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Calculus Reviewer

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28 views6 pages

Calculus Reviewer

fdgdfgdfg

Uploaded by

lojofol331
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here’s a **Calculus Reviewer** covering key topics in differentiation and integration:

---

# **Calculus Reviewer**

## **1. Limits and Continuity**

- **Limit of a Function**:

\[

\lim_{{x \to c}} f(x) = L

\]

The limit of \(f(x)\) as \(x\) approaches \(c\) is \(L\), meaning \(f(x)\) gets arbitrarily close to
\(L\) as \(x\) approaches \(c\).

- **Basic Limit Rules**:

- \(\lim_{{x \to c}} [f(x) + g(x)] = \lim_{{x \to c}} f(x) + \lim_{{x \to c}} g(x)\)

- \(\lim_{{x \to c}} [f(x) \cdot g(x)] = \lim_{{x \to c}} f(x) \cdot \lim_{{x \to c}} g(x)\)

- \(\lim_{{x \to c}} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \frac{\lim_{{x \to c}} f(x)}{\lim_{{x \to c}} g(x)}\), provided
\(\lim_{{x \to c}} g(x) \neq 0\).

- **Continuity**: A function \(f(x)\) is continuous at \(x = c\) if:

\[

\lim_{{x \to c}} f(x) = f(c)

\]

A function is continuous if there are no breaks, jumps, or holes in the graph.


## **2. Derivatives (Differentiation)**

- **Definition**: The derivative of a function \(f(x)\) at \(x = a\) is the slope of the tangent line
to the curve at that point.

\[

f'(x) = \lim_{{h \to 0}} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}

\]

- **Power Rule**:

\[

\frac{d}{dx} [x^n] = nx^{n-1}

\]

- **Basic Differentiation Rules**:

- **Constant Rule**:

\[

\frac{d}{dx} [c] = 0

\]

- **Sum Rule**:

\[

\frac{d}{dx} [f(x) + g(x)] = f'(x) + g'(x)

\]

- **Product Rule**:

\[

\frac{d}{dx} [f(x) \cdot g(x)] = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)

\]
- **Quotient Rule**:

\[

\frac{d}{dx} \left[ \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} \right] = \frac{f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)}{[g(x)]^2}

\]

- **Chain Rule**:

\[

\frac{d}{dx} [f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) \cdot g'(x)

\]

- **Common Derivatives**:

- \(\frac{d}{dx} [e^x] = e^x\)

- \(\frac{d}{dx} [\ln(x)] = \frac{1}{x}\)

- \(\frac{d}{dx} [\sin(x)] = \cos(x)\)

- \(\frac{d}{dx} [\cos(x)] = -\sin(x)\)

- \(\frac{d}{dx} [\tan(x)] = \sec^2(x)\)

### **Applications of Derivatives**

- **Critical Points**: Points where \(f'(x) = 0\) or \(f'(x)\) is undefined.

- **Maxima and Minima**: Use the **First Derivative Test** or **Second Derivative Test**
to find local maxima and minima.

- **Concavity**: A function is concave up if \(f''(x) > 0\) and concave down if \(f''(x) < 0\).

- **Inflection Points**: Points where the concavity of a function changes (where \(f''(x) =
0\)).

## **3. Integration**

- **Indefinite Integral (Antiderivative)**:


The process of finding a function whose derivative is given.

\[

\int f(x) \, dx = F(x) + C

\]

where \(F(x)\) is the antiderivative and \(C\) is the constant of integration.

- **Basic Integration Rules**:

- **Power Rule**:

\[

\int x^n \, dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C \quad (n \neq -1)

\]

- **Sum Rule**:

\[

\int [f(x) + g(x)] \, dx = \int f(x) \, dx + \int g(x) \, dx

\]

- **Constant Multiple Rule**:

\[

\int c \cdot f(x) \, dx = c \int f(x) \, dx

\]

- **Common Integrals**:

- \(\int e^x \, dx = e^x + C\)

- \(\int \frac{1}{x} \, dx = \ln |x| + C\)

- \(\int \sin(x) \, dx = -\cos(x) + C\)

- \(\int \cos(x) \, dx = \sin(x) + C\)

- \(\int \sec^2(x) \, dx = \tan(x) + C\)


### **Definite Integral**:

- Represents the area under the curve from \(a\) to \(b\):

\[

\int_a^b f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)

\]

where \(F(x)\) is the antiderivative of \(f(x)\).

### **Fundamental Theorem of Calculus**:

- **Part 1**: If \(F(x)\) is the antiderivative of \(f(x)\), then:

\[

\frac{d}{dx} \left[ \int_a^x f(t) \, dt \right] = f(x)

\]

- **Part 2**: The definite integral of a function can be evaluated using the antiderivative:

\[

\int_a^b f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)

\]

### **Applications of Integration**:

- **Area Under the Curve**: Use definite integrals to find the area under a curve.

- **Volume of Solids of Revolution**: Using the **Disk Method** or **Shell Method** to


find the volume of a solid of revolution.

- Disk Method:

\[

V = \pi \int_a^b [f(x)]^2 \, dx

\]
- Shell Method:

\[

V = 2\pi \int_a^b x f(x) \, dx

\]

---

This reviewer summarizes the essential concepts of calculus, focusing on limits,


differentiation, and integration. Mastery of these basics is critical for more advanced
applications in calculus.

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