Scribd
Upload
18 views4 pages

Algebra Inclass

A test.

Uploaded by

Elisha Ayanda Sibanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views4 pages

Algebra Inclass

A test.

Uploaded by

Elisha Ayanda Sibanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Algebra inclass

Elisha Ayanda Sibanda


September 2024

1 Introduction
article amsmath,amssymb

Question 4
Let (R, +, ◦) and (S, +, ∗) be rings.

(a) When is a mapping θ : R → S a ring homomorphism?


A mapping θ : R → S is a ring homomorphism if for all r1 , r2 ∈ R:
1. θ(r1 + r2 ) = θ(r1 ) + θ(r2 ) (Preserves addition)
2. θ(r1 ◦ r2 ) = θ(r1 ) ∗ θ(r2 ) (Preserves multiplication)

3. θ(1R ) = 1S (Preserves the multiplicative identity, if R and S are rings


with identity).

(b) Determine whether the mapping θ defined as

θ (( a ) bcd) = a − b

is a ring homomorphism, where M2 (Z) is the set of 2 × 2 matrices with integer


entries, and (Z, +, ×) is the ring of integers.

Solution
We need to check if the mapping θ preserves both addition and multiplication:

1
Addition: For two matrices A = ( a ) b
cd and B = ( e ) f
gh,
A + B = ( a ) + eb + f c + gd + h.
Now,
θ(A + B) = (a + e) − (b + f ) = (a − b) + (e − f ).
On the other hand,
θ(A) + θ(B) = (a − b) + (e − f ).
Hence, θ(A + B) = θ(A) + θ(B), so θ preserves addition.

Multiplication: For matrix multiplication A × B,


A × B = ( a ) e + bgaf + bhce + dgcf + dh.
We need to check if:
θ(A × B) = θ(A) × θ(B).
θ(A × B) = ae − af,
while
θ(A) × θ(B) = (a − b) × (e − f ) = ae − af − be + bf.
Since these two are not equal, θ does not preserve multiplication. Hence, θ is
not a ring homomorphism.

Question 5
Let R be a ring and S a subset of R.

(a) When is S a subring of R?


A subset S of a ring R is a subring if:
1. S is closed under addition, i.e., for all s1 , s2 ∈ S, s1 + s2 ∈ S,
2. S is closed under multiplication, i.e., for all s1 , s2 ∈ S, s1 s2 ∈ S,
3. S contains the additive identity (0),
4. S is closed under additive inverses, i.e., for all s ∈ S, −s ∈ S.

(b) Prove that if for a nonempty subset S of a ring R and


∀r, s ∈ S:
1. rs ∈ S,
2. r − s ∈ S,
then S is a subring of R.

2
Proof:
1. Since S is nonempty, there exists some element s0 ∈ S.
2. From condition 2, since r − s ∈ S for all r, s ∈ S, this implies that S is
closed under subtraction, which includes additive inverses.

3. From condition 1, rs ∈ S shows that S is closed under multiplication.


4. Combining the closure properties under subtraction and multiplication,
and knowing S contains at least one element, we conclude that S is a
subring of R.

(c) Prove that the center Z(R) = {a ∈ R : ar = raf orallr ∈ R}


is a subring of R.
Proof:
1. Z(R) is nonempty since the identity element 1R (if it exists) belongs to
Z(R) because 1R r = r1R for all r ∈ R.

2. Let a, b ∈ Z(R). Then for all r ∈ R,

(a + b)r = ar + br = ra + rb = r(a + b),

so a + b ∈ Z(R), meaning Z(R) is closed under addition.

3. For any a ∈ Z(R) and r ∈ R,

(−a)r = −(ar) = −(ra) = r(−a),

so −a ∈ Z(R), meaning Z(R) is closed under additive inverses.


4. For a, b ∈ Z(R) and r ∈ R,

(ab)r = a(br) = a(rb) = (ar)b = (ra)b = r(ab),

so ab ∈ Z(R), meaning Z(R) is closed under multiplication.

Therefore, Z(R) is a subring of R.

Question 6
Let G = ⟨g⟩ be a cyclic group of order 12.

3
(a) Find ⟨g 3 ⟩.
The subgroup generated by g 3 is:

⟨g 3 ⟩ = {(g 3 )k : k ∈ Z}.

Since g has order 12, g 12 = e, the identity element. The order of g 3 is the
smallest n such that (g 3 )n = e. We have:

(g 3 )n = g 3n = e3n ≡ 0 (mod 12),

which means n = 4. Hence, ⟨g 3 ⟩ is a cyclic subgroup of order 4.

(b) What is the order of g 600 when G has order 1500?


Since g has order 1500, we reduce the exponent 600 modulo 1500. We get:

g 600 hasorder gcd(600, 1500) = 300.

Therefore, the order of g 600 is 300.

(c) Define the order of x ∈ G and prove that x and x−1 have
the same order.
The order of an element x ∈ G is the smallest positive integer n such that
xn = e, where e is the identity element of G.

Proof:
Suppose xn = e, then x−1 satisfies:

(x−1 )n = (xn )−1 = e−1 = e.

Therefore, the order of x−1 is also n. Thus, x and x−1 have the same order.

You might also like