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13 views16 pagesProperties of Matter-Unit I
Properties of matter-Unit I
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13 views16 pagesProperties of Matter-Unit I
Properties of matter-Unit I
Uploaded by
vivek.r00014Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 16
Elasticity
4.4. INTRODUCTION
A body can be deformed (i... changed in shape or size) by the suitable application of external
forces on it. A body is said to be perfectly elastic, i it regains Its original shape or size, when the applied
forces are removed. This property of a body to regain its original state or condition on removal of the
applied forces is called elasticity. Abody which does not tend to regain its original shape or size, even
when the applied forces are removed, is called a perfectly plastic body. No body, in nature, is either
perfectly elastic or perfectly plastic. Quartz fibre is the nearest approach to a perfectly elastic body.
Stress : When an external force is applied on a body, there will be relative displacement of
the particles and due to the property of elasticity, the particles tend to regain their original positions.
Siress is defined as the restoring force per unit area. Ifa force F'is applied normally to the area of
cross-section A of a wire, then stress = F/A. Its dimensions are ML 'T
Thermal Stresses : Suppose the ends of a rod are rigidly fixed, so as to prevent expansion or
contraction, If the temperature of the rod is changed, tensile or compressive stresses, called thermal
stresses, will be set up in the rod. If these stresses are very large, the rod may be stressed even beyond
its breaking strength. The stress is fensife when there is an increase in length. The stress is compressive
when there is a decrease in length. A tangential stress tries to slide each layer of the body over the
layer immediately below it
Strain : When a deforming force is applied, there is a change
in length, shape or volume of the body. The ratio of the change in any
dimension to its original value is called strain. It is of three types =~
(1) The ratio of change in length () to original length (L) is called
Jongitudinal strain (UL).
(2) Let ABCDbe a body with the side CD fixed (Fig. 1.1). Suppose
tangential force F is applied on the upper face AB. The shape of the
body is changed to A’ BCD. The body is sheared by an angle 4. This oar
angle 6 measured in radians is called the shearing strain (p).
(3) Volume strain (Bulk strain) : The ratio of change in volume (y) to original volume (V) is
called volume strain (v/ V)
Hooke's Law ; Within elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain. Stress « strain
or stress/strain = E. isa constant called modulus of elasticity
“The dimensional formula of modulus of elasticity is ML! 77. Its units are Nm ?.
1.2, DIFFERENT MODULI OF ELASTICITY $=
(1) Young's modulus (E) : Iris defined as the rato of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain
within elastic limits. Leta wire of length L and area of cross-section A undergo an increase in length
Twhen a stretching force F'is applied in the direction of its length.
1 a
Properties of yy
2 esseeecesereUeEE ete
ie
igidity modulus (G) :
tangential stress 10 Shearing strain.
Consider a solid cube
face CDGH is fixed and a
upper face AB
cube is displa
tis defined as the ratio of
BC ‘DEFGH (Fig, 1.2). The lower
and a tangential force F is applied over the
The result is that each horizontal layer of the
isplaced, the displacement being proportional to its
distance from the fixed plane. Point 4 is shifted to 4", B 10 B's
FoF’ and F to F through an angle , where 44’ — EE’ =!
Clearly = 1/L where 1 is the relative displacement of
the upper face of the cube with respect to the Jower fixed face,
distant L from it
Fig. 12
This angle $ through which a tine originally perpendicular to the fixed face is tumed, i,
‘measure of the shearing strain,
Now, Rigidity modulus (@ = Tangential stress _ Fi A
Shearing strain
Here, A = L? = Area of face ABEF.
a * G = Tih where T= Tangential stress.
(3) Bulk Modulus (K): 11 is defined as the ratio of volume stress (Bulk Stress) t0 the voling
strain.
When three equal stresses (F/A) act on a body in mutually perpendicular directions, such iy
there is a change of volume v in its original volume V, we have, Stress = pressure P = F/A. Volung
strain = -v/V. The negative sign indicates that if pressure increases, volume decreases,
x= Bulk strets _ FA __P
Volume strain —v/V —v/¥
Poisson’s Ratio (»): When a wire is stretched, it becomes longer but thinner, i.e, althoughis |
length increases, its diameter decreases. When a wire elongates freely in the direction of a tensile ste |
it contracts laterally (ie., in a direction perpendicular to the force). The ratio of lateral contractn |
10 the longitudinal elongation is called Poisson's ratio. \t is denoted by the letter v. |
Ifunit stress causes an extensional strain 2. in its own direction and lateral contractional stn |
jin a perpendicular direction, v= wh. |
1.3. RELATION BETWEEN ANGLE OF SHEAR AND LINEAR STRAIN
Consider a cube ABCD having each side equal to L with its face
DC fixed (Fig. 1.3). Leta shearing force acting along the face AB deform
the cube into the rhomboid 4’B'CD. The angle through which the
face AD or BC has been turned is evidently the shearing strain. The
diagonal DB has elongated to DB’ while the other diagonal AC has
shortened to 4'C. Draw BK perpendicular to DB’, Since @ is very
small, ABKB' may be assumed to be a right angled isosceles triangle
and ZBB’K = 45°. Further, DB = DK.
Tensile strain ¢- DB'-DB_DB'- DK _ ks’ Fig 13 |
along diagonal DB DB SOB DB. { cos 45
BBY cos 48° © BBY JD
pp = Jb +P =tN2
__ kat po’ J2 Bap ree
“DB id UL 2 Fen, = 4
Elasticity
But in ABAB".
We have.
similarly, compressive strain along diagonal AC 9/2. Hence, a shearing strain is equivalent
ve strain at right angles to cach other, each of value $/2.
quivalent to a linear tensile stress and an
compres
to atensile strain and
Similarly, it can be proved that a shearing stress Is ¢
equal compressive stress at right angles to each other.
=_—
1.4. RELATION BETWEEN VOLUME STRAIN AND LINEAR STRAIN
Consider a unit cube, Suppose it is subjected to three equal stresses, all tending to expand the
cube, in three mutually perpendicular directions, Each side becomes (I + ¢) where ¢ is the linear
strain. Hence the new volume of the cube is (I + ¢)' = 1 + 3¢.
Increase in volume = 3e.
; increase in volume _3e
Volume strain = me 36
original volume 1
1.5. WORK DONE IN A STRAIN ==
When a body is strained, work has to be done to deform the body. This work done is stored up
in the body as potential energy. It can be shown that the work done per unit volume in any kind of
strain (linear, shear or bulk) is equal to i x (stress) (strain)]
(a) Linear Strain: Let a force Fact on a wire of length L and area of cross-section A such that
the increase in length is /
Young's modulus = E= £2 or p= £4t,
Al iE
Work done in producing a stretching dl = F’. di a dl
Total work done to produce a | [ra
stretching of the wire from 0 to /
1
2H EAE Bae LEAL
a Bul 1B) GE ze
OL L
= 4 x Stretching force x Elongation produced,
Now, volume of the wire = 4.L.
Hence, work done per unit volume of the wire
ley
Fl
aaa $= 5 Stress «Strain - Properties oy, |
hearing Strain: Leta tangential force F, acting i8 the direction AB of cube ABCH Se)
anangle ¢. In Fig. 1.3, 4D = Land Ad’ = | fE
Stress = FIL? and shearing strain = 4 = /L |
Work done to displace the layer AB by dl = F dl= GLI di.
Total work done during the | _ (re = f Gud
whole displacement from 0 to/{~ |
= | Tangential force * displacement.
2
Volume of the cube = 13
Hence, work done per unit volume = 1 #11 F 1
, 22 2EL
= SF/A).§
Eu
2
1
Stress Strain.
(c) Volume Strain: Leta stressor pressure Pbe applied uniformly all over a body of voy
V such that its volume decreases by v.
Stress = P and strain = v/V.
Hence x= gpa
vv v
Work done to produce a small decrease in volume dv = P dv
Total work done fir he whole _'
decrease in volume from Oto v| J
nf Maal |
Vv 2V
= ; stress * charige in volume.
Therefore, work done per unit volume = 3 =t
- ; Stress * Strain
Example(1: Find the energy stored ina wire 5 metres long and 10-! ‘metre in diameter whent
is stretched through 3 * 10° metre by a load. Young's modulus of material is) 19!" Nec?
The energy stored in the wire is equal to the work done in stretching it
1 .
We S Stretching force x Elongation Produced. jastictty
p= F/A
Since ak
voed done ~ 1 £4U, = 1
Wor done = 59 sx10?m
. p= 2< 10NM r= 05
Here ‘ a(n x VORA HOS «1S
w=n(0s
=3x 10% m,L=5™ 32
1 petal (xx 0.25 10-5) B10 Y 20.1414),
aol (nx
1 2 vi inally 5 metres I
a wire originally tres long and
Example 2: Calculate the elastic energy oe he a to a load of 10 kg.
oduced = 5 F x1
Stretching force * Elongation Pr
10x9.8N=98N
3x 104m
Stretching force
Elongation produced
47x 1075.
1
1
W =~ x98x3x104=
3
Example 3: 4 steel wire 2 x 10-} m in diameter is just stretched benween n¥0 points at a
remperature of 20°C. Determine its tension when the temperature falls to 10°C. Linear expansivity
yfsteel = 1.1 x 10° K-!, Young's modulus for steel = 2.1 * 10! Nm.
The total contraction of the wire |: —
when the temperature falls by 10°C
ie, T= LX 1.1 105% 10=L * 1.1% 104
ae (: al
L a YL
i -3)2 i
21x10! x07 Lx1 1x10" _ 79 56N,
1.6. BEHAVIOUR OF A WIRE UNDER PROGRE:!
If we subject a wire to gradually increasing load
between load and extension, we obtain a curdy of
IVE TENSION
Fig. 1.4, It is called the stress-strain diagram. OA, which B,
is straight, the extension is proportional to the load and the wire obeys A
Hooke’s law. In this range, the wire regains its original length when
unloaded and so it is called the range of perfect elasticity. AtA, the wire
reaches the elastic limit.
If the wire is loaded beyond OA, the extension is no longer ° Load x
proportional to the load and Hooke’s law is not obeyed. If the load (Stress)
is now removed, the wire will not regain its original length, but a Fig. 4
permanent elongation will be produced in it. At the point B, even the addition of a very small load
causes enormous elongation. This point is called the yield point. After the yield point, the extension
increases very rapidly and depends on the time for which the load acts. The extension of the wire
goes on increasing and the area of cross-section decreases until the breaking point is reached and
finally the wire will break. The load at which the wire breaks is known as the breaking weight. The Properties of Matte, |
Co
al cross-seotional area, |
maximum load to which the wire can be subjected, divided by its orig}
called the breaking stress,
ances taker. fl
Elastic after-effeet, Itis found that even within elastic limit, practically all re |
time to reach their original length after the deforming force is temoved. This delay Quartz, Phospho
the original condition on removal of deforming forces is called elastic after ae suspension wire
bronze. silver and gold have very litle elastic after-effect and hence they afe uses
in Boys” experiment, quadrant electrometer, moving coil galvanometer, etc Te steed Conte
Elastic Fatigue. Ifa body is continuously subjected to stress and strain, DEEN A
{wo torsional pendulums 4 and B having similar wires. 4
set into vibration fi
vil ith the same amplitude tg
continuously, while B is at rest. Now if A and B are set into vibration wth th
start with, 4 comes to rest earlier than B. This is due to elastic fatigue of U
fe suspension wite. Elatg
fatigue can be removed by giving sufficient rest to the wire.
1.7. RELATION BETWEEN THE ELASTIC MODULI ————=
Suppose three stresses P, Q and R are acting perpendicular to R
the three faces ABCD, ADHE and ABFE of a unit cube of an isotropic
material (Fig, 1.5), Each one of these stresses will produce an extension ‘1
in its own direction and a compression along the other two perpendicular .
directions. If. is the extension per unit stress, the elongation along the nanan)
direction of P will be A P. If 1 is the contraction per unit length per unit “
stress, then the contraction along the direction of P due to the other two ve t F
stresses will be uO and UR. wi Pp
Let all the three stresses act simultaneously on the cube. Bets
Net elongation along the direction of P 2P- nO - BR.
Net elongation along the direction of 0 O- WP BR;
Net elongation along the direction of R = g= AR ~ uP - nO.
We can express the three elastic constants £, Gand K in terms of 2 and j.
Case (i). Suppose only the stress P acts and O = R= 0.
We have then the case of a simple longitudinal stress,
The linear strain = = 2.P
The Young's modulus = £ = —Smess___P__1
Linear strain Poh
or a z Al)
Case (ii). Suppose the stress R = 0 and P=~Q.
Then, the elongation along the direction of P is
€ =AP=p-P)= (2 + W) P
The angle of shear § = 2e=2 (2+ 1) P
The rigidity modulus G is given by
Stress pop
Angle of shear 2(h+p)P 20.4 BH)
or 2a+y=4 2
G
Case (iii). Let P:
crease in volume is
. Since the body is now subjected to uniform stress in all directions,
3e = 3(A 2) P [ zasicity : ae
The bulk strain = 30 2y1) P.
rhe bulk modulus = x= SHES 2
Bulk strain 3-2) 302)
1
A 2p)
or Loe uaenk 3)
1 Relation between E, G and K
1
We have, from (2). 2 (A +H) G
1
o +2p=s 4
1 H G (4)
om (3), = :
From (3). hk (5)
Adding (4) end (5), 34= L421 B+
G 3K 3GK
or eee 6)
9GK
From (1), R= VE
pa ok o)
3K+G
2. Relation between G, K and y
By definition, Poisson's ratio vis gi = Wh.
1
From (2), athe
Q), HE5G
1
From (3), ate te
rom (3), oe /
Subtracting (3) from (2),
eure
263K
3K -26
8
186K a
GK-2G),_9GK
—x ———— U: E
Hence GE. BELO (Using Eq, 6)
GK -26)
eon) (9)
a 6K +26 3
3. Relation between E, G and v
We have, from (1), 4 = VE
and from (2), 4+ #= V(2G)
Dividing (2) by (1), a
or t=
i or a
4. Limits to the value of
3K -2G
We have from (9). 6K 4 2G |
26(1+Y)
or 3K(1- 2")
Now both K and G must be P° ‘
positive or (1 2v)> Dor v< >
RAS. is positive, Hence LHS. must be
of v are “Jand —1, In actal practice, vis always a postive quantity and I
2
example 4: Calculate G and V,
110" Nm? ae
Here, =125* 10 Nm? K= 1 x 10! Nar? ="
p= 2K
Now, © 3K+G
3KE _ 3(1xt0!9)(7.25x10")
9K -E 9 (11x10")-(7.25%10")
607 « 10" Nm,
25 «10° Nm;
E 7.25 x10"
2G” 2 (2.60710)
Here, E
———
1.8. DETERMINATION OF POISSON'S RATIO v FOR RUBBER ————$—$——————
A rubber tube R (like a cycle tyre) about 1 m in length and 2 em in
diameter is taken. It is suspended in a vertical position as shown in Fig.
1.6. The ends 4 and B are tightly closed with rubber corks. A graduated
glass capillary tube (G) open at both ends is inserted inside the rubber
tube through the upper end A. The rubber tube is completely filled with
water till water rises in the tube G. A pointer P is fixed to the lower end
B of the rubber tube. The lower end B carries a pan with weights (17).
When conditions become steady, the positions of the water meniscus
in G and the pointer P are noted with the help of two separate travelling
microscopes. When a suitable weight (J7).is placed in the scale pan, the
Iength of rubber tube increases and its area of cross-section decreases, The
internal volume of the tube also increases. Consequently, the water level
in G falls. The increase in the length of the tube is détermined by noting
the position of the pointer P in the microscope. The increase in volume
is determined by noting the water level in the tube G. v can be calculated
by using the formula proved below.
Relation. LetL, D, A and V’be the respective initial values of length,
diameter, area of cross-section and internal volume of the rubber tube.
Then, V=AXL,
‘ +
wsitive quantities. Hence, if vis positive,
Ifvis
negative (12) |
es between 0 and 0.5.
z x 10!° Nm and
Jor silver given E and K for silver ~ 7 25
(a elasticity gees eee
8
When the load is applied, let dP’ be the inetease in volume, dL. the increase im Tength and dA
of cross-section
the decrease
New volume
V4 dV (A -dA)(L + dL)
AL-LdA+ AdL
dV =AdL~LdA
(Neglecting the term dq ap
(y
i aDdDdD
Also we know that ~ or d= 2S
> ( D jw (2)
Substituting this value of d4 in Eq. (1) r
| av aa.-(44) or oan ew
D AdL D db
1d dD/D
or ee mite oe
A dL aLjL
et dD|D _ Lateral strain
. L/L Longitudinal strain
1% om
AdL +
If, Lav
i ol aa. WB
if il 4 | (3)
Teale COuulp poy TORSION.
1.9. TORSION OF A BODY) 2
———SS—S—S————_—_—_—
When a body is fixed at one en:
the body is said to be under torsion.
is the rigidity modulus.
Torsion of a cylinder-Expression for torque per unit Twist
Consider a cylindrical wire of length Land radius fixed a its upper end and twisted through an
angle @ by applying a torque at the lower knd. Consider the cylinder to consist ofan infinite number
of hollow co-axial cylinders. Consider ont such cylinder of radius x and thickness dx (Fig. 1.7(i)].
id twisted about its axis by means of a torque at the other end,
ion involves shearing strain and so the modulus involved One a _Propertios of Man,
7 Aline such as. 4B initially parallel © the axis OO! of the cylinder is displaced to the fim
4B" through an angle 6 cue to the twisting torque [Fig. 1.70. The result of wwisting the €ylindey iy
a shear Strain. The angle of shear BAB.
New BB 0 Lhor = x. OL
Shearing stress
Weave, rigidity modulus = 6 Aste of shea G
shearing stress = G-. = Gx O/L
Shearing force
But shearing stress
Area on which the force aets
Shearing force ~ Shearing stress * Area on which the force acts
The area over whieh the shearing force acts = 21x at
. Gx
Hence, the shearing force = F Te
‘The moment of this 7
Gx 2nGO
force about oar | 2nxdr.x = x de
00’ of the cylinder |
Twining toque on) 6] 286 sy
the whole cylinder | 2S,
ta!
i c-RGat0
2b
The torque per unit twist (ie., xGa!
the torque when @ = I radian) 2L
Note 1: When an external torque is applied on the cylinder to twist it, at once an intemal
torque, due to elastic forces, comes into play. In the equilibrium position, these two torques will be
equal and opposite
Note 2: If the material is in the form of a hollow cylinder of internal radius a and extemal
radius 6, then, :
P
The torque acting) _ 27GO 3, nG04 4
on theeylinder | | = ©= [7 de = tat)
Torque per unit tw
1G (b4 — a2)
Example’S: What torque must be applied to a wire one metre long, 10 metre in diameter in
order to twist one end of it through 90°, the other end remaining fixed ? The rigidity of the manerial
Of the wire is 2.8 * 10! Nm.
8 10°Nm?:a= 10° m= EES
x im? sa= —— m=0.5 « 10m; 0~90° = w/2 radians;
Here, L=1m;
(2.810! )(0,5 «109
RGat y _ et
2b 2x1 2
= 4.318 x 109 Nm
Example 6: A circular bar one metre long and 8 * 10 metre diameter is rigidly clamped a
one end ina vertical position. A torque of magnitude 2.5 Nm is applied at the other end. As a result
a mirror fixed at this end deflects a spot of light by 0.15 metres on a scale one metre away. Calculé
the modulus of rigidity of the bar. my 1
For a twist 0, the mirror turns through 0, and the reflected be: through 20. Hf the deflection
; d 048
isd ona scale D away, 20D=dord = O'S _ 9975 radians;
2D 2xI
Mere. CH 2SNmya=4 x 1049ms 0 © 0.075 radiang: £ = ms G
Hence, C= xGa'02L or G= Cie a"
25x2x1
hen G = 8.29010" Nm?
(4x10 *)' (0.075) in
Example 7:
steel wire of diameter 3.6 * 104 m and length 4 m e
under a load of 1 ky and twists by 1.2 radians whe
tends by 1.8 10°!
en subjected to a total torsi Ee
Vm at one end. Find the values of E, G and v for steel
‘onal torque of 4 * 105
We have,
A_ FL
g-t
| Ad
Here, F =mg=1x98=98N:L=4m;
A = na? = n(1.8 10-4)? m? and /= 1.8% 103 m.
E
= 2.13910! Nm?
to twist one end of the
Torque which must be =|
ioe
af
Te xGa' 0
through an angle 0 radians 2L
or G=C2Lina'o
Here, C=4x 105Nm;L=4m;a=18x 104
0 = 1.2 radi
2L__(4x10)x2x
na’O (18x 104)* x12
0.8083 x 10" Nm?
2.139 x10!
—~ = 03323.
2x 0,8083% 10)
Example 8: Explain why a hollow rod is a better shaft than a solid one of the same mass,
length and material.
) 2G
=1323
Consider a solid cylinder of length L, radius r and shear modulus G.
The torque required to twist the
c= EGr"0 :
solid cylinder through an angle 0)! 97, (ly
Let, and r, be the inner and outer radii of the hollow cylinder of the same length, mass and
material
n the torque required to twist it through the same angle 0 is,
c, - ety =10 fe
(2)
4
1 the two cylinders have the same mass,
ne -r2) Ip =n PLp
(where p is the density of the material of the cvlinders) properties of My
14 —aty
on the mirror and adjusted so that the reflected image of
the scale in the mirror is seen through the telescope. With
some dead load Won the weight-hanger, the reading &f
the scale division coinciding with the horizontal eros
wire is taken, Weights are added in steps of m ke and the
corresponding scale readings are taken. Weights are then
decreased continuously in steps of m kg and the readings
taken again. The torque is reversed now, by passing the
tape anticlockwise on the wheel. The readings are taken
adings, the sbift in seale reading
as before, From these
(8) fora load m kg is found.
‘phe mean radius 4 of,
. easured.
Kon the fixed end to the mirror 1s me ars round By measure
F the whee
c radius (R) of the I y i
i aint the scale and the mirror 'S measured wig,
The length L of the
rod is accurately megsr€ with a screw Bi
its circumfgsnce With a thread. The distan
a.mett scale.
_ dmg RLD
G is caloulated using the formula G=
sas
Shift in scale |
fetescope Reading y 7
— Tock ise = Ce
Load in kg Torque clockwise Torque antilock 2 ani |
Trading [ Unloading | Mean (6) | Loading | Unloading | Mean) |
i \
W+2m |
weom |
To
1.12, WORK DONE IN TWISTING A WIRE = :
Consider a cylindrical wire of length L and radius a fixed at its upper end and twisted through
an angle 0 by applying a torque at the lower end.
Ifc is the torque per unit angular twist of the wire, then the torque required to produce a twist
Gin the wire is
C=.
‘The work done in twisting the wire through a small angle d0 is
Co = 00 dd.
The total work done in twisting
4
the wire through an angle@ [| ~”~ Ie aa
or w=te.@
z
The work done in twisting the wire is stored up in the wire as potential energy.
Example 9: Find the amount of work done in twisting a steel wire of radius 10) m and of
length 0.25 m through an angle of 45°. Given G for steel = 8 * 10! Nm?
pal xGat
We have, (: _ sca!
2 Bb 2b 15
Bx 101Nm?:a~ 109m; 0~ 450 ~ 54 ag
L=0.25m ‘
(8x 10" )10-)8 (x,
1
! Ee.
2 2025 ‘8804,
J nA
4.13. TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS OF A BODY =~
Suppose a wire is clamped vertically at one end and the other end carrieg
bar or a cylinder) of moment of inertia about the wire
Abody (ie, a di
is ibe att: Let helen radii tint oe
exif of the wire be respectively J, and G. When the body is given a slight vy par
ation by apple
eqs by than. he wes ised the ody isteensed the bay oscil aOR
plane aout the wie as axis. These oscillations are called Torsional osilaions anne nz
is known as a Torsion pendulum, Ngement
Let us consider the energy ofthe vibrating system when the angle éftwis is 8, Le
9 88. Let © be the
angular velocity of the body ne
The potential energy of the wire due to the twist = 2 ¢.92
The kinetic energy of the| _ 1
body duc to its rotation | ~ >
The total =
of the system 2° \a)
Differentiating this with respect to 1,
1 (doy 2
1 1(2) La conan
or
‘The body has simple harmonic motion and its period is given by
u
T=2n f
= ,
Rigidity modulus by Torsion pendulum (Dynamic torsion
method) :
The torsion pendulum consists of a wire with one end fixed in asplit
chuck and the other end to the centre of a circular disc as in Fig. 1.10.
Two equal symmetrical masses (each equal to m) are placed along a
diameter of the disc at equal distances d, on either side of the centre of the
disc. The dise is rotated through an angle and is then released. The system
executes torsional oscillations about the axis of the wire. The period of
oscillations 7, is determined.
or 16 es
7 is of the wire
Moment of inertia of the whole system about the axis 0
© torque per unit twist
c axis of the Wire, ;
Let J, = ML of the dise alone about the axis f Ha contre of gravily.
{MI of each mass about a parallel axis passing through
‘Then by the parallel axes theorem.
1, = [y+ 21+ 2d?
2 {|
= 48 (y2i+ 2m.d/I |
re of the dise and 4,
. the cent
The two masses are now kept at equal distances d, from
corresponding period T, is determined. Then,
4) pe 3i+2md,) 5
4 om (3)
c
But c=nGa2b
Hence es Oa
_ 16x Lm(d,? - 4,7)
- a(t; -T)
Using this relation, G is determined.
MLL of the disc by torsional oscillations. The two ‘equal masses are removed and the period
7, is found when the dise alone is vibrating. Then,
240 chy
T=
