EAPP

POSITION PAPER
- Position paper is used to present ideas and opinions based on an observed event or
situation. It can be a tool to defend ourselves and protect our community. And also, it
can be a vehicle to impose change and execute immediate action and solution.
- Position papers according to Miciano M. & Miciano R (2016) are used in any kind of
situation in which there is a significant issue that needs to be addressed.
- Valdez (2016) also says that a position paper is devoted to a discussion of one side of
an issue.

ESSENTIAL PART OF POSITION PAPER

- The issue of the position paper is similar to the topic sentence. It is the central concept
up for contention. Specifically, an issue would have supporters for both negative and
positive sides and the author chooses one for the position paper.
- The argumentative thesis states the stand of the author on the issues.
- The statements that support the author’s stand are called claims.
- The proofs to strengthen the author’s claims is called the evidence.

HOW TO APPLY POSITION PAPER IN REAL LIFE

- Avoid smart-shaming
Attack the idea and not the person by presenting arguments supported by evidence.
- Beware of CTTO (Credit to the owner) Copy-paste post
Try not to copy and paste argument. Do your own reading and research.
- Relationship is more important than your argument
We write position paper to persuade and not to fight

ARGUMENTS SUPPORTED BY FACTUAL EVIDENCE

- Argument from transitivity
This type of argument involves three terms associated through the process of classification.
The two classification statements serve as premises which then serve as the basis for the
argument, presented in the form of a conclusion as in A is B: Bis C; thus, A is C.
 - Argument from incompatibility
This type of argument presents two contradictory choices, such that the choice of one means
the exclusion of the other. Thus, if something is A cannot be B; if it is B, it cannot be A, for
A and B cannot be combined - they are incompatible.
- Argument from reciprocity
This type of argument says that individuals and situations that can be put together under the
same category should be treated in the same way.
- Argument from comparison
In this type of argument, it argues that two situations will have the same outcome because of
the similarities between these situations.
- Argument from generalization
This type of argument uses one member of a population to make conclusions about the entire
population. We encounter this argument all the time.
- Argument from examples
This type of argument is similar to the argument from generalization in that conclusions are
made about an entire population. The difference is that instead of using only one member as
basis, in argument from examples you use a group of examples and a sample from that
population to serve as your basis.
- Argument from cause
Points that A is caused by B, which means that the presence of A (cause) will mean the
presence of B (effect).
- Argument from sign
Uses a sign or indicator X to argue for the existence of condition Y.

METHODS OF ADMINISTERING A SURVEY

1. Personal Approach
- This involves the person himself herself conducting the survey.
a. Face-to-face Structured Interview
- The interview is set personally and the people involved face each other in order to
gather the necessary information. Questions on the survey are asked directly to the
respondent by the researcher.
b. Telephone Survey
- The survey is done using telephone or cellular phones. The calls are made to ask
individuals on particular questions. This method can be used for asking consequential
questions.
2. Self-administered Approach
- In this type, the survey is administered by the researcher himself/herself.
a. Paper-and-pencil Survey
- This is a traditional method wherein the respondents who usually preferred the
manual method must be present in the administration of the survey.
b. Online Survey
- Also called internet survey, is one of the most famous sources of data collection,
where a set of survey questions is sent out to respondents and the members of this
sample can respond to the questions over the internet. Respondents receive online
surveys in various ways such as email, embedded over website, social media or forms.
c. Mail Survey
- This popular tool requires an easy- administering of the survey where survey
questionnaires are mailed to individuals who are given enough time to read and
ponder on the information asked

SURVEY REPORT
- The term refers to a formal piece of writing based on research. When reporting the
results of a survey, the figures gathered should be given in the form of percentages
and proportions.
SURVEY
- Is a method of collecting information or data in which people self-report their own
opinion/behaviors in response to the questions

TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTION

1. Open-ended questions
- These types of questions do not have predetermined options or answers. The
respondents are allowed to answer the questions freely.
2. Dichotomous Questions
- Dichotomous questions have two possible answers, often either yes/no, true/false, or
agree/ disagree.
 3. Multiple-response questions
- There are certain questions that necessitate the respondents to provide more than one
answer
4. Matrix questions
- There are instances where a number of questions you intend to ask have the same set
of possible answers. Thus, it is possible to construct a matrix of items and answers for
the sake of streamlining the survey.
EXAMPLE: Qualities of a Good Leader
- Beside each of the qualities of a good leader, kindly indicate how well the person in
inquiry manifests the said quality with 1 being the lowest and 5 as the highest.
5. Contingency Questions
- Contingency questions are intended for certain respondents only, depending on the
provided answers. A familiar example would be a follow-up question provided after a
respondent agrees to a certain item. A respondent is asked whether they used any
illegal drugs or substances. Only those who answered yes are required to answer the
succeeding items.
STRUCTURE OF SURVEY REPORT
- Introduction
- Body
- Conclusion
- Recommendation

3 STEPS IN CONDUCTING SURVEY

- Decide on a 4 or 5 option survey question.
- Conduct a survey and tally all answers.
- Make a graphic representation for the result

VISUAL/GRAPHIC FORM
- Pie graph
- Bar graph
- Histogram
- Pictograph
- Line graph
- Tables