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Multiplexing (Channel Sharing) in Computer Network

Multiplexing (Channel Sharing) in Computer Network

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51 views9 pages

Multiplexing (Channel Sharing) in Computer Network

Multiplexing (Channel Sharing) in Computer Network

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ezekiel nyamu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multiplexing (Channel Sharing)

in Computer Network
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multiplexing-channel-sharing-in-
computer-network/

Last Updated : 22 Apr, 2024



Multiplexing means multiple sources but one link. An alternative approach


is a Direct point-to-point connection, but it has several problems as it
requires an I/O port for each device, a need line for each device, and also
a large amount of wiring needed if on different floors. Instead, if we use a
multiplexer approach then all devices are connected to MUX and one line
to the host, the link carries multiple channels of information and several
lines equal to the number of lines out.

Why Multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the sharing of a medium or bandwidth. It is the process in
which multiple signals coming from multiple sources are combined and
transmitted over a single communication/physical line. Multiplexing in
computer networks is done using a device Multiplexer called MUX that
takes ‘n’ input lines to generate a single output line. On the other hand,
there is a device called DEMUX(Demultiplexer) that takes a single input
line and generates ‘n’ output lines.

Multiplexing

The ‘n’ input lines shown above are transmitted via a multiplexer and it
combines the signals to form a composite signal. Now, these signals are
passed through DEMUX and it transfers those signals to their respective
destinations.
Types of Multiplexing in Computer
Networks
Multiplexing can be classified as:

 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Types of Multiplexer

1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)


The frequency spectrum is divided among the logical channels and each
user has exclusive access to his channel. It sends signals in several
distinct frequency ranges and carries multiple video channels on a single
cable. Each signal is modulated onto a different carrier frequency and
carrier frequencies are separated by guard bands. The bandwidth of the
transmission medium exceeds the required bandwidth of all the signals.
Usually, for frequency division multiplexing analog signaling is used in
order to transmit the signals, i.e. more susceptible to noise. Assignment of
non-overlapping frequency ranges to each user or signal on a medium.
Thus, all signals are transmitted at the same time, each using different
frequencies.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

The multiplexer is attached to the high-speed communication line. The


frequency spectrum is divided up among the logical channels where each
user hangs onto a particular frequency. The radio spectrum is an example
of the media and the mechanism for extracting information from the
medium.

Advantages of FDM

 The process is simple and easy to modulate.

 A corresponding multiplexer or de-multiplexer is on the end of the


high-speed line and separates the multiplexed signals.

 For frequency division multiplexing analog signaling is used in order


to transmit the signals.

Disadvantages of FDM

 One problem with FDM is that it cannot utilize the full capacity of the
cable.

 It is important that the frequency bands do not overlap.

 There must be a considerable gap between the frequency bands in


order to ensure that signals from one band do not affect signals in
another band.

2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)


Each user periodically gets the entire bandwidth for a small burst of time,
i.e. entire channel is dedicated to one user but only for a short period of
time. It is very extensively used in computer communication and
telecommunication. Sharing of the channel is accomplished by dividing
available transmission time on a medium among users. It exclusively uses
Digital Signaling instead of dividing the cable into frequency bands. TDM
splits cable usage into time slots. The data rate of transmission media
exceeds the data rate of signals. Uses a frame and one slot for each slice
of time and the time slots are transmitted whether the source has data or
not.

Time Division Multiplexing

There are two types of TDMs which are as follows:

1. Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

2. Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

3. Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing

4. Interleaving Time Division Multiplexing

Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing: It is synchronous because


the multiplexer and the de-multiplexer have to agree on the time slots.
The original time-division multiplexing. The multiplexer accepts input from
attached devices in a round-robin fashion and transmits the data in a
never-ending pattern. Some common examples of this are T-1 and ISDN
telephone lines. If one device generates data at a faster rate than other
devices, then the multiplexor must either sample the incoming data
stream from that device more often than it samples the other devices or
buffers the faster incoming stream. If a device has nothing to transmit,
the multiplexor must still insert a piece of data from that device into the
multiplexed stream.
Synchronous TDM

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing: It is a time-division but on-


demand rather than fixed, rescheduling links on a per-packet basis and
packets from different sources interleaved on the link. It allows the
connection of more nodes to the circuit than the capacity of the circuit.
Works on the premise that not all the nodes will transmit at full capacity
at all times. It must transmit a terminal identification i.e destination id no.
and may require storage. A statistical multiplexer transmits only the data
from active workstations. If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted
on the multiplexed stream. It accepts the incoming data streams and
creates a frame containing only the data to be transmitted.

Statistical TDM

Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing: It is a type of multiplexing,


where the rate of sampling is different and also does not require a general
clock, it is called Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing. Asynchronous
TDMs have generally low bandwidth. In case when there is nothing to
transmit, this type of TDM gives its time slot to other devices.

Interleaving Time Division Multiplexing: Interleaving TDM can be


taken as two switches rotating at high speed, one on the multiplexing and
the other on the demultiplexing surface. These switches can also be
rotated in the reverse direction. At once, when it leaves the surface of
multiplexing and releases at the surface of de-multiplexer, it is called
Interleaving.

3. Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM)


It is the same as FDM but applied to fibers, only the difference is that here
the operating frequencies are much higher actually they are in the optical
range. There’s great potential for fibers since the bandwidth is so huge.
Fibers with different energy bands are passed through a diffraction grating
prism. Combined on the long-distance link and then split at the
destination. It has got high reliability and very high capacity.

Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM)

It multiplexes multiple data streams onto a single fiber optic line. Different
wavelength lasers(called lambdas) transmit multiple signals. Each signal
carried on the fiber can be transmitted at a different rate from the other
signals.

 Dense wavelength division multiplexing: It combines many (30, 40,


50, or more) channels onto one fiber. DWDM channels have a very
high capacity and it keeps on improving.

 Coarse wavelength division multiplexing: It combines only a few


lambdas. In this, channels are more widely spaced and are a
cheaper version of DWDM.

Some Other Types of Multiplexing


There are some more types of multiplexing that are discussed here.

1. Code Division Multiplexing

It is a type of multiplexing where each code is distributed among different


spectrums so that each one of them can work at the same time
simultaneously. It is also called Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
CDMA makes use of spectrum technology along with analog-to-digital
conversion(ADC). It is thus used by various radio communication
technologies. Mainly, it is used for mobile communication.

Advantages of Code Division Multiplexing

 It provides enhanced data communication capabilities.

 It does not compress the bandwidth of other frequencies.

2. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a digital


communication technique initially developed for use in cable television
systems. OFDM is similar to the broadcasting technique known as
frequency division multiplexing (also known as FDM), which uses a
multitude of transmitters and receivers to send information on different
frequencies over a single wire, such as an electrical power cable.

OFDM vs FDM

Uses of OFDM
 OFDM is used in Digital radio, Digital Radio Mondiale, digital audio
broadcasting, and satellite radio.

 OFDM is used in Wired data transmission.

3. Space Division Multiplexing

Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) is the combination of Frequency


Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). It
basically means that a particular channel is used against a particular
frequency band for some time.

Advantages of Space Division Multiplexing

 It provides a high data transmission rate.

 Some Passive Optical Network (POV) implementations use SDM.

Advantages of Multiplexing
 Multiplexing allows the efficient usage of computer resources.

 Multiplexing is Cost effective

 Frequency Divison Multiplexing allows simultaneous transmission of


multiple signals

 Time Division Multiplexing is used for Fair Resource Allocation that is


each device is allocated a specific time band for their transmission.

 Code Division Multiplexing is used to increase the security so that


only authorized user can access data.

 Multiplexing also provide scalability.

Disadvantage of Multiplexing
 It increase the complexity of the system

 There is a problem of SPoF(Single Point of Failure) that means if


there is failure in singel point than the entire system become fails.

 This is not fault tolerant.

Previous Year GATE Question


Q.1: Let us consider a statistical time division multiplexing of
packets. The number of sources is 10. In a time unit, a source
transmits a packet of 1000 bits. The number of sources sending
data for the first 20 time units is 6, 9, 3, 7, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 1, 10,
7, 5, 8, 3, 6, 2, 9, 5 respectively. The output capacity of
multiplexer is 5000 bits per time unit. Then the average number
of backlogged of packets per time unit during the given period is
[GATE IT 2007].

(A) 5

(B) 4.45

(C) 3.45

(D) 0

Solution: Correct Answer is (B).

For detailed explanation, refer to GATE | Gate IT 2007 | Question 60.

Frequently Asked Questions on Multiplexing


– FAQs
Which modulation technique is used in CDMA?

Spread Spectrum multiple access is the technique, which is achieved by 2


techniques namely, Direct sequence (DS) modulation and frequency
hopping (FH)

Multiplexing can be used in both wired and wireless


networks. Is it true?

Yes multiplexing can be used in wired and wireless medium.

Security can be improved with multiplexing.True or Flase?

True, but multiplexing itself is not secure but it provide security to


network.

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