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Resource Material
For Revised Syllabus Session 2024-25

EXEMPLAR
SOLUTIONS
MATHS
Chapter :Polynomials
Class
9

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 Chapter 2-
Polynomials
Exercise 2.1
Write the correct answer in each of the following:
1. Which one of the following is a polynomial?

Solution:
(C)

Explanation:
(A)

The equation contains the term x2 and -2x-2.

Here, the exponent of x in second term = – 2, which is not a whole number.
Hence, the given algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
(B)

The equation contains the term √2x½ .

Here, the exponent of x in first term = ½ , which is not a whole number.
Hence, the given algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
(C)

The equation contains the term x2 and 3x .

Here, the exponent of x in first term and second term= 2and 1 respectively, which is a
whole number.
Hence, the given algebraic expression is a polynomial.
(D)

The equation is a rational function.

Here, the given equation is not in the standard form of polynomial.
Hence, the given algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
Hence, option C is the correct answer
2. √2 is a polynomial of degree
(A) 2
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) ½
Solution:
(B) 0
Explanation:
√2 can be written as √2x0
i.e., √2 = √2x0
Therefore, the degree of the polynomial = 0
Hence, option B is the correct answer

3. Degree of the polynomial 4x 4 + 0x3 + 0x5 + 5x + 7 is

(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 3
(D) 7
Solution:
(A) 4
Explanation:
Degree of a polynomial = Highest power of the variable in a polynomial.
The highest power of variable x in the polynomial 4x 4 + 0x3 + 0x5 + 5x + 7 is 4.
Therefore, degree of the polynomial of 4x 4 + 0x 3 + 0x 5 + 5x + 7 = 4
Hence, option A is the correct answer

4. Degree of the zero polynomial is

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) Any natural number
(D) Not defined
Solution:
(D) Not defined
Explanation:
Degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.
Hence, option D is the correct answer

5. If p(x)= x2 – 2√2x + 1, then p(2√2) is equal to

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 4√2
(D) 8√2 +1
Solution:
 (B) 1
Explanation:
According to the question,
p(x) = x2 – 2√2x + 1
To get p(2√2),
We substitute x = 2√2,
p(2√2) = (2√2)2 – (2√2 × (2√2)) + 1
= (4 × 2) – (4 × 2) + 1
=8–8+1
=1
Hence, option B is the correct answer

6. The value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3, when x = – 1 is

(A) – 6
(B) 6
(C) 2
(D) – 2
Solution:
(A) – 6
Explanation:
According to the question,
p(x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3
To get p(– 1),
We substitute x = – 1,
p(– 1) = 5(– 1) – 4(– 1)2 + 3
= 5(– 1) – 4(1) + 3
=–5–4+3
=–9+3
=–6
Hence, option A is the correct answer

7. If p(x) = x + 3, then p(x) + p(–x) is equal to

(A) 3
(B) 2x
(C) 0
(D) 6
Solution:
(D) 6
Explanation:
p(x) = x + 3
p(– x) = – x + 3
Therefore,
p(x) + p(–x) = (x + 3) + (– x + 3)
=x+3–x+3
=6
Hence, option D is the correct answer
8. Zero of the zero polynomial is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) Any real number
(D) Not defined
Solution:
(C) Any real number
Explanation:
Zero polynomial is a constant polynomial whose coefficients are all equal to 0.
Zero of a polynomial is the value of the variable that makes the polynomial equal to zero.
Therefore, zero of the zero polynomial is any real number.
Hence, option C is the correct answer

9. Zero of the polynomial p(x) = 2x + 5 is

(A) – 2/5
(B) – 5/2
(C) 2/5
(D) 5/2
Solution:
(B) – 5/2
Explanation:
Zero of the polynomial ⇒ p(x) = 0
p(x) = 0
2x + 5 = 0
2x = – 5
x = – 5/2
Hence, option B is the correct answer

10. One of the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2 + 7x –4 is

(A) 2
(B) ½
(C) – ½
(D) –2
Solution:
(B) ½
Explanation:
Zero of the polynomial ⇒ p(x) = 0
p(x) = 0
2x2 + 7x – 4 = 0
2x2 – 1x + 8x – 4 = 0
x(2x – 1) + 4(2x – 1) = 0
(x + 4)(2x – 1) = 0
Consider, x + 4
x+4=0
x=–4
Consider, 2x – 1

2x – 1 = 0
2x = 1
x=½
Hence, option B is the correct answer
 Exercise 2.2

1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials? Justify your answer:

Solution:
(i) 8
8 can be written as 8x0.
i.e., 8 = 8x0,
Here, the power of x = 0, which is a whole number.
Hence, 8 is a polynomial.

(ii) √3x2 - 2x
√3x2 - 2x
Here, the power of x are 2 and 1 respectively
2 and 1 both are whole numbers.
Hence, √3x2 - 2x is a polynomial.

(iii) 1 - √(5x)
1 – √5√x = 1 – √5 x½
Here, the power of x = ½, which is not a whole number.
Hence, 1 - √5x is not a polynomial

(iv)

1/5x–2 + 5x + 7 = 5x2 + 5x + 7
Here, the power of x are 2 and 1 respectively
2 and 1 both are whole numbers.
Hence, 1/5x-2 + 5x + 7 is a polynomial.

(v)

((x – 2)(x – 4))/x = (x2 – 4x – 2x + 8)/x

= (x2 – 6x + 8)/x
= x – 6 + (8/x)
= x – 6 + 8x–1
Here, the power of x = – 1, which is not a whole number, but a negative number.
Hence, ((x – 2)(x – 4))/x is not a polynomial

(vi)

1/(x+1) = (x+1)– 1
Here, the power of x is not a whole number.
Hence, 1/(x+1) is not a polynomial

(vii)

(1/7)a3 – (2/√3)a2 + 4a – 7
Here, the power of a are 3, 2 and 1 respectively
3, 2 and 1 are all whole numbers.
Hence, (1/7)a3 – (2/√3)a2 + 4a – 7 is a polynomial.

(viii)

1/2x = (x–1/2)
Here, the power of x = – 1, which is not a whole number, but a negative number.
Hence, 1/2x is not a polynomial
Exercise 2.3

1. Classify the following polynomials as polynomials in one variable, two variables etc.
(i) x2 + x + 1
(ii) y3 – 5y
(iii) xy + yz + zx
(iv) x2 – 2xy + y2 + 1
Solution:
(i) x2 + x + 1
Here, the polynomial contains only one variable, i.e., x.
Hence, the given polynomial is a polynomial in one variable.

(ii) y3 – 5y
Here, the polynomial contains only one variable, i.e., y.
Hence, the given polynomial is a polynomial in one variable.

(iii) xy + yz + zx
Here, the polynomial contains three variables, i.e., x, y and z.
Hence, the given polynomial is a polynomial in three variable.

(iv) x2 – 2xy + y2 + 1
Here, the polynomial contains two variables, i.e., x and y.
Hence, the given polynomial is a polynomial in two variable.

2. Determine the degree of each of the following polynomials:

(i) 2x – 1
(ii) –10
(iii) x3 – 9x + 3x5
(iv) y3 (1 – y4)
Solution:
Degree of a polynomial in one variable = highest power of the variable in algebraic expression
(i) 2x – 1
Power of x = 1
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 1
Hence, degree of the polynomial 2x – 1 = 1

(ii) –10
There is no variable in the given term.
Let us assume that the variable in the given expression is x.
– 10 = –10x0
Power of x = 0
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 0
Hence, degree of the polynomial – 10 = 0

(iii) x3 – 9x + 3x5
 Powers of x = 3, 1 and 5 respectively.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 5
Hence, degree of the polynomial x3 – 9x + 3x5= 5

(iv) y3 (1 – y4)
The equation can be written as,
y3 (1 – y4) = y3 – y7
Powers of y = 3 and 7 respectively.
Highest power of the variable y in the given expression = 7
Hence, degree of the polynomial y3 (1 – y4) = 7

3. For the polynomial

, write
(i) the degree of the polynomial
(ii) the coefficient of x3
(iii) the coefficient of x6
(iv) the constant term
Solution:
The given polynomial is

(i)Powers of x = 3, 1, 2 and 6 respectively.

Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 6
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 6

(ii) The given equation can be written as,

Hence, the coefficient of x3 in the given polynomial is 1/5.

(iii) The coefficient of x6 in the given polynomial is – 1

(iv) Since the given equation can be written as,

The constant term in the given polynomial is 1/5 as it has no variable x associated with it.

4. Write the coefficient of x2 in each of the following:

(i) (π/6)x + x2 – 1
(ii) 3x – 5
(iii) (x –1) (3x – 4)
(iv) (2x – 5) (2x2 – 3x + 1)
Solution:
(i) (π/6) x + x2−1
(π/6) x + x2−1 = (π/6) x + (1) x2−1
The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial (π/6) x + x2−1 = 1.

(ii) 3x – 5
3x – 5 = 0x2 + 3x – 5
The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial 3x – 5 = 0, zero.

(iii) (x – 1) (3x – 4)
(x – 1)(3x – 4) = 3x2 – 4x – 3x + 4
= 3x2 – 7x + 4
The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial 3x2 – 7x + 4 = 3.

(iv) (2x – 5) (2x2 – 3x + 1)

(2x – 5) (2x2 – 3x + 1)
= 4x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 10x2 + 15x– 5
= 4x3 – 16x2 + 17x – 5
The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial (2x – 5) (2x2 – 3x + 1) = – 16

5. Classify the following as a constant, linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials:

(i) 2 – x2 + x3
(ii) 3x3
(iii) 5t – √7
(iv) 4 – 5y2
(v) 3
(vi) 2 + x
(vii) y3 – y
(viii) 1 + x + x2
(ix) t2
(x) √2x – 1
Solution:
Constant polynomials: The polynomial of the degree zero.
Linear polynomials: The polynomial of degree one.
Quadratic polynomials: The polynomial of degree two.
Cubic polynomials: The polynomial of degree three.
(i) 2 – x2 + x3
Powers of x = 2, and 3 respectively.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 3
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 3
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 3, it is a cubic polynomial.

(ii) 3x3
Power of x = 3.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 3
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 3
 Since it is a polynomial of the degree 3, it is a cubic polynomial.

(iii) 5t – √7
Power of t = 1.
Highest power of the variable t in the given expression = 1
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 1
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 1, it is a linear polynomial.

(iv) 4 – 5y2
Power of y = 2.
Highest power of the variable y in the given expression = 2
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 2
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 2, it is a quadratic polynomial.

(v) 3
There is no variable in the given expression.
Let us assume that x is the variable in the given expression.
3 can be written as 3x0.
i.e., 3 = x0
Power of x = 0.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 0
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 0
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 0, it is a constant polynomial.

(vi) 2 + x
Power of x = 1.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 1
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 1
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 1, it is a linear polynomial.

(vii) y3 – y
Powers of y = 3 and 1, respectively.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 3
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 3
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 3, it is a cubic polynomial.

(viii) 1 + x + x2
Powers of x = 1 and 2, respectively.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 2
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 2
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 2, it is a quadratic polynomial.

(ix) t2
Power of t = 2.
Highest power of the variable t in the given expression = 2
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 2
 Since it is a polynomial of the degree 2, it is a quadratic polynomial.

(x) √2x – 1
Power of x = 1.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 1
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 1
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 1, it is a linear polynomial.

6. Give an example of a polynomial, which is:

(i) monomial of degree 1
(ii) binomial of degree 20
(iii) trinomial of degree 2
Solution:
(i) Monomial = an algebraic expression that contains one term
An example of a polynomial, which is a monomial of degree 1 = 2t
(ii) Binomial = an algebraic expression that contains two terms
An example of a polynomial, which is a binomial of degree 20 = x20 + 5
(iii) Trinomial = an algebraic expression that contains three terms
An example of a polynomial, which is a trinomial of degree 2 = y2 + 3y + 11

7. Find the value of the polynomial 3𝑥3 – 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 5, when x = 3 and also when x = –3.
Solution:
Given that,
p(x) = 3𝑥3 – 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 5
According to the question,
When x = 3,
p(x) = p(3)
p(x) = 3𝑥3 – 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 5
Substituting x = 3,
p(3)= 3(3)3 – 4(3)2 + 7(3) – 5
p(3) = 3(3)3 – 4(3)2 + 7(3) – 5
= 3(27) – 4(9) + 21 – 5
= 81 – 36 + 21 – 5
= 102 – 41
= 61

When x = – 3,
p(x) = p(– 3)
p(x) = 3𝑥3 – 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 5
Substituting x = – 3,
p(– 3)= 3(– 3)3 – 4(– 3)2 + 7(– 3) – 5
p(– 3) = 3(–3)3 – 4(–3)2 + 7(–3) – 5
= 3(–27) – 4(9) – 21 – 5
= –81 – 36 – 21 – 5
= –143
8. If p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3, evaluate: 𝑝(2)− 𝑝(−1) + 𝑝(½).
Given that,
p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3
According to the question,
When x = 2,
p(x) = p(2)
p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3
Substituting x = 2,
p(2) = (2)2 – 4(2) + 3
=4–8+3
=–4+3
=–1

When x = – 1,
p(x) = p(– 1)
p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3
Substituting x = – 1,
p(– 1) = (– 1)2 – 4(– 1) + 3
=1+4+3
=8

When x = ½ ,
p(x) = p(½)
p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3
Substituting x = ½,
p(½) = (½)2 – 4(½) + 3
=¼–2+3
=¼+1
= 5/4
Now,
p(2)− p(−1) + p(½) = – 1 – 8 + (5/4)
= – 9 + (5/4)
= ( – 36 + 5)/4
= – 31/4

9. Find p(0), p(1),𝑝(−2) for the following polynomials:

(i) (𝑥)=10𝑥−4𝑥2 –3
(ii) (𝑦)=(y + 2) (y – 2)
Solution:
(i) According to the question,
p(x) = 10𝑥−4𝑥2 –3
When x = 0,
p(x) = p(0)
Substituting x = 0,
p(0) = 10(0)−4(0)2 –3
=0–0–3
 =–3

When x = 1,
p(x) = p(1)
Substituting x = 1,
p(1) = 10(1)−4(1)2 –3
= 10 – 4 – 3
=6–3
=3

When x = – 2,
p(x) = p(– 2)
Substituting x = – 2,
p(– 2) = 10(– 2)−4(– 2)2 –3
= – 20 – 16 – 3
= – 36 – 3
= – 39

(ii) According to the question,

p(𝑦)=(y + 2) (y – 2)
When y = 0,
p(y) = p(0)
Substituting y = 0,
p(0) =(0 + 2) (0 – 2)
= (2)(– 2)
=–4

When y = 1,
p(y) = p(1)
Substituting y = 1,
p(1) =(1 + 2) (1 – 2)
=(3) (– 1)
=–3

When y = – 2,
p(y) = p(– 2)
Substituting y = – 2,
p(– 2) =(– 2 + 2) (– 2 – 2)
= (0) (– 4)
=0

10. Verify whether the following are true or false:

(i) –3 is a zero of x – 3
(ii) – 1/3 is a zero of 3x + 1
(iii) – 4/5 is a zero of 4 –5y
 (iv) 0 and 2 are the zeroes of t2 – 2t
(v) –3 is a zero of y2 + y – 6
Solution:
(i) –3 is a zero of x – 3
False
Zero of x – 3 is given by,
x–3=0
⇒ x=3

(ii) – 1/3 is a zero of 3x + 1

True
Zero of 3x + 1 is given by,
3x + 1 = 0
⇒ 3x = – 1
⇒ x = – 1/3

(iii) – 4/5 is a zero of 4 –5y

False
Zero of 4 – 5y is given by,
4 – 5y =0
⇒ – 5y = – 4
⇒ y = 4/5

(iv) 0 and 2 are the zeroes of t2 – 2t

True
Zeros of t2 – 2t is given by,
t2 – 2t = t(t – 2) = 0
⇒ t = 0 or 2

(v) –3 is a zero of y2 + y – 6
True
Zero of y2 + y – 6 is given by,
y2 + y – 6 = 0
⇒ y2 + 3x – 2x – 6 = 0
⇒ y (y + 3) – 2(x + 3) = 0
⇒ (y – 2) (y + 3) =0
⇒ y = 2 or – 3

11. Find the zeroes of the polynomial in each of the following:

(i) p(x) = x – 4
(ii) g(x) = 3 – 6x
(iii) q(x) = 2x –7
(iv) h(y) = 2y
Solution:
(i) p(x) = x – 4
Zero of the polynomial p(x) ⇒ p(x) = 0
 P(x) = 0
⇒ x – 4= 0
⇒x=4
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial is 4.

(ii) g(x) = 3 – 6x
Zero of the polynomial g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
g(x) = 0
⇒3 – 6x = 0
⇒ x = 3/6 = ½
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial is ½

(iii) q(x) = 2x –7
Zero of the polynomial q(x) ⇒ q(x) = 0
q(x) = 0
⇒2x – 7 = 0
⇒ x = 7/2
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial is 7/2

(iv) h(y) = 2y
Zero of the polynomial h(y) ⇒ h(y) = 0
h(y) = 0
⇒2y =0
⇒y=0
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial is 0

12. Find the zeroes of the polynomial:

p(𝑥)= (𝑥 –2)2−(𝑥 + 2)2
Solution:
p(x) = (𝑥 –2)2−(𝑥 + 2)2
We know that,
Zero of the polynomial p(x) = 0
Hence, we get,
⇒ (x–2)2−(x + 2)2 = 0
Expanding using the identity, a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
⇒ (x – 2 + x + 2) (x – 2 –x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x ( – 4) = 0
⇒ – 8 x= 0
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial = 0

13. By actual division, find the quotient and the remainder when the first polynomial is divided by
the second polynomial: x4 + 1; x –1
Solution:
Performing the long division method, we get,
 Hence, from the above long division method, we get,
Quotient = x3 + x2 + x + 1
Remainder = 2.

14. By Remainder Theorem find the remainder, when p(x) is divided by g(x), where
(i) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 2𝑥2 – 4𝑥 – 1, g(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
(ii) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 50, g(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 3
(iii) p(𝑥) = 4𝑥3 – 12𝑥2 + 14𝑥 – 3, g(𝑥) = 2𝑥 – 1
(iv) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 6𝑥2 + 2𝑥 – 4, g(𝑥) = 1 – 3/2 𝑥
Solution:
(i) Given p(x) = 𝑥3 – 2𝑥2 – 4𝑥 – 1 and g(x) = x + 1
Here zero of g(x) = – 1
By using the remainder theorem
P(x) divided by g(x) = p( – 1)
P ( – 1) = ( – 1)3 – 2 ( – 1)2 – 4 ( – 1) – 1 = 0
Therefore, the remainder = 0

(ii) given p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 50, g(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 3

Here zero of g(x) = 3
By using the remainder theorem p(x) divided by g(x) = p(3)
p(3) = 33 – 3 × (3)2 + 4 × 3 + 50 = 62
Therefore, the remainder = 62

(iii) p(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 14x – 3, g(x) = 2x – 1

Here zero of g(x) = ½
By using the remainder theorem p(x) divided by g(x) = p (½)
P( ½ ) = 4( ½ )3 – 12( ½ )2 + 14 ( ½ ) – 3
= 4/8 – 12/4 + 14/2 – 3
=½+1
= 3/2
Therefore, the remainder = 3/2
 (iv) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 6𝑥2 + 2𝑥 – 4, g(𝑥) = 1 – 3/2 𝑥
Here zero of g(x) = 2/3
By using the remainder theorem p(x) divided by g(x) = p(2/3)
p(2/3) = (2/3)3 – 6(2/3)2 + 2(2/3) – 4
= – 136/27
Therefore, the remainder = – 136/27

15. Check whether p(𝑥) is a multiple of g(𝑥) or not:

(i) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥 – 3, g(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 2
(ii) p(𝑥)= 2𝑥3 – 11𝑥2− 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑔(𝑥)= 2𝑥 + 1
Solution:
(i)
According to the question,
g(x)=x – 2,
Then, zero of g(x),
g(x) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 2
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p(2) =(2)3 – 5(2)2 + 4(2) – 3
= 8 – 20 + 8 – 3
=–7≠0
Hence, p(x) is not the multiple of g(x) since the remainder ≠ 0.

(ii)
According to the question,
g(x)= 2𝑥 + 1
Then, zero of g(x),
g(x) = 0
2x + 1 = 0
2x = – 1
x=–½
Therefore, zero of g(x) = – ½
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p(–½) = 2 × ( – ½ )3 – 11 × ( – ½ )2 – 4 × ( – 1/2) + 5
= – ¼ - 11/4 + 7
= 16/4
=4≠0
Hence, p(x) is not the multiple of g(x) since the remainder ≠ 0.

16. Show that:

(i) 𝑥 + 3 is a factor of 69 + 11𝑥−𝑥2 + 𝑥3.
(ii) 2𝑥−3 is a factor of 𝑥 + 2𝑥3 – 9𝑥2 + 12
Solution:
(i)According to the question,
 Let p(x) = 69 + 11x − x2 + x3 and g(x) = x + 3
g(x) = x + 3
zero of g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
x+3=0
x=–3
Therefore, zero of g(x) = – 3
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p( – 3) = 69 + 11( – 3) –( – 3)2 + ( – 3)3
= 69 – 69
=0
Since, the remainder = zero,
We can say that,
g(x) = x + 3 is factor of p(x) = 69 + 11x − x2 + x3

(ii) According to the question,

Let p(x) = x + 2x3 – 9x2 + 12 and g(x) =2x−3
g(x) = 2x – 3
zero of g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
2x – 3 = 0
x = 3/2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 3/2
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
P(3/2) = 3/2 + 2(3/2)3 – 9(3/2)2 + 12
= (81 – 81) / 4
=0
Since, the remainder = zero,
We can say that,
g(x) = 2x – 3 is factor of p(x) = x + 2x3 – 9x2 + 12

17. Determine which of the following polynomials has x – 2 a factor:

(i) 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥−24.
(ii) 4𝑥2 + 𝑥−2.
Solution:
(i) According to the question,
Let p(x) =3𝑥2 + 6𝑥−24 and g(x) = x – 2
g(x) = x – 2
zero of g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 2
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p(2) = 3(2)2 + 6 (2) – 24
= 12 + 12 – 24
=0
Since, the remainder = zero,
We can say that,
 g(x) = x – 2 is factor of p(x) = 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥−24

(ii) According to the question,

Let p(x) = 4𝑥2 + 𝑥−2 and g(x) = x – 2
g(x) = x – 2
zero of g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 2
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p(2) = 4(2)2 + 2−2
= 16 ≠ 0
Since, the remainder ≠ zero,
We can say that,
g(x) = x – 2 is not a factor of p(x) = 4𝑥2 + 𝑥 - 2

18. Show that p – 1 is a factor of p10 – 1 and also of p11 – 1.

Solution:
According to the question,
Let h(p) = 𝑝 10 − 1,and g(p) = 𝑝 – 1
zero of g(p) ⇒ g(p) = 0
p–1=0
p=1
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 1
We know that,
According to factor theorem if g(p) is a factor of h(p) , then h(1) should be zero
So,
h(1) = (1)10 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
⟹ g (p) is a factor of h(p).
Now, we have h(p) = 𝑝 11 − 1, g (p) = 𝑝 – 1
Putting g (p) = 0 ⟹ 𝑝 − 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑝 = 1
According to factor theorem if g (p) is a factor of h(p) ,
Then h(1) = 0
⟹ (1)11 – 1 = 0
Therefore, g(p) = 𝑝 – 1 is the factor of h(p) = 𝑝 10 – 1

19. For what value of m is 𝑥3 – 2𝑚𝑥2 + 16 divisible by x + 2?

Solution:
According to the question,
Let p(x) = x 3 – 2mx2 + 16, and g(x) = x + 2
g(x) = 0
⟹x+2=0
⟹x=–2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = – 2
We know that,
According to factor theorem,
 if p(x) is divisible by g(x), then the remainder p(−2) should be zero.
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p( – 2) = 0
⟹ ( – 2)3 – 2m( – 2)2 + 16 = 0
⟹ 0 – 8 – 8m + 16 = 0
⟹ 8m = 8
⟹m=1

20. If 𝑥 + 2𝑎 is a factor of 𝑥5 – 4𝑎2𝑥3 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑎 + 3, find a.

Solution:
According to the question,
Let p(x) = x5 – 4a2x3 + 2x + 2a + 3 and g(x) = x + 2a
g(x) = 0
⟹ x + 2a = 0
⟹ x = – 2a
Therefore, zero of g(x) = – 2a
We know that,
According to the factor theorem,
If g(x) is a factor of p(x), then p( – 2a) = 0
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p ( – 2a) = ( – 2a)5 – 4a2( – 2a)3 + 2( – 2a) + 2a + 3 = 0
⟹ – 32a5 + 32a5 – 2a + 3 = 0
⟹ – 2a = – 3
⟹ a = 3/2
Exercise 2.4

1. If the polynomials az3 + 4z2 + 3z – 4 and z3 – 4z + a leave the same remainder when divided by z
– 3, find the value of a.
Solution:
Zero of the polynomial,
g1(z) = 0
z-3 = 0
z=3
Therefore, zero of g(z) = – 2a
Let p(z) = az³+4z²+3z-4
So, substituting the value of z = 3 in p(z), we get,
p(3) = a(3)³+4(3)²+3(3)-4
⇒p(3) = 27a+36+9-4
⇒p(3) = 27a+41
Let h(z) = z³-4z+a
So, substituting the value of z = 3 in h(z), we get,
h(3) = (3)³-4(3)+a
⇒h(3) = 27-12+a
⇒h(3) = 15+a
According to the question,
We know that,
The two polynomials, p(z) and h(z), leaves same remainder when divided by z-3
So, h(3)=p(3)
⇒15+a = 27a+41
⇒15-41 = 27a - a
⇒-26 = 26a
⇒a = -1

2. The polynomial p(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + 3a – 7 when divided by x + 1 leaves the remainder
19. Find the values of a. Also find the remainder when p(x) is divided by x + 2.
Solution:
p(x) = x⁴ - 2x³ + 3x² - ax + 3a - 7.
Divisor = x + 1
x+1=0
x = -1
So, substituting the value of x = – 1 in p(x), we get,
p(-1) = (-1)⁴ - 2(-1)³ + 3(-1)² - a(-1) + 3a - 7.
19 = 1 + 2 + 3 + a + 3a – 7
19 = 6 - 7 + 4a
4a - 1 = 19
4a = 20
a=5
Since, a = 5.
We get the polynomial,
 p(x) = x⁴ - 2x³ + 3x² - (5)x + 3(5) – 7
p(x) = x⁴ - 2x³ + 3x² - 5x + 15 – 7
p(x) = x⁴ - 2x³ + 3x² - 5x + 8
As per the question,
When the polynomial obtained is divided by (x + 2),
We get,
x+2=0
x=-2
So, substituting the value of x = – 2 in p(x), we get,
p(-2) = (-2)⁴ - 2(-2)³ + 3(-2)² - 5(-2) + 8
⇒ p(-2) = 16 + 16 + 12 + 10 + 8
⇒ p(-2) = 62
Therefore, the remainder = 62.

3. If both x – 2 and x – ½ are factors of px2 + 5x + r, show that p = r.

Solution:
Given, f(x) = px2+5x+r and factors are x-2, x - ½
g1(x) = 0,
x–2=0
x=2
Substituting x = 2 in place of equation, we get
f(x) = px2+5x+r
f(2) = p(2)2+5(2)+r=0
= 4p + 10 + r = 0 … eq.(i)
x–½=0
x=½
Substituting x = ½ in place of equation, we get,
f(x) = px2+5x+r
f( ½ ) = p( ½ )2 + 5( ½ ) + r =0
= p/4 + 5/2 + r = 0
= p + 10 + 4r = 0 … eq(ii)
On solving eq(i) and eq(ii),
We get,
4p + r = – 10 and p + 4r = – 10
Since the RHS of both the equations are same,
We get,
4p + r = p + 4r
3p=3r
p = r.
Hence Proved.

4. Without actual division, prove that 2x4 – 5x3 + 2x2 – x + 2 is divisible by x2 – 3x + 2.

[Hint: Factorise x2 – 3x + 2]
Solution:
x2-3x+2
x2-2x-1x+2
x(x-2)-1(x-2)
(x-2)(x-1)
Therefore,(x-2)(x-1)are the factors.

Considering (x-2),
x-2=0
x=2
Then, p(x) becomes,
p(x)=2
p(x)=2x4-5x3+2x2-x+2
p(2)=2(2)4-5(2)3+2(2)2-2+2
=32-40+8
= -40+40=0
Therefore, (x-2) is a factor.

Considering (x-1),
x-1=0
x=1
Then, p(x) becomes,
p(x)=1
p(x)=2x4-5x3+2x2-x+2
p(1)=2(1)4-5(1)3+2(1)2-1+2
=2-5+2-1+2
=6-6
=0
Therefore, (x-1) is a factor.
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