as well as
the Thalassidroma oceanica) resort to breed.
 Thalassidroma oceanica. Bonap.
Thalassidroma oceanica, Bonap. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien., Philadelphia, vol. iii.
p. 233.
Procellaria oceanica, Forster.
Pétrel échasse. Temm.

I obtained this bird at Maldonado, near the mouth of the Plata,

where it was blown on shore by a gale of wind. These birds, although
seeming to prefer on most occasions the open ocean, and to be most
active, walking with their wings expanded on the crest of the waves,
when the gale is heaviest, yet sometimes visit quiet harbours, in
considerable numbers. At Bahia Blanca I saw many, when there was
nothing in the weather to explain their appearance. I was informed
by a sealer, that they build in holes on the sea cliffs of Georgia, where
they arrive very regularly in the month of September. No other place
is known to be frequented by them for the purpose of breeding.
 Prion vittatus. Cuv.
Procellaria Vittata, Gmelin. Syst. i. 560.

I did not procure a specimen of this bird, although I saw numbers

on both sides of the Continent from about lat. 35° S. to Cape Horn. It
is a wild solitary bird, appears always to be on the wing: flight
extremely rapid. Mr. Stokes (Assistant surveyor of the Beagle)
informs me that they build in great numbers on Landfall Island, on
the west coast of Tierra del Fuego. Their burrows are about a yard
deep: they are excavated on the hill-sides, at a distance even of half a
mile from the sea shore. If a person stamps on the ground over their
nests, many fly out of the same hole. Mr. Stokes says the eggs are
white, elongated, and of the size of those of a pigeon.
 1. Larus fuliginosus. Gould.
L. Mas. corpore toto obscurè plumbeo-griseo, tegminibus caudæ
superioribus inferioribusque pallidioribus; rostro basi rubro,
apice nigro; pedibus nigris.
Long. tot. 16½ unc.; alæ, 13½: caudæ, 6; tarsi, 2⅛; rostri 2⅜.
The whole of the plumage deep leaden grey; the upper and under
tail coverts being lightest; bill red at the base, black at the tip;
feet black.
Habitat, Galapagos Archipelago (October).
This species of gull has many characters in common with the
Larus hæmatorhynchus of King, from the continent of S. America;
but may at once be distinguished from it by the general extreme
duskiness of its plumage, feet, tarsi, and bill; and by the more
elongated form of the latter. My specimen was killed at James Island.
I observed nothing particular in its habits. It is the only species of
gull frequenting this Archipelago.
 2. Larus hæmatorhynchus. King.
Larus hæmatorhynchus, King, Zool. Journ. iv. 103.
—— Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. p. 106.

This bird was killed at Port St. Julian on the coast of Patagonia.
Beak (when fresh killed) of a pale “arterial blood red,” legs
“vermilion red.”
 3. Larus dominicanus. Licht.
Larus dominicanus, Licht. Cat. 82. sp. 846.
Grande Mouette, Azara, No. 409.

This gull abounds in flocks on the Pampas, sometimes even as

much as fifty and sixty miles inland. Near Buenos Ayres, and at
Bahia Blanca, it attends the slaughtering-houses, and feeds, together
with the Polybori and Cathartes, on the garbage and offal. The noise
which it utters is very like that of the common English gull (Larus
canus, Linn.)
 Xema (Chroicocephalus) cirrocephalum.
G. R. Gray.
Larus cirrocephalus, Vieill. Nov. Dict. d’Histoire, 21. p. 502.
Larus maculipennis, Licht. Cat. 83. sp. 855.
Larus glaucodes, Meyen, Nov. Act. 1839, p. 115. pl. 24.
Mouette cendréc, Azara, No. 410.

This species so closely resembles the Xema ridibundum, Boie, that

Mr. Gould observes, he should have hardly ventured to have
characterized it as distinct; but as M. Vieillot and Meyen have
deemed this necessary, he adopts their view. I have compared a suite
of specimens, which I procured from the Rio Plata, the coast of
Patagonia, and the Straits of Magellan, with several specimens of the
Xema ridibundum; the only difference which appears to me
constant, is that the primaries of the X. cirrocephalum, in the adult
winter plumage, both of male and female, are tipped with a white
spot (a character common to some other species), whereas in the X.
ridibundum the points are black. The beak of the latter species,
especially the lower mandible, is also a little less strong, or high in
proportion to its length. In the immature stage, I could perceive no
difference whatever in the plumage of these birds. The proportional
quantity of black and white in the primaries, given by Meyen as the
essential character, varies in the different states of plumage. The
specimens described by this author were procured from Chile.[30] The
soles of the feet of my specimens were coloured, deep “reddish
orange,” and the bill dull “arterial blood red” of Werner’s
nomenclature.
In the plains south of Buenos Ayres I saw some of these birds far
inland, and I was told that they bred in the marshes. It is well known
that the blackheaded gull (Xema ridibundum), which we have seen
comes so near the X. cirrocephalum, frequents the inland marshes to
breed. It appears to me a very interesting circumstance thus to find
birds of two closely allied species preserving the same peculiarities of
habits in Europe and in the wide plains of S. America. Near Buenos
Ayres this gull as well as the L. dominicanus sometimes attends the
slaughter-houses to pick up bits of meat.
 Rhynchops nigra. Linn.
I saw this bird both on the East and West coast of South America,
between latitudes 30° and 45°. It frequents either fresh or salt water.
Near Maldonado (in May), on the borders of a lake, which had been
nearly drained, and which in consequence swarmed with small fry, I
watched many of these birds flying backwards and forwards for
hours together, close to its surface. They kept their bills wide open,
and with the lower mandible half buried in the water. Thus
skimming the surface, generally in small flocks, they ploughed it in
their course; the water was quite smooth, and it formed a most
curious spectacle, to behold a flock, each bird leaving its narrow
wake on the mirror-like surface. In their flight they often twisted
about with extreme rapidity, and so dexterously managed, that they
ploughed up small fish with their projecting lower mandibles, and
secured them with the upper half of their scissor-like bills. This fact I
repeatedly witnessed, as, like swallows, they continued to fly
backwards and forwards, close before me. Occasionally, when
leaving the surface of the water, their flight was wild, irregular, and
rapid; they then also uttered loud harsh cries. When these birds were
seen fishing, it was obvious that the length of the primary feathers
was quite necessary in order to keep their wings dry. When thus
employed, their forms resembled the symbol, by which many artists
represent marine birds. The tail is much used in steering their
irregular course.
These birds are common far inland, along the course of the Rio
Parana; and it is said they remain there during the whole year, and
that they breed in the marshes. During the day they rest in flocks on
the grassy plains, at some distance from the water. Being at anchor
in a small vessel, in one of the deep creeks between the islands in the
Parana, as the evening drew to a close, one of these scissor-beaks
suddenly appeared. The water was quite still, and many little fish
were rising. The bird continued for a long time to skim the surface;
flying in its wild and irregular manner up and down the narrow
canal, now dark with the growing night and the shadows of the
overhanging trees. At Monte Video, I observed that large flocks
remained during the day on the mud banks, at the head of the
harbour; in the same manner as those which I observed on the grassy
plains near the Parana. Every evening they took flight in a straight
line seaward. From these facts, 1 suspect, that the Rhynchops
frequently fishes by night, at which time, many of the lower animals
come more abundantly to the surface than during the day. I was led
by these facts to speculate on the possibility of the bill of the
Rhynchops, which is so pliable, being a delicate organ of touch. But
Mr. Owen, who was kind enough to examine the head of one, which I
brought home in spirits, writes to me, (August 7, 1837,) that—
“The result of the dissection of the head of the Rhynchops,
comparatively with that of the head of the duck, is not what you
anticipated. The facial, or sensitive branches of the fifth pair of
nerves, are very small; the third division in particular, is filamentary,
and I have not been able to trace it beyond the soft integument at the
angles of the mouth. After removing with care, the thin horny
covering of the beak, I cannot perceive any trace of those nervous
expansions which are so remarkable in the lamelli-rostral aquatic
birds; and which in them supply the tooth-like process, and soft
marginal covering of the mandibles. Nevertheless, when we
remember how sensitive a hair is, through the nerve situated at its
base, though without any in its substance, it would not be safe to
deny altogether, a sensitive faculty in the beak of the Rhynchops.”
M. Lesson (Manuel d’Ornithologie, vol. ii. p. 385.) has stated, that
he has seen these birds opening the shells of the Mactræ, buried in
the sandbanks on the coast of Chile. From their weak bills, with the
lower mandible so much produced, their short legs and long wings, it
seems very improbable that this can be a general habit, although it
may sometimes be resorted to. Wilson, who was well acquainted with
this bird, does not believe “the report of its frequenting oyster beds,
and feeding on these fish.” The existence, however, of this same
report in the United States, makes the question, whether the
Rhynchops does not sometimes turn the peculiar structure of its
beak to this purpose, worthy of further investigation.
 Viralva aranea. G. R. Gray.
Sterna aranea, Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 72. f. 6.

My specimen was procured at Bahia Blanca, in Northern

Patagonia. I may here observe, that many navigators have supposed
that terns, when met with out at sea, are a sure indication of land.
But these birds seem not unfrequently to be lost in the open ocean;
thus one (Megalopterus stolidus) flew on board the Beagle in the
Pacific, when several hundred miles from the Galapagos Archipelago.
No doubt, the remark made by navigators, with respect to the
proximity of land where terns are seen, refers to birds in a flock,
fishing, or otherwise showing that they are familiar with that part of
the sea. I, therefore, more particularly mention, that off the mouth of
the Rio Negro, on the Patagonian shore, I saw a flock (probably the
Viralva aranea) fishing seventy miles from land: and off the coast of
Brazil a flock of another species, 120 from the nearest part of the
coast. The latter birds were in numbers, and were busily engaged in
dashing at their prey.
 Megalopterus stolidus. Boie.
Sterna stolida, Linn. Syst. i. 227.

My specimens were procured from the Galapagos Archipelago. It is

well known to be an inhabitant of the seas in the warmer latitudes
over the whole world. The Rocks of St. Paul’s, nearly under the
equator, in the Atlantic ocean, were almost covered with the rude
and simple nests of this bird, made with a few pieces of sea-weed.
The females were sitting upon their eggs (in February), and by the
side of many of their nests, parts of flying-fish were placed, I
suppose, by the male bird for his partner to feed on during the labour
of incubation.
 Phalacrocorax carunculatus. Stephens.
Phalacrocorax carunculatus, Steph. Gen. Zool.
Pelecanus carunculatus, Gm. Syst. i. 576.
Phalacrocorax imperialis, King, Zool. Proc. vol. i. pt. 1. 30.

I procured a specimen of this bird at Port St. Julian, on the coast of

Patagonia, where, during January, many were building. I merely
mention it here, for the purpose of describing the singularly bright
colours of the naked skin about its head. Skin round the eyes
“campanula blue;” cockles at the base of the upper mandible,
“saffron mixed with gamboge yellow.” Marks between the eye and
the corner of the mouth, “orpiment orange;” tarsi scarlet.
 Fregata Aquila. Cuv.
Pelecanus Aquilus, Linn.

I had an opportunity, at the Galapagos Archipelago, of watching,

on several occasions, the habits of this bird, which are very
interesting in relation to its peculiar structure. The Frigate bird,
when it sees any object on the surface of the water, descends from a
great height, in an inclined plane, head foremost, with the swiftness
of an arrow; and at the instant of seizing with its long beak and
outstretched neck, the floating morsel, it turns upwards, with
extraordinary dexterity, by the aid of its forked tail, and long,
powerful wings. It never touches the water with its wings, or even
with its feet; indeed I have never heard of one having been seen on
the surface of the sea; and it appears that the deeply indented web
between its toes is of no more use to it, than are the shrivelled wings
beneath the wing cases of some coleopterous beetles. The Frigate
bird has a noble appearance when seen soaring in a flock at a
stupendous height (at which time it merits the name of the Condor of
the ocean), or when many together are dashing, in complicated
evolutions, but with the most admirable skill, at the same floating
object. They seem to scorn to take their food quietly, for between
each descent they raise themselves on high, and descend again with a
swift and true aim. If the object (such as offal thrown overboard)
sink more than six or eight inches beneath the surface, it is lost to the
Frigate bird. I was informed at Ascension, that when the little turtles
break through their shells, and run to the water’s edge, these birds
attend in numbers, and pick up the little animals (being thus very
injurious to the turtle fishery) off the sand, in the same manner as
they would from the sea.
 APPENDIX.

Anatomical description of Serpophaga albo-coronata, Furnarius

cunicularius, Uppucerthia dumetoria, Opetiorhynchus vulgaris,
O. antarcticus, O. Patagonicus, Pteroptochos Tarnii, P.
albicollis, Synallaxis maluroides, Phytotoma rara, Trochilus
gigas, Tinochorus rumicivorus.[31]
BY T. C. EYTON, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
 SERPOPHAGA ALBO-CORONATA. Gould.
(Male.)
Tongue pointed, furnished with a few short bristles at the sides
near the base. Trachea with the same muscles as among the
warblers generally. Æsophagus slightly funnel-shaped;
proventriculus much expanded at its entrance into the gizzard,
which is rounded, not very muscular, inner coat slightly
hardened, smooth. Intestine of moderate size, furnished with two
rudimentary cæca.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 1
of gizzard ⅜
Breadth of ditto ⁵⁄₁₆
Length of intestine from gizzard to cloaca 3¼
from cæca to cloaca 3¼

The skeleton of this bird is precisely that of the smaller and weaker
species of Laniadæ.
 lines
Length of sternum 5
Breadth anteriorly 3
posteriorly 4¼
Width of fissures 1
Depth of ditto 1½
Depth of keel 2
Length of pelvis 5½
Width anteriorly 2½
posteriorly 5½
Length from occiput to point of bill 12
Breadth of head 5¾
Length of coracoids 4½
No of cervical vertebræ 11
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 9
caudal ditto 6

Total 33

No. of false ribs 1 1?

true ditto 5

Total 7
FURNARIUS CUNICULARIUS. G. R. Gray.
(Male.)
Tongue, trachea, and œsophagus, as in Uppucerthia.
Proventriculus longer, and slightly contracted at its entrance into
the gizzard, which is large, flattened, and muscular, more
rounded than in Opetiorhynchus, lined with a rugose hardened
coat, and filled with small seeds, and the remains of insects;
intestines of small diameter, and furnished with two rudimentary
cæca.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 1¾
of gizzard ¾
Breadth of ditto ⅝
Length from gizzard to cæca 5
cæca to cloaca 1½

Sternum of nearly equal breadth, both posteriorly and anteriorly,

but much narrowed in the middle, the portion to which the ribs
are attached much elongated beyond their junction; posterior
margin furnished with two deep fissures, slightly narrowed at
their exit; keel deep, slightly rounded on its inferior edge, and
much scolloped out anteriorly; pelvis broad and short, the os
pubis projecting far backwards; the ischium terminating
posteriorly in an acute process.
Os furcatum thin, much arched, furnished with a flattened reflexed
process at its junction with the sternum; the points of the rami
bent forwards at their junction with the coracoids.
Coracoids of moderate size and length, inserted deeply into the
sternum; scapula of moderate size, broader near the extremity.
 lines
Length of sternum 11
Breadth anteriorly 6¼
posteriorly 8¼
Depth of keel 4½
Length of pelvis 12
Width anteriorly 4½
posteriorly 11
Length from occiput to point of bill 19
Breadth of cranium 7½
Length of coracoids 8
No. of cervical vertebræ 12
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 10
caudal ditto 7

Total 36

No. of true ribs 5

false ditto 2·1

Total 8
 UPPUCERTHIA DUMETORIA. Geoff. &
D’Orb. (Female.)
Tongue short, compared with the length of the bill, pointed, armed
with a few spines at the base; trachea of moderate size, acted
upon by one pair of sterno-tracheal muscles, which go off to the
sternum, about ⅛ of an inch above the inferior larynx; from the
upper ring of the bronchiæ on each side, a process proceeds
upwards to the point from which the muscles diverge, to which
point only the rings of the trachea are continued, two spaces
therefore, one on the anterior, the other on the posterior side of
the trachea, immediately above the bronchiæ, are left devoid of
osseous matter, being bounded laterally by the process above
mentioned, inferiorly by the upper rings of the bronchiæ, and
superiorly by the lower ring of the trachea, which is slightly
enlarged; œsophagus small, slightly dilated a little above the
proventriculus, which is of moderate size, and not contracted
before entering the gizzard; gizzard large, oval, very muscular,
inner coat hardened, deeply furrowed longitudinally, and filled
with the remains of insects; intestinal canal of moderate size,
without cæca; rectum very slightly enlarged; liver bilobed.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventiculus 2
of gizzard ¾
Breadth of ditto ½
Length of intestinal canal 10

With the exception of being larger than Furnarius cunicularius,

and in having the bill more bent and longer, the skeleton presents no
material difference from that of the above-named bird.
 lines
Length of sternum 13
Breadth anteriorly 6
posteriorly 7¼
Depth of keel 4
of fissures 4
Breadth of ditto 1
Length of pelvis 14¼
Breadth anteriorly 4
posteriorly 9¼
Length from occiput to point of bill 27
Breadth of cranium 8
Length of coracoids 11

No. of cervical vertebræ 11

dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 11
caudal ditto 6

Total 35

No. of true ribs 5

false ditto 2·1

Total 8
 OPETIORHYNCHUS VULGARIS. Gray.
(Male.)
The structure of the soft parts, both in this species of
Opetiorhynchus, and the two following ones, so closely resemble that
of Furnarius and Uppucerthia, that one description will almost serve
for the whole; those differences that do exist being not more than are
generally found in species of the same genus; the external characters
also being slight, I cannot but doubt the propriety of separating
them; the cæca are slightly developed in this species, measuring ⅛
inch in length.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, proventriculus included 2½
of gizzard ⁶⁄₈
Breadth of ditto ½
Length of intestinal canal from gizzard to the cloaca 7½
from cæca to cloaca ⅞

Skeleton similar in form to that of Furnarius cunicularius.

 lines
Length of sternum 11¾
Breadth anteriorly 5¼
posteriorly 7½
Depth of keel 3¾
of fissures 5
Breadth of ditto 1½
Length of pelvis 12²⁄₄
Breadth anteriorly 4
posteriorly 9¾
Length from occiput to point of bill 17
Breadth of cranium 7
Length of coracoids 8½

No. of cervical vertebræ 11

dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 11
caudal ditto 7

Total 36

No. of true ribs 5

false ditto 2·1

Total 8
 OPETIORHYNCHUS ANTARCTICUS. G. R.
Gray. (Male.)
Structure of the soft parts as in O. vulgaris, but with the rectum of
rather larger diameter, and the cæca very minute; gizzard filled with
the remains of insects.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 2¼
gizzard ⁶⁄₈
Breadth of gizzard ½
Length of intestinal canal from gizzard to cloaca 7

Skeleton similar in form to Furnarius cunicularius, and the other

species of this genus.
 lines
Length of sternum 11
Breadth anteriorly 6
posteriorly 7½
Depth of keel 4¾
of fissures 4
Breadth of ditto 1¾
Length of pelvis 12
Breadth anteriorly 3¾
posteriorly 10½
Length from occiput to point of bill 18
Breadth of cranium 7½
Length of coracoids 9

No. of cervical vertebræ 11

dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 12
caudal ditto 7

Total 37

No. of true ribs 5

false ditto 2·1

Total 8
 OPETIORHYNCHUS PATAGONICUS. G. R.
Gray. (Male.)
No difference in the structure of the soft parts from the other
species of the genus before spoken of. The trachea, however, does
not differ from the ordinary simple form found in most birds, but
differs from O. vulgaris and O. antarcticus, in having the lower
rings continued to the bronchiæ it is acted upon by one pair of
muscles; no cæca are apparent.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 2⅛
gizzard ½
Breadth of gizzard ⅜
Length of cutis from gizzard to cloaca 5½

Skeleton in form similar to that of Furnarius cunicularius, and the

other species of this genus.
 lines
Length of sternum 13
Breadth anteriorly 6½
posteriorly 8½
Depth of keel 5
fissures 4
Breadth of ditto 1½
Length of pelvis 13½
Breadth anteriorly 5
posteriorly 10½
Length from occiput to point of bill 19
Breadth of cranium 8
Length of coracoids 10

No. of cervical vertebræ 11

dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 9
caudal ditto 6

Total 33

No. of true ribs 5

false ditto 2·1

Total 8

Remarks:—the last five species approach so nearly, that I doubt

the propriety of separating them generically. The skeletons are only
distinguishable with the exception of the form of the bill, by the
proportions between the different admeasurements.
 PTEROPTOCHOS TARNII. G. R. Gray.
(Female.)
Tongue pointed, armed with two strong lateral spines, and a few
intermediate smaller ones at the base; œsophagus largest at the
upper extremity, and gradually becoming smaller towards the
proventriculus; no vestige of a craw; proventriculus of moderate
size, not much contracted towards the gizzard, which is also of
moderate size, and much flattened; not very muscular, and lined
with a hardened coat, rugose longitudinally; the gizzard was
filled with small pebbles, and a coarse black powder, probably
the remains of insects; intestinal canal small; cæca rudimental;
rectum large, becoming more expanded towards the cloaca,
which is also large; trachea of equal diameter throughout,
furnished with one pair of sterno-tracheal muscles, a portion of
each of which is continued downwards to the upper rings of the
bronchiæ, on which it expands; liver two-lobed.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 3½
of intestinal canal, from gizzard to cloaca 18
of rectum 2¼
Diameter of gizzard ⁹⁄₁₀
Length of ditto 1

The pelvis and ribs of this bird were much damaged; sternum of
equal breadth posteriorly and anteriorly, slightly contracted on
its lateral edge, near the middle indented on its posterior margin
with four deep fissures, the outer ones largest; a large triangular
process projecting forwards between the junctions of the
coracoids, bifid at the apex; the coracoids themselves very
strongly articulated to the sternum, the sides of the sternum to
which the ribs are articulated projecting in the form of a process
far beyond the junction of the coracoids; the sternal keel is