Deformation and Strain
• Concept of motion as it relates to deformation and strain
• Small strain theory assumptions
• Strain-displacement relations
• How does tensorial strain relate to engineering strain?
• Strain transformations
• What are 3 fundamental aspects of solid mechanics problems?
• How do constitutive relationships relate to the fundamental aspects?
• What is another name for constitutive relations/equations?
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 1
2.1. Deformation and Strain
2.1.1 Motion, Deformation, and Strain Relationships
Motion = Deformation + rigid body movement
(RBM)
• Deformation à Points of body move relative to each
other
• RBM à Whole body translates or rotates
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 2
2.1.2. Strain results from deformation
Our analysis considers small strain theory, under the
following assumptions:
• Deformations are small/infinitesimal
• Infinitesimal strains accurately approximate actual (i.e. finite)
strains at a point in a body
• Infinitesimal elements undergo homogeneous deformation
• Connected line segments remain connected after
deformation
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 3
2.2 Strain-displacement relationships
Define displacement components (u, v, w)
u(x,y,z) à x-direction
v(x,y,z) à y-direction
w(x,y,z) à z-direction
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 4
2.2.2. Strain-displacement relations for a 2-D Case
Displacements are functions of x, y only: u(x,y)≠ 0; v(x,y)≠ 0; and w = 0;
(i) Normal Strain: 𝜀!!
!"#$%& ($ )&$%*"
=
+,(%($#) )&$%*"
𝜕𝑢
𝑢+ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢
𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥
"#
⇒ 𝜀!! =
"!
"%
likewise 𝜀$$ = "$
z
(out-of-plane
direction)
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 5
(ii) Shear Strain
Engineering shear strain(γ): angular change between two
originally perpendicular lines
&
Considering dx and dy: 𝛾!$ = '
− Ψ = 𝜃$ + 𝜃!
Assuming small strain, angular changes are
infinitesimal.
For small angles, θ ≈ tanθ
𝜕𝑣
𝜃- ≈ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃- =
𝜕𝑥
and
𝜕𝑢
𝜃. ≈ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃. =
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝛾-. = +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 6
(iii) Strain tensor (3-D)
Strain can be expressed by the general equation, using indicial notation.
+
𝜀() = '
𝑢(,) + 𝑢),( + 𝑢,,( 𝑢,,) … 𝜀() = 𝜀)( (symmetric)
𝑢(,) , 𝑢),( , 𝑢,,( , and 𝑢,,) are displacement gradients
"#! "#!
For example, 𝑢!,! = and 𝑢!,$ =
"! "$
where ux = u | uy = v | uz = w
Assuming small strain, displacements are infinitesimal so that 𝑢!,# 𝑢!,$ are negligible
1
𝜀() = 𝑢(,) + 𝑢),(
2
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 7
(iii) Strain tensor (3-D)
Defines a total of 6 strain-displacement equations
Examples
* -.
𝜀)) = 𝑢),) + 𝑢),) =
+ -)
1 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜀!$ = 𝑢!,$ + 𝑢$,! = + = 𝜀$!
2 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
For independent study, determine 𝜀.. , 𝜀// , 𝜀/- , and 𝜀./ .
Recall that engineering shear strain is defined as
"# "%
𝛾!$ = +
"$ "!
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 8
(iii) Strain tensor (3-D)
𝜕𝑢 1 1
𝛾)1 𝛾2)
𝜕𝑥 2 2
1 𝜕𝑣 1
𝜀/0 = 𝛾)1 𝛾12
2 𝜕𝑦 2
1 1 𝜕𝑤
𝛾2) 𝛾12
2 2 𝜕𝑧
using the following substitutions
𝛾)1 = 𝛾1)
𝛾)2 = 𝛾2)
𝛾12 = 𝛾21
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 9
2.3 Strain Transformations
• 2-D case:
Plane strain in x-y plane: 𝜀22 = 𝛾12 = 𝛾2) = 0
Strain Transformation Equations
𝜀% !% ! = 𝜀%% 𝑐𝑜𝑠 & 𝜃 + 𝜀'' 𝑠𝑖𝑛& 𝜃 + 𝛾%' sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
x’ x
𝜀' !' ! = 𝜀'' 𝑐𝑜𝑠 & 𝜃 + 𝜀%% 𝑠𝑖𝑛& 𝜃 − 𝛾%' sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
θ y’
𝛾% !' ! = 2 𝜀'' − 𝜀%% sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝛾%' 𝑐𝑜𝑠 & 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛& 𝜃
y
𝜀( ! ( ! = 𝛾' ! ( ! = 𝛾( ! % ! = 0
z,z’
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 10
2.3 Strain Transformations
Comparing with stress transformation equations, tensor strain
replaces Cartesian stress component as follows
εxx ⟺σxx
εyy ⟺ σyy
εzz ⟺ σzz
+
γ ⟺τxy
' xy
+
γ ⟺ τyz
' yz
+
γ ⟺ τzx
' zx
Principal strains and directions determined in the same manner
as principal stresses and directions.
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 11
2.4 Compatibility conditions of strain
• Ensure an arbitrary strain field yields a valid displacement
field
• Valid displacement field is simply connected before and
after deformation
• i.e. there is a continuous displacement field without hole
Physical Meaning:
Undeformed Deformed
Satisfies compatibility
Incompatible
Originally 1 point, now 2 points after
deformation.
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 12
2.4 Compatibility conditions of strain
Strain Compatibility Relations
Generalized Equations (3-D)
"" A!# "" B!! "" B## "" B!! " "A#$ "A$! "A!#
= + 2 = − + +
"!"$ "$" "! " "$"C "! "! "$ "C
"" A#$ "" B## "" B$$ "" B## " "A#$ "A "A!#
= + "$" 2 = − "$$! +
"$"C "C " "C"! "$ "! "C
"" A$! "" B$$ "" B!! "" B$$ " "A#$ "A$! "A!#
= + " 2 = + −
"C"! "! " "C "!"$ "C "! "$ "C
EMCH 402: Experimental Stress Analysis 13
