classification of organic compounds

Organiccompoundth

I
v r
cyclic
Acyclic aliphatic
i to
Homocylic Heterocyclic TI
carbocyelic D
Alagelic
I c
I donate
Alicyclic II Aromatic

E
I
I b
Benzenoid NonBenzenoid

attropolone

saturation
2 Classification based on
OrganecMW

unsaturated
saturated
her
oh r

NHz

It cyclic cyclic
cyclic
cyclic homocyclic hetero hetero
homocyclic
Alicyclic Alicyclic
Alicyclic Alicyclic saturated
unsaturated saturated unsat
Functional Groups An atom Cor group of atoms which decides the characteristic

properties of organic compound

c R X x Fa Bri Alkylhalides
Alkene c cL Alkyne

R N o Ethers RE R
Nitro compounds R noz O
R d
O
R
Aldehydes RLd H Ketones
Alcohols RIo H
dk.int
R tycoon
carboxylic acids

derivatives 40 x FiuBms R cox

A Carboxylic Aage halides 13
Cor
Acid halides
R
Esters Rid Bcook
Anhydrides pic r CR
coho

Amide
q
d9
n.az loAmide P Primary Rconitz

20Amide 20
secondary R cont R
R di WH R
w R F NGr 30Amide 30 Tesitiary Rcontre

cyanide Nitriles
he R c ii RCN
H
A Amines R nd H RNHz

20 RNHR 30 R N R
Io RNHz r

IUPAC Naming of Organic compounds

Rootword lo suffix I Suffix

General name 20 Prefix t loPrefix
end
p
toe
Inofynthumft cyd

2
jolt ol
methyleyclohex z en i
G cycloproyl 5
F
classification of Canton H atoms It 391
to other carbon
First classification carbon attached
is z 4
Io Primary
20
µ
it eats 20 secondary
d
CHz Caz I To CF 913 so tertiary
lo e l yoquaternary
CHz foltz
atoms 15
noof Primary 4
secondary H
atoms z T 4

Tertiary H
quaterary H
atoms z
atoms X
AT I

sat unsaturation carbon atomsCsp3high next to

Second classification un mum
carbon are called
Xx vinylic
cHz cHz vinylic
Cartons I 1
unsat sat
Allylic carbon

double bondsp
is a partof
carbonwhich
Ffi
onsbnM carbonatomCspshigh nextto Phenylic
Ymcaeiedhidg.TT
carbon
are called Benzylic
qyy Carbon

Phenylic ifany H atoms

Find 10 I 30 Vinylic allylic Benzylic Benzylic Phenix
Vinyl Allylic
I I I
I 2 4
a x 9 z

b
dye
c

d IN
e
I
 atoms known as functional
Third classification Based on an atomCoD group of groups
yH f It It c i a c z p c 33
S c s c ca

P
Ace z 2 O

V.ec
3 4 diketones
I p xf p
jrqd
p
P

ketoaldehydes

INK µ f
cont
dhydroxyacids
yf afoet p
ketoesters

f
Koµ
a
p
ketoacids

ont

wit
d
xcooH

aminoacidstourth
Classification I Alkye alkane Itf cismeth

In chains
open Alkenyl

Alkynyl x
x
HiEs a t Epnmi
T X IEI foo
if
meiny ethyl ae ftp.CHIT.z zobutye tertbutyl tbu
at

3 I

G Ty Yy v
city city Catan

Iso alkyl
tTf
Hobutyl
n butyl
tenbutyl
x
soso.pz.ge segpsopye
at
chef
ats data

Ijf
tsohy.be

1
 poup

eopenni
rt
y Neoalkyl

Alkenyl groups

Ffg
u 2 o
Pentane
R a

alkenyl
fg
gmyss
Pense
r

Alkynyl
if y
f
Cyclic hydrocarbon groups

Eff phenyl
o toye
f 4 cydobutye

Ny
cyclopropyl

R CHL
y Alkylidenegg

muffins
dnechlom d
CHz atfkddo.ee
I
Benzo
CHEK Bengal
Benzyl

d
cake
Benzochloride
Benzylchloride Bengalchloride
 IUPAC naming of Organic compounds

A name consists
of three parts Prefix word root suffix
u
Prefin are of two types secondary Primary

suffix are of two types secondary Primary

orderof naming seeprefix Pri prefix wordroot Psisuffix Secsuffix
To we Ts
For Egs

Ho
zf
s g
y o

see prefix Idea about number name and position of branches

Psi Prefix the natureof principle carbon chain cyclic or acyclic
describes
wordroots describes the no of carbon atoms in the principle carbonchain
PsiSuffix describes the nature of C C boyds single double or triple
Secsuffix describe the natureino position of functional groups

Learning Secondary Prefix Egs

12 Befilm
Sec dimethyl 1 butane
g s zz
CHzCme methyl
Hmt
CHzCHz CEt Alkyl
3 ethyl 2methyl pentane
R written with alphabetical precedence
halo
x
nitro V 2
N2
onitritov f 3 2,3diethyl in dimethyl 1 cyclohexane
ONO nitroso T Br
No a
Arnim
Naz
5
Inz 2 l
2 bromo hchloro pentane

N2et NO z chloro
hexane
InkIce
4
2 Nitroso
3 ethyl 2chloro 3ethyl3
methyl
B methyl unitro z nitrosoheyane
h Nitro
Learning Primary Prefix
Noof closedchains PrePrefix
in Principlechain
Zero
one cyclo
two bicycle
Poly polycyub

Note PP is written justbefore the word root It is absent in openetains

Learning word Roots
No of carbon atoms wordroof Noof carbonatoms woodroot
1 Meth it UndecU
U
2 Eth 12 dodec
3 tridec
4
Poop
but
13
14 letoadee I
5 Pent 20 Escort I
6 here 30 Tricont U
7 kept 40 Tetracont
8 out 50 Pentacont'T
9 non Go hexacont
10 Dec

Learning
mm Primary
mm suffix bonds
Nature Pn suffix
Nature of C c bonds Prisuffix of C c
many CCTC bonds polyene
ane

I'III c
see
Two C CTLbonds diene T

pent 2 eneVW
µ s5
pent 3 ene
Note Position double or triple bond must be mentioned
of

ings s

6 Hex 1,3 diene

I s
IIl s
en yen
Hex i en 3yue
z 5

6 Hex 3 en tyne
Inf
is 5

heading qdaey pmf

ofthe
hmtueemmmgoemsthepooputi.es'm
Cor
molecule
ofthe
reactions is molecule known
structural unit set suffix SecPrefix
g d aegroy
 aedemedipoupjweeueeneeueereof
structural une Hh f
uphuric Soza Sulphonic acid Sulphony
acid VCH OH
Carboxylicacid carboxy Ege
carbonylic COOH
coicacid ud ou propane i 2,3 theol
hydride c O c neuyexuyeoic anhydride I g
Ilo il e
CHz OH Seosuffix
o alkonycarbonyl
c or oate
ester 11 11 22 u
c H
o c CH
H 333
haloformyl
c x oyehalide 1 are
a Formyl
uphalides
o if
amide Carbamoyle
Amides c MHz
11
o
nitrileloyanide cyano
cyanide CEN
0 gsonitrile Moyano methanesulphonicacid
isocyanide NEC formyeconaldo CHz Soza
Aldehydes CHO al
4th 00 COOH
ketones C one ethanedioic acid
lo hydronyl cook
alcohols
OH ol
thiol mercapto
hioalcohols
SH
ethers do d alkonyalkane

alkene ene
me
ane
I 1 I
tow to write the IUPAC nomenclature Lowe carbonn.iohaving a branch

Task2 How to select principalfroot carbonchain con multiple bondscomfunctional

Task2 How to ne the carbon chains groups is known as hocann

Selection
of principal chain is divided into two sections
I Compounds having functional groups
I In alkanes we need to take the longest carbon chain as
principal carbon chain
a z
i
a fi
s
ix
n
3 isthe rootchain
Namei 3s dimethylheplane Name methyecyclopropa
Ie 3 methyl
hexane

Name cyclopropyebulane
I Name i methyl a
m
En p
propyecyclopropane
I name z
Ee
I i
cyceopropyebame
 CH CAZ
µ
z s
Name z mange i cyclopropye Name 1 cyclohexyleth tene
e p
Names i ethye zpropyl cyclopropane
propane cyclohexylethene
3many l'Ineenmeh
nBu 13 if iene
Iz h z n
s
n
l
r
trueIncaseofmultiple bondspresent
3 s
o weneedtotakenumberingacrosslowestset
I
n Bu ofbraneseven if lowestsetofbuntrule
name 2 methylpenlene is voicated
Name dibutyebut1.3diene Name
2,3 3 methyecyaohexenes

wles
i Highest no in theprinciple chain
of carbonatomsbranches If two chains having samelengththen the
chain having highestng of mustbeprincipalchain
0 Highest of functional groups must bepresent on the principle chain even if the
no chain isshorter
branchesmust be with lowestset ne's
Lowest set
of locants numbering
of of
0 In multiple bonds then multiple
bonds must be at lowestnumber although it
voilates lowest locant rule
x cuz cito
CHZOH ich CHO
I at emo
I 2cm CHO l
cuz ca
f I
scaz Cito
y Name Propane iris
carbaldehyde

dial
Neame
cyclohexylmethanol
3 formyepenlane i s
Name cuzcoat

Exa
mples To solve Nomenclature
of alkanes fatda cont
citzcoat
I e Cazen
N i
ayow
citzen
chain
carbon
Longest vcomplexside be
also
chainmust
numbered
t tetsamethyepropyl 5 i i dimethydelhyenonane
g ii 2,2
a

ethyl
cyclopropane

Nomenclature
of Alkenes Alkynes

But2ene
Familymene
Prop 2 diene p s consecutive
pibonds system
cHz c cHz guqin
c c c c c c

Familymene

cHz c c CHz But 1,2 3 tiene

 conjugated ds
I bon alterate
pibonds system
Xx But 1,3 diene
c c c c c c c
z
X pent 1,3diene
4 methyl
s

4 but 1ene
2 methyl
I z

a y soipids non alternative pibondscom pibonds

pent i u diene farfromeachother
3 5 c c c c c c c

diene
cyclohex 1,3
5 u 3
Terminating alkyne carbonwhich has s H atompresent
areluminalalkynes
Ethyne g Ioterminalalkyne

1 Butyne
alkynecanonswhichdoesn'thaveany
cuzcuzc c H
atom areinternal alkynes
ganiunaeau.gr
a a a But 2 Me c antennae
alkynes

case c ca
z u en
pent l en hthe sqdoublebond triple are at equivalent positionsthen
s doublebond is givenmoresenioritypreference based on
2 u alphabeticalorder
Hex u en l gene
s s heaviersimilargroups on oppside
heavier similargroups on adjside
a cis
giraris
f 3
u
Trans cyctode.ee Iv oppside Tears adjside Is

Cis cyclodecene
f I
as But 2 ene

Trans But 2 ene

 Alkyl groups
CHsatzcHz propyl isopropyl
City methyl cats ethyl cHz c
et CPD po secpoop
Cme
2so see Cor
CHzeltzeltzatz i Butye cuzcuzGH
e Secbutyl x imethyed
cuz cos
Bu s Bu Imethyepropyl
CHz
Caz
CHz d o tertbutyl CH d cha i neopentge
WN
cazga
3
CHz
iff da t't
2 methylpropye CtBu

e Methylene cHz Methylidene ca CHz Ethylidene n

Ma cyclopropycidene

cha
e
CHIC cha Peropargge
cHzcH vinyl cheat cHz
o
Allyl or prop 2engl Cor
prop z ynye
ethenge

Benzye Ph Bengal Dh d Benzo

of Ph 14 phenyl PheHz

Alkanesi X trobulane n X isopentane i 4 neopentane XX isooctane

citz
cazD
isobutylene isoprene
ethylene CH cH cHz Propylene z
Enes atzcHz
F styrene

Alkynesi at cH Acetylene

citzcHz ethylenedichloride citylife

chloride CHdz chloroform
Alkyehalides caza methyl ee u Elhylidenechlo

chloride
isopropyl Xd e chloride
isobutye

CHECH cited Allylchloride

see butyechloride cite.ca d vinylchloride

Cord Benzylchloride

curls
Chart methylalcohol
woodspirit CHzatsort ethylalcohol
CHzOH CHzoH
glycol
titzon CHOH i glycerol
ditzOH
Tew good IUPAC cases
names di firstand needto
alphabetically comes
3,5diethylheplane note
y G dimethylethyl beconsidering when it is in
brackett
D L
j
dimethylnonane
dimethyedhye 2,7
o
4,6 Fischl
2 9 Y
Note when comparing methyl methylethye we mustwritemethylfirst

3 XX Octa 1,3DienFyne

4 4bromo 2 i 2 dimethyl
propyl 3mdhyehexai.esdiene

s
5
Ly
n z
hexatisdiene
3methylene

z u
6 s 3Elhenylpentahadione

7 5 3 ethynyepenta nudiene

8 3,3dimethyl 4 Gmethylpropylidendoet 7 entyne

g

9 I 2 bromo 3 chloropentye cyclobutene

1.6 dimethylcyclohexane

1 3 Cyclobut 2engl cyclohexane

12 5 Gchlorocyclohex3enyecyclohexa 1,3diene
a

B a no l bromo 5chloro 4 cyclohex zenye 3nibiocyclohexene

 n s
ID
al Moz G cyclohexa 2 u dienyl l nitrocyclohexa 1,3diene
spy 2
4
13
d
ou Caeyou
b Pent 4 ene i2,3triol
bit

b 3 Ethyl 5 methylene out 7 en z ol

al H 117g

i Toit
Coot
1
17 coat
4 f carbonypropylheptane13,5tricarbonyeie acid
I
1
Hoa cont

F
is T fmethyl2propenye 3chloropenta 2,4dienoate

9 one Methylpentanedioate

me j dimethylpentanedioaltx

Pd
o
f cyclobutanecarbonylie anhydride

o
21
Co
K
Butanedioic anhydride

22 Eo E 2methyl 3ethylpentanoic 2 methylpropanoie anhydride

t
z n cao
23 Ho g Nds
s
o
hye 7osw.heptanoicacid
6me
o
z n cao
s
MX Gformyenomanoicacid
zu Ho g
o
s s t 9 o I r alkonyony
gook
alkonycarbonye

zag Ho d 4 carboxamidobutanoic acid

igjNH2 with walkylamido
g
2cg a_ oy
o
5chloro 6 chlorofoemylpent 2enoicacid
methonycarbonyl
my I pi alkanoylamino

o u c ome
n z s n s I ci e c
27 Ho cI c c cl c cs t s g G chloro u ethanogeony 7 methonycarbonylnon 8enoicacid
o e me ethanoyeony
no
 goat
28
TY
X wit goats
3 ethanoylamino 5 n methylamido cyclohexanecarboxylicacid
Ctb NH ff
2 MeoEg g g Eoffoet Helhyllsmethyl 2hydroxypentanedioate

30
i achloro Bicycle13,2Doetane
g
3D 7 chlorobicydofz.nl kept5ene 2carboxylicacid

32 3chloeobicydok3co undee 2enelocarb

aldehyde
su
z
a

33 g spiro 5 u deca 3 G dienecarboxylicacid

at
3D 02N N2
z y G trinitrophenol Picnicacid
no

35
f Benzonitrile Cor Benzenecarbonitrile

cod Amore acceptedsome

3D Benzoyl chloride CoD Benzenecarbonylchloride

you
37
ont
4 bromo 3 hydronybenoylchloride

Br

38 Mt 2 hydronybenzoic acid salicylic acid

oh
Exceptional

toluene or methyl
benzene bothaccepted IUPAC
za

Go Hs Acetophenone
 Nita
41 _oH3 otoluidene
o
na c cuz
42 Acetanilide

43 49430 Benzophenone
enclature of halogen derivatives

tural unit
g A
5 propyloet yne
2
AC name Haloal
kanes

mon name
supr chloride
Chloromethane methyl
CHz cl.o
dichloromethane
CHzaz
cHx3 ca cha cats casz
gitaeoform Iodoform
Trichloromethane commonnames Houroform chloroform Bromoform
CHeb coeoness white white yellow
F c Note Followalphabeticalorder if equivalentpositions
s 2chloro a flow
s pentane
s
F d Note FollowLowestLocantrule
4 chloro 2 flown 2methyl
y s pentane

a
f i achloropropye cyclohexane
u f z

2Bromo 2chlorobutane
ten
Br
a
2,3 dichlorobuti ene
i gun
p
d
Br
l Bromo 3chloro 5iodo
Ifly d
cyclohexane
o

u
l y Br g Bromo lchloro 3iodocycloheyane
f II
u

hers
suctural unit o d f
0 c methonybenzene Anisole
IUPAC name ilene e methwepng.ae

Methonymethane
0
a E

Methonyethane
tizz
Elhonyethane
Moz
2 ethony 3methyl 3
nitropentane
 Nomenclature
of
Alcohols
Egf ID of 2OH
okHjoH
ethane i 2 did
i cHzoH Methanol
unit H
structural
go µ
Ethanol
ol il CH34120 icHzort
Sec suffix y propane
µyany wµ
yup name
OH ioditzott
lo
ont ont OH methyebut 2 en l ol
Vi i 120 3 methyepentane
did 2,4
vD z
i 2 p s
cyclohexane i 2 diol
Ix Fy
at cyclohexane
Viii

carbonylgroups H
Nomenclature
of H
2cyclohexyl
i Pentanal ethanol
11 carbonylgroup 11
cito cyclohexyemetha

Ii coldsupac
µ Aldehyde
s472
H dimethylopentanal
iv 3 cyclohexane

gupto
Alkanat il N
I Ho
2,3 carbaldehyde

Secsuffix al
o
Hexane
iii affine
D 96 he e
Angry
pimp Ketone
One 0
215dime
sec suffix XvHo
ivy.noLys
Hexane 3u
lHkanonl
didhylhexanzuptc
i

H
I i 3dim
vid
III
cyclobulane
Vi 3methyecyclopentanone
cyclohexanone y
o
Ethers No
Alcohols
Ketones no
Priority series
Aldehydes
alporder
01
Alcohol Sec suffix
hydroxy
Sec Prefix

one
Sec suffix oxo
Keltonaldo on
Ketones

Sec Prefix

3 2 Todo
Eg o t
I 1 H o 3hydroxy 2 iodo U onopentanal
5
Xx
bit Ho
o 3hydrony
4 oxo
 6 hydronyheptan al
Ii iu.cydohexen.ge s
onobutanat
i
a
b
s f o

ata ca dimethenye 5 onoheyanae

o a au
ii l
OH 4 Fluoro a
hydronymethyl

z oscohexanat
iv
yµkqH
s n z
o
F lato

o
carbaldehyde
cyclohexane
v u u A 5Hydroxy a ono o
n
Iat H
Il d diNHz N C
di o Pd
i or
cook SSH o rest
Priority order
NH
ER OH SH
o
s 1143
Viii G f 2 chloro n oxo
cyclohexane

How113 a
u Hydroxy 3oxo cyclohexane 1 T.cl carbaldehyde
Vi f coat carbonylicacid
CHO
a
o
o
Hsu 0 0 cyclohexane doc 121134
z sulphony 5 ftp.z.z dioxocyclohexane
Viii
100C
f 80zH carboxylic acid
D of a
carbonylchloride

H 3 onopentane 1,5 dioylchloride

Acidhalido x iii
I 5y 3 until
2
structural
d
oyehalide dioyechloride
Sec suffix 5y 3 C d heptane 1,7
4 Formyl
Prefix
haloformyl iv U 76 Xxl CHO

ethanoylchloride 2 o cyclohexyearbanoylchloride
d z
ee Con
y y
chloride
4oxopentanoye 56 cyclohexyemelhanoyl
Ii
5Inject s chloride
i3
coat propanedioic acid
Methanoic acid
carboxylic acid 0 HCOOH
cont malonic
Formic
structural unit d at
Ethan1,2dioicacid acid
Butane i u dioic
COOH Coat
wotix
sep.gg coat coxalic Cs
cont
Penlan 1,5dioic
acid

HoocEHDzCoolt glyfaricacid
 Foc Haycoat Han 6 dioicacid cont Cis But z en nudioicacid
Adipic acid maleicacid
cont
dioicacid
Trans Bht z en nu
Fumaric acid
you It
Lactic acid
coat
CHz
1at cont

OH
CHz Tartaric acid
cHz _OH
coat
CH CH WH acid
cont acid Cic
Bingo
Butter
CHzatzutzcoost Butyric acid
CHzcooH Acetic acid

Carboxylic acid Anhydride

a
structural unit E o di symmetrical
dP_cH3fj1hnawhu.de
cHzd o

L
Acid anhydride
Sec suffix
Nonsymmetrical
Sec prefix
oH5d GHg
methylbutanoicelhonic anhydride anhydride
19 3 ethanoicpny
o i 3
z y
o
mmanyecyclopentanoicanhydride
2
ufo 20
3

Es 0
or
structural unit
E a to 3 EEE
3
Sep
Mff yummy
Egf
Z
methylpoopanoate
i 3M Me

o 0 dimethyepropanedioate
ii
H o
o
3 one
mo i z

o O
H 5 anelhyl 3 onoheyanoate
Iii
mo Amo
l z 3 y

ethoseycarbonypentinedioate
diethyl a
iv
eto vk.eu
I
oet

04C oet

Ethyloyclohexylcarboxylate
V Il o et

Pd
oet
vi
ethylbenzanoalevi
I LTO CHz o
Phenylethanoate

Amide di NL
structural unit
Sec suffix amide
carbamoyl
Sec Pyfix
O O
O
11 NH Propane diamide
EI NH Ethan my 2

N Ncyclopropyl n methyl
a NH if.FI N methylethanamide µ Ethanamide
22 2 cHz
n
 o
3 t
N ethyl N z dimethylbutanamide
4 a w
12
oxame.de
c Nita o
o 3mdhyecyclohexylcarb
y z
31

Amines
structural formula f NL
Sec prefix amino
Amine
Sec Suffix

3 Nethylnmethyebutanamine
Ege
jfNH2
Pentanamine u MNT
a

eez.ir diamine
heyan
23 n s
a
NHz chintz
Coa Aniline

s Nita cycloheyanamine
TIN Benzeneamine Phenyemethanamine

s
z Benzylaminen
Ni d

structural unit R C N

Sec Prefix Cyano

nitrite zum
Sec Suffix
common
cyanide

Eg non dinitn'he
Hexametrik
ne
µyd
o hyebutane
z ethyez.me
N r l
4yz 2 an
3 pentanecyanide
5

old
s dinitrile
Z
on 3 cyanopentane i
N o 2,3dimethyl NC 1 or
G
yc
l
on
trik
i2,3thicartam
y heyanitrile
Ing propane
Nomenclature
of Bicycle compounds

spirocspiranes
I
Bridged
Fused carbons
a bridged

TH NA Pentane u.eur
Spiro12,2 2 e
52,0
Biagio hexane
heptane
Lrc Bicycloff2,1

DIV HI
Spirou2 heptane
Bicycle 3no heptane

2
metnyebii
yoxa3ch
mneme
a
Da
7
ly
EET
u

Bicycle 3,2ignorant
v

Lrc 4methyespirolu2 heptane

no s o
4.7.71 hip.IT Y.osaewme
KI Ifp EFI
ED 13.2.13
Bicycle
octane

FYI g memyeisicyaolz.si

of
amethyebicyuolz.z.isheptane
s
s

pijoio.no
of Aromatic compounds
pmainaneta
Nomenclature
benzene
42dimethyl 1.3 dimethylbenzene
methylbenzene Coxylene m xylene
Toluene
No I 24,6trinitromethyebenzene
i 3,5 trimethylbenzene
mesitylene
5 Nitrobenzene i
TF
Noa
ftp.nitootohiene or TNT

EE's Yining
m poi Yan
ne
EE c.mtn

2 mdhyotfydronybenzene

outs Methonyaniline
hydronybenzene ftp phenol
g Phenol omethyl
cresol
 at i z dihydrony
OH i u dihydroxy TH ato Tt na Tt no
at benzene TOI benzene f 2hydrony HE Oamino
phenol Me
catecoe 1 quinol benzaldehyde gnitrosophenol
OH 2 aminohydroaybenzene
salicyealdehyde

1,3 dihydroxy
ptg benzene
Resorcinol
3 Acetophenone
shfysenhebMM Phenetole

cumene
cont Isophthalicacid
Totty phthalicacid f
Detent Benzoicacid coat
Fof T
Benzophenone

METH Anthranalicacid zufj won

METIjfahjosw.fimatidyj7
Terepihalicacid ge
ftp o

at
N2 N't2 Benzamide
Pyrogallol s Y picricacid
Toy
adsorboz nos

o cyanobenzene f Nitrobenzene

f halobenzene

at at
t
Naptualene
d Napthol i
p naplhol

Phenanthracene
Anthracene i
Tg