Math Assignment - Unit 1

Class: Math 1201

School: University of the People
June 27, 2024
This assignment assesses your skills/knowledge on identifying functions, the domain and range,
using functions to calculate the rate of change and extrema, and interpret the graphs of
functions.
In order to model real-world scenarios and transformations with limits, it's important for us to
understand functions, domains, and ranges. Additionally, proficiency in rate of change and
slopes helps with analyzing dynamic processes and data trends. Knowledge of extrema enables
us to optimize problem-solving and time management. With this understanding, please answer
the following questions and show stepwise calculations. Please explain your reasoning
wherever necessary.
You are required to complete all the 5 tasks in this assignment. When you are instructed to
make a graph in this assignment, please use GeoGebra graphing tool.

Task 1. Interpret the following graph in detail:

(i) Identify the domain and range.

The domain of the function is all real numbers except for x=2. This is because the function
approaches positive and negative infinity as x approaches 2 from either side, and so there is no
output value for x=2. The range of the function is all real numbers greater than or equal to −5.
This is because the function never goes below −5, and it reaches every value greater than or
equal to −5 at least once.
(ii) Does this graph represent a function and a one-one function. Why/Why not? Provide a
detailed explanation/justification.
No, this graph does not represent a function. A function is a relation between two sets, where
each element in the first set (the domain) is paired with exactly one element in the second set
(the range). In other words, for any given input value (x-value), the function must output exactly
one corresponding output value (y-value). However, in the graph you sent me, there are several
places where the same input value has two different output values. For example, at x=−1, the
function outputs both 1 and −5. Since a function cannot have two different outputs for the same
input, this graph does not represent a function.
The graph also does not represent a one-to-one function. A one-to-one function is a function
where each element in the range is paired with exactly one element in the domain. In other
words, for any given output value (y-value), the function must output exactly one corresponding
input value (x- value). However, in the graph you sent me, there are several places where the
same output value has two different input values. For example, the output value −5 is produced
by both x=−1 and x=3. Since a one-to-one function cannot have two different inputs for the
same output, this graph does not represent a one-to-one function.

Task 2. Before working on this task 2, please read the following readings:
Reading section 1.2 Functions of the following textbook will help you in understanding the
concepts better.
Yoshiwara, K. (2020). Modeling, functions, and graphs. American Institute of Mathematics.
https://yoshiwarabooks.org/mfg/colophon-1.html;
Imagine that the export of Avocados from Indonesia is described by the
relation where 'P' denotes the production of ten thousand Avocados in the country.
On the basis of the above scenario, answer the following questions:

(i) Draw the graph of E(P). (Use GeoGebra graphing tool for drawing the graphs

iii) Using the graph:

(ii) Determine if E(P) is a function of P. If yes, find the domain and range.
Based on the graph, it appears that E(P) is indeed a function of P.
Domain = {x ∈ R | x ≠ -5/7}
Range = {y ∈ R | y > -1}

(iii) If not, how can you make E(P) as a function?

The simplest way is to exclude the problematic point from the domain. This means defining the
Domain = {P ∈ R | P ≠ -5/7}
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Here are some ways to make E(P) a function:
1. Restrict the domain:
function only for real numbers
except
for P = -5/7. Mathematically, the new domain would be:
With this restriction, E(P) becomes a function because it has a unique output for every valid
input value within the defined domain.
2. Modify the formula:
The formula can be modified to avoid the undefined value at P = -5/7. This could involve:
Factoring the numerator and canceling common factors if possible.
Introducing a conditional statement that defines E(P) differently for P = -5/7 compared to other
values.
Using a different mathematical representation of the function that doesn't have the same issue
at P = -5/7.
(iv) Find how much export is done for 70 and 20 thousand of production.
Based on the graph the export for 70,000 units of production is approximately 640,000 and the
export for 20,000 units of production is approximately 240,000.
(v) Additionally, explain here what dependent and independent variables in this problem are.
In this scenario:
The independent variable is P, the production of avocados. This is the variable that you have
control over or you can change. It is independent because its variation does not depend on any
other variable in the experiment. The dependent variable is E(P), the export of avocados. This is
the variable that you measure or observe. It is dependent because its value depends on the
value of the production of avocados. In other words, the export of avocados (E(P)) depends on
the production of avocados (P). The more avocados are produced, the more can be exported,
assuming all other factors remain constant.

Task 3. The following graph compares the length and weight of two types of sea animals.
(i) If the two comparisons meet in the graph, calculate the rate of change of length with respect
to weight in both categories. What do you infer from this?
Based on the graph, here are the coordinates of points C, D, E, and F:
The rate of change of length with respect to weight is represented by the slope of the line. In the
case of the graph, the equation for the blue line is y=x2 and the equation for the green line is
y=5x+6. The slope of the blue line is 2x. The slope of the green line is 5. The lines intersect at
(−1,1) and (6,36). Therefore, the rate of change of length with respect to weight is 2 for the blue
line when the weight is −1 and 12 for the green line when the weight is 6.

(ii) Take any two points on the graphs f and g (say C and D on f and E and F on g other than A
and B) and find the slopes of the two lines joining them. What have you observed about their
slopes? Discuss.
Based on the graph this are the coordinates for points C,D,E and F.
C (-4, 16)， D (3, 9)，E (2, 16)， F (-2, 2)
Line CD:
The slope of line CD joining points C (-4, 16) and D (3, 9) can be calculated using the formula:
m = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1) m = (9 - 16) / (3 - (-4)) m = -7 / 7
m = -1
Line EF:
The slope of line EF joining points E (2, 16) and F (-2, 2) can be calculated using the same
formula:
m = (2 - 16) / (-2 - 2) m = -14 / -4
m= 7 /2

The slope of line CD (-1) is the negative reciprocal of the slope of line EF (7/2). This means that
the two lines are perpendicular. This is a general property of lines tangent to a parabola at
different points. The tangents are always perpendicular to each other. This can be proven
mathematically using the derivative of the parabola equation. In geometrical terms, when two
lines are perpendicular, their slopes multiply to give -1.

Task 4. Use the following graph to explain the local extrema of the function at the given points.
Explain clearly how they differ from maximum and minimum values of function. Determine the
intervals of all extrema shown in the graph (mention the intervals with the names Ex: (A, B) and
specify whether they are increasing or decreasing).
Local extrema refer to the highest or lowest point of the function within a limited interval. In other
words,
A local maximum point is where the function takes a higher value than any other point in point in
its immediate vicinity. It's important to note that these extrema might not necessarily be the on
the other hand, refer to the absolute highest or lowest points that its immediate vicinity, and a
local minimum point is where it takes a lower value than any other function's absolute maximum
or minimum values across its entire domain.
Maximum/minimum values, the function takes across its entire domain these are the global
extremum points, not confined. So, to a specific interval.
Point A: This is a local minimum point. The function's value at A is lower than its values at any
neighboring points to the left or right within the visible interval. However, it's important to
remember that we don't see the function's behavior beyond the interval shown. So, while it's a
local minimum within the visible interval, it might not be the function's absolute minimum value
across its entire domain.
Interval (A, B): This interval is increasing. As we move from x-values to the right within this
interval, the function's y-values get larger.
Point C: This is a local minimum point. Similar to point A, the function's value here is lower than
its values at any neighboring points. Again, we cannot say for sure if it's the function's absolute
minimum value.
Interval (C, D): This interval is increasing. The function's y-values increase as we move from left
to right within this interval.
Point E: This is a local maximum point. The function's value here is higher than its values at any
neighboring points within the visible interval. As with the previous points, it might not be the
function's absolute maximum value.
Interval (D, E): This interval is increasing. The function's y-values increase as we move from left
to right within this interval.
Point F: This is a local minimum point. Similar to the other minima we've seen, the function's
value here is lower than its neighbors.
Interval (E, F): This interval is decreasing. The function's y-values decrease as we move from
left to right within this interval.
Point G: This is a local maximum point. Similar to point E, the function's value here is higher
than its neighbors within the visible interval.
Interval (F, G): This interval is increasing. The function's y-values increase as we move from left
to right within this interval.
Beyond point G: The graph cuts off, so we cannot determine any extrema or the function's
behavior beyond this point.

Task 5. Before working on this task 5, please read the following readings:
Reading section 1.4 Function Notation (pages 61-62) of the following textbook will help you in
understanding the concepts better.
Stitz, C., & Zeager, J. (2013). College algebra. Stitz Zeager Open Source Mathematics.
https://stitz- zeager.com/szca07042013.pdf
Imagine a highly economic country ‘W’ has made a rule on income tax in the following way:

a. If a person has an income up to 2200$, he is taxed at rate of 10% of his income.

b. If he has an income above 2200$ and up to 8945$, he is taxed at rate of 18.5% and
c. If he has an income more than 8945$, he is taxed at rate of 30%.
(Note that every penny people earn is taxable and comes in any of the three slabs and is
properly and stringently justifiable).
Based on the above scenario, answer the following questions:

(i) Represent the above rule that country W has made as a piecewise function mathematically
using the symbol ≤ or any other relevant symbol.
(ii) Take any income that comes in each slab from the country W and calculate the tax for each
segment.
The income tax rule can be represented as a piecewise function as follows:
T(x) = {
0.1x, if x ≤ 2200 220 + 0.185(x - 2200),
if 2200 < x ≤ 8945 1644.75 + 0.3(x - 8945), if x > 8945}
where:
T(x) represents the income tax for an income of x dollars.
x represents the income in dollars.

(ii) Calculating tax for different income levels:

Here are some examples of how to calculate the tax for different income levels:
Income = $2500: T(2500) = 0.1 * 2200 + 0.185 * (2500 - 2200) = $275.50
Income = $5000: T(5000) = 0.1 * 2200 + 0.185 * (8945 - 2200) + 0.3 * (5000 - 8945) = $738
Income = $10000: T(10000) = 0.1 * 2200 + 0.185 * (8945 - 2200) + 0.3 * (10000 - 8945) =
$1961.25