Research

Descriptive-Descriptive
research aims to accurately and systematically
describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what,
where, when and how questions, but not why questions. A descriptive
research design can use a wide variety of research methods to
investigate one or more variables.May 15, 2019
Which is an example of descriptive research?
For example you could use descriptive research to understand fashion trends in a given
city when planning your clothing collection for the year. Using descriptive research you
can conduct in depth analysis on the demographic makeup of your target area and use
the data analysis to establish buying patterns.

What is the goal of descriptive research?

The goal of descriptive research is to describe a phenomenon and its characteristics.
This research is more concerned with what rather than how or why something has
happened. Therefore, observation and survey tools are often used to gather data (Gall,
Gall, & Borg, 2007).

What is a descriptive quantitative research?

Descriptive quantitative research is a research method that aims to answer the question
"What is x?" by gathering and analyzing data in the form of numbers. It involves
collecting data through surveys or observational methods to gain information about
individuals' experiences, beliefs, and attitudes.Nob 29, 2023

What is descriptive research in qualitative research?

Qualitative descriptive studies aim to provide a comprehensive summary of events. The
approach to this study design is journalistic, with the aim being to answer the questions
who, what, where and how.

What are examples of descriptive research titles?

 Psychology: "A Descriptive Study of Depression among College Students"
 Education: "Exploring the Impact of Online Learning on Student Motivation: A
Descriptive Analysis"
 Sociology: "A Descriptive Analysis of Social Media Usage among Young Adults"
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Hul 9, 2018

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Experiment-What is Experimental Research? Experimental research is a
study conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables.
The first set acts as a constant, which you use to measure the
differences of the second set. Quantitative research methods, for
example, are experimental.
Four major design types with relevance to user research are experimental, quasi-experimental,
correlational and single subject. These research designs proceed from a level of high validity
and generalizability to ones with lower validity and generalizability.

What are examples of experimental research?

Answer: Examples of experimental research include drug trials, psychology
experiments, and studies testing new teaching methods. These experiments involve
manipulating variables and comparing outcomes to establish causal relationships.Hun 16,
2024

Qualitative research

Quantitative

Correlation-WhatIs Correlational Research? Correlational research is a

type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures
two variables and assesses the statistical relationship (i.e., the
correlation) between them with little or no effort to control extraneous
variables.
What is an example of correlational research study?
Examples include studies looking into the relationship between alcohol consumption
and unemployment, the relationship between academic performance and career
success, or the relationship between income levels and crime. A correlation study will
start by defining the research question.
What is correlational research best for?
Correlational studies, better known as observational studies in epidemiology, are
used to examine event exposure, disease prevalence and risk factors in a
population (Elwood, 2007).

Basic research -Basic

research is defined as “a systematic study directed
toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental
aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific
applications towards processes or products in mind.”
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What are the three types of basic research?
It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory; however, explanatory research is the
most common. Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which
may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and
development in different fields.

What are three 3 key basic research methods?

There are different ways to examine and explain a study and its findings based on using
numbers as a measure, a descriptive style, or a mixture of both. These three research
approaches are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods that are commonly used by
researchers in various research studies.Ago 2, 2022

Historical-Historical
research is a process of collecting and interpreting
data about past events or ideas in order to find how they affected the
present events and ideas. It studies possible reasons behind certain
events to explain their influence on the events that followed.
Applied science-

Applied science
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Applied science is the application of the scientific method and scientific knowledge to attain
practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines, ...
Basic research · Outline of applied science · Bachelor of Applied Science

Cross-sectional design-Cross-sectional
studies are observational studies
that analyze data from a population at a single point in time. They are
often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand
determinants of health, and describe features of a population.

What are the four main types of research?

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 There are four main types of Quantitative research: Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-
Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental Research. attempts to establish
cause- effect relationships among the variables. These types of design are very similar
to true experiments, but with some key differences.

The two major classes of research are:

 Qualitative Research – subjective, seeks a human's experience as a narrative.
 Quantitative Research – objective, seeks to statistically make inferences about a
sample to generalize to the larger population.

THE TWO MAIN RESEARCH TYPES – A

BRIEF OVERVIEW
In this module, we will have a short overview of the two main types of
research before we dive further into learning more about each in detail.

Content includes:

1. Qualitative methods brief introductory overview

2. Quantitative methods brief introductory overview

Objectives:

1. Identify the three main types of qualitative research.

2. Describe the processes of inductive versus deductive reasoning, and the
types of research for both.
3. Distinguish quantitative experimental and nonexperimental research.

Here we go! We are now going to start learning a bit about research.
Remember, research is the underpinning for EBP. Research provides the
evidence, and EBP takes that evidence and embeds it into practice to improve
clinical outcomes.

The two major classes of research are:

 Qualitative Research – subjective, seeks a human’s experience as a narrative

 Quantitative Research – objective, seeks to statistically make inferences
about a sample to generalize to the larger population

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 We need to have a solid understanding of the difference between the two
main types of research before we study the nuances of each.

Three Main Types of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research: Qualitative research is rooted in research that
originated in anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Qualitative research is
not experimental, it seeks to understand the lived experiences in humans and
seeks to understanding meaning, and it is subjective in nature. The
overarching goal of qualitative research is theory-generating. It is an inductive
process (inductive reasoning). Most often, qualitative research features an
interview style. This allows the researcher to ask open-ended questions and
the participants share their experiences and/or explanation of particular
meanings in life.

Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in that:

1. It is completely subjective.
2. It utilizes an inductive (versus deductive) approach.
3. It does not utilize a hypothesis.
4. It generates a theory from the data to explain the social phenomenon that the
researchers were interested in.
5. The researcher is involved with the participants for data collection.
6. The data is analyzed with a thematic nature. That is, themes from the
collected narratives are analyzed to see trends or themes in what the
participants shared.
7. The results are not generalizable to the population.

There are three types of qualitative research designs:

Example:
Keogh and colleagues (2015) used
This type of qualitative grounded theory methods to understand
Grounded research seeks to understand how mental health service users
Theory and describe social transitioned home from a hospital stay.
psychological processes. The researchers found that the core
variable was the patients’ management of
preconceived expectations.

Phenomenology This is concerned with the Example:

lived experiences of humans. Tornoe and colleagues (2015) used a
phenomenological approach in their
study of nurses’ experiences with spiritual
and existential care for dying patients in a

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 general hospital.

Example:
This is concerned with
Sandvoll and colleagues (2015) used
learning about patterns and
ethnographic methods to explore how
lifeways of cultural groups.
nursing home staff members managed
Ethnography Often these researchers go to
unpleasant resident behaviors in two
the culture itself (fieldwork) to
public nursing homes in Norway.
interview the participants in
their natural settings.

Inductive versus Deductive Reasoning

The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that
inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning
aims at testing an existing theory.

Think of inductive (theory producing) as to qualitative research and

deductive (theory testing) as to quantitative research.

Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad

generalizations, and deductive reasoning the other way around.

Both approaches are used in various types of research, and it’s not
uncommon to combine them in one large study.

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 Deductive (quantitative)
and Inductive (qualitative) Approaches to Research

Knowledge to application link.

Here is a qualitative study in which the researchers conducted interviews in order to

obtain the subjective perspectives of the participants.

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 Chen et al, 2010

Quantitative Experimental and Nonexperimental

Research.
Quantitative Research: In quantitative research, the goal is to utilize the
statistical data to generalize results to the population studied. Some key
features include utilizing the statistics to help answer the clinical question and
determine whether the hypothesis is indeed statistically supported.

There are two main types of quantitative research:

1. Experimental: In experimental research, the researcher introduces an

intervention or treatment.
2. Non-Experimental: In non-experimental research, the researcher does not
introduce an intervention or treatment, but instead acts as a bystander.
Meaning, they collect data without introducing a treatment.

We will explore those two types in much detail in the next module.

Quantitative research differs from qualitative research in that:

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1. It is completely objective.
2. It utilizes a deductive (versus inductive) approach.
3. It utilizes a hypothesis(es).
4. It tests a theory.
5. The researcher is usually not directly involved with the participants for data
collection in order to minimize bias.
6. The data is analyzed statistically in order to generalize results to the larger
population.

Knowledge to application link.

Experimental Research: In the following article, the researchers introduced an

intervention, which was a “Program for Enhancing the Positive Aspects of Caregiving”
(a particular education program).

Pankong et al, 2018

Knowledge to application link.

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Non-experimental Research: In the following article, the researchers did not introduce
an intervention or treatment. They handed out surveys for the participants to complete
about their activity and depression levels.

Haedtke et al, 2017

Video: Qualitative Types and Experimental/Nonexperimental Research

Hot Tip! Do not let nonexperimental research trick you into thinking it is
qualitative in nature just because it does not utilize an intervention.

In summary, there are two main approaches to research designs: Quantitative

and qualitative. They each seek to answer questions, but quantitative

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 research is meant to generalize its findings to the population whereas
qualitative research seeks to understand phenomenon and develop theories
about the human lived experiences.

References & Attribution

“Light bulb doodle” by rawpixel licensed CC0

“Orange flame” by rawpixel licensed CC0.

Chen, P., Nunez-Smith, M., Bernheim, S… (2010). Professional experiences of

international medical graduates practicing primary care in the United
States. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(9), 947-53.

Haedtke, C., Smith, M., VanBuren, J., Kein, D., Turvey, C. (2017). The
relationships among pain, depression, and physical activity in patients with
heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 32(5), E21-E25.

Pankong, O., Pothiban, L., Sucamvang, K., Khampolsiri, T. (2018). A

randomized controlled trial of enhancing positive aspects of caregiving in Thai
dementia caregivers for dementia. Pacific Rim Internal Journal of Nursing
Res, 22(2), 131-143.

RESEACH
the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions.
"we are fighting meningitis by raising money for medical research"

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of

existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new
concepts, methodologies and understandings . This could include synthesis
and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and
creative outcomes.

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