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9.mode 2

sociology culture media and technology

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38 views4 pages

9.mode 2

sociology culture media and technology

Uploaded by

kumaranmce
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mode 2 KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION

A knowledge production mode is a term from the sociology of


science which refers to the way (scientific) knowledge is
produced.
There are 3 modes of knowledge production

 Mode 1(conceptualization of science as separated into


discrete disciplines)
 Mode 2(working on specific problems with multiple
disciplinary)
 Mode 3(coexistence and co-development of diverse
knowledge and innovation modes in a micro level)

Mode 2:
 The multidisciplinary worked are Michael Gibbons, Camille
Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter
Scott and Martin Trow.
 ‘Mode 2’ knowledge is generated within a context of
application. This is different from the process of application
by which ‘pure’ science, generated in theoretical/
experimental environments, is ‘applied’; any technology is
‘transferred’; and knowledge is subsequently ‘managed’. The
context of application, in contrast, describes the total
environment in which scientific problems arise,
methodologies are developed, outcomes are
disseminated, and uses are defined.
 Multidisciplinary teams are brought together for short
periods of time to work on specific problems in the real
world for knowledge production (applied research) in
the knowledge society.

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Mode 2 KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION
 ‘Mode 2’ characteristic is ‘trans-disciplinarity’, by which is
meant the mobilization of a range of theoretical
perspectives and practical methodologies to solve
problems.
 ‘Mode 2’ is the much greater diversity of the sites at
which knowledge is produced, and in the types of
knowledge produced.
 ‘Mode 2’ knowledge is that it is highly reflexive. The
research process can no longer be characterized as an
‘objective’ investigation of the natural (or social) world, or as
a cool and reductionist interrogation of arbitrarily defined
‘others’.
 5 characteristics of mode 2
 Commercialization of research.
 The development of mass higher education.
 The role of the humanities in the production of
knowledge.
 Globalization.
 To apply the idea of ‘Mode 2’ were the least well
developed.
 Mode 2 can be explained by the way research funds are
distributed among scientists and how scientists focus on
obtaining these funds in terms of five basic features
 Knowledge produced in the context of application
 Transdisciplinarity
 Heterogeneity and organizational diversity
 Social accountability and reflexivity
 Quality control

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Mode 2 KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION
Development of concept
 Gibbons and colleagues argued that a new form of knowledge
production began emerging in the mid-20th century that was
context-driven, problem-focused and interdisciplinary.
 It involved multidisciplinary teams that worked together for
short periods of time on specific problems in the real world.
Gibbons and his colleagues labelled this "Mode 2" knowledge
production.
 He and his colleagues distinguished this from traditional
research, labelled 'Mode 1', which is academic, investigator-
initiated and discipline-based knowledge production.
 In support, Limoges wrote, "We now speak of 'context-driven'
research, meaning 'research carried out in a context of
application, arising from the very work of problem solving and
not governed by the paradigms of traditional disciplines of
knowledge.
 John Ziman drew a similar distinction between academic
science and post-academic science.
 In 2001 Helga Nowotny, Peter Scott and Michael
Gibbons extended their analysis to the implications of Mode 2
knowledge production for society.

Thoughts of Gibbon on Mode 2


 “Mode 2” is associated with a “wider temporary and
heterogeneous set of practitioners, collaborating on
a problem defined in a specific and localised context”.
 Knowledge production is not so tightly bounded by
academia. It is widely diffused, and socially distributed in a
global web of strategic alliances; collaborative agreements
are supported through informal networks and good
communication systems.
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Mode 2 KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION
Attribute Mode 1 Mode 2
Problems By academic In context of application
set/solved community

Motivation Increased Practical goal – useful


understanding
Nature of Disciplinary Transdisciplinary
knowledge Heterogeneity
Homogeneity
Hierarchical/stable Hierarchical/ transient
Quality control - More socially
accountable

End

Anni Karenina.G
M.Arch (gen)

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