ECE-281 PROJECT REPORT

ON
Arduino Project – Ultrasonic-Based Radar
System

Submitted By-:

Moh Sahil Khan (12200212)

Manjeet Kumar (12200996)
Tarun Manotra (12202034)
In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the degreeof

“Bachelor Of Computer Application”

School Of Computer Application

Lovely professional University
Phagwara,Punjab

1
 DECLARATION
We Manjeet Kumar, Tarun Manotra, Moh Sahil khan students of
Bachelor of Computer Application under the Department of Electronics and Communications
Department of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declares that all
the information furnished in this project in this report is based on our own
intensive research and is genuine. This project is done to the best of our
knowledge, contain part of our work which has been submitted for the award
of our degree either from this university or any other university without
proper citation.

………………………………………….
Moh Sahil Khan 12200212

………………………………………….
Manjeet Kumar 12200996

………………………………………….
Tarun Manotra 12202034

2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are sincerely thankful to all those people who have been assisting us in the making of
the project. We would like to
acknowledge with thanks the kind of patronage, and loving inspiration. DR.
Manwinder Sir gives and timely guidance.
And we would also like to express our sincere thanks to all the faculties
whose teaching gave us conceptual understanding and clarity of
comprehension, which ultimately made the work of theproject easier.
Last but not least we pay a deep sense of gratitude to our
friends who have been a constant source of inspiration and support and their
valuable advice for the preparation of this project

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. Abstract 5

2. Introduction 6-8

3. Principle or Methodology 9-10

4. Architecture of project 11

5. Components required 12-14

6. Working 15-18

7. Code 19-24

8. Output 25-26

9. Advantages& conclusions 27-28

10. References 29-31

4
 ABSTRACT

Radar is an object detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction,
or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles,
weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves
which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or
antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.
The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy, air-
defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radar start locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anti-
collision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems;
meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile target
locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological observations. High tech radar systems are
associated with digital signal processing and can extract useful information from very high noise levels.
The Arduino based project requires an ultrasonic sensor, the sensor released the waves which we want to
measure the distance of a object. The microcontrollers of the Arduino board canbe programmed using C
and C++ languages. When a code is written in Arduino UNO IDEsoftware and connected to the board
through a USB cable, Arduino boards have lot of applications in the present-day scenario, so we have
decided to do a small project onthem.

5
 INTRODUCTION

Defining Arduino: An Arduino is actually a microcontroller-based kit which can be either used directly
by purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home using the components, owing to its open source
hardware feature. It is basically used in communications and in controlling or operating many devices.
1. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
2. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects
to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,
artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and experts alike.
3. Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As
soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new
needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT
applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are
completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually
adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is opensource, and it is growing
through the contributions of users worldwide.

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 1.1. How to program an Arduino?

The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify, upload, new, open, save, serial
monitor. It also consists of a text editor to write the code, a message area which displays the feedback like
showing the errors, the text console which displays the output and a series of menus like the File, Edit,
Tools menu. Thus the code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the microcontroller.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

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1.1. ULTRASONIC SENSOR

As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves. The sensor
head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic
Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the emission and
reception.
An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic
element for both emission and reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator
emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately. This enables miniaturization of the sensor head.
Distance calculation

The distance can be calculated with the following formula:

Distance L = 1/2 × T × C

Where L is the distance, T is the time between the emission and reception, and C is the sonic speed.
(The value is multiplied by 1/2 because T is the time for go-and-return distance.) Features
The following list shows typical characteristics enabled by the detection
system. [Transparent object detectable]
Since ultrasonic waves can reflect off a glass or liquid surface and return to the sensor head, even
transparent targets can be detected.
[Resistant to mist and dirt]

Detection is not affected by accumulation of dust

or dirt. [Complex shaped objects detectable]
Presence detection is stable even for targets such as mesh trays or springs.

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 PRINCIPLE OR MEDTHODOLOGY

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called a radar signals in predetermined
directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected or scattered in many
directions Example:- let us take example for bat
Bat released the eco sound while travelling .if any object came in middle and it reflect back to the bat

Applications and usages:-

The development of the radar technology took place during the World War II in which it was used for
detecting the approaching aircraft and then later for many other purposes which finally led to the
development of advanced military radars being used these days. Military radars have a highly
specialized design to be highly mobile and easily transportable, by air as well as ground. Military radar
should be an early warning, altering along with weapon control functions. It is specially designed to be
highly mobile and should be such that it can be deployed within minutes.

9
 Here's a summary of how radar works:

• Magnetron generates high-frequency radio waves.

• Duplexer switches magnetron through to antenna.

• Antenna acts as transmitter, sending narrow beam of radio waves through the air.

Radio waves hit enemy airplane and reflect.

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ARCHITECTURE OF PROJECT: -

11
 PROCEDURE

Components Required:

In this project we have used the Arduino and ultrasonic sensor along with the jumping wires and the relay
motors and details list of the hardware components are
• Arduino board and Arduino cable

• Jumper wires

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Bread board

Ultrasonic sensor

13
Servo motor

16 pin display

Buzzer

LAPTOP

14
 WORKING

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

A. Making On Arduino Board

Since, we believe in learning by doing. So, we decided to make our own Arduino board instead of using
the readymade board. So, the steps required to make an Arduino board are as follows:
Boot-loading an Atmega328 using the Arduino board/AVR Programmer by uploading the boot loader
to the Microcontroller.
Making the connections on a general- purpose PCB, connecting the crystal oscillator, capacitors,
connectors for the connections to Arduino board etc.
Providing the power supply, usually
5 volts. Arduino is Ready to use.
After you have done all this, then only the minimum circuitry like crystal oscillator, capacitors,
connectors, power supply is required to complete the board. The same circuit can be made on the PCB,
either designed or general purpose. Since, Arduino is an Open-Source. Hence, it is easy to make and
can have any enhancements as per the requirements.

B. Connecting Servo Motor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position,
velocity, and acceleration.
A normal servo motor has three terminals:

1. VCC

2. GND

3. PULSE

A servo motor works at normally 4.8 to 6 volts. Ground is provided by connecting it to the Ground of
the Arduino. The total time for a servo motor pulse is usually 20ms. To move it to one end of say 0
degree angle, a 1ms pulse is used and to move it to other end i.e 180 degrees, a 2ms pulse is applied.
Hence, according to this to move the axis of the servo motor to the center, a pulse of time 1.5 ms
should be applied. For this, the pulse wire of the servo motor is connected to the Arduino that provides
the digital pulses for pulse width modulation of the pulse. Hence, by programming for a particular
pulse interval the servo motor can be controlled easily.

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C. Connecting Ultrasonic Sensor:-

An Ultrasonic Sensor consists of three wires. One for Vcc, second for Ground and the third for pulse signal.
The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the servo motor and both of them further connected to the Arduino
board. The ultrasonic sensor uses the reflection principle for its working. When connected to the Arduino,
the Arduino provides the pulse signal to the ultrasonic sensor which then sends the ultrasonic wave in
forward direction. Hence, whenever there is any obstacle detected or present in front, it reflects the waves
which are received by the ultrasonic sensor.
If detected, the signal is sent to the Arduino and hence to the PC/laptop to the processing software that
shows the presence of the obstacle on the rotating RADAR screen with distance and the angle at which it
has been detected.5

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VI. USING PROCESSING SOFTWARE

VII.

Processing is an open source programming language and integrated development environment

(IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the
purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context, and to
serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks. The project was initiated in 2001 by Casey
Reas and Benjamin Fry, both formerly of the Aesthetics and Computation Group at the MIT
Media Lab. One of the stated aims of Processing is to act as a tool to get non-programmers
started with programming, through the instant gratification of visual feedback. The language
builds on the Java language, but uses a simplified syntax and graphics programming models.
VIII. PROBLEMS FACED

A. Making Own Arduino Board

The Arduino boards are available readily in the electronics market, but we decided to make our
own Arduino board instead of buying one. So, the first problem was where to start from to
achieve this goal. Since, all parts on an Arduino board are SMD’s, so we had to find a way to
replace the SMD’s with DIP IC’s and also had to make an AVR programmer in order to pursue
our further work. Hence, it took us some days to determine and plan our course of action.
After that we had to boot load the AVR chip so as to make it compatible with the Arduino

17
IDE software. Hence, we had to find a way to boot load the Arduino using the AVR
programmer. It took us a long time to make the AVR programmer by researching on the type
of communication and architecture of the AVR as it is not as same as a 8051 microcontroller.

Communicating with Arduino through PC

Another major problem related to the Arduino board was the communication with it from PC.
Since, there is a requirement of an RS-232 to TTL conversion for the communication, so try
some methods:
[1] Firstly I used the MAX-232 IC to communicate with the Arduino as with the 8051 but
due to large voltage drop and mismatch in the speed, it failed to communicate.
[2] Next, I tried to use a dedicated AVR as USB to Serial converter as in the original
Arduino board, the difference being DIP AVR used by us instead of the SMD Mega16U2
controller.
But, unfortunately I was unable to communicate through it.

[3] At last I had no other choice but to use the FTDI FT-232R chip for USB to Serial
conversion. Finally IT WORKED!!!

18
PROCESSING SOFTWARE:-

ARDUINO SOFTWARE :-

17
 ARDUINO CODE
#include <Servo.h>
#include
<LiquidCrystal.h>

const int trigPin =

10; const int
echoPin = 11;
const int buzzerPin = 8; // Connect the buzzer
to pin 8Servo myServo;

// Initialize the LCD library with the numbers of the interface

pins LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9);

long
duration;
int distance;

void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin,
INPUT);
pinMode(buzzerPin,
OUTPUT);
myServo.attach(12);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16, 2); // Initialize the display with 16 columns and 2 rows
}

void loop() {
for (int i = 15; i <= 165;
i++) {myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance =
calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(".");

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Distance
: ");
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 lcd.print(distance);
lcd.print(" cm");

if (distance <= 20 && distance >= 0) {

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH); // Turn on
the buzzer
} else {
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW); // Turn off the buzzer
}
}

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 for (int i = 165; i > 15; i-
-) {myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance =
calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(".");
}
}

int calculateDistance() {
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin,
HIGH);distance = duration *
0.034 / 2; return distance;
}

processer code:-
import processing.serial.*; // imports library for serial communication
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent; // imports library for reading the data from
the serial port import java.io.IOException;
Serial myPort; // defines Object Serial
// defubes
variablesString
angle="
";String
distance="";
String data="";
String
noObjec
t;float
pixsDistance;int

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 iAngle,
iDistance;
int
index1=0; int

21
index2=0;
PFon
torcFont; void
setup()
{

size (1200, 700); // ***CHANGE THIS TO YOUR SCREEN RESOLUTION***

smooth();
myPort = new Serial(this,"COM5", 9600); // starts the serial communication
myPort.bufferUntil('.'); // reads the data from the serial port up to the character '.'. So
actually it reads this: angle,distance.
} void draw()
{

fill(98,245,31);
// simulating motion blur and slow fade of the moving line
noStroke(); fill(0,4);
rect(0, 0, width, height-height*0.065);

fill(98,245,31); // green color

// calls the functions for drawing the
radar drawRadar(); drawLine();
drawObject(); drawText();
} void serialEvent (Serial myPort) { // starts reading data from the
Serial Port
// reads the data from the Serial Port up to the character '.' and puts it into the String
variable"data". data = myPort.readStringUntil('.'); data = data.substring(0,data.length()-1);

index1 = data.indexOf(","); // find the character ',' and puts it into the variable "index1"
angle= data.substring(0, index1); // read the data from position "0" to position of the
variable index1 or thats the value of the angle the Arduino Board sent into the Serial
Port distance= data.substring(index1+1, data.length()); // read the data from position
22
"index1" to the end of the data pr thats the value of the distance

23
 // converts the String variables into
Integer iAngle = int(angle); iDistance =
int(distance);
}
void drawRadar() { pushMatrix(); translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); //
moves the starting coordinats to new location noFill(); strokeWeight(2);
stroke(98,245,31);
// draws the arc lines
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.0625),(width-width*0.0625),PI,TWO_PI);
arc(0,0,(width-
width*0.27),(width-width*0.27),PI,TWO_PI); arc(0,0,(width-
width*0.479),(width- width*0.479),PI,TWO_PI); arc(0,0,(width-width*0.687),(width-
width*0.687),PI,TWO_PI);

// draws the angle lines line(-width/2,0,width/2,0); line(0,0,(-

width/2)*cos(radians(30)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(30)));
line(0,0,(
-
width/2)*cos(radians(60)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(60))); line(0,0,(-
width/2)*cos(radians(90)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(90)));
line(0,0,(- width/2)*cos(radians(120)),(-
width/2)*sin(radians(120))); line(0,0,(-
width/2)*cos(radians(150)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(150)));
line((- width/2)*cos(radians(30)),0,width/2,0); popMatrix();
} void drawObject() { pushMatrix(); translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves
the starting coordinats to new location strokeWeight(9); stroke(255,10,10); // red color
pixsDistance = iDistance*((height-height*0.1666)*0.025); // covers the distance from
the sensor from cm to pixels // limiting the range to 40 cms if(iDistance<40){
// draws the object according to the angle and the
distanceline(pixsDistance*cos(radians(iAngle)),-
pixsDistance*sin(radians(iAngle)),(widthwidth*0.505)*cos(radians(iAngle)),-
(width- width*0.505)*sin(radians(iAngle)));
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 }
popMatrix();
} void drawLine() { pushMatrix(); strokeWeight(9);
stroke(30,250,60); translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the
starting coordinats to new location line(0,0,(height-
height*0.12)*cos(radians(iAngle)),-(height- height*0.12)*sin(radians(iAngle)));
// draws the line according to the angle popMatrix();
}

25
void drawText() { // draws the texts on the screen

pushMatrix();
if(iDistance>40) {
noObject
= "Out of Range";
} else { noObject
="In Range";
} fill(0,0,0); noStroke(); rect(0, height-
height*0.0648, width,
height);
fill(98,245,31); textSize(25);

text("10cm",width-width*0.3854,height-height*0.0833);
text("20cm",width- width*0.281,height-height*0.0833);
text("30cm",width-width*0.177,height- height*0.0833);
text("40cm",width- width*0.0729,height-
height*0.0833); textSize(40); text ("Indian Lifehacker ", width-
width*0.875, height-height*0.0277); text("Angle: " + iAngle +" °",
width-width*0.48, height-height*0.0277); text("Distance: ",
width-width*0.26, height-height*0.0277);
if(iDistance<40) { text(" "
+ iDistance +" cm", width-width*0.225, height-height*0.0277);
} textSize(25); fill(98,245,60);
translate((width-
width*0.4994)+width/2*cos(radians(30)),(height-
height*0.0907)width/2*sin(radians(30))); rotate(-radians(-60));
text("30°",0,0); resetMatrix(); translate((width-
width*0.503)+width/2*cos(radians(60)),(height-
height*0.0888)width/2*sin(radians(60))); rotate(-radians(-30));
text("60°",0,0); resetMatrix(); translate((width-

26
width*0.507)+width/2*cos(radians(90)),(height-
height*0.0833)width/2*sin(radians(90))); rotate(radians(0));
text("90°",0,0); resetMatrix();
translate(width-
width*0.513+width/2*cos(radians(120)),(height-
height*0.07129)width/2*sin(radians(120)));
rotate(radians(-30)); text("120°",0,0); resetMatrix();
translate((width-
width*0.5104)+width/2*cos(radians(150)),(height-
height*0.0574)width/2*sin(radians(150))); rotate(radians(-60));
text("150°",0,0); popMatrix();

27
We create a variable analog and assign it to 0.This is because the voltage value we are going to

read is connected to the analog pin is A0. This voltage represents the voltage value falls across

the resistor value we are measuring. Next we create a variable name raw, which we will use to

read in the analog voltage value. This later is our code get assigned to the analogue read ()

function.

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Output: Screenshot

29
30
ADVANTAGES:-
1. The cost effective : our project below 1000rs only.

2. Improvised accuracy: The resistors with low value in milliohms are used in advanced cars
with sensitive power steering and break circuits. Now a days these advancements have
become the major cause for the severe accidents . Therefore the components used in such
circuits must have accurate and precise value for smooth working of such circuits. Ultimately
this refers to the accurate testing of the resistors used. Improvised accuracy is thus the second
primary aim of the sensor.
3. Reduced hardware complexity: Hardware complexity is one of the reasons for the high cost
of the ultrasonic sensor. The use of arduino Uno is to reduce the motherboard present in the
conventional ohmmeter in arduino based ultrasonic sensor. The arduino acts as the central
board. Since arduino are readily available in market it leads to the reduction in the complexity
of the design. The automated range selection is also the objective in order to speedup the
testing process. This will also reduce the faults in range selection in manually operated
conventional sensor.

31
 CONCLUSIONS:-

This project aims on the use of Ultrasonic Sensor by connected to the Arduino UNO R3 board and the

signal from the sensor further provided to the screen formed on the laptop to measure the presence of any

obstacle in front of the sensor as well as determine the range and angle at which the obstacle is detected

by the sensor.

32
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33
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