CHEMISTR

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Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
CHEMISTRY MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter
• All things which we see around us and use in our everyday life together constitute matter.
• Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter.
• Matter is made up of particles.
States of Matter
 Matter can be classified as solid, liquid and gas on the basis of interparticle forces and the
arrangement of particles.
 These three forms of matter are interconvertible by increasing or decreasing pressure and
temperature. For example, ice can be converted from solid to a liquid by increasing the
temperature.

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Neither definite
Fixed shape and No fixed shape but
Shape and volume shape nor
volume has volume
volume

Energy Lowest Medium Highest

Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy

Random and
Arrangement of Regular and Random and little
more sparsely
molecules closely arranged sparsely arranged
arranged

Flows from higher Flows in all

Fluidity Cannot flow
to lower level directions

Depends on
Free, constant
Movement Negligible interparticle
and random
attraction

Interparticle space Very less More Large

Interparticle attraction Maximum Medium Minimum

Density Maximum Medium Minimum

Rate of diffusion Negligible It depends on Maximum

interparticle
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attraction.

Atomic view of the three states of matter

Solid

Liquid
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Gas
Evaporation
The phenomenon by which molecules in liquid state undergo a spontaneous transition to the
gaseous phase at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
For example, the gradual drying of damp clothes is caused by the evaporation of water to water
vapour.
Factors affecting evaporation
 Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
 Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in surface area.
 Humidity: The rate of evaporation decreases with an increase in humidity.
 Wind speed: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in wind speed.
Cooling due to evaporation
During evaporation, the particles of a liquid absorb energy from the surroundings to overcome
the inter-particle forces of attraction and undergo the phase change. The absorption of heat from
the surrounding makes the surrounding cool.
For example, sweating cools down our body.
Physical Nature of Matter
A physical property is that aspect of the matter that can be observed or measured without
changing its nature or composition.
It is independent of the amount of matter present.
Physical properties include appearance, colour, odour, density, texture, melting point, boiling
point, solubility, etc.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
CHEMISTRY MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Matter
 Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
 Everything that we can touch, see, hear, taste and also smell is matter.
 It is made up of really tiny particles which cannot be seen through the eye.
The particles of which the matter is comprised influence its state and properties (physical and
chemical).
Particles of matter have spaces between them
This characteristic is one of the concepts behind the solubility of a substance in other substances.
For example, on dissolving sugar in water, there is no rise in water level because the particles of
sugar get into the interparticle spaces between the water particles.
Particles of matter are always in motion
Particles of the matter show continuous random movements due to the kinetic energy they
possess.
A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, making them move more
vigorously.
Particles of matter attract each other
In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting between the particles. To
break a substance, we need to overcome this force. The strength of the force differs from one
substance to another.
Diffusion
When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other, the phenomenon is called
diffusion. For example, spreading of ink in water.
During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.
The rate of diffusion increases with increase in the temperature, due to increase in kinetic energy
of the particles.
Effect of change of temperature on state of matter
On increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of the matter increases and they
begin to vibrate with a higher energy. Therefore, the interparticle force of attraction between the
particles reduces and particles get detached from their position and begin to move freely.
As a result, the state of matter begins to change.
Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.
Melting point
The melting point of a solid is defined as the temperature at which solid melts to become liquid at
CHEMISTRY MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

the atmospheric pressure.

At melting point, these two phases, i.e., solid and liquid are in equilibrium, i.e., at this point both
solid state and liquid state exist simultaneously.
Boiling point
The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the
liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Latent heat of vaporisation
It is the amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a liquid into gas at atmospheric
pressure at its boiling point.
Sublimation
The transition of a substance directly from its solid phase to gaseous phase without changing into
the liquid phase (or vice versa) is called sublimation.

Sublimation – Solid to Gas Phase Transformation

Sublimation (Solid Gas)
• The change of state of a substance directly from a solid to gas, without changing into the
liquid state (or vice versa) is called sublimation.
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• The common substances which undergo sublimation are camphor, naphthalene, ammonium
chloride, solid carbon dioxide and iodine.
Types of Matter
There are two ways in which matter can be classified-
1. On the basis of its physical nature (physical state).
2. On the basis of its chemical constitution.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
The particles of matter—
• are very small.
• have spaces between them.
• are continuously moving.
• attract each other.
Diffusion
• Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.
• The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the temperature of the diffusing substance (by
heating).
Examples of diffusion in gases:
• The aroma of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us even from a considerable
distance due to diffusion.
• The fragrance of a burning incense stick spreads all around due to diffusion.
• The fragrance of a perfume spreads due to the diffusion of the perfume particles into air.
Examples of diffusion in liquids:
• Colour of potassium permanganate is acquired by water, on its own, due to the diffusion
of potassium permanganate particles in water.
• The spreading of ink in water, on its own, is due to the diffusion of ink particles in the water.
Examples of diffusion in solids:
• If two metal blocks are bound together tightly and kept undisturbed for a few years,
then the particles of one metal are found to have diffused into the other metal.
• If we write something on a blackboard and leave it undisturbed for atleast 10 to 15 days,
we will find that it becomes quite difficult to clean the blackboard afterwards. This is due
to the fact that some of the particles of chalk have diffused into the surface of the
blackboard.
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States of Matter

Solid State Liquid State Gaseous State

The space between the The space between the The particles are much
particles is very less. particles is slightly more farther apart from one
as compared to solids, another as compared to
but still very less as solids and liquids. They have
compared to gases. The a very disorderly
particles of a liquid can arrangement of particles
slip and slide over compared to the solids and
each other. liquids.

The force of attraction The force of attraction The force of attraction

between the particles is between the particles is between the particles is
strong. Thus, particles in strong enough to hold negligible, hence particles
a solid are closely the particles together of a gas move freely in all
packed. but not strong enough the directions. Gases thus
to hold the particles in a can mix or diffuse
fixed position. into other gases.
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The kinetic energy of the The kinetic energy of the The particles of a gas have
particles is very less and particles is more than maximum kinetic energy.
so solids have an orderly that of solids. Thus, They move with high speed
arrangement of the liquids have a disorderly in all directions and can
particles. Therefore, arrangement of particles exert pressure on the walls
solids have a fixed shape compared to solids. of its container.
and volume.

Change of State of Matter (Phase transition)

Interconversion of States of Matter
The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to another, and then back to the
original state is called the interconversion of states of matter.
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Melting point (Solid → Liquid)

• The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid, at atmospheric pressure,
is called its melting point.
• Melting point is the characteristic property of a substance. For example, melting
point of ice is 0C (273 K).
• The process, in which a liquid changes to its solid form, on cooling at a specific
temperature, is called freezing or solidification.
Latent heat: The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules is
known as the latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden in the bulk of the matter, it is
called latent heat.
Latent heat of fusion: The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure, at its melting point, is known as the latent heat of fusion.
• When we supply heat energy to water, the particles start moving faster.
• At a certain temperature, a point is reached when the particles have enough energy
to break free from the forces of attraction of each other.
• At this temperature, the liquid starts changing into a gas.
Boiling Point: (Liquid → Gas)
• The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling, at atmospheric pressure, is called its
boiling point.
• Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
• Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain energy to change into the gaseous state.
• For example, boiling point of water is 1000C. (Or 1000C = 273 + 100 = 373 K)

Latent heat of vapourisation: The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into
CHEMISTRY MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

gas, at atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point, is known as the latent heat of
vapourisation.
Condensation (Gas → Liquid)
• The process, in which a gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a specific temperature is
called condensation or liquefaction.
• Formation of clouds is due to the condensation of water vapour from the Earth’s surface.
• The heat removed from the surface through evaporation is released into the
atmosphere by the formation of clouds. This process cools the Earth’s climate.
Freezing point (Liquid → Solid)
The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called
the freezing point of that substance.
Effect of Change of Pressure
• Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the temperature.
• When a high pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed and if the temperature
is lowered, the gas is liquefied.
Evaporation (Liquid  Gas)
The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation or vapourisation.
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
Factors Affecting Evaporation
• The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the surface area of the liquid.
• The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
• Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of evaporation.
• An increase in the wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.
Difference between Evaporation and Boiling

Evaporation Boiling

 It is a surface  It is a bulk phenomenon.

phenomenon.
 It is a slow process.  It is a rapid process.

 It takes place at all  It takes place at a

temperatures but definite and constant
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below the boiling temperature.

point.

More to Know
Lately, scientists are talking about five states of matter or five phases of matter. These are -
solids, liquids, gases, plasmas and the Bose–Einstein condensate.
Plasma
The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the
form of ionised gases. The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.
Bose - Einstein Condensate
Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose made a study regarding the fifth state of matter.
Based on his study, Albert Einstein predicted a fifth state of matter called the Bose-Einstein
Condensate. The Bose-Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely
low density to super low temperatures.
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CHEMISTRY MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Important Questions
 Multiple Choice Questions:
1. In which of the following conditions, the distance between the molecules of hydrogen gas
would increase?
(i) Increasing pressure on hydrogen contained in a closed container
(ii) Some hydrogen gas leaking out of the container
(iii) Increasing the volume of the container of hydrogen gas
(iv) Adding more hydrogen gas to the container without increasing the volume of the
container
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
2. When a gas jar full of air is placed upside down on a gas jar full of bromine vapours, the
red-brown vapours of bromine from the lower jar go upward into the jar containing air. In
this experiment:
(a) Air is heavier than bromine
(b) Both air and bromine have the same density
(c) Bromine is heavier than air
(d) Bromine cannot be heavier than air because it is going upwards against gravity
3. A form of matter has no fixed shape but it has a fixed volume. An example of this form of
matter is
(a) Krypton
(b) Kerosene
(c) Carbon steel
(d) Carbon dioxide
4. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(a) The molecules in a solid vibrate about a fixed position
(b) The molecules in a liquid are arranged in a regular pattern
(c) The molecules in a gas exert negligibly small forces on each other, except during collisions
(d) The molecules of a gas occupy all the space available
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5. The correct procedure of heating iron-sulphur mixture to prepare iron sulphide is:
(a) Heat the powder mixture at the base of the test tube using a blue flame throughout.
(b) Heat the iron filings and sulphur mixture in the middle of the test tube using yellow flame
throughout.
(c) Heat the powder mixture at the top of the test tube using an orange flame throughout.
(d) Heat the iron filings-sulphur mixture at 3/4 quarters of the test tube using a red flame
throughout.
6. When water at 0°C freezes to form ice at the same temperature of 0°C, then it:
(a) Absorbs some heat
(b) Releases some heat
(c) Neither absorbs nor releases heat
(d) Absorbs exactly 3.34 x 105J/kg of heat
7. When heat is constantly supplied by a burner to boiling water, then the temperature of
water during vaporisation :
(a) Rises very slowly
(b) Rises rapidly until steam is produced
(c) First rises and then becomes constant
(d) Does not rise at all
8. Which one of the following set of phenomena would increase on raising the temperature?
(a) Diffusion, evaporation, compression of gases
(b) Evaporation, compression of gases, solubility
(c) Evaporation, diffusion, expansion of gases
(d) Evaporation, solubility, diffusion, compression of gases
9. On converting 308 K, 329 K and 391 K to Celsius scale, the correct sequence of
temperatures will be:
(a) 33°C, 56°C and 118°C
(b) 35°C, 56°C and 119°C
(c) 35°C, 56°C and 118°C
(d) 56°, 119°C and 35° C
10. Four students took separately the mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride
in beakers, added water, stirred the mixture well and then filtered. They reported their
observations as shown below
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Student As residue In the filtrate

I Ammonium chloride Sand, Common salt

II Common salt, Sand Ammonium chloride
III Sand, Ammonium chloride Common salt
IV Sand Ammonium chloride, Common salt

Who reported the observations in the correct order of the components as residue and in the
filtrate?
(a) I
(b) IV
(c) III
(d) II
11. Which of the following phenomena always results in the cooling effect?
(a) Condensation
(b) Evaporation
(c) Sublimation
(d) None of these
12. Which of the following cannot be considered a form of matter?
(a) Atom
(b) Water
(c) Humidity
(d) Electron
13. Which of the following causes the temperature of a substance to remain constant while
it is undergoing a change in its state?
(a) Latent heat
(b) Lattice energy
(c) Loss of heat
(d) None of these
14. Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) Materials existing as liquids at room temperature have their melting and boiling points
lower than that of room temperature.
(b) The phenomenon involving the transition of a substance from solid to liquid state is
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called sublimation.
(c) To convert a temperature on the Celsius scale to Kelvin scale, subtract 273 from the given
temperature
(d) The density of ice is less than that of water.
15. Which of the following statement is not true regarding the characteristic of matter?
(a) Particles of a matter are randomly moving in all directions.
(b) Kinetic energy of the particles increases with a rise in temperature
(c) Kinetic energy of the particles of all maters remains the same at a particular temperature.
(d) Particles of matter diffuse into each other on their own.
 Very Short Question:
1. Define matter.
2. State different states of matter with an example.
3. What is diffusion?
4. What happen to the rate of diffusion if the temperature is increased?
5. Name the state of matter that have the tendency to maintain their shape when
subjected to outside force.
6. Define melting point.
7. Define boiling point.
8. Define latent heat of vaporization.
9. Define latent heat of fusion.
10. Define sublimation.
 Short Questions:
1. Why do we see water droplets collected on the outer surface of a glass container,
containing ice?
2. Explain why solids have fixed shape but liquids and gases do not have fixed shape.
3. Liquids and gases can be compressed but it is difficult to compress solids. Why?
4. A balloon when kept in sun, bursts after some time. Why?
5. Why do people perspire a lot on a hot humid day?
6. Why is it advisable to use pressure cooker at higher altitudes?
7. What are fluids?
8. 1 kg cotton and 1 kg sand, which is more denser? Why?
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 Long Questions:
1. Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance. Ex-plane this in detail.
2. Explain giving examples the various factors on which rate of evaporation depends.
 Assertion Reason Questions:
1. For two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason
(R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as
given below:
a. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion.
b. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
c. Assertion is true but Reason is false.
d. Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Assertion: Sugar and Salt both are easily dissolved in water.
Reason: Sugar and Salt are solid hence it is easily dissolved in water.
2. For two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason
(R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as
given below:
a. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion.
b. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
c. Assertion is true but Reason is false.
d. Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Assertion: When sugar pour in water, then taste of water became a sweet.
Reason: sugar completely dissolved in water with giving its own character.
 Case Study Question:
1. In an experimental activity, crushed ice was taken in a beaker. A thermometer is fitted in
such a way that its bulb was thoroughly surrounded by ice. The beaker is now slowly
heated and temperature was regularly noted. Temperature rises gradually as the heating
is continued and becomes constant when ice starts changing into liquid.
Select the correct answers for the following questions:
i) What name is associated with conversion of ice into water?
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a) Evaporation
b) Sublimation
c) Freezing
d) Fusion of Solid
ii) What specific name is given to the constant temperature?
a) latent heat of fusion
b) Boiling Point
c) Melting Point
d) Condensation point
iii) The heat added to the system at constant temperature is called
a) specific heat
b) latent heat
c) residual heat
d) none of the above
iv) Where does the heat energy go when the temperature does not rise?
a) It makes the molecular motion of the liquid faster
b) It raises the temperature of the beaker only.
c) It is utilised for bringing out the complete change of state
d) It slows down the molecular motion
2. A hot air balloon has three major parts: the basket, the burner, and the envelope. The
basket is where passengers ride. The basket is usually made of wicker. This ensures that it
will be comfortable and add little extra weight. The burner is positioned above the
passenger's heads. The envelope is the colourful fabric balloon that holds the hot air. The
pilot can control the up-and-down movements of the hot air balloon.
1. What keeps a hot air balloon flying?
2. How the balloon’s pilot can control the balloon’s altitude?
3. Using the passage as a guide, it can be inferred that which of the following statements
is not true?
(a) Air goes up and out the top of a chimney when you light a fire.
(b) Cool air collects about the ceiling when you open a refrigerator.
(c) Smoke from a candle rises after you blow out the flame.
(d) Cold air coming from an air conditioning vent settles about the floor
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4. According to the author, wicker is

I. Comfortable
II. light weight
III. Durable
a) I only
b) I and II only
c) II and III only
d) I , II and III

 Answer Key-
 Multiple Choice Answers:
1. (c) (ii) and (iii)
2. (c) Bromine is heavier than air
3. (b) Kerosene
4. (b) The molecules in a liquid are arranged in a regular pattern
5. (a) Heat the powder mixture at the base of the test tube using a blue flame
throughout.
6. (b) Releases some heat
7. (d) Does not rise at all
8. (c) Evaporation, diffusion, expansion of gases
9. (c) 35°C, 56°C and 118°C
10. (b) IV
11. (b) Evaporation
12. (c) Humidity
13. (a) Latent heat
14. (d) The density of ice is less than that of water.
15. (c) Kinetic energy of the particles of all maters remains the same at a particular
temperature.
 Very Short Answers:
1. Answer: Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
2. Answer: Matter has 3 different states
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3. Answer. The intermingling of molecules of one substance with that of the other is called
diffusion.
4. Answer: With increased temperature, the rate of diffusion also increases as the particles
gain energy and vibrate more.
5. Answer: Solid.
6. Answer: The temperature at which a solid melts to become liquid at the atmospheric
pressure is called its melting point.
7. Answer: The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is
known as its boiling point.
8. Answer: Latent heat of vaporization is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid
to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
9. Answer: Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of
solid into liquid at its melting point.
10.Answer: Sublimation is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without going
through liquid state and vice-versa.
 Short Answer:
Answer: The water vapour present in air, comes in contact with the cold outer surface of the
container thereby condensing it to form water droplets.
Answer: Solids have fixed shape due to strong intermolecular force of attraction between
them. The liquids and gases have molecules with less intermolecular force of attraction and
hence they can flow and take shape of the container.
Answer: Liquids and gases have intermolecular space, on applying pressure externally on
them the molecules can come closer thereby minimizing the space between them. But in
case of solids there is no intermolecular space to do so.
Answer: The balloon has air filled in it. The balloon when kept in sun gets heated and the air
inside it also gets heated. The molecules of air get energy, and vibrate faster thereby
exerting large force on the walls of the balloon. Due to this expansion of gases the balloon
bursts.
Answer: On a hot, humid day, due to the heat our body starts sweating for the cooling
mechanism i.e., by evaporation and gets cooling effect. But the air cannot hold any more
water on a humid day and therefore the sweat or perspiration is seen.
Answer: At higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is low and the water boils very fast
and evaporates at faster rate therefore the pressure is required to increase the cooking
process and this is done by using pressure cooker which increases the pressure inside the
container and cooks food faster.
Answer: The states of matter that can flow due to less intermolecular force of attraction, are
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liquids and gases and are called as fluids.

Answer: One kg sand is more denser than 1 kg cotton because density = mass/volume.
The volume required by cotton is more than the sand and density and volume are inversely
proportional.
 Long Answer:
1. Answer:
 Any matter i.e., solid, liquid or gas when experiences an increase in temperature then
they change their state.

Take ice cubes in a beaker or heat them slowly, the temperature increases and the ice
melts to form liquid. Heat this liquid further it will become steam.
 On lowering down the temperature of any matter, show change in their state.

Take the steam that is coming out of a boiling water and allow it to cool down, it
condenses to form water and on further cooling of this water we get ice.
 On applying pressure and reducing temperature we can liquefy gases or change them
into solid.
Example: Take carbon-dioxide gas, reduce its temperature and apply lot of pressure
on it so that it changes into solid carbon dioxide, called diy ice, which is used as
refrigerant for cooling.
If the pressure on it is decreased, it directly changes into gas.
In LPG cylinders, the petroleum gas is cooled and with lot of pressure changes it into
liquid state.
While using this LPG, we release the pressure exerted on it and hence it comes out in
the form of gas.
2. Answer: The rate of evaporation depends on the following factors:
 Surface area: If the surface area is increased the rate of evaporation also increases.
(a) To dry the clothes we spread them to dry faster.
(b) Tea in saucer cools faster than in a cup.
 Temperature: If the temperature is increased the rate of evaporation also increases.
Due to increase in temperature the particles gain more kinetic energy and change
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their phase from liquid to gaseous. Water will evaporate faster in sun than in shade.
 Humidity: It is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air can hold definite
amount of water vapour, at a given temperature. If the amount of water vapour is
high in the air then the rate of evaporation decreases. On hot and humid day, desert
coolers are not effective as the air cannot hold any more moisture to get the cooling
effect.
 Wind speed: With the increase in wind speed, the rate of evaporation increases. The
particles of water vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount of water
vapour in the surrounding.
 Assertion Reason Answer:
1. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
2. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion.
 Case Study Answer:
1. Answer:
i) d) Fusion of Solid
ii) c) Melting Point
iii) b) latent heat
iv) d) It slows down the molecular motion
2. Answer:
i) The Envelope colourful fabric keeps the hot air balloon flying.
ii) Through the envelope that holds hot air the pilot can control the balloon aptitude.
iii) (b) Cool air collects about the ceiling when you open a refrigerator.
"Hot air rises and cold air falls." Therefore, the cool air inside a refrigerator
would fall to the floor when you open the door, not collect about the ceiling.
This means (B) is not true
iv) a) I only