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Linear Algebra Reviewer

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31 views7 pages

Linear Algebra Reviewer

dfgdfgdfg

Uploaded by

lojofol331
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here’s a **Linear Algebra Reviewer** covering key topics:

---

# **Linear Algebra Reviewer**

## **1. Vectors and Vector Operations**

- **Vector**: A quantity with both magnitude and direction, usually written as \(\mathbf{v}
= \begin{pmatrix} v_1 \\ v_2 \\ \vdots \\ v_n \end{pmatrix}\).

- **Vector Addition**:

\[

\mathbf{u} + \mathbf{v} = \begin{pmatrix} u_1 \\ u_2 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} v_1 \\


v_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} u_1 + v_1 \\ u_2 + v_2 \end{pmatrix}

\]

- **Scalar Multiplication**:

\[

c \mathbf{v} = c \begin{pmatrix} v_1 \\ v_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} c v_1 \\ c v_2


\end{pmatrix}

\]

- **Dot Product (Scalar Product)**:

\[

\mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{v} = u_1 v_1 + u_2 v_2 + \dots + u_n v_n

\]
The dot product results in a scalar and measures the angle between vectors.

- **Cross Product** (only for 3D vectors):

\[

\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} = \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i} & \mathbf{j} & \mathbf{k} \\ u_1 &
u_2 & u_3 \\ v_1 & v_2 & v_3 \end{vmatrix}

\]

The cross product results in a vector orthogonal to both \(\mathbf{u}\) and \(\mathbf{v}\).

## **2. Matrices**

- **Matrix**: A rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. For example:

\[

A = \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} \end{pmatrix}

\]

- **Matrix Addition**:

Two matrices of the same dimension can be added by adding their corresponding
elements.

\[

A + B = \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix}


b_{11} & b_{12} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} + b_{11} & a_{12} +
b_{12} \\ a_{21} + b_{21} & a_{22} + b_{22} \end{pmatrix}

\]

- **Scalar Multiplication**:

\[
cA = c \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} c
a_{11} & c a_{12} \\ c a_{21} & c a_{22} \end{pmatrix}

\]

- **Matrix Multiplication**:

The product of an \(m \times n\) matrix \(A\) and an \(n \times p\) matrix \(B\) results in an
\(m \times p\) matrix \(C\).

\[

C = AB = \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}


b_{11} & b_{12} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} \end{pmatrix}

\]

Multiply each row of \(A\) by each column of \(B\), summing the products.

- **Transpose of a Matrix**: The transpose of a matrix \(A\), denoted by \(A^T\), is obtained


by swapping its rows and columns.

\[

A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{pmatrix}, \quad A^T = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 4


\end{pmatrix}

\]

## **3. Determinants**

- **Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix**:

\[

\text{det}(A) = \begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix} = ad - bc

\]

The determinant helps determine whether a matrix is invertible (non-zero determinant).


- **Determinant of a 3x3 Matrix**:

\[

\text{det}(A) = \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{vmatrix} = a(ei - fh) - b(di
- fg) + c(dh - eg)

\]

## **4. Inverse of a Matrix**

- A square matrix \(A\) has an inverse \(A^{-1}\) if and only if \(\text{det}(A) \neq 0\).

- **For a 2x2 matrix**:

\[

A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\text{det}(A)} \begin{pmatrix} d & -b \\ -c & a \end{pmatrix}

\]

The inverse satisfies \(A A^{-1} = I\), where \(I\) is the identity matrix.

## **5. Systems of Linear Equations**

- A system of linear equations can be written in matrix form:

\[

A \mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b}

\]

where \(A\) is the coefficient matrix, \(\mathbf{x}\) is the vector of variables, and
\(\mathbf{b}\) is the vector of constants.

### **Solving Systems of Equations**:


- **Gaussian Elimination**: Use row operations to reduce the system to upper triangular
form, then solve by back-substitution.

- **Cramer's Rule**: For a system of \(n\) linear equations with \(n\) variables, the solution
can be found using determinants:

\[

x_i = \frac{\text{det}(A_i)}{\text{det}(A)}

\]

where \(A_i\) is the matrix formed by replacing the \(i\)-th column of \(A\) with
\(\mathbf{b}\).

## **6. Vector Spaces**

- **Definition**: A vector space \(V\) is a set of vectors that is closed under addition and
scalar multiplication.

- **Subspace**: A subset \(W\) of a vector space \(V\) is a subspace if it is itself a vector


space.

- **Linear Independence**: A set of vectors \(\{ \mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \dots,


\mathbf{v}_n \}\) is linearly independent if the only solution to:

\[

c_1 \mathbf{v}_1 + c_2 \mathbf{v}_2 + \dots + c_n \mathbf{v}_n = \mathbf{0}

\]

is \(c_1 = c_2 = \dots = c_n = 0\).

- **Basis**: A set of vectors that is linearly independent and spans the vector space. Every
vector in the space can be written as a linear combination of basis vectors.
- **Dimension**: The number of vectors in a basis for the vector space.

## **7. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors**

- **Eigenvalue**: A scalar \(\lambda\) is an eigenvalue of a matrix \(A\) if there exists a non-


zero vector \(\mathbf{v}\) such that:

\[

A \mathbf{v} = \lambda \mathbf{v}

\]

- **Eigenvector**: The vector \(\mathbf{v}\) that satisfies the equation above is called an
eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue \(\lambda\).

- **Finding Eigenvalues**: Solve the characteristic equation:

\[

\text{det}(A - \lambda I) = 0

\]

## **8. Diagonalization**

- A matrix \(A\) is diagonalizable if it can be written as:

\[

A = PDP^{-1}

\]

where \(P\) is a matrix of eigenvectors, and \(D\) is a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues.

---
This reviewer outlines the foundational concepts of linear algebra, which are essential for
solving systems of equations, matrix operations, and understanding vector spaces and
transformations.

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