Scribd
Upload
28 views3 pages

Complete Answers

Answers to the previous assignment

Uploaded by

Elisha Ayanda Sibanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views3 pages

Complete Answers

Answers to the previous assignment

Uploaded by

Elisha Ayanda Sibanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Complete answers

Elisha Ayanda Sibanda


September 2024

1 Introduction
article amsmath,amssymb

Question 1
(a) Define a right coset of H in G, where H ≤ G and a ∈ G.
The right coset of H in G with respect to a is defined as:
Ha = {ha | h ∈ H}.

(b) Define a cyclic group ⟨g⟩.


A cyclic group is a group that can be generated by a single element g, such that:
⟨g⟩ = {g n | n ∈ Z}.

(c) Define a normal subgroup N in G.


A subgroup N ≤ G is said to be normal if for every g ∈ G and n ∈ N , we have
gng −1 ∈ N . This is denoted as:
gN g −1 = N f orall g ∈ G.

(d) Define a group homomorphism θ : (G, ◦) → (K, ⋆).


A group homomorphism is a function θ : G → K such that for all g1 , g2 ∈ G,
θ(g1 ◦ g2 ) = θ(g1 ) ⋆ θθ(g2 ).

(e) Define the kernel of θ where θ : G → K is a group


homomorphism.
The kernel of a group homomorphism θ is the set of all elements in G that are
mapped to the identity element in K:
ker(θ) = {g ∈ G | θ(g) = eK }.

1
Question 2
(a) State Lagrange’s Theorem.
Lagrange’s Theorem states that if G is a finite group and H is a subgroup of
G, then the order of H divides the order of G:

|G| = |H| · [G : H],

where [G : H] is the index of H in G.

(b) In (Z15 , ×):


• Z15 = {0, 1, 2, . . . , 14}, with multiplication modulo 15.

(i) Determine ⟨5⟩ and deduce the order of 5.


The cyclic subgroup generated by 5 is:

⟨5⟩ = {5, 10, 0}.

The order of 5 is the number of distinct elements in this set, which is 3.

(ii) Confirm Lagrange’s Theorem for ⟨5⟩.


Lagrange’s Theorem states that the order of a subgroup divides the order of the
group. The order of (Z15 , ×) is 15, and the order of ⟨5⟩ is 3. Clearly, 3 divides
15, so Lagrange’s Theorem holds.

(iii) Find the right coset of ⟨5⟩ in (Z15 , ×).


The right coset of ⟨5⟩ with respect to any a ∈ Z15 is of the form:

⟨5⟩a = {5a, 10a, 0a}15.

For example, the right coset of ⟨5⟩ with respect to a = 1 is:

⟨5⟩1 = {5, 10, 0}.

Question 3
Let (G, ◦) and (K, ⋆) be groups.

2
(a) Prove that the inverse of any g ∈ G is unique.
The inverse of g ∈ G is the element g −1 such that:

g ◦ g −1 = g −1 ◦ g = e,

where e is the identity element. Suppose g has two inverses, x and y, such that:

g◦x=e and g ◦ y = e.

Then:
x = x ◦ e = x ◦ (g ◦ y) = (x ◦ g) ◦ y = e ◦ y = y.
Thus, x = y, so the inverse is unique.

(b) Prove that θ(g −1 ) = (θ(g))−1 , where θ is a group homo-


morphism.
Let θ : G → K be a group homomorphism. We need to show that θ(g −1 ) =
(θ(g))−1 . Since θ is a homomorphism, we have:

θ(g ◦ g −1 ) = θ(eG ) = eK .

Thus,
θ(g) ⋆ θ(g −1 ) = eK ,
which means that θ(g −1 ) = (θ(g))−1 .

(c) Prove that if θ : (G, ◦) → (K, ⋆) is a group homomor-


phism, then θ(G) = {θ(g) | g ∈ G} is a subgroup of K.
We need to show that θ(G) is a subgroup of K.
1. Identity: Since θ is a homomorphism, θ(eG ) = eK , so the identity element
of K is in θ(G).

2. Closure: Let θ(g1 ), θ(g2 ) ∈ θ(G). Then:

θ(g1 ) ⋆ θ(g2 ) = θ(g1 ◦ g2 ) ∈ θ(G).

Thus, θ(G) is closed under the group operation of K.


3. Inverses: For any θ(g) ∈ θ(G), we have:

(θ(g))−1 = θ(g −1 ) ∈ θ(G).

Thus, θ(G) contains inverses.


Therefore, θ(G) is a subgroup of K.

You might also like