Doddridge Traslation

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SIX
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VOLUME FIRST, CONTAINING THE FORMER PART OF
THE HISTORY OF OUR LORD JESUS

DISPOSED IN THE ORDER OF AN HARMONY.
CHRIST,
AS RECORDED BY THE FOUR EVANGELISTS.
BY
P.
DODDRIDGE, D.D.
IS
TO WHICH
PREFIXED,
A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR,

BY
E<
ANDREW
KIPPIS, D.D. F.R.S.
AND
S.
A.
<fe
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vTnv&uvQuH.
Simplic. in Epictet. Proem.
tf)erttjge'js SEtntton,
FROM THE EIGHTH LONDON EDITION. SOLD BY HIM AT WASHINGTON HEAD BOOKSTORE. SOLD ALSO BY SAID ETHER1DGE AND COMPANY, INT BOSTON.
S.
Etheridge, printer, Cliarlestown, Massachusetts.

1807-
THE LIFE
OF
Dr DODDRIDGE.
HE family from which Dr. Doddridge descended appears

No memoirs
to have been originally settled in Devonshire.
of it, however, are capable of being traced farther back than
whose name was Richard, and who was an eminent merchant at Barnstaple, in that county. Of his great grandfather we are not told whether he was a gentleman who lived upon his estate, or whether he was of any
to his great great grandfather,
particular profession.
by
its
arms and
;
that
it
That the family was ancient is evinced was of some consequence, is apparent
liberal education, and the respectable situations, of such of the members of it as have not been consigned to oblivion. John Doddridge, brother of the doctor's great grand
from the
father,
was of no small
distinction in the law; passed through

it,
several eminent stages of

first;
in the reign
of king James the
received the honour of knighthood;
and
at length
arose to be one of the judges of the court of king's bench.
An
a
account of him will be given below.*
This John Doddridge, one of the son9 of the Richard Doddridge above men* was born at Barnstaple, in the year 1555. In 1572 he was entered of Exeter college, Oxford, where he studied four years, after which he was retioned,
moved
to the
Middle Temple, London, where he became a great

In the forty
fifth
proficient in
the law, and a noted counsellor.
year of the reign of Queen
VOL.
I.
iy
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGE.

Another John Doddridge (whether a son, or only a near recannot now be ascertained) was likewise
lation of the judge,
brought up to the same profession; and became a counsellor

of the Middle Temple, recorder of Barnstaple, and a ber of the long parliament.
mem-
From
a circumstance related
concerning him, of his being secluded from the house, with
Elizabeth, he
1603-4, he
was lent reader of that house and on the twentieth of January At the same time he was called to the degree of serjeant at law.
;
had the honour of being- appointed serjeant to Henry, Prince of Wales. From this employment he was raised, in the succeeding year, to be solicitor general to the king; though his name does not occur, under that capacity, in Mr. BeatOn the twenty fifth of June, 1607, he was constituted his son's Political Index. Majesty's principal serjeant at law, and was knighted on the fifth of July following. In February, 1612-13, he was created master of arts, at his chambers in serjeants' inn, by the vice chancellor, the two proctors, and five other members of the university of Oxfoi'd. This peculiar honour was conferred upon him in gratitude for the great service he had done to the university, in several law suits depending between the city of Oxford and the said university. On the twenty second of April, 1613, sir John Doddridge was appointed one of the judges of the court of king's bench, in which office he continued till his death. In this station he appears to have conducted himself with great integHowever, in April, 1628, he and the other judges of the rity as well as ability. court were called upon to assign their reasons in the house of lords, for having given judgment ag-ainst admitting five gentlemen to bail, who had been imprisoned tor refusing the loan which had lately been demanded by the crown. Sir Nicholas H}de, lord chief justice, sir John Doddridge, Mr. Justice Jones, and Mr. Justice Whitlocke, each of them spoke upon the occasion, and made the best defence which the nature of the case would admit. If they were guilty of a mistake, which cannot now reasonably be doubted, they seem to have been led into it in the sincerity of their hearts, from the high notions they entertained of regal power. Sir John Doddridge, in his speech, asserts the purity of his own character in the following terms: "It is no more fit for a judge to
decline to give an account of his doings, than for a Christian of his faith.
God
have endeavoured always to keep a good conscience for a troubled one who can bear I have now sat in this court fifteen years, and I should know something. Surely, if I had gone in a mill so long, dust would cleave to my therefore I will look to the clothes. I am old, and have one foot in the grave
knoweth
But omnia habere in memoria, et in nullo errare, divinum potius est quam lunnanum.'" Sir John Doddridge departed this life on the thirteenth day of September, 1628, in the seventy third year of his age, and was buried in the ambulatory before the door of the library formerly called Lady Mary's Chapel, in the cathedral church of Exeter. Within that library is a very sumptuous monument erected to his memory, containing his figure and that of his wife, cut in alabaster, under a stately arch supported by marble pillars. This learned judge, by his happy education, accompained with excellent natural parts and unremitted industry, became so general a scholar, that it was said of
better part as near as
I can.
some
other members, in December, 1648, because certain

is
matters were to be debated concerning them, there

to believe that
reason
he might be obnoxious to the then ruling party,

willing to
on account of his not being

their measures. b
concur with them
in all
Philip Doddridge, an uncle of the doctor's,
was
also bred to the law,
and discharged,
for
many
years, the
important trust of steward to the noble and wealthy family of

Russel, under William, the
Our author's
ed
for the
grandfather,
fifth earl, and first duke of Bedford. whose name was John, was educat-
church, in the university of Oxford, and was pos-
sessed of the rectory of Sheperton, in the county of Middle-
were the better artist, dihe was a great lover of antiquities, and attained to such an eminence of knowledge and skill in that department of literature, that he was regarded as one of the ablest members of the famous society of antiquaries, which may be said to have begun in 1571, but which more particularly flourished from 1590 to 1614. The following works were written by Sir John Doddridge. 1. "The Lawyer's Light, or a due DiLondon, 1629, quarto. 2.' " A complete rection for the Study of the Law." Parson, or a Description of Advowsons and Church Livings, delivered in several Readings, in an Inn of Chancery called the New Inn." Printed 1602, 1603, 1630, quarto. 3. " The History of the Ancient and Modern Estate of the Principality of Wales, Dutchy of Cornwall, and Earldom of Chester." 1630, quarto. 4. " The English Lawyer, a Treatise describing a Method for the managing of the Laws of this Land, and expressing the best Qualities requisite in the Student, Practiser, Judges, &.c." London, 1631, quarto. 5. " Opinion touching the Antiquity, Power, Order, State, Manner, Pereonc, and Proceedings, of the High Courts of Parliament in England." London, 1658, octavo. 6. " A Treatise of
him, that
it
was
difficult to
determine whether
lie
vine, civil, or
common
lawyer.
Among his other studies,
London, 1677, duodecimo. Printed at the end of the Works, entitled, " The Ground and Maxims of the Law." 7. " A true Representation of fore passed Parliaments to the View of the present Times and Posterity." This still remains in manuscript. Sir John Doddridge also enlarged a book called the " Magazine of Honour;" London, 1642. The same book was afterwards published under his name by the title of "The Law of Nobility and Peerage r" London, 1657, 1658, octavo. In the collection of curious discourses written by eminent antiquaries, are two one of which is on the dimensions of the land of dissertations by our judge England, and the other on the office and duty of heralds in this country.*
particular Estates."
fourth edition of William Noy's
b Collection
of curious Discourses written by eminent Antiquaries, Vol.

I.
II.
p. 432.
Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, Vol.
Col. 518.
Whitelock's Memori-
As, p. 360.
* Collection of curious Discourses written
Vol.
I.
p.
4042, 163 167.

I,
by eminent Antiquaries, Vol. Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, Vol. I. Col. 510,
II.
p.
432, 433.
Ibid.
520.
BcatSOn's Politf
ical Index, Vol,
p. 409.
Parliamentary History, Vol. VIII. p. 18.
Vi
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGE,

was
ejected on the twenty fourth of
sex, from which he
August, 1662, in consequence of the act of uniformity.

that time he
At
had ten children unprovided for ; notwithstanding

violate his conscience,
which, he quitted a benefice that was worth two hundred
pounds a year, rather than he would

the usages imposed
by
submitting to the subscriptions and declarations required, and
by
that act.
Dr. Calamy has recorded
concerning him, that he was an ingenious man, a scholar,' an

acceptable preacher, and a very peaceable divine.
funeral sermon,
it
From
his
appears that he had preached, in the
latter
part of his
life,
to a congregation at or near Brentford, in 1689,
and that
he died suddenly,
his people.'
much
respected and beloved by
Daniel Doddridge, the doctor's father, was brought up to

trade,
and
settled as
an oilman, in the city of London.
Being
the eldest surviving branch of the family, he was heir at law

to the large estate of the judge (about
two thousand pounds a

it,
year,) and
was
often urged
by
his friends to pursue the recov-
ery of it, but he chose to decline doing
from an apprehenof whom died
sion of the hazard and expense that would attend the at-
tempt.
He had
a great
number of children,
all
young, excepting one daughter, and our author.
The
dogtor
was the
His last and twentieth child of his father's marriage. mother was the daughter of the reverend Mr. John Bauman, of Prague in Bohemia; who, inconsequence of the troubles
which followed the expulsion of Frederic,
his native country about the year 1626.
elector palatine, left
Such was
his adher-
ence to the Protestant religion,
that, for the

all
sake of enjoying
the free exercise of it, he quitted

session of a considerable estate.
his friends,
and the posfoot, in the
He
withdrew, on
habit of a peasant, carrying with
him nothing but
hundred
e Orton's Memoirs of the Life, Character, and Writings, of the late Reverend Philip Doddridge, D. D. p. 14, second edition. Calamv's Abridgement,
Vol.
II. p. 466.

broad pieces of gold, plaited
of Luther's translation.
in a leathern girdle/
vii
and a Bible
at
Having spent some time
Saxe
Gotha, and in other parts of Germany, he came to England, in what year is uncertain, with ample testimonials from many of
Being thus strongly recomGerman divines. mended, he was made master of the free school at Kingston upthe principle
which place he died, leaving behind him one only child, the daughter before mentioned, then very young. Dr. Philip Doddridge was born in London, on the twenty
on Thames,
at
So destitute was he, at his birth, of the signs of life, that he was thrown aside as dead. One, however, of the attendants, thinking that she perceived some motion or
sixth of June, 1702.
breath in him, cherished with such assiduous care, the almost
expiring flame of existence, that

the benefit of the world.
it
From
was happily preserved, for his infancy young Dodand a thin consumptive
his friends apprehen-
dridge had an infirm constitution

habit,
which rendered both himself and

life
sive that his
would be
short.
He
frequently
was accus-
tomed
therefore, especially
express his
continued.
on the returns of his birth day, to wonder and gratitude that his years were so long
His parents, whose character was worthy of their
r Mr. Bauman, the first night after he commenced his journey, left his girdle and not being \ised to such a cincture, behind him at the inn in which he lay he did not miss it till he came to another inn the next evening. Upon this he immediately went back, to his former lodgings, with the united painful apprehension of being met by pursuers, and of not having the good fortune to recover his
;
When he arrived at the inn, he inquired of the chambermaid if she substance. had seen a girdle which he had left in his chamber. She informed him that she had seen it, but that, imagining it to be of no value, she had thrown it away, and could not recollect where. After having told her that he had a great value for his old belt, that it would be very useful to him in the long journey he had before him, and that he would handsomely reward her for finding it,she searched diligently, and at length found it in a hole under the stairs, where the family used to throw their worn out useless furniture. The good man received his girdle with great joy, and pursued his journey with thankfulness to Providence for
the recovery.
This event he often spoke of and seasonable mercy.*

Orton's
to his friends, as an extraordinary
1 .
4,
Memoirs of the Life, Character, and Writings of the Reverend Thilip Doddridge, D. D. n Ke, second edition.
iii

and education, brought him up in the early knowledge
Before he could read, his mother taught him the
birth
of religion.
history of the
Old and
the
New
Testament, by the assistance of
some Dutch
ally sat
;
tiles in
chimney of the room where they usu-
and accompanied her instructions with such wise
and pious reflections, as made strong and lasting impressions upon his heart. His first initiation in the learned languages
was under Mr.
Scott, a minister
who
kept a private school
in London. In 1712, when he was ten years of age, he was removed to Kingston, upon Thames, and placed at the school which had been taught by his grandfather Bauman. Here he
continued
till
1715, and distinguished himself by his piety and
diligent application to literature.
On the
seventeenth of July,
in the
same
year, he had the unhappiness of losing his father
and he had been deprived of his mother some time before.
This circumstance^ of
his being left an orphan, excited in
him very
serious reflections, which, however, were not wholly

;
of a gloomy nature
for
he expressed a devout, and even
a cheerful trust in the protection of the

universal parent of mankind.
God
of Mercies, the
About the time of his father's
death,
Mr. Doddridge quitted

at St.
Kingston, and was removed to a private school
Alban's,
under the care of a worthy and learned master, Mr. Nathaniel Wood. At this town he had not only the advantage of receiving excellent instruction, but was peculiarly happy in forming
an acquaintance with a gentleman to

est obligations,
whom he owed
the high-
and who behaved to him with the kindness of

gentleman
a parent.
The
we
speak of was Mr. (afterwards
Dr.) Samuel Clark, the dissenting minister of the place.
What rendered Mr Clark's

seasonable,
regard and protection particularly

that befell
was a calamity
respect to his private fortune.
By
the
Mr. Doddridge with mismanagement of the

affairs
person into whose hands the care of his
had been
intrust-
ed
after his father's death,
he
lost the
whole of his substance.
In this melancholy situation, he found a ready benefactor in
Mr. Clark ; and had not Providence
raised
him up such a
tx
generous friend, he could not have proceeded in the course of

his studies.
During Mr. Doddridge's residence at St. Alban's he began from which it appears how dilito keep a diary of his life
;
gently he improved his time, and
how anxious he was to be

and usefulness.
daily advancing in knowledge, piety, virtue,
As
he had the Christian ministry in view, besides his applica-
tion to the languages, he read, every
morning and evening,
some commentary upon them; was very seldom indeed, that he permitted either his school business, or any avocations or amusements, to divert him from this course. He recorded the substance and design of the sermons he heard, together with the impressions which they made upon him, and particularly noted what was
portions of scripture, with
and
it
most worthy of imitation

tant concerns
in the preacher.
felicity
In these imporof enjoying the
he had the singular
Mr. Clark. Under the instructions, and by the encouragement of the same gentleman, he was admitted to the Lord's supper and his own reflections on the occasion, preserved in his diary, amply shew the seriousness of his spirit in that early part of life. In the year 1718, Mr. Doddridge left the school at St. Aldirection of so kind and experienced a friend as
;
ban's, and retired for a time, to his sister's house, 5 with a view
of considering his future profession.

his inclination
Strong as the bent of

little
was to the ministry, he had
prospect,
from
the narrowness of his circumstances, of being able to carry

his wishes into execution.
Whilst he was
in this state of
suspense, the dutchess of Bedford,
who had
a regard for his
family, hearing of his situation and character, and of his

inclination to study,
warm
made him an
offer, that, if he
chose to be
E His sister was married to Mr. John Nettleton, a dissenting- minister at Ongar, in Essex. She was a lady distinguished by her good sense and piety, and
by the patience and tranquillity with which she bore some heavy afflictions. Her brother always behaved to her with the utmost tenderness and even while at the academy, and in his first settlement, generously contributed all that he could
;
spare out of his small stock for her assistance.*
Oiton.ubi supra,
p. 4,
note
educated for the church of England, and would go to either of

the universities, she would support the expenses of his education,
and afterwards provide for him,

in the
if
she should live
till
he had taken orders.
This proposal he received with the

it
highest gratitude, but declined
most respectful mancomplying with
ner, as he could not satisfy his conscience in
the terms of ministerial conformity. In the distress of his mind, from an apprehension that he should not be able to ac-
complish what was so near to his heart, he waited upon Dr.
Edmund Calamy,
a divine of great eminence
among
the dis-
senters at that period,
and entreated
his advice
and assistance
for the ministry. But in this met with no encouragement. The doctor endeavoured to dissuade him from his design, and urged him to betake himself to some other profession. Disheartened by so
towards his being brought up

application he
many
obstructions and difficulties, he at length entertained
thoughts of entering upon the study of the law, in which de-
was encouraged by Mr. Horseman, a celebrated conveyancer, who recommended him to Mr. Eyre, a counsellor,
sign he
from
whom he
received such good proposals, that he was on
However, previously to his final determination, he devoted one morning solemnly to seek to God for direction and whilst he was actually engaged in this pious exercise, the postman knocked at the door with
the point of complying with them.
;
a letter from Mr. Clark, containing an offer to take
him un-
upon Christian principles. With what thankfulness he embraced the offer will appear from his own words in his diary. " This/' says he, " I
der his care, if he chose the ministry
look upon almost as an answer from heaven
live, shall
;
and, while I
always adore so seasonable an interposition of divine

I
I
Providence.
have sought God's direction in

it.
all
this matter,
and
hope
have had
My only view in my choice hath

service
;
been
that of
more extensive
and
beg
God would
1
make me
an instrument of doing
h Orton ubi supra
much good
p,
in the world." *
412.
xi
Mr. Doddridge returned to St. Alban's, in consequence of Mr. Clark's proposal, and continued some months at the house of that generous friend, who directed him in his studies, furnished him with proper books, and laboured to cherish religious dispositions
and views in his
heart.
In October, 1719,
he was placed under the
tuition of the reverend
John Jennings,
who kept an academy
at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, and
was
a gentleman of great learning, piety, and usefulness.
Mr.
Jennings was the author of " Two Discourses on Preaching Christ, and particular and experimental Preaching/ first print-
ed in 1723, which were so much esteemed that they were recommended by two bishops at their visitations of their clergy, and translated into the
German
language, by order of Dr.
Frank, professor of divinity
at Hall, in
Saxony.
second
edition of them appeared in 1736,

ning's brother,
under the care of Mr- Jen-
Dr. David Jennings,
who was
for
many
years
an eminent minister and tutor in

published likewise "
land, Scotland,
London.
Mr John Jennings
hundred
A genealogical table of the kings of Engfor the space of nine
and France,
years."
Under
the tuition of this gentleman, for
whom Mr.
Doddridge had the highest veneration and respect, he prosecuted his studies with the greatest ardour and diligence. Besides attending and studying the academical lectures, and
reading the particular parts of the authors to
whom
his tutor
referred his pupils for the farther illustration of the subjects

treated upon, he
had in one half year read sixty books, and
about as many more afterwards in the same proportion of time.
Some
of these were large volumes, such as Patrick's
com-
mentaries, Tillotson's works, and most of the sermons that
had been preached at Boyle's lecture.
All the rest were learnin a hasty or desultory
ed or useful
treatises.
Nor was
it
manner
that these
books were read by him, but with great

Several of
them he abridged, and from others he made extracts, which were inserted in his common place book; and when he found, in any of the works
attention
and close study.
perused by him, a remarkable interpretation or
illustration
of
vol.
i.
xli

it
a text of scripture, he transferred
into his interleaved testa-
ment or bible.' It was of eminent advantage

ence of Mr. Clark.
as have
still
to
Mr. Doddridge,
this
that,
during
the whole of his academical course, he enjoyed the correspond-
From
such of
it
gentleman's letters
been preserved,
appears that his advices to his

literary
young
friend,
whether regarding his religious or

k
im-
provements, were signally wise and judicious.

ably in conformity with the exhortations of
It was probMr. Clark, that
Mr. Doddridge made it
his business to increase his acquaint-
ance with classical learning.

read with care,
The more immediate
objects
of his attention were the Greek writers.
These he not only but wrote observations upon them, for the
as
illustration of the authors themselves, or of the scriptures;
and he selected such passages

in particular,
might be serviceable to him
in his preparations for the pulpit.
His remarks upon Homer,

is
were so numerous, that they would make a con-
siderable volume. 1
justly entitled to
This part of Mr. Doddridge's conduct
commendation.
By forming his taste upon

own
country, he acquired
the great models of antiquity, to which he added an acquaint-
ance with the polite writers of his
have attained.
position,
an ease and elegance of style Hia merit was the greater
which he would not otherwise

in this respect, as
few of the Dissenters had hitherto cultivated the gracesof com-
and perhaps not many of them had excelled even in the perspicuity and correctness of their language. It is desirable that the cause of truth, piety, and virtue, should
come
recommended with every possible advantage. While Mr. Doddridge was thus laying up
solid
a large store of
intent
and ornamental knowledge, he was equally
cultivating the excellencies of the Christian character.

this
upon For
purpose he drew up some rules for the regulation of his

in the beginning of
temper and conduct, which he inserted

Ibid.
1
1214.
1
k Letters to and from the Rcy. Philip Doddridge,

Orton, ubi supra, p. 14.
P-
D, D.
14.

his interleaved
xiii
new
testament, that, by a frequent review of
his behaviour.
strict
them, they might have the greater influence on the whole of They are very strict; and perhaps more
than can ordinarily and universally be put into practice
effect
but the
to
of them was happy on himself, and an attention

signally useful to others,
them might be
who have the same
views in life. m
In the year 1722, Mr. Jennings removed,
with his pupils, from Kibworth to Hinckley, at which place

after having been previously examined by a committee of ministers, and received an ample testimonial to This was on his qualifications, preached his first sermon.
Mr. Doddridge,
the twenty second of July in that year.
As
more than twenty years of age,
his friend
he was but little Mr. Clark seemed
rather apprehensive that he had
begun
to preach too soon
but he acquiesced in the judgment of his tutor, grounded on

the maturity of
Mr. Doddridge's
abilities."
From
his first
appearance in the pulpit, he was remarkably acceptable in the

places
where he exercised
his talents.
After continuing to
pursue his studies another year, he accepted of an invitation
from the congregation of Dissenters
at
Kibworth.
At
the
same time he had an application from the city of Coventry, to be assistant to Mr. Warren. Mr. Clark gave the preference
to the last offer, for several judicious reasons; notwithstand-
ing which,
Mr. Doddridge, upon mature
deliberation,
made
for
choice of the former situation.
His principal motives

It
so
doing were his youth, and the opportunity of pursuing his

studies with
settled at
little
interruption.
was
in June, 1723, that
he
Kibworth.
As
the congregation
was
small,
and he
lived in an obscure village, he could devote almost his
whole
time to the farther
acquisition of knowledge and learning

zeal.
and
this
at
he did with indefatigable
Soon
after his settle-
ment
kibworth, one of his fellow pupils having condoled

letter,
with him, in a
on his being buried
alive,
he returned
I stick
the following sensible and spirited answer:
"Here
m They may
be seen in Orion's memoirs, p. 16 18. n Orion, ubi supra, p. 20. Doddridge's letters, p. 7-
xiv

which a favourable Providence
close to those delightful studies
has made the business of my

another, and I only
life.
it
One day passeth away after

passeth pleasantly with
little
know
that
I
me.
it.
As
for the
world about me,
have very
concern with
I live almost like a tortoise, shut
up
in its shell, almost
always
in the
same town, the same house, the same chamber.

;
Yet
I live like a prince

the pride of liberty
not indeed in the
pomp
I
of greatness, but
master of my books, master of my time,

of myself.
and, I hope I
may add, master
can willingly give
up the charms of London, the luxury, the company, and the

popularity of it, for the secret pleasures of rational employ-
ment and
selfapprobation
retired
from applause and
re-
proach, from envy and contempt,and the destructive baits of

avarice and ambition.
misfortune,
So that, instead of lamenting it as my you should congratulate me upon it as my hap-
piness, that I
am
confined to an obscure village

valuable advantages, to the
;
seeing
it
gives
me so many
most important
purposes of devotion and philosophy and I hope I may add usefulness too. " It is with peculiar pleasure that the writer
of the present narrative has transcribed this passage
thinks that he has reason to reflect, with
faction, that the
;
as
he
some degree of satisspending of a number of years in retired

favourable to the increase of knowledge,
situations
may he
and the habits of study.
Whilst Mr. Doddridge lived

earlier years of his ministry,
at
Kibworth, and during the

his
he was very exact and careful in
his preparations for the pulpit.

sitions
Both
sermons and expo;
and they were drawn up with exactness of method, and correctness and elegance of style. By this means he contracted a habit of
delivering his sentiments usually with judgment, and always
were the
result of deep attention
and study
with ease and freedom of language, when, afterwards, he was

obliged,
from the multiplicity of his duties and engagements,

extempore speaking.
Indeed,
principally to have recourse to
excepting
when he was
called out
on
particular occasions, the

p. 10, 11.
Doddridge's Letters,

period
I
xv
have
now specified was
die time in
which Mr. Dod-
dridge more especially excelled as a preacher.
When I was a
student under him, he used frequently, on a Saturday evening, to read, in the
academy, the sermons he had made in

;
his younger years
and they were models
much admired by
his
pupils, as containing
for their imitation, far superior
to those
which he could then have

discourses.
leisure to give in his usual
Sunday
One
thing
which pleased most of us
was, that these sermons had less of the Calvinistical dress of

expression than was adopted by
him
after his settlement at
Northampton.
Besides the pains which Mr. Doddridge took to acquaint
himself with controversial and
critical
theology, he
was
in the
continual habit of reading deeply and seriously the writers of

practical divinity.
Among these,
p
;
his peculiar favourites
were
Tillotson,
Howe, and Baxter
and undoubtedly they are
authors from
whom
the clergy of every denomination
may
derive the richest stores of private improvement and public

utility.
remember to have heard him speak of Barrow with
great energy of commendation.

latter part
Many
of the divines of the
of the
last
century (among
whom
the church of
England claims the
larger
number) were incomparably excelstyle
lent for the high spirit of devotion, the fulness of sentiment,
and the energy and copiousness of
and the neglect of
them has been of no advantage to modern times. In the midst of Mr. Doddridge's serious pursuits, he did Having been not discontinue his regard to polite literature. early acquainted with the French tongue, he was frequent in
the perusual of the elegant writers of that nation.
that
He
thought
many
of them were possessed of very great genius, and
he applauded them as intimately acquainted with the ancients,

those prime masters of eloquence and poetry.
Of
all
their
dramatic poets he met with none

as Racine.
whom
he admired so
much
He was charmed
with the pomp, elegance, and
xvi

his language, as well as with the majesty, tender-
harmony of
ness, and propriety of his sentiments.
His pieces, in general,

sufficiently distin-
for the stage, he approved, as conducted with a wonderful
mixture of grandeur and simplicity, which

bast of others. Another of
guish him from the dulness of some tragedians, and the
bom-
Mr. Doddridge's favourite authors was Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray. That writer's reflections upon eloquence, in particular, he looked upon as one of the most judicious performances he had ever seen. Mr. Doddridge was not equally an admirer of the French sermons. These he judged to be far inferior to those of our English
divines.
Bourdaloue's, notwithstanding the high estimation

in,
they have been held
appeared to him to be
little
better than
empty harangues. Many of Chaminais's he esteemed to be good but of all which he had then seen, he gave the preference to the discourses of Mr. Superville, the Protestant divine at Eotterdam. " He especially excels," said Mr. Doddridge, in a letter to an ingenious young friend, "in the beauty of his imagery, descriptions, and similies, and some of the most
;
pathetic expostulations I ever saw.

perfectly to
In short,
is
1 believe
he
is
your
taste
only there
it
one thing which
will
displease
you as much
as
did
me which is, that many of his

;
arguments are very inconclusive, though generally as good as q high Calvanism will bear. " It is certain that Mr. Doddridge
was afterwards particularly pleased with Saurin's sermons, and strongly recommended them to his pupils. Whether he was acquainted with Massillon is not recollected. While Mr. Doddridge was thus solicitous to enrich his mind with various knowledge, and to qualify himself for appearing with every advantage in the pulpit, he was diligently He would often attentive to the private duties of his station.
leave his study to visit and instruct the people under his care.
In his manner of conversation he was careful to adaptfhimself to

the capacities of his congregation, which consisted chiefly of per-
i Letters to
and from the Rev. Dr. Doddridge, p. 26, 2?.
xvii
sons in the lower ranks of life. This object, likewise, he seriously regarded in his public discourses, which, while they were
judicious, and frequently elegant, were, at the
and easy to be understood.

not a
little
In this
same time, plain happy art he was probably
assisted
by
his intimate acquaintance with the
works of the excellent Tillotson, which, however they may now be neglected by a fastidious age, will always deserve to be mentioned with honour, as having eminently contributed to the introduction of a rational and useful method of preaching IIuw anxious our young divine was, to disin England.
charge every part of his duty as a Christian minister, whether
in or out of the pulpit,
with the greatest
fidelity
and
zeal, is
evident from the copious extracts which
Mr. Orton has given
from his diary/

In October, 1725, Mr. Doddridge removed his abode to
Market Harborough,
in doing
which he did not discontinue
his relation to the people at
Kib worth.
He
preached to them
as before, excepting on sacrament days,
supplied by
his place was Mr. Some of Harborough, who had taken upon
when
him
the pastoral care of the small society at
Kibworth, in
gave him an
conjunction with his own.

residence
This change in Mr. Doddridge's

to him, as
it
was very advantageous
opportunity of nearer converse and intimacy with a gentieman,

to
whom he
had been under early obligations, and who, next
to
Mr
Clark, was, perhaps, the best friend he had ever expe-
rienced.
Mr. Some was a person of uncommon
piety, zeal,
prudence, and sagacity.
Indeed he appears to have been the

in that part of
prime ornament among the dissenting ministers

the kingdom.
For the memory of
this excellent
man, who
died on the twenty ninth of May, 1737. Mr. Doddridge always
maintained the most affectionate regard, which he strongly

testified
on several occasions.
He
published, in particular,
some
years after Mr. Some's decease, a judicious tract that had been written by him on the subject of inoculation, for the
* Orton, ub. supra, p.
2332.
xviii

difficulties
purpose of removing the religious
with which
many
worthy minds had been embarrassed,

tice.
in respect to that prac-
In this view the pamphlet has been of very considerable
utility. I do not find that Mr. Some ever printed more than two sermons one in the year 1729, concerning the proper "Methods to be taken by Ministers for the Revival of Religion ;" and another in 1736, preached at the funeral of the Rev.
;
Thomas Sanders of Kettering. The abilities and talents of Mr. Doddridge occasioned him to be sought for by much more numerous congregations than
s
that in
which he
first settled.
Even
so early as in the year
1723, when he had but latety finished his academical studies,
he received an invitation to undertake the pastoral charge of a

large society of Dissenters in the city of
London.
But he
this,
at that
thought himself unequal to so great a burden.
Besides
he was discouraged by the unhappy differences which

metropolis and
time subsisted, between the nonconformist ministers of the

its
neighbourhood, about subscribing or not
subscribing to articles of faith, in the words of

as a test of orthodoxy.
human
device,
In his answer to the gentleman
who
transmitted the invitation to him, he displayed the liberality of

his
own mind
for after
mentioning some other objections to

I
the proposal, he added as follows
required to subscribe
which
"I might also have been am resolved never to do. We

:
have no disputes on that matter in these parts. neighbour" introduce a subscriping gentleman once endeavoured to
tion
by Mr. Some of Harborough, Mr. Norris of Welford, and Mr. Jennings, my tutor.
;
but
it
was
effectually overruled
I shall content myself here, with being a benevolent well wisher

to the interests of liberty and
peace/"
In 1726-7 Mr. Doddridge was
recommended by
;
his friend
Mr. Clark
to hear
s
to a vacant congregation at Hertford

that
the conse-
quence of which was,

him.
two persons were sent
to
Kibworth,
The result of this matter, which strongly displays

Cooke's Historical Register,
Orton, ubi, supra, p. 40.
vol.
ii.
Ibid. p. 32, 33, 44,
p. 312.

the ridiculously narrow spirit of
*&
some of the Dissenters of that period, is thus humourously related by Mr. Clark in one of " Not having any other opportunity, I thought it his letters.
necessary to send you without delay by the post, to complain
of your keeping in your place of worship such stumblingblocks
and superstitious customs, as are very offensive to your

Christian brethren.
It is
no wonder you are thought a

Besides, you have a clerk,
legal
preacher,
when you have
the ten
commandments painted upon

it
the walls of your chapel.
seems,
so impertinent as to say, Amen, with an audable voice.
tempora
complete
O
all,
mores
that
such a rag of Popery should ever

;
be tolerated in a congregation of Protestant Dissenters
and to
you, the minister, conclude your prayers with a
Do you know what mischief you have done ? What a blot you have brought upon yourself by such offensive practices ? It may be, you are surprised at what this means. In a few words then, Mr. Chandler *of
form called the Lord's prayer.
Bedford, being on his return
home
at
Mr.
Eccles's, desired
him upon my motion to write to Hertford, to recommend you to them in his name, as a very fit man to be their minister. Upon this, two members of that congregation went over the other day to hear you preach. But no sooner did they come
into the place, but they found themselves disappointed
;
and
what they heard
at the close,
confirmed them so
it
much
at
I
in their
prejudices, that they thought

their intention to you.
I
needless to say any thing of

last
Going to preach
and afterwards
;
Sunday
Ware,
cannot
it
heard
all
this there,
at Hertford.
but pity them for their weakness
and do not
know but
It
is
happy
for
you not
to encounter
such odd humours.""
was
indeed happy for Mr. Doddridge, that he had not to encounter

with people of such a rigid and capricious disposition.
ever,
at
it
How-
ought to be remembered, that some of the Dissenters

the whole society.
p. 14, 19.
Hertford had sense enough to be angry that two persons

fo<
should take upon them to judge

u Letters to
and from the Rev. Dr. Doddridge,
VOL.
I.
xx

Mr. Doddridge,
in the year 1728, received a pressing invi
tation
from one of the Dissenting congregations at Nottingham,

after,
and a few months
from the other.
There were many
circumstances that tended to recommend both the invitations.
The
ful,
societies
were large and respectable, the salary'considerflourishing, its situation delight-
able, the
town populous and
the conversation agreeable, and the prospect of usefulness

,
,
very extensive. Nevertheless after mature deliberation Mr. Doddridge determined to adhere to the plan of continuing to pursue his schemes of improvement in a more private residence.
In this determination he did not act without consult-
ing his wisest friends, and seeking for divine direction.
In
1729, he was chosen assistant to Mr.
Some
at
Harborough;
the congregation at that place being desirous to enjoy his
labours
more
this
frequently than before
the result of which
choice was, that he preached there and at Kibworth alternately.
At
time of his
life,
though he was but
little
more
than twenty seven years of age, the fame of his abilities and
worth was so much spread abroad,
that his settlement
among
them was sought

for the people at
for
already mentioned.
by various large societies besides those But his regard to Mr. Some, his love
leisure for
Kibworth, and his solicitude to have greater study than he could enjoy in a populous town and
still
extensive connections,
retained their influence in leading
him
to decline the different proposals that were
made
to
him
w for a removal.
When Mr.
his days,
Doddridge
left
the academy,
Mr.
Jennings, a
few weeks before his death, which happened
in the
prime of
on the eighth of
July,
1723, earnestly pressed his
pupil to keep in view the improvement of the course he had
gone through of academical lectures, and to study that course

in such a
manner
as to refer
tutor
what occurred
to him, to the
illus-
compendiums his
trated
had drawn up, that they might be
and enriched.
w
Our young
divine did not then suspect
Orton, ubi supra,
p.
3941
xxi
what was the motive of Mr. Jennings in giving him this advice. But he afterwards was informed, that his tutor had declared it to be his opinion, that, if it should please God to remove him early in life, Mr. Doddridge was the most likely of any
of his pupils to pursue the schemes which he had formed;
and which, indeed, were very

a theological academy.
far
from being complete, as he
died about eight years after he had undertaken the conduct of
Agreeably to Mr. Jenning's advice,

his settlement at
Mr. Doddridge, during

ious
Kibworth, reviewed
his course of lectures with care.
About this time, an ingenyoung gentleman, Mr. Thomas Benyon, son of Dr. Samuel Benyon, a celebrated minister and tutor at Shrews-
bury,
the
who
died in 1708, had entertained thoughts of reviving

his father.
scheme of
Conversing one day with Mr.
Doddridge, the discourse turned upon the best method of

conducting the preparatory studies of youth intended for the
ministry.
In conclusion, Mr. Benyon earnestly requested of
his friend, that
he would write
down
his sentiments
upon the
Mr. Doddridge consented, and drew up his thoughts letter, which grew into a considerable volume. But when he had just finished the work, Mr. Benyon, for whose use it was designed, died, and the treatise remained in the writers own hands. Mr. Saunders of Kettering, happensubject
in the
form of a
ing to see
after
it
in his study, desired to

it
have the perusal of
it;
which he shewed
to
Dr. Watts, with whom Mr. Dod-
dridge had then no personal acquaintance.
The
doctor,
who
was much pleased with the plan, made some remarks upon it, and communicated it to several of his friends, who all concurred in opinion, that the person who had drawn it up was best
qualified to carry
it
into execution.
for that
Accordingly, application
;
was made
to
him
purpose
and Mr. Some was the

affair.
gentleman principally employed in managing the
He
lie
knew
that Mr. Doddridge had every important and desirable
qualification for the instruction of
youth
and therefore
not only proposed his undertaking
it,
but pressed the matter
upon him
in the strongest terms.
Nor would he by any
xxii

the validity of his plea of incapacity, but urged
means allow
that,
supposing him less capable than his friends believed, he

his time in his retirement,
might improve
when engaged
:
in
such a work with a few pupils, to greater advantage than without them. This was a very proper consideration for every man who has sustained the character of a preceptor, if
he nas discharged his duty with a suitable degree of attention and fidelity, must be sensible that the employment has highly
contributed to the accuracy and increase of his
edge.
own knowl-
Mr. Some had likewise, unknown to Mr. Doddridge, obtained from the relations of some young men, the promise of putting them under his cart, by which another objection that might have arisen was precluded; and Mr. Saunders
offered his brother to
be the
first
pupil of the intended acade-
my.
It
was with
great humility
and diffidence that Mr. Dod-
dridge
hearkened to these
solicitations.
He was
deeply
convinced of the importance and
difficulty
of the undertaking,
and devoutly implored the direction and assistance of the
Supreme Being.
Whilst he was
still
it
in
doubt with regard to
his final determination, he
esteemed
a kind providence that
the Dissenting ministers in the neighbourhood had agreed to
meet
day
this
at
Lutterworth, on the tenth of April, 1729, to spend a
in humiliation
and prayer for the revival of religion.
To
scheme that had been concerted for the establishment of an academy at Harborough, under the care of his young friend and it met with the entire
assembly Mr.
the
;
Some proposed
approbation of the gentlemen present.
They unanimously
concurred in their sentiments of the propriety and usefulness

of the design, and Mr. Doddridge's qualifications for con-
ducting
it
and they promised him

in their
all
the assistance
and
encouragement that were
power.
This had great
weight in forming his resolution.
Nevertheless, before the
matter was absolutely determined, he thought proper to con-
ially
some of his brethren and friends at a distance, and especMr. Clark who at first hesitated on the subject, and, on account of Mr. Doddridge's admirable talents for the
sult
;

pulpit,
in
xxiii
seemed rather
to
wish that he might have a settlement
London.
However, he soon approved of the scheme, as

therefore, to the execution of a
did the rest of the persons whose advice had been solicited.
Mr. Doddridge consented,

recommended.
retreat at
a plan which, on every side, was so zealously and earnestly
What much
;
encouraged him to enter upon
the office of an academical tutor,
was
the circumstance of his
Harborough
at
the pastoral care of the congregation

fulfilled
there,
and
Kibworth, being
to
by Mr. Some
to
so that
ser-
he had
little
do as a minister, excepting
task.
make one
mon
a week, which, considering the vigour
and
celerity of his
mind, was an easy
Mr. Doddridge
having, at length, resolved to
comply with
the wishes of his friends, he immediately reviewed his plan of
academical studies, with Dr. Watts's remarks, and correspond-
ed with
that
eminent divine on the subject.
He read,
like-
book which he could meet with on the education of youth, and made such extracts as he thought
wise, every valuable
might be conducive
this,
to the execution of his design.
Besides
he wrote many
letters to the ministers of different de-
nominations, with
whom
he was acquainted, requesting their
advice in his great undertaking.
One gentleman whom he
particularly consulted was the Rev. Dr. Samuel Wright, of London, who favoured him with his sentiments at large, Mr. Clark comespecially on the head of divinity lectures.
municated to him various transcripts from the lectures of Mr.

Jones,
who had been a learning, at Tewksbury

preparations,
tutor of distinguished ability

in
and
Glocestershire.
it
With
wisdom
all
these
Mr. Doddridge thought

a private way, with only
his
to
make
trial first in
declining to receive others that offered.
two or three students, At midsummer,

subject of his
first
1729, he opened his academy.

lecture to his pupils
The
was of a
religious kind,
shewing the
nature, reasonableness, and advantages, of their acknowledging
God
.their
in their studies.
In the second, he gave directions for

all
behaviour to him, to each other, to the family, and
xxiv

;
around them
with proper motives to excite their attention to

After this he proceeded to
led to a situation of life
7
a right conduct in these respects.

his ordinary course.
Thus was he
which formed the most distinguished scene of his usefulness. The late Rev. Hugh Farmer, so well known among the Dissenters as a most excellent preacher, and by the literary world
in general for his extensive learning
and valuable publications,
was one of Mr. Doddridge's earliest students. Our young tutor had been employed in his preceptorial capacity but a few months, when he was directed by Providence to a situation of greater usefulness as a Christian minister.
There being a vacancy in the Dissenting congregation

Hill, in
at Castle
Northampton,
to
in
consequence of the
re-
moval of Mr. Tingey

this, his services
London, Mr. Doddridge preached

In doing
occasionally to them, as did others of his brethren.
were so acceptable to the people, that he was
invited and strongly urged
by them to become
their pastor.
Some
of his friends, and particularly Mr. Some, advised his
continuance at Harborough.
The arguments
alledged
them were,
that there
that
he would have more time to apply to his

if
by work
and
as a tutor, than
he had the sole care of a large society

minister,
was another
who,
it
was thought, might
well supply the vacancy, though, perhaps, not in every respect
equally to the satisfaction of the congregation.
These con-
siderations had such weight with him, that he determined to
continue in his present station.

the case,
In pursuance of this view of

to persuade the
Mr. Some went

their zeal
to
Northampton,
people to wave their application.
But when he came

in
there,
and saw
and
affection in the affair,
and heard the
motives by which they acted, and the circumstances

ihey stood, he was, as he expressed
prophets, and immediately wrote to
his acceptance of the invitation.
it,
which
the
like
Saul
among
Mr. Doddridge to press

however he was averse,
p. 19,
The same thing was strongly

Still,
urged by his friend Mr. Clark.

r Ibid. p.
41-4r.
20

on many accounts,
gation, he
to a change in his situation.
xxv
But being
in
desirous of testifying his gratitude and regard to the congre-
made them
visit,
on purpose to explain
person
his reasons for declining their proposal.

this visit, several events occurred,
Whilst he was on which strongly tended to

of those
prevail
upon him
to alter his resolution.
perhaps,
may be deemed, by some

;
One or two of them, who may read
Mr. Orton's account of them, to have a tincture of enthusiweakness but there was an argument presented to him, which must be allowed to have had very great weight. Before he returned to Harborough, the young persons of the society came to him in a body earnestly entreated his settlement among them and promised to submit to all such methods of instruction as he should think proper. This last circumstance was the consideration that turned the scales for
astic
:
his going to
Northampton,
after
they had long hovered in
uncertainty.
On the twenty fourth

ton,
of December, 1729,
Mr. Doddridge
removed, with his academy, from Harborough to Northamp-
and
in the space
of two or three weeks
commenced
was
housekeeping.
This important change
in his situation
not suffered to pass without his entering into a severe examination of his
own mind, and forming
the most pious and sacred
resolutions with respect to his conduct, both as a master of a
family and a minister of the gospel.

better prepared for the large pastoral
That he might be the work now devolved upon

on the
qualifica-
him, he employed part of the time between his settlement and

his ordination in reading the best treatises
tions
and duties of the ministerial
ularly studied
office. The books particby him were Chrysostom on the Priesthood,
Bowles's Pastor Evangelicus, Burnet on the Pastoral Care,
and Baxter's Gildas Salvianus.

Rev. Mr. Philip Henry afforded
encouragement.
Besides
this,
He
read, likewise, the live6
of some pious and active ministers,
among which that of the him much instruction and

reflections.
he selected, from the works
which he perused, the most important advices,
xxvi
and motives; and made a collection of those maxims of pru~ dence and discretion, an attention to which he thought would be calculated to secure esteem and usefulness. About two months after Mr. Doddridge's settlement at
Northampton, he was seized with a dangerous
gave
illness,
which
many
painful fears to his friends, lest a
life
of such dis-
tinguished excellence, and such promising

speedily cut
off.
utility,
should be
But, through a merciful Providence, he
recovered from the disorder, and, in due time, his health was completely restored. While he was yet in a very weak state, the day arrived, which had been fixed upon for his and it was a day to him of great solemnity and ordination
;
importance, and which exercised his most devout meditations.
This event took place on the nineteenth of March,

It is
1729-30.
but an act of justice to record the names of
the worthy ministers
who were engaged
in setting apart for
the pastoral office so eminent an instrument of service to the*
Mr. Goodrich of Oundle began with prayer and reading the scriptures. Mr. Dawson of Hinckley prayed before sermon. Then Mr. Watson of Leicester preached a discourse from 1 Timothy iii. 1. " This is a
church and the world.
true saying, if a
man
desire the office of a bishop, he desireth

call
a good work."
After this, the
of the church was read by
Mr. Norris of Welford; and when Mr. Doddridge had

declared his acceptance of
faith,
it,
he delivered his confession of

is
which was
followed by what
usually called the ordi-
The charge to Mr. Doddridge was given by nation prayer. Mr. Clark of St. Alban's, and the exhortation to the people by Mr. Saunders of Kettering; and the whole solemnity was z It is concluded with a prayer by Mr. Mattock of Daventry. that we do not meet with the name of Mr. rather surprising
Some on
this occasion.
Some
particular incident,
now
not
known, perhaps a sudden
illness,
might have deprived Mr.
Doddridge of the assistance of so valuable and intimate a

* Orton, ubi supra, p.
4755

.
xx$
That the cause should not have been mentioned by friend Mr. Orton in his memoirs, or by Mr. Doddridge in his
diary,
It
is
an omission that could scarcely have been expected.

limits that
would carry us beyond the
must be assigned
to
the present narrative, to describe at large, the diligence, zeal,
and fervour, with which Mr. Doddridge discharged his pastoral duty. This matter is fully insisted upon by Mr. Orton, to
whom we
must
refer for a
However, we Mr. Doddridge's first for which purpose he made and stated hearers of which
shall insist
more minute detail of particulars. upon a few leading circumstances. care was to know the state of his flock ;
diligent inquiry into the
it
consisted,
members and entered in a book

and charvisits
their
names,
families, places of abode, connections,

this
acters.
By
he was better enabled to adapt his
and
advices to their respective situations, and their religious im-
provement.
With
regard to the composition of sermons, his
work
as a tutor,
and the pastoral inspection of a very numerit
ous congregation, rendered
next to impossible that his dis-
courses for the pulpit should be so exact and accurate as they
were in the former part of
Mr. Orton, "
needful.
his ministry. "Nor was it," says Having habituated himself, for sev-
eral years, to correct compositions, having laid
up such a fund
of knowledge, especially of the scriptures, which was daily

increasing
by
his studies
and lectures, he sometimes only
wrote
down
the heads and leading thoughts of his sermons
and the principal texts of Scripture he designed to introduce. But he was so thoroughly master of his subject, and had such a ready utterance and so warm a heart, that perhaps few ministers can compose better discourses than he deliver-
ed from these short hints."' This encomium is, be admitted with some slight degree of abatement.
I think, to
The
ser-
mons
of
Dr Doddridge were
different, as
he was differently
circumstanced.
When
he had leisure to draw out his plan,
and the hints of what he proposed to say, to a considerable extent, his discourses were often excellent in a high degree.
a Ibid. p. 57,
5$
VOL.
I.
x*viii
But, at other times,
when he could but just
lay
down
his'
scheme with only a very few thoughts under it, his sermons, especially if he was not in a full flow of spirits, were less valuable. Once, during my residence with him, a number of pupils
complained, through the
medium
of Mr. Orton, that,
though
their reverend tutor's academical lectures
were admir-
able, they
had not
in
him
far
a sufficiently correct model of pulpit

the intimation was, that
composition.
his
The consequence of
sermons became
superior to what they had sometimes

all men to the When, however, he took the
formerly been, for he was the most candid of

voice of gentle admonition.
least pains,
he was always perspicuous in his method, and

;
natural and orderly in the arrangement of his sentiments
and
hence he furnished an example, from which many of the young men educated under him derived no small benefit in their future labours. I remember a remarkable instance of his power in extemporaneous speaking. Akenside, the poet,
who in early life was settled, who were

ject he
for
for a short time, at
Northampton,
being visited by some relations from Newcastle upon Tyne,

Dissenters,
came with them, unexpectedly, one
Sunday morning,
to Dr. Doddridge's meeting.
The
sub-
preached upon was a
common
orthodox
topic,
which he had scarcely made any preparation. But he roused his faculties on the occasion, and spoke with such
energy, variety, and eloquence, as excited
my warmest admi-
ration, and must have impressed Dr. Akenside with a high
opinion of his
abilities.
The
ingenious poet and the learned
divine were in the habits of considerable intimacy while the
former resided at Northampton.
A matter of controversy
heathen philosophers
between them was, how

immortality.
far the ancient
were acquainted with, and had inculcated, the doctrine of Akenside contended for the honour of the
philosophers, and Doddridge for that of the Christian revelation.
The
subject
was pursued,
;
in express conferences, for
two or three evenings

talents,
and both the gentlemen exerted their
and collected
their literature
on the
different sides of

the question.
xxix
Dr. Doddridge,
who
loved to inform his pupils
of whatever he met with which he thought would contribute

to their instruction and pleasure, related to us,
on the succeed-
ing mornings, the arguments that had been produced, and the
result of the debate.
Without
entering into a particular detail of
many
things
which might be said of Dr. Doddridge as a preacher, I cannot help taking notice that he was always warm and affectionate in the applications of his sermons. His sentiments on this head he has thus expressed " It is indeed unworthy the character
:
of a
man and
a Christian, to endeavour to transport men's
passions, while the understanding is left uninformed, and the
reason unconvinced. But, so
far as is consistent
with a proper
regard to this leading power of our nature, I would speak and

write of divine truths with a holy fervency.
Nor can
im-
agine that
it
would bode well

all,
to the interest of religion to
endeavour to lay
those passions asleep, which surely
God
implanted in our hearts to serve the religious as well as the
and which, after all, will probably be employed to some very excellent or very pernicious purposes. 6 " This is the
civil life,
language of wisdom.
True eloquence consists

;
in an union of
the rational, the forcible, and the pathetic
and to address to
is
the affections, as well as to the reason, of mankind,

dictate of the soundest philosophy.
the
The
cold and feeble

are as
conclusions of
many
discourses from the pulpit,
disgusting to a just taste, as they are unprofitable with regard

to religious improvement.
It
must not be omitted,
that
Mr. Doddridge thought it a

to take public notice of re-
part of
ministerial prudence
markable providential occurrences.

tant transactions, affecting the nation,
He endeavoured,
in his
sermons, to deduce lessons of wisdom and piety from impor-
town, or any considera-
ble
number of
his hearers.
Nor
did he neglect
uncommon
appearances of nature, or other events, that were the subjects
of general conversation
b
to
which may be added the seasons

supra, p. 61.
Orton
.bi
xxx
of the year, and especially the mercies of harvest.
From an
were
attention to these different circumstances, his discourses
He
accompanied with a greater extent of variety and usefulness. was a friend to funeral sermons, which, if they be not too
frequently exercised, or converted to the purposes of adulation,

constitute an instructive and an affecting part of compositions
manner of speaking he had an earnestness and pathos which tended greatly to afft ct his hearers. By some
for the pulpit. In his
persons his pronunciation and action were judged to be too strong and vehement ; but to those who were acquainted with
the vivacity of his temper, and his usual
it
mode of conversation,
appeared quite natural and unaffected.
With respect to his conduct,

it
as a minister, out of the pulpit,
must
suffice briefly to observe, that
he was very exact in the
exercise of Christian discipline, and separating those from the
church who were a reproach to

that he
their religious profession
had a deep concern and

;
affectionate regard for the
rising generation
and
that, in the
it
midst of his numerous

surprise that
visits.
duties and engagements,
was matter of
he
It
could spare so
much
time, as he did, for pastoral
was
a grief to
him
to find, that the children of
some of
his
hearers, through the ignorance and poverty of their parents,
had never been taught

his people, in
to read
and therefore he persuaded
1738, to concur with him in establishing a In this benevolent design he met with so charity school.
much
encouragement, that a foundation was laid for instructing and clothing twenty boys, who were put under the care of
skilful
a pious and
master.
The
doctor himself often visited

;
the school, and examined and exhorted the children
accomim-
panying
his exhortations with affectionate prayers for their

welfare.
provement and
With such distinguished
abilities
of
the mind, and with such excellent virtues of the heart, it will not be deemed surprising that he possessed, in a very high degree, the esteem and love of his congregation.
In his last will
he
bore this testimony to their character,

life
" That he
hacj
spent the mpst delightful hours of his
in asserting the de*
xxxi
votions of as serious, as grateful, and as deserving a people, as
perhaps any minister ever had the happiness to serve.
'
'
This
character was no doubt generally, and indeed almost universally, true.
Nevertheless, he was not without his calls for the
exercise of patience.
There were persons belonging to his society who were narrow bigots, and weak enthusiasts and
;
these sometimes obtruded
upon him
in a foolish
and trouble-
some manner.
He
behaved, however, to them with a con-
descension and tenderness which they scarcely deserved, and
of which few ministers of the gospel would be able to set an

equally striking example.
In 1730, Mr. Doddridge entered into the matrimonial

tion with
rela-
lady in
whom
Mrs. Mercy Maris, a native of Worcester, and a he found every qualification that could render
marriage desirable.
She was, indeed, a
religious,
prudent,
delicate,
and
affectionate
companion.
Her
constitution
was
and her health,

tinued to
at times, precarious,
;
which often gave her
husband no small cause of alarm
but she was happily con-
him through
years.
d
his
whole
life,
and survived him a great
number of
ject.
Of his
affection
and tenderness
for her
much might
be said, were
it
necessary to enlarge on the sub-
A better proof of this cannot be afforded than by a copy

when
of verses which he once wrote to her, from London,

absent on a journey.
They
are as follows
!
Tedious moments speed your flying, Bring Cordelia to my arms ; Absent, all in vain I'm trying Not to languish for her charms.
Busy crowds
in vain
surround me,
;
Brightest beauties shine in vain
Other pleasures but confound me.

Pleasures but renew
my pain.
years are ended
What though three whole
Since the priest has join'd our hands.
Every rolling year has tended Only to endear our bands.
Ibid. p.
62 7$
li
sxsii

Let the wanton wits deride it, Husband is a charming name
None can
say, but
who
has try'd
it,
How enjoyment feeds the

Wives
Angels
flame.
our better angels are,

in their loveliest dress,
Gentle soothers of our care, Smiling guardians of our peace-
Happy
state of mortal treasures,
Circling
maze of noble
love
Where
the sense's highest pleasures
But the meanest blessing prove.
Dear Cordelia
hither flying,
Fold thy husband in thy arms ; While thus t'amuse myself I'm trying, More I languish for thy charms.
Mr. Doddridge,
present biographer.
in
younger
life,
afforded various proofs of
a poetical turn, most of which are in the possession of the
The
excellent lines
'
'
which he wrote on
the motto to the arms of his family,
Dum vivimus vivamus,"

Dr. Johnson's opinthey are so well
have appeared in several publications.

epigrams in the English language.'
ion of these lines was, that they constituted one of the finest
Though
in
known, they cannot be omitted

author's
life.
any memoirs of the
" Live, while you live," the epicure would say, " And seize the pleasures of the present day." " Live, while you live," the sacred preacher cries, " And give to God each moment as it flies."
Lord,
in
my views
let
both united be
I live to
I live in pleasure
when
Thee.
Mr. Doddridge had

stance of which
is
a talent at satirical epigrams; an in-
the following, written on one of his pupils,

that
a weak young man, who thought method of flying to the moon.
he had invented a
And will Volatio leave this world so soon, To fly to his own native seat, the moon
?
'Twill stand, however, in some
little
stead
That he
sets out with
such an empty head.
Boswell's Journal, p. 534.
xxxiii
When Mr.
emy was
Doddridge removed
its
to
Northampton, his acadit
only in
infancy ; but
soon grew into great
reputation, and the
number of
it
students increased every year.
In 1734, he found
necessary to have a stated assistant* to
whom he
He was
his
assigned part of the junior pupils, and the superin-
tendence of the whole of them when he happened to be absent.

solicitous to maintain the reputation
and esteem of
the gentlemen
who
successively sustained this character,
by
own
behaviour towards them, and the respect which he
required from the students to them;
"and they thought
themselves happy in his friendship, and the opportunities they

had, by his converse, instructions, and example, to improve
themselves, while they were assisting in the education of
others.'"
In these words, which are Mr. Orton's, he spoke
from
his
own
experience
and every one who acted

similar language.
in the
same capacity might adopt

their
Such of them
as I have been acquainted with, were very respectable for
knowledge; and
in the choice
skill in
regard was paid to their
as well as to their ability for
of them a particular Greek and Latin classics, instructing the young men in
the
certain departments of mathematical and philosophical science.
Among Dr.
Robertson,
tal
Doddridge's
late
be named the
who
Mr. Orton, may Rev. Dr. Aikin, and the Rev. Mr. James has been form any years professor of Orienassistants, besides
first,
Literature in the university of Edinburgh.

classical,
was afterwards,
ed.
Dr. Aikin and then theological tutor at

he was never exceed-
Warrington; and perhaps, as a
lecturer,
This
all
is
the testimony that has been uniformly given of
him by
who had
the advantage of being his pupils.
What
he was as a parental instructor, will be judged of"from the excellent and elegant productions of his son and daughter, Dr.
John Aikin and Mrs. Barbaukl.

Since Dr. Doddridge's office as a tutor was the most important station in
which he appeared,
f
it
is
an essential part of a
Orton, ubi supra.
xxsiv
life

somewhat minutely, how he
written of him, to relate,
conducted himself in that capacity.
He
chose to have as
many
pupils as possible in his

his
more immediately under

latterly,
own family, that they might be own eye and government and
;
he had a house large and commodious enough to

all
contain
of them, two or three excepted.
The
orders of
the seminary were such as suited students of a certain age
being a due
medium between
the rigour of school discipline

It
and an unlimited indulgence.

every pupil should
was an
established law, that
rise at six o'clock in the
summer, and
at
seven in the winter.
Each young man,
in his turn, sustained
the weekly office of monitor, part of whose business was to
up the rest every morning; and they were to appear in the public room, soon after the fixed hour. Those who did
call
not attend were subject to a pecuniary penalty; but
if
any
repeatedly indulged to a habit of sloth, they were obliged to
prepare an additional academical exercise.
The punishment
them an example
of the monitor's neglect, which
never recollect to have hapset
pened, was a double
fine.
Their tutor
of diligence by being almost universally present with them at

these earl j' risings.
After a prayer, which seldom lasted
more than two

That
service
or three minutes, the

till
young gentlemen
retired
to their respective closets
the time of family worship.
was begun by the doctor with a short petition for the divine presence and blessing. Some of the students then read a chapter of the Old Testament from Hebrew into
English, which he critically expounded, and practically im-
proved.
After this a psalm was sung, and he concluded with

at the beginning.
a longer prayer than
On Sunday
mornings
in
something entirely devotional and

the
practical
was substituted
room of the
usual exposition.
in the
In the evening the worship
was conducted
that a chapter of the
same method, with only this difference, New Testament was read by the pupils
from Greek into English, and the senior students prayed in rotation. The doctor, when present, which was generally
the ease,
expounded the
New
Testament
in the
same manner

8 as he did the Old.
xxxv
would give me pleasure, if I could say, that some of the young men never slily placed an EngSuch of the pupils lish Bible by the side of the Hebrew one. of the house were obliged to attend and as were boarded out
It
take their parts in the domestic devotions

er in or out of the family,
and those, wheth-
who were
not present, were subject
was frequent, to public repremethod which Dr. Doddridge pursued, the students had an opportunity of hearing him expound most of the Old Testament, and the whole of the New, more than The more diligent among them took hints of what once. was delivered. One piece of advice given them by the doctor was, to get the Old Testament, and Wetstein's Greek Testament, interleaved, in quarto, in order to write in them
to a fine, or, if their absence
hension.
By
the
most considerable remarks for the scriptures, which either occurred in their
the
illustration
of the
tutor's expositions,
or were derived from their

reflections.
own
reading, conversation, and
Soon
after breakfast,
Dr. Doddridge proceeded to the
dis-
charge of his academical duty.
The
several classes
were
taken by him in their proper order, and he lectured to each of them about the space of an hour. His assistant was at the same time engaged in a similar manner. Rich's short hand was one of the first things which he expected his pupils to
learn, that they
might be able to transcribe his
own
lectures,
and make extracts from the books they read and consulted, with greater ease and celerity. Indeed, this was a circumstance from
life,
as the experience of the present writer can testify.

in the first year
which they might derive great advantage in future Care

of the young men's course, that
was taken,
they should retain and improve that knowledge of Greek and
Latin which they had acquired at school.

the
With
regard to
it,
Hebrew
language, they were either initiated into

it
or, if
they had learned
before,
were carried on to greater im75, 76
* Ibid. p.
VOL.
I.
xxxvi

Usually the attention to classical literature was
prove ment.
extended through the second year of the cou rse.

Dissenting academies have exerted a
respect to this very important object.
far
Of late,
I
the
superior zeal with
Whilst
was one of
at
it
the tutors at Hoxron, classical instruction

least for three years;
and
at
was continued the new college, Hackney,
makes a
part of the
whole course.
Besides what was done in
a morning, the Greek and Latin lectures, at Dr. Doddridge's,
were read every evening, usually by the

sometimes by himself.
the
If
assistant,
though
any of the pupils were deficient in
knowledge of the Greek, such of the seniors as were best skilled In that language were appointed to be their instructors,
at
separate hours.
Those who chose
it
were taught the
French tongue.
The
longer Dr. Doddridge lived, the
more
was he convinced of the

found that some
great importance of a learned, as well
as a pious education, for the Christian ministry.
Having
for
who came under
his care
were not compe-
tently acquainted with the classics, he

assisting youths, of a
formed a scheme
promising genius and a serious temper,

;
in their preparations for academical studies
and he met with

contributions of
good encouragement
in the
scheme from
'the
many of his
his death,
friends.
As
it
much
progress could not be
commenced only two years brfore made in it but a

;
similar plan has since been adopted by
with singular
utility.
Mr. Coward's trustees, Dr. Doddridge was not, in every in-
stance, so attentive to the classical preparation of the students
received
into his
seminary, as could have been wished.
Sometimes he admitted serious young men, of perhaps three

or four and twenty years of age,
that preparation,
this respect,
who had had
very
little
of
and
their
who never
distinguished themselves, in
by
subsequent improvement.
in plain
He thought,
however, that they might be useful

gations
;
country congreSeveral of them,
which was undoubtedly the
case.
though not abounding

towards the close of his
far
in learning, sustained the ministerial
character with a decent reputation.

life,
The
doctor, I believe,
that
was of opinion
he had gone
enough
in this matter.
xxxvh
Oher things which

first
were read
to the students, during the
year of their course, were systems of logic, rhetoric, geogra-
phy, and metaphysics.
The logic was Dr.
Watts's, which was
very
fully
pursued.
On
rhetoric the lectures
were slender
slight enlargement of a small compendium that had been drawn up by Mr. Jennings. Geography was better taught but of metaphysics there was only
and imperfect, being only a
given at this time a brief epitome, as the great objects

presents were afterwards
it
more amply considered.

This
Under
these several heads the pupils were referred to particular pas-
sages in such authors as treated upon them.
part of the
course was accompanied with lectures on the principles of geometry and algebra, which, besides their intrinsic excellence,
were happily calculated to form
in the
young men a
fixedness of attention, and a habit of rightly discriminating, and

properly arranging their conceptions.
When
these branches
of science were finished, the students were introduced to the
knowledge of trigonometry, conic sections, and

chanics
;
celestial
me-
under which
last
term was included a collection of

solely, to centripetal
important propositions, taken chiefly from Sir Isaac Newton,
and
relating especially,
though not
and
system of natural and experimental philosophy, comprehending mechanics, statics, hydrostatics,

centrifugal forces.
optics, pneumatics,
and astronomy, was likewise read, with
references to the best authors on these subjects.
Muschenafter-
broek was made use of in
my
time as a text book, and
wards Rowning.
late,
For the
particular objects to
which they
re-
recourse was had to Clare on Fluids, and Keill's Astron-
omy. The system of natural philosophy was illustrated by a neat

and pretty large apparatus.
course,
As
the pupils proceeded in their
some
other articles were also touched upon.

particularly natural
fall
Mr.
;
Orton mentions
and
civil
history
but
these two objects do not
under
my recollection.
At most,
a distinct
they were scarcely enough considered to deserve

specification.
Such a view was given of the anatomy of the human body as was entitled to applause, and well calculated to inspire the young men with the sentiments of veneration
xxxviH

for the
and love
supreme
Artificer.
In the
latter
years of
their course, a large system,

self,
drawn by Dr. Doddridge him-
principal writers
was read of Jewish antiquities, with references to the on the subject in order to illustrate numberless passages of scripture, which could not otherwise be so
;
well understood.
In ecclesiastical history the doctor lectur-
ed from Lampe's Epitome.

instruction
On
the various sects and doc-
trines of the ancient philosophers
he occasionally gave some from Buddasus's Compendium but this matter

;
was never pursued
to
any considerable extent.
All these branches of study, though of no small conse-
quence, were, however, subordinate to what was the grand

object of the attention of the
their course
;
young men, during three years of

is most matework were contained,
which was Dr. Doddridge's System of Divinity,

word; including what
ethics. In this
in the largest sense of the

rial in
pneumatology and
in as
few words as perspicuity would admit, the principal
things
which had occurred
to the author's observation, relat-
ing to the constitution and properties of the
human mind,
the
proofs of the existence and attributes of
moral virtue, the various parts of

to
it,
it,
the
God, the nature of means subservient
and the sanctions by which
its
precepts, considered as
the natural law of the supreme Being,

this
light
are enforced.
Under
was
head the arguments for a future
life,
deducible from the
of reason, were particularly examined.

is,
A survey
added, of what
in the world
;
and generally has been, the

transition
state of virtue
whence a
it
was easy to the

it,
necessity of
a revelation, the encouragement to hope for

evidence with which
the
and the kind of
might probably be attended.

actual evidence
revelation
that
Hence
work proceeded
in
to the
may be
is
produced
favour
of that
which
then
con-
tained in the scriptures.
The
genuineness,
credibility,
and inspiration of the sacred books were
treated
upon
ers.
at large,
and vindicated from the most material objec-
tions that have been urged against
them by
useful.
sceptical writ-
This
part of
Dr. Doddridge's lectures was, perhaps
of
all
others, the
most important and
Having
laid a
xxxix
firm foundation in so ample a statement of the evidences of

Christianity,
or, at least,
he entered into a copious detail of what were,

to
what appeared
him
to be, the doctrines of scrip-
ture.
In so doing, though he stated and maintained his
own
opinions,
which
in a considerable
degree were Calvinistical,
he never assumed the character of a dogmatist.
He
;
representsides.
ed the arguments, and referred to the authorities on both
The
students were
left to
judge for themselves
and they
did judge for themselves, with his perfect concurrence and
approbation
pleased
though, no doubt,
their sentiments
it
was
natural for
him
his
to
be
when
this
coincided with
own.
Where
affection
was not the
case,
it
made no
alteration in his
and kind treatment, as the writer of the present nar-
rative to
can gratefully witness.
What seemed most
evident
di-
Dr. Doddridge on the subjects considered by him was
gested into the form of propositions,
some of which were

relative to
problematical
and the chief controversies
each
all
head were thrown into scholia.
For the
illustration
of
of
them; a
large collection
was made of references,
in
which
It
the sentiments and reasonings of the principal authors on the

points in question might be seen in their
own
words.
was
the business of the pupils to read and abridge these references

in the intervals
between the lectures. Dr. Doddridge's System
of Divinity was his capital work, as a tutor.

;
Much
labour
was spent by him upon it and he was continually enriching it with his remarks on any new productions upon the various It was transcribed by the subjects to which it extended.
generality of the students
;
and
it
may be
truly observed con-
cerning
it,
that
it
was
well calculated to lead
them gradually
diffi-
on, from the
first
principles, to the
most important and
cult parts of theological
knowledge.
critical
Besides Dr. Doddridge's expositions in the family,

lectures
Testament were delivered once a week, which the young men were permitted and encouraged to
on the
transcribe.
New
In these were contained his observations on the
language, meaning, and design of the sacred writings, and the
xl

most eminent commenta-
interpretations and.criticisms of the
Many As positor.
tors.
full
of these observations occur in his Family
Ex-
a set of lectures, they never attained to a very
and perfect form.
Polite literature, if not copiously insisted upon,
was
not,
however, by any means neglected.

tage
No
inconsiderable advan-
was derived from the doctor's being himself a man of taste, and a master of elegant composition. Without much direct instruction, the remarks which he occasionally and frequently made on the best writers, ancient and modern,
were of
great utility.
The
students, too, especially those of a
classical turn,cherished in
each other, by their discussions and
debates, the principles of
discernment with regard to the
beauties of authors, whether in prose or verse.
In the
last
year of Dr. Doddridge's course a set of lectures

the pastoral care.
was given on preaching and

pupils to
fit
These conthe
;
tained directions concerning the
method
to
be taken by the
;
them
for appearing
with credit
in the pulpit
character of the chief practical divines and commentators

particular rules for the composition, style, arrangement,
and
delivery of sermons
and instructions relating to public prayer,
exposition, catechising, the administration of the sacraments,
and
visiting.
To
t'.ese
were added many general maxims
for
their conversation
and conduct as ministers, and a variety of
prudential hints for their behaviour in the particular circumstances and connections in which they might be placed.
regard to truth obliges
me
to observe,
that, in these lectures,
the doctor carried his ideas of condescension to the weakness,
and accommodation to the prejudices, of mankind, farther than some persons will entirely approve. But in so doing he
acted, I doubt not, with the
sincere desire to be useful.
been early stated by him

probable
in
most upright views, and from a His sentiments on this head had his " Free Thoughts on the most
Interest."
Means of reviving the Dissenting

some
lectures
" While the students," says Mr. Orton, " were pursuing
these important studies,
were given them on

civil
*ll
law, the hieroglyphics and mythology of the ancients, the
English history, particularly the history of nonconformity^
and the principles on which a separation from the church of
Such lectures might, I doubt not, be but they made no stated and regular part occasionally read of the academical course. None of them, excepting those on
England
is
founded."
;
nonconformity, were delivered during
my
residence
at
North-
ampton,
as I
speak with the greater confidence on the subject,
was never absent from a single lecture till the last month of my course, when I w?s prevented from attending on two or three Mondays, in consequence- of having been engaged at
a distance as an occasional preacher.
bled me, and the diligence that led
The me
health
which enathis
to maintain
constant attendance, I have reason to reflect

fulness and pleasure.
upon with thank-
One day
at
in
every week was set apart for public exercises;
which times the translations and orations of the junior pupils
were read and examined.

in their turns theses
Such of the young men
as had
entered on the study of pneumatology and ethics, produced
on the several subjects assigned them, which were mutually opposed and defended. The senior
11
students brought analyses of scripture, the schemes of sermons, and afterwards the sermons themselves, which they submitted to the doctor's examination and correction and
;
in this part of his

ly
;
work he was very exact,
careful,
and friend-
for
useful to the
position
he esteemed his remarks on their discourses more young preachers than any general rules of com-
which could be offered them by those who were themselves most eminent in the profession.
It
was Dr. Doddridge's
care, that his pupils, through the
whole
series of their studies,
might have such a variety of
h " Those," says Mr. Orion, "who had finished ethics delivered homilies (as they were called, to distinguish them from sermons) on the natural and moral perfections of God, and the several branches of moral virtue." But no such homilies, as distinct from orations and theses, occur to my recollection. Indeed.,
I
am
convinced that the distinction did not take place in
my time.
xlii

would entertain
lectures weekly, as without distracting them,
While they were attending and studying objects of the greatest importance, some of smaller moment, though beneficial in themselves, were set before them at proper intervals. It was contrived that they should have as much to read, between each lecture, as might keep them
their
and engage
minds.
well employed
ations,
clue
time being allowed for necessary relaxpractical writers.
and the reading of
The
habitual
perusal of such writers
was recommended by
;
their tutor with
peculiar energy, and singular propriety
for
few things can duty
more
effectually contribute to
improve the understanding and
mend
the heart, and to
fit
a young
man
for ministerial
most valubody of English sermons, and of compositions which have a similar nature and tendency. Dr. Doddridge often examined what books the students
a large acquaintance with that
and usefulness, than
able part of literature, the great
read, besides those to
which they were referred
in their lectures,
and directed them
to
such as were best suited to their age,

In this respect they were
character, and intended profession.
very advantageously situated, as they enjoyed the use of a

valuable library, consisting of several thousand volumes.
this library, at all times.
'collection
To
under some prudent regulations, they had access
As
their tutor
was
sensible that a
numerous
of books might be a snare, rather than a benefit, to
the students, unless they had an experienced friend to direct
them
in the
choice of them, and in the proper period for their
being perused, he was particularly solicitous that they might
have suitable advice on the subject. With
this view,
he some;
times gave to his pupils lectures on the books in the library
going over the several shelves in order, and informing them of

the character of each work, and
its
author, so far as he
was
known. His observations were not only

ant
;
instructive but pleas-
being often intermixed with anecdotes of the writers
who were
mentioned.
It
may truly be
said of the lectures
on
She library, that they displayed the surprising extent of the

doctor's reading and knowledge, and that they were useful in

a variety of respects.
xliii
My
mind
still
retains, with
advantage
and pleasure, the impression of many of his remarks.
Dr. Doddridge's manner of lecturing was well adapted to

engage the attention and love of his pupils, and to promote
their diligent study of the subjects
upon which he
treated.
He
expected from them, when they assembled in their respective

classes,
an account of the reasonings, demonstrations, scripconsidered in the former lectures and referto
tures, or facts,
ences
and he allowed and encouraged them
propose any obor had occur-
jections,
which might
arise in their
own minds,
red in the authors they perused.

tions
If, at
any time, their objec-
were petulent or impertinent, he patiently heard and mildly answered them for he put on no magisterial airs, but always addressed them with the freedom and tenderness of a
;
father.
He
frequently and
their
system of divinity from any

It
warmly urged them not to take man or body of men, but

that
from the Bible.
was the Bible

light.
he always referred and

it
appealed to, upon every point in question, to which
could
be supposed to give any
The
appearances of bigotry
;
and uncharitableness were resolutely checked by him
and
he endeavoured to cure those who discovered any symptoms

of this kind, by shewing them what might be said in support
of the principles they disliked, and displaying the great learning and excellent characters of
many by whom they were

aim
to give his pupils just
espoused.
It
was Dr. Doddridge's
great
and sublime views of the Christian ministry, and to lead them

to direct all their studies so as to increase their abilities
and
qualifications for that important office.
As
he was desirous
that they should be very serious preachers,
he was particularly
anxious that they might have a deep sense of divine things up-
on
their
of the
own minds, and be well acquainted with the workings human heart with regard to eternal concerns; and he
recommended
vor..
r.
to them, in the choice of the subjects upon which they preached, and in the manner of treating them, to
xliv
have an especial view to the edification of the bulk of the people.
Nor did he
think this inconsistent with a due attention
to the elegance of composition.

qualified to
That the students might be appear with esteem and honour in the world, and
to
preside over politer societies with acceptance, he endeavoured

to
form them
an greeable address and behaviour.

his
This the
speaking,
economy and decorum of

to produce.
own
family was well calculated
He observed,
likewise, their
way of
instructed
them
in the proper
manner of pronunciation, and
laboured to prevent their contracting any unnatural tone or

gesture.
While he
delivered his cautions upon these heads,
such was his humility, that he warned them not to imitate

himself in an error of this kind, of which he was sensible, but
which he could not entirely
correct. 1
Another method taken by Dr. Doddridge,

not be forgotten.
to qualify his
pupils for appearing with early advantage in the pulpit,
must
the
The
senior students, before they began to

visit
preach were accustomed, on the Sunday evenings, to

neighbouring
villages,
and
to
hold
private
It
meetings for
religious worship in
some
licensed houses.
was not uncomof people, to

usually
mon
for fifty or sixty, or perhaps a larger
number
assemble on these occasions.
Two of the young men

after
it,
went together
when
a practical
sermon was repeated, and

with proper
useful, both
one of them prayed before and the other

intervals of singing.
This eustom was eminently

and
in exercising the talents of the pupils,
to appear with greater courage and freedom
upon
ly
the ministry.
in preparing them when they entered Sometimes distinguished abilities, when
accompanied with timidity and bashfulness, have been
great-
obscured from the want of such preparatory exercises.

in
The
tend-
custom was otherwise
no small degree
beneficial, as
it
ed to remove prejudices against the Dissenters, and to pro-
mote the ends of serious
religion.
Orton, ubi supra, p. 76
90.
xlv
One proof
to
of Dr. Doddridge's zealous concern for the imthat
provement nf his pupils, was,
he allowed them a free access
him
in his
own study,
and
to ask his advice with regard to to
any
part of their course,
mention to him such
difficulties
as occurred to
lectures.
them
either in their private reading or their
In these cases he treated
them with the utmost canin
dour and tenderness, and pointed out whatever he thought
would contribute
lie
to their
advancement
promote
knowledge. While
was thus
solicitous to
their intellectual acquire-
ments, it was his main care, and what he apprehended to be most essential to their usefulness, that they might be pious and With this view the strictest regard was paid virtuous men. to their moral characters and their behaviour when not em;
ployed in their studies or

ed.
at lecture,
was watchfully
inspect-
Inquiry was
made what houses

;
they frequented, and
what company they kept

mitted to be from
alty
and none of the students were per-
home
after ten o'clock at night,
under pen-
of a considerable forfeiture.
When any thing was found

admonished
irregular in their conduct, or there appeared to be a danger of

their falling into temptation, the doctor privately
them
he
in the
most serious and

in
affectionate
manner.
Nor was
satisfied
with the external decorum of their behaviour, but
was anxious to perceive

religion.*
them
the genuine evidences of real
Dr. Doddridge " often expressed his wish," says Mr. Orton, " that different places of education could be provided for
persons intended for the ministry and those for other professions
;
as he thought
it
would be
;
better security for the religi-
ous character of the former
and some indulgences might
be allowed to the others? especially those of rank and fortune,

that
were not proper

revere the
is
likely ever to
for divinity students, as few of them were be affluent in their circumstances. " Much
1
us
memory
I
of
my
tutor,
and sincere as the
re-
spect
which
entertain for his judgment

in this opinion.
do not agree with him

delivered by
k
on many points, I Perhaps it might be
him
at
seasons of peculiar difficulty and embarp.
Orton, ubi supra,
91 96.
Ibid. p. 101.
sM
rassment.
in his

It is certain that
he did not
strictly
accord with
it
own
practice
for
he took young gentlemen of fortune

life;
into his house to the
end of his
at a
I
and during the whole of

recollect that
my pupilage,
which was
time when his academy was
a very flourishing state,
do not
any of the
There is no possibility of forming any plan of education, with regard to which objections may not be made, and inconveniences suggested.
theological students
were corrupted by the others.
How many dissertations and treatises

is
have been writ-
ten concerning the question which
most
preferable, a pri-
vate or a public education, without having hitherto brought the
world to an uniformity of sentiment upon the subject
Differ-
ent minds, as they are differently constituted, and as particular difficulties strike
them,
will
view matters of this kind in a

part, all the
diversity of lights.
For
I
my own
knowledge and
experience which
have been able to obtain with respect to
the point in debate, have convinced
me
that considerable ad-
vantages may, and do, arise from the connection of laypupils
with those
who
are intended for divinity.
So great was Dr. Doddridge's reputation as a tutor, that the number of his students was large, being, one year with another, thirty four and the academy was usually on the inDuring the twenty two years in which he sustained crease. this office, he had about two hundred young men under his care, of whom one hundred and twenty entered upon the min;
istry,
and some who were designed
for
it
died while under
his instructions.
Several of his pupils were from Scotland and

person,
Holland.
One
who was
intended for orders in the
church of England, chose to spend a year or two under his Others, whose patuition, before he went to the university.
rents were of that church, were placed in the doctor's family,
and were readily allowed to attend the established worship ; for the constitution of his academy was perfectly catholic. Some
young divines from Scotland, who had studied and taken the usual degrees in the universities, and who had even begun to preach, came to attend his divinity lectures, and to receive

his instructions, before they
xlvii
settled with parishes in their
native country." 1
Such was
difficult
the
manner
in
which Dr. Doddridge

;
filled
up his
and honourable station as a tutor
and from
this sur-
vey of his conduct, which might have been extended
farther,
and which
is in
certain respects
more copiously dwelt upon by
Mr. Orton, every pious and judicious reader will acknowledge the wisdom and goodness of Providence, in raising up so excellent a person, and preparing him for so large a sphere of
usefulness."
Dr. Doddridge's method of education bears a near resemblance to other seminaries of the
notice, that
like kind,
Mr. Orton takes
among
the Protestant Dissenters
But
it is
prop-
er to observe, that, of late

ble enlargement of the plan
years, there has been a considera-
been constructed.
The academy
upon which several of them have at Warrington was formed
justly be entitled
on the scheme of three independent Professors, as they might and when we mention among them (not to
;
name
other respectable persons) such
men as Dr.
not say
Taylor, Dr.
Aikin, Dr. Priestley,
Dr. Reinhold Forster, Mr. Gilbert
Wakefield, and Dr. Enfield,
we need
how
ably
it
was
in
succession supplied.
;
The
institution at
Hoxton was
on the same foundation

being distinct
Dr. Savage, Dr. Rees, and myself, and unsubordinate tutors in the theological,
mathematical, and philological departments.
A similar arrange
has gone up-
ment takes place

on the plan of a
the
at the
seminary of our congregational breth-
ren in Homerton.
still
The new college at Hackney

greater
number
of preceptors.
Though
to
academy
heretofore at Daventry, and since

at
removed
Northampton, and that
Manchester, retain the form of one

assistants for the philo-
principal tutor, there are
two separate
offer a brief
sophical and classical studies.
May
be permitted to
?
sketch of theological
education
A solid foundation ought to be laid in a truly gramp. 102, 103.
m Orton, ubi supra,
Ibid. p. 104.
Ibid. p. 74.
xlYiii
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGL.

Greek tongues more or
;
matical acquaintance with the Latin and

the
and
less, ori-
higher classical writers should be read,
through the whole course.

ental languages, should
Hebrew
at least,
amongst the
ferent
by no means be neglected. The difbranches of mathematical literature, and of natural phi-
losophy, will
demand
a serious
and
diligent attention. Logic,
metaphysics, universal grammar, rhetoric, criticism, chronology, and history, are objects an acquaintaince with which
is
not a
little
desirable.
With
respect to general divinity, in-
cluding in that term pneumatology and ethics, I cannot help

thinking that Dr. Doddridge's course of lectures, with proper
additions,
improvements, and
still
references to
more
recent
authors, might
be made use of with eminent advantage.
As it points
a
out, in order, the
most important objects of stuto apply for future information.
dy, and the writers on both sides of the questions discussed,
young man
will
know where
Jewish antiquities and
ecclesiastical history
need scarcely to be
mentioned, as they cannot be forgotten. If the systems of the

ancient philosophers should be thought to merit
much
regard
during academical studies, ample materials
may be
collected
from Dr. Enfield's
late
most valuable work.
A series of lecuseful.
tures on the divine dispensations
would be peculiarly
Such a
so
set
of lectures was begun by Dr. Taylor at Warring-
ton, but he did not live to complete the design.

far as
it
His work,
was carried,
is
worthy of approbation, though the
discourses are sometimes rather too declamatory, and perhaps
not sufficiently accurate and
critical.
They
have, however,
deservedly found a place in the bishop of Landaff's Collection of Theological Tracts. a series of observations
Another thing of consequence
is
on the times and occasions on which
the books, especially of the
New
Testament, were written,
the ancient copies and versions, and the principal

tors.
The
objects I particularly allude to, are those
commentawhich
are particularly treated of
by Michaelis, Lardner, Jones, and

all
Campbell. In addition to
these, a set of preaching lectures,
more improved than those of Dr. Doddridge, and more adapt-
xlix
ed to present circumstances, would be an important acquisition.

all
With
the best instruction,
it is
not to be expected that

It will
young men should be equally accomplished.
be suf-
ficient for
many
that they
have a competent stock of knowIt is,
ledge, united with serious dispositions.

desirable that
however, very
some should
so far rise
above the
common rank,
as to be able, in their day, to support the
honour of revelation
a few,
against the attacks of its enemies, and to appear as defenders of
the true Christian doctrines.
It
would not be amiss,
if
of superior capacities and literature, would, after they quit

the seminaries of education, study
cally than is frequently done.
somewhat more systematiemeiêncies.

If I
In that case, the Dissenters
would not be
at a loss for tutors in peculiar
have assumed too great a liberty in suggesting these hints, I
hope to be forgiven
as I have written not merely from a
regard to the honour and benefit of the denomination of Christians to
which
more immediately belong, but with a view

and learning.
to
the general interests of religion
Since the abilities of Mr. Doddridge were such as called
him so
tutor,
early in
life
to the important office of a theological
it was natural to expect, from the same talents, that it would not be long before he appeared in the world as an author. His first distinct publication, which was in 1730, and printed without his name, was entitled, " Free Thoughts on
the
most probable Means of reviving the Dissenting

late
Interest,
Decay." The writer of the Inquiry was for a time supposed to be some laygentleman but, in fact, it came from the pen of a young Dissenting minister, of the name of Gough, who afterwards
Inquiry into the causes of
its
;
occasioned by the
conformed to the church and who, in 1750, published a volume of sermons, which have considerable merit as judi;
cious and elegant compositions.
Mr. Doddridge's pamphlet,
wherein he materially differed from Mr.

the point in queftion,
is
Gough
with regard to
a model of that candour and politeness
with which remarks

opinions.
may be made on
instance in
another's writings and

dis-
The
first
which Mr. Doddridge
tinguished himself as a practical divine was in 1732, when he published " Sermons on die Education of Children." Thefe
were
principally intended for the use of his

in a
little
own
congregation
and they contained,
compass, a variety of important
advices and affecting motives, tending to assist and animate

parents in the discharge of so
momentous
a duty.
They were
Mr.
accompanied with a recommendatory preface by Mr. Some,

and have since gone through several editions.
In 1735,
Doddridge's concern for the rising generation was still farther displayed, in " Sermons to young People ;" being seven in
number, and which have met with equal success

printed by
in the world.
same year, entitled, A discourse was " The Career the Soul urged as the One Thing needful." This was followed, in 1735 6, by a sermon on the " Absur-
him
in the
dity
its
and Iniquity of Persecution
for
Conscience Sake,
in all
Forms and Degrees. " It had been preached, I believe, on the preceding fifth of November, and, when it came from the press, was recommended to the public, in a short preface, by Mr. Some, as the best he had ever seen on the subject, in
so narrow a compass.
In
all
respects
it is
indeed an elaborate
ele-
and excellent discourse, displaying with great energy and

gance the grand principles of toleration and religious
liberty.
In the year 1736 the two colleges of the university of Aberdeen, in Scotland, concurred in conferring upon Mr.
dridge the degree of doctor in divinity
his pupils thought
it
;
Dod-
upon which occasion

compliment, but
piety,
a proper piece of respect to congratulate

gratified
it,
him
told
in a
body.
in
He was
to
by
their
them,
answer
that
"
their learning,
and
zeal, would be more to his honour, and give him a thousand times more pleasure, than his degree, or any other token of public esteem." In the same year he published " Ten Ser-
mons on
the
Power and Grace of
dences of his
and " the Eviglorious Gospel." The three last, on the " EviChrist,"
first
dences of the Gospel," were afterwards separately printed, at

the particular request of one of the
dignitaries of the
church of England.
They
contain a very judicious
summary
l\
of several of the principal arguments in support of the Christian revelation,
and especially of those which prove the genu-
ineness and credibility of the evangelical history.
The author
had the great
satisfaction of
knowing
that these discourses
were the means of converting to the belief of our holy religion two gentlemen of liberal education and distinguished abilities,
who had been sceptical upon
this head.
One
of them,
who
had endeavoured to prejudice others against the evidences
and contents of the gospel, became a zealous preacher of

Christianity, as well as a shining
ornament to
it
in his life
and
manners. p
Dr. Doddridge's next appearance from the press was on an

occasion very melancholy and affecting to himself and Mrs.
Doddridge.
This was the
loss of his eldest daughter, a very

five
amiable and hopeful child of nearly
years of age.
The
sermon which he preached on this event, and which was published in 1736 7, is entitled, " Submission to Divine Providence on the Death of Children, recommended and enforced."
It is
an admirable discourse, which displays in a very strong

light the united
and striking
are to be
piety and tenderness of the
author's mind.
Few
superior instances of pathetic eloquence

in the
met with
English language.
In 1737 the
doctor engaged in an ordination service at

Peter's, in the Isle of Ely.
The
part allotted
sermon, which was printed under the title and Conduct of the primitive Ministers of the Gospel illustrated and recommended. " Mr. William Johnston, the genlength settled at
Wisbeach St. him was the of" The Temper
tleman ordained, afterwards removed to Harborough, and at
Tunbridge Wells, at which place he died, and where he was well known and justly respected by many considerable persons.
spelling dictionary,
He was the
some
author of a pronouncing and

in
which appeared
respects,
12mo.
its
in 1764,
utility.
and
It is
which was
not, in
without
now,
I believe, entirely
superseded by the
far
more
elaborate
POrtoii, ubi supra, p. 98, 112, 117.
11&>.
VOL.
I:
Hi

Dr,
and perfect works of Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Walker.

Doddridge, in 1737
8,
was
called to officiate at the funeral
of an old and worthy friend, the Rev. Mr. John Norris, of
Welford
in
Northamptonshire,
years Dissenting minister at that place.
who had been thirty eight The discourse which

is entitled,
the doctor preached, and printed, on the occasion,
"Practical Reflections on the Character and Death of Enoch."
On
fire
the ninth of November, 1738, a day of fasting and prayer

at Wellingborough, on account of a dreadful which had destroyed a considerable part of the town ;
was observed
was
and the sermon, which was assigned to Dr. Doddridge, and in part delivered extempore, was published, from the
best recollection he could
make of
it,
at the earnest request
of the hearers.
first volume, in " The Family Expositor or, a quarto, of his great work, Paraphrase and Version of the New Testament with critical
;
:
In 1739, our author gave to the public the
Notes, and a practical Improvement of each Section." This
volume contained
the former part of the history of our
Lord
Jesus Christ, as recorded in the four evangelists, disposed

in the order of an harmony, and was ushered into the world by a very numerous and honourable list of subscribers. The dedication, which was to her royal highness the princess of Wales, affords one of the finest specimens which Dr. Dod-
dridge has given of his talents in elegant composition.
If the
praises should be thought sufficiently copious, they are, at
same time, mixed with important hints of instruction and nothing appears to be said but what evidently came from the heart. The second volume of the work was published in 1740, concluding the evangelical history. During these two years, the doctor printed only one sermon, which was on the
the
" Necessity of a general Reformation
in order to a well
grounded Hope of Success
in
War ;"
and which had been
preached by him at Northampton, on the ninth of January,
1739
40,
being the day appointed by his majesty for public

It
humiliation.
was dedicated
to his friend colonel Gardiner,
liii
In 1741, our author was called upon to pay a tribute of

respect to the
memory
of a worthy Dissenting minister in
London, the Rev. Mr. John Newman, by delivering an

oration at his grave, and afterwards committing
it
to the press.
Soon
after,
he published "
The
Scripture Doctrine of Sal-
vation by Grace through Faith, illustrated and improved in
two Sermons, the substance of which was preached at Rowell in Northamptonshire." But the principal production of Dr. Doddridge, during this year, was a set of " Practical Diswhich had been delivered on Sunday evenings, and attended with remarkable diligence, by many persons of different persuasions, to some of whom they were eminently useful. The character given of them by a foreign divine, on their being translated into Dutch, among other high encomiums, was, that they united orthodoxy with moderation, zeal with meekness, and deep, hidden wisdom with uncommon clearness that simplicity shone in them without coldness, elegance without painting, and subcourses on Regeneration,"
;
limity without
bombast*
entitled,
The
publication of these discourses
of a single sermon,
was succeeded by that " The Evil and Danger of

at a
neglecting the souls of Men plainly and seriously represented."

It
had been preached in October, 1741,
meeting of
ministers, at Kettering in Northamptonshire.
When publishto the
ed,
which was
in
February, 1741
2,
it
was dedicated
associated Protestant Dissenting ministers in the counties of
Norfolk and Suffolk, with

at
Denton,
in the
whom the author had an interview preceding summer, and to whom he had
proposed a scheme for the revival of religion, the heads of
which are given in the dedication. The only composition from the pulpit which was printed by Dr. Doddridge in 1742, was a charge, delivered in St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, on the
twelfth of August, at the ordination of
Mr. John Jennings, the

latter
son of the Doctor's former tutor.
In the
end of the
Orton, ubi supra, p. 118, 119.
\\y
same year, our author began the publication of the sole controversial work in which he could properly ever have been said
to have engaged.
entitled,
This was occasioned by a pamphlet, " Christianity not founded on argument," which
was much spoken of at the time of its appearance, and which, under the form of a zeal for orthodoxy, contained a severe Dr. Doddridge's answer was attack on our holy religion. comprised in three letters, the second and third of which
were published
in
1743.
In the
first
he stated the degree of
rational evidence for the divine authority of Christianity, to
which an
illiterate,
well disposed person

in
may
attain.
The
second was employed
endeavouring to shew the reasona-
bleness of annexing a condemnatory sentence on unbelievers,

as a part of the Christian revelation.
In the third the doctrine
These answers, which are written with the utmost politeness and candour, met with a very favourable reception in the world, and the Doctor was thanked for them by some men of distinguished rank and abilities. The last letter in particular was esteemed by many thinking persons to contain the best illustration and the most rational and full defence of the influences of the Spirit upon
of divine influences was considered/
the
which had hitherto been published. Dr. other publications in 1743 were, " The PrinciDoddridge's ples of the Christian Religion, expressed in plain and easy
heart,
5
human
for the Use of Children " Compassion to the Sick recommended and and Youth and urged," in a sermon preached at Northampton in favour
Verse, and divided into short Lessons,

;"
of a design for erecting a county hospital.

these performances, which
In the
at
first
of
was drawn up
the request of
Dr. Clark,
it
has justly been observed, that ease, plainness,
and elegance, are happily united.* The verses, in general, are well accommodated to the purpose for which they were
intended
;
but they might have had a
still
wider circulation,
and have been more extensively

<
useful,
if
no doctrine of a
e
p. 82.
Orton, ubi supra,
p.
H3.
Ibid, p. 117".
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGL.

disputable nature had been introduced.
to believe that they
Iv
There
is
some reason
were made use of

have a
in the education of the
royal children."
aetivity with
full recollection
of the zeal and
which Dr. Doddridge entered into the scheme of
erecting an infirmary for Northamptonshire.

the design
The success
His
of
was much owing
to
it,
his
exertions.
dis-
course in recommendation of
carl of Halifax, is
which was dedicated
to the
indeed a most excellent one, and was charin a letter to the author, as follows
difficile est
:
acterized
by Dr. Oliver,
" Horace's observation,
proprie communia dicere y
makes your sermon on the erecting your county infirmary Public charities have long been so trite a the more valuable.
subject in the pulpit, that
we
scarcely expect any thing

sir,
new
from the ablest hands.
But you,
have treated this worn
out subject in so masterly a manner, that the reader will find
many
of his softest passions awakened into tenderness and

slept
compassion towards the sick and distressed, which had
benumbed under
while
feel
the warmest influences of
the preceding
if
discourses on that affecting topic.
You
of.
write as
you
felt,
some
others
seem
to desire that their brethren should
what themselves are insensible

close of the
They write from
the
head, but you from the heart. "*
Towards the
a
same year, Dr. Doddridge became
member
of a philosophical society which was formed at
Northampton, consisting of several ingenious and respectable gentlemen in that town and its neighbourhood. During the
course of their meetings in 1744, he exhibited two papers, the
one on the doctrine of pendulums, and the other on the laws of communication of motion, as well in elastic as in nonelastic
bodies.
The most material

and easy a
propositions relating to both were
set in so plain
light in these papers, that
he was re-
quested to permit transcripts of them to be deposited among

other communications of the gentlemen concerned,
some of
author's
which appear to have been curious and

u
useful.
Our
Letters, ubi supra, p. 89.
Ibid. p. 261, 262.

p.
Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. XVI.
475477
lvi

the Transactions of the Royal Society.
name occurs'in
Three
papers were written and communicated by him to that society, which, if they were not of the first consequence, serve to show
the activity of his mind, and his attention to different branches
of science.
The year 1745 was distinguished in Dr. Doddridge's life by the appearance of one of the most popular, and one of the most useful of his practical works. This was " The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul," illustrated in a course
of serious addresses, suited to persons of every character and
circumstance, with a devout meditation or prayer added to
each chapter.
Dr. Watts had formed a similar design

to
but
having been prevented from the execution of it by his growing

infirmities,
ified
he recommended
it
our author, as the best qualit
of
all
his acquaintance for discharging
in the
manner
It
that
would be acceptable and
beneficial to the world.
was
with some reluctance that Dr. Doddridge, amidst his various

other weighty concerns, agreed to comply with the request of
his venerable friend
;
but
;
it
was urged with an importunity
that he could not resist
and he had afterwards the highest
work was finished, Dr. Watts revised as much of it as his health would permit. This book was not only well received by the Dissenters, but met with an equal reception, and the warmest
reason to rejoice in his compliance.
applauses, from several persons of great eminence for rank,
learning,
When the
and
piety, both clergy
and
laity, in
the established
church." Dr. Ayscough, formerly preceptor to the children of

Frederic, prince of Wales, speaking of it, says,
"I
presented
your
last
book
I
to her royal highness,
and ought long ago
to have acquainted
of it, and that

it.
you with her most gracious acceptance was commanded to return you her thanks for
spirit
There is indeed such a
of piety in
it,
as deserves the
it
thanks of every good Christian.

its
Pray
God grant
may have
proper effect in awakening this present careless age, and
Orton, ubi supra,
p.
119, 120

then I
Ivii
am sure you
will
have your end
in publishing it."
Dr.
Thomas Hunt, at that time of Hertford college, but afterwards canon of Christ church, and regius professor of
Hebrew
in the university of
Oxford, thus expressed himself
concerning the same work.
" With our thanks

for
for the
favour of your good company, be
pleased to accept of
our
most hearty acknowledgments

Soul
your kind present of your

of doing
excellent piece on the Rise and Progress of Religion in the

:
a performance which cannot

it
fail
much good
;
in the world, as
is
judiciously contrived to engage the
attention,
and improve the minds of all sorts of readers

that
being
so plain as to be intelligible to the lowest understanding, at the
same time
it is
so elegant, as to gratify the highest.

sir,
You
may
assure yourself,
that
it
was not
in the
power of
my
most pressing engagements to hinder me from reading such a work as this, and I hope I am much the better for having
done
so.
Nor would
I
it
have been kind to
my
dear Mrs.
Hunt, not to have given her an opportunity of perusing a book,

from which
fore
myself had received so

laid
it
much
benefit.
I thereit
no sooner
out of my
own
hands, but I put

it,
into
her's,
where
afterwards oftentimes found

affected
to
and cannot
easily tell
you how much she was
the gratitude she professes to
owe
by it, nor describe her worthy instructor. b

*'
The dutchess of Somerset was

In a
letter,
equally pleased with the work.

I
written to Dr. Doddridge in 1750, she says,
had not the pleasure of being acquainted with any of your

writings
lord,
till
was
at
Bath, three years ago, with
my
poor
when an
old acquaintance of mine, the
dowager lady
and Progress
Hyndford, recommended
of Religion in the Soul
that I never
:
me
to read the Rise

I
and
may
with truth assure you,
with as
was so deeply affected with any thing I ever met with that book and I could not be easy till I had given
;
one to every servant

serious turn of
in
my house, who
appeared to be of a
mind." c
A person of distinguished literature

<
Letters to and from Dr. Doddridge, p. 321.

Ibid. p. 335, 336.
Ibid. p. 466.
Ivili
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGE
and goodness always carried the work with him, declaring

that
it
religion.
was every thing on the subject of serious and It soon went through many editions, and
practical
still
con-
tinues to be frequently reprinted.
Nor
has the publication

to Scotland
of
it
been confined to England, but extended

It
and
America.
received
has been translated abroad, and the author

testimonies from foreign parts of
If to
its
many
accept-
ance and usefulness. 4
such a number of encomiums the
opinion of a Dissenting minister

give the words of Mr. Barker
ten in
all
:
may be subjoined, I may " That book should be writ-
languages in letters of gold." 6
Not, however, entirely to confine myself to the voice of

praise, I cannot forbear adding
some
strictures that
came from
the pen of a particular and intimate friend of Dr. Doddridge's,
Nathaniel Neal, esq. an eminent solicitor in London,
who
united the virtues of the heart with a very superior understanding and judgment, and
ity in the
who preserved
affection.
the sincerest fidel-
midst of the warmest

author, "
"
am," says
he,
in a
letter to the
much
obliged to you for your

in the Soul.
kind present of the Rise and Progress of Religion

I read
it
over with pleasure, and hope, not without

I
some
advantage from a book, which
truly think
is
calculated for
it
very considerable usefulness.
The
serious spirit
breathes
;
must be acceptable to all who retain any seeds of piety and the compass of imagination, and force of expression, which
distinguish themselves throughout the whole of the perform-
ance,
show
that the beauties of the sacred writings are not

all
despised by
the masters of
might
suffice for
me
to say concerning a
versally
admired by those to
;
eloquence. This book that is so uniwhose judgment and piety I pay
human
the greatest reverence
and
all
perhaps that in prudence I
ought to say
if I
merely consulted the preserving that credit
you have hitherto been so kind as to give to my understandBut as I had rather deserve your friendship than gain ing.
d
Orton, ubi supra.
Hx
your applause, and be esteemed injudicious than insincere, I

will venture (since
you have desired

to
its
it)
to send a
remark or
two on
44
this
performance.
Your book proposes

or habit, from
draw
first
;
a plan of a religious dis-
position,
foundation to
its
highest
it
perfection in the present state
and to consider
in its
various stages and circumstances, agreeably to that variety
which there
Christians.
is
in
the circumstances and attainments of
But
is it
not a just objection to this performChristians
ance,
if
there are
many
who
are conscious to
themselves
that the foundation of their religious

laid in those principles
?
temper
and practice was not

be the case of those
and that view

I
of things whicli you there describe
Which
suppose must
who do
not in a good degree embrace the
Calvinistical doctrines,
for I
and in some measure of many that do

that different principles
am inclined to think,
principles
variously affect and influence the
do not more minds of men, than the
same
do
different
minds, especially young ones,
according to the firmness or weakness of the mind, or as the

prevailing turn
is
sprightly or melancholy. Considering, there-
fore, the state of the Christian
church universally,
in the
may men
it
not
be reasonable to allow a greater variety

divine
h
methods, which
to the
wisdom and mercy

infer, that the
take, to bring sinful

?
love and practice of religion
You
will
observe, the objection

is
does not
method you prescribe

it
not the most
general, or the best adapted to begin and carry

tian life in the soul of
on the Chrisshould be
man, but whether
be the only one.

it
"
this
If I
:
might venture to add another remark,
whether your rules and directions for promoting the

life
Christian
do not require more time

and
to
be spent
in the exer-
cise of devotion
is is
in the instrumental duties of religion,

life,
than
consistent with that attention to the affairs of this
which
necessary for the generality of Christians
and whether the

be expected
proposing more to be done than can (from a view of the capacities
and opportunities of Christians
in general)
should be done,
may not discourage some

8
not to attempt, and
vol.
i.
Ix

?
others not to proceed in a course of religion
What is fit
to
be
done by some persons, and
in
some
special circumstances,
may
not be expected from the greater
number of Christians
and care should be taken, that the heights of piety, to which
some devout souls have soared, do not become matter of discouragement to young Christians, or those of an ordinary rank. " It is not improbable that I, who read over this book with a view and desire to discover and amend my own faults, and
not to find any in that,
may
not have sufficiently attended to
some passages
or
if
that
may show both these remarks impertinent;

of your pieces (particularly that
there are not such passages in this book, I myself can
point out to
some
if
in other
on regeneration,
terms.
my memory does not greatly fail me) which

the fate of my remarks,
guard against both these objections in very clear and express
But whatever be
when
I
ven-
ture to attack the accuracy of your compositions,
have a
sure and tried retreat in the candour and benevolence of your

disposition,
which conceals
it
all
the
weaknesses of your
repeated experience,
friends
and, I speak
from
my own
f
magnifies any well intentioned attempt into an act or evidence
of conspicuous wisdom or virtue. In the
summer of
1745, Dr. Doddridge printed a charge,

in
which had been delivered

the Rev.
in the
office
Norwich,
;
at the ordination
of
Mr. Abraham Tozer and in the month of October, same year, he was called to the painful and affecting
James Gardiner, who was slain in the bat-
of preaching a funeral sermon on the death of his friend,
the honourable colonel

tle at Preston Pans,
on the twenty first of September preceding.
The
title
of the discourse
mated and crowned :" and

cation to the colonel's
" The Christian Warrior aniit was accompanied with a dedipious and excellent widow. This
is
sermon, as might be expected from the peculiar circumstances
by which
;
it
it
was occasioned, had a very extensive
circulation
and
received, at the
same time, many enco-
Ibid. p.
364366.
ba
miums. " I thank you," says Mr. Barker, " for your fine sermon on the lamentable death of that gallant Christian, as I believe every body will well as soldier, colonel Gardiner. allow it to be a fine discourse, and grant that your affection has not transported you beyond the bounds of decency and prudence." 5 The applause of Dr. Hunt of Oxford was still more specific. " Many thanks to you for your excellent
Gardiner.
;
sermon on the death of the valiant and worthy colonel I was most sensibly affected with the perusal of it nor can I easily tell you whether I was more pleased with
the ingenuity of the discourse, or
moved with
the tenderness
of the application.
friend,
Both your lamentation over your dead

epistle to his disconsolate
and your moving
widow,
and
are plainly formed on Horace's plan Si vis meflere^ &c.

therefore
it
is
no wonder they should draw
tears
from your
readers, as, I assure you, they did not only
from
my dear
Mrs. Hunt, but myself, in great abundance.

fully pleasing
to lady Frances
How mourn, must the honour you have

as for the deceased hero
done her
gallant consort
be
And
himself, methinks, I hear every brave soldier in the British
army
saluting his ashes (thus distinguished
by your praises)
before the
in
the words of Alexander,

Achilles,
when he stood
that
tomb of
and
reflected
on the honour
had been done that
famous warrior by Homer's verses,
fortunate Gardinere, qui tux virtutis
Talcm prxconem
inveneris
At
least, I
am
sure these would be their sentiments, were

their hands, as I could heartily
it
your sermon put into
wish
(for
the animating the courage of the troops)

tell
were.
need not
you how glad

life,
should be to see the remarkable passages

is
f a
the conclusion of which
so glorious." *
1
Dr. Doddridge's next appearance from the press was,

wise, in a funeral discourse, which
like-
was preached
'
at
North-
Ibid. p. 337, 338.
Ixii
ampton,
in May, 1746, on occasion of the death of the Rev. Mr. James Shepherd. Mr. Shepherd was a worthy young minister, not quite twenty two years of age, who died, in conillness,
sequence of a short
soon
after
he had finished his aca-
demical studies, and had received an invitation to the pastoral

charge of a Dissenting congregation at Coggeshall, in Essex.
Nine sermons, the whole which he had ever made, were

collected together, and printed in a small volume, in 1748.
In 1747, Dr. Doddridge, agreeably to the promise he had

before made, published "
Some
remarkable passages
;
in the
Life of the Honourable Colonel James Gardiner " a work which
has gone through various editions.

in this
It
was the author's design,
work, not merely to perform a tribute of gratitude to

of an invaluable friend, but of duty to
;
the
memory
God and
his fellowcreatures
tive
as he had a cheerful hope that the narra-
would, under the Divine blessing, be the means of spread-
ing a
warm and
"
I
lively sense of religion.
Several of the doc-
tor's literary
correspondents thought highly of the performI
ance.
own," says Mr. Barker, "
was not without

and the
my fears,
lest 5-our
love to that excellent person should have

;
overcharged some of your passages with panegyric

occasion to the present age to charge
siasm.
extraordinary manner of his conversion have given
some him or you with enthusatisfaction to ac-
But
in reading the
;
book
was agreeably surprised
and exceedingly pleased
and have the
quaint you, that your friends here are of opinion that you
have performed what you have undertaken in a most excellent
manner, and that

Neal,
it is
suited to
do a
great deal of good. Vl
Mr.
who
wrote to the author before he had read the whole

in the following terms.
work, expressed himself
"
The
receipt of Colonel Gardiner's Life calls

lar
acknowledgment.
I
it it,
;
reading
see
some
part of
upon me for a particuhave yet only had the pleasure of and though I know you would rather
me
improved by
than hear
me commend it,
t
VS
yet as the
Letters, ubi supra, p. 109, 110.

latter will,
I
Ixiii
hope,
I
be no obstruction to the former,

have gone,
I
must
own
that,
as far as
think
;
it is
written in a very
instructive
and entertaining manner
and
the dedication, the concluding period of
was charmed with which is worthy the

I
eloquence and politeness of Pliny, and the piety and energy

of St. Paul.
But
I will
say no
more
till
have perused the
whole piece. " k

Perhaps
learned
it
may
be thought somewhat remarkable, that the
probation of the whole work.
Warburton should express the most unqualified ap" I had the favour," says this
letter,
eminent writer, " of your

Gardiner's Life, which
great pleasure.
I
and along with
it
Colonel
have just read through with very
Nothing can be better or more judicious than
the writing part.
Many
considerations
made
the subject of
great importance and expediency.
The celebration of worthy

;
men who sacrificed themselves for the service of their country

the tribute paid to private friendship
larly to the soldiery,
the example, particu-
of so
;
much
virtue and piety, as well as
courage and patriotism

their families, are
the service done to the survivors of
such important considerations as equally

I
concern the writer and the public.

to
had a thousand things
remark
in
it
which gave
in the
me
pleasure.
But
is
have room
piety
but for two or three.
The distinction you settle between

seventy eighth page,
and enthusiasm
apt to
highly just and
important, and very necessary for these times,

fall
when men
I less
are
into the opposite extremes.
Nor am
pleased
with your observations on the mutilated form of Christianity y

in the
one hundred and
thirtieth
page
we see the terrible effects

Your
of it.
The same
pleasure your one hundred and sixty second
and one hundred and sixty third pages afforded me.
hymns
are truly pious and poetical.
The
note at the bottom

I entirely agree
of page one hundred and seventy six
is fine.
with your sentiments concerning the extraordinary circumstance of the good man's conversion.
will
On the whole,
the
book
1
do you honour
ing to
you by
11
its
or, what you like better, will be a blessbecoming an instrument of public good."
;
i
Ibid. p. 370,
Letters, ubi supra, p. 204, 205.
Ixiv

chief observation that
The
is,
that
Mr. Orton makes on the work " the author had the pleasure to hear of some instances
it
;
had answered his desires and hopes though many thought, and perhaps justly, that he too much indulged the emotions of private friendship and affection in the compoin
sition.""1
which
In the truth of this remark I entirely concur. Colonel Gardiner was indeed a man of a most excellent char;
acter
but that character was tinctured with enthusiasm and
religious bigotry.
His virtues were of the awful kind.
remember well that his aspect was the aspect of dignity ; but this dignity was mixed with an austerity of appearance and
manner, which was not prepossessing to the minds of the
students belonging to the
academy
at
Northampton.
The
affection of his eldest son to his father, had, I fear united with
it
know, more of
far,
than
is
usually desirable in a child towards a
parent. Dr.
Doddridge undoubtedly went too

for colonel Gardiner,
for
when,
in his
funeral
that
it
sermon
he deliberately declared,
was hard
him
to say where, but in the
book of God,
his equal.
it,
the colonel found b is example, or where he had
left
The
doctor was himself a superior character.
Let
how-
ever, be
remembered,
that if
our author was somewhat expersuaded.
travagant in the praises of his friend, he said nothing of the

truth of which he
It is
was not
fully
not my design to enter specifically into the story of colonel
Gardiner's extraordinary conversion.
That the impressionis sufficiently
made upon
to
his
mind was
to
in a
dream,
intimated
be the opinion of Dr. Doddridge, though the colonel himit
self believed
be a miraculous vision.
for,
As a dream it may
cir;
very rationally be accounted
from the predisposing

strictly
cumstances.
He
had received a
pious education
he
had never rejected the

his course of life
principles,
;
though he had departed

he often
felt
from the practice of Christianity

;
the anguish of
night
a religious
he was alone, in the solemn stillness of the book happened to be opened by him the
;
Doddridge's Sermons, and religious Tracts, Vol.
III. p. 62-

dreadful crime in which he
his conscience.
Ixv
was going
to engage flashed
upon
Falling asleep in this agitation of his spirits,
a dream followed, accommodated to his waking reflections.
Nor was he, on this account,
the less indebted to the goodness;
of divine Providence for the happy and effectual change that
was produced in his disposition and conduct. The events which are derived through a succession of intermediate causes,
are not less the result of the administration of the
Being than more immediate

be a surer
interpositions.
it is
supreme There cannot
dictate of reason, than
of scripture, that every
good and every
perfect gift is
from above, and cometh down

containing remarks on the
at
from the Father of Lights.
Two pamphlets were published,

Life of Colonel Gardiner
;
one in London, and the other

;
Edinburgh.
neither of
The second was better written than the first

sufficient
but
them was deemed of
consequence to
deserve an answer.
In the year 1748 appeared the third volume of the " Family Expositor, containing the acts of the Apostles, with additional
Notes on the Harmony of the Evangelists ;" and " Two Dissertations, 1. On Sir Isaac Newton's System of the Harmony. 2. On the Inspiration of the New Testament." This
volume
is
a very valuable part of Dr. Doddridge's great
work
critical
being executed with singular attention and diligence, and com-
prehending a large variety of curious and important
remarks, together with excellent practical observations.

several
In
momentous
particulars he differed
from lord Barring,
ton and Dr. Benson,
Lardner.
Of
this the latter
notice in a letter to
great deal of light
larly obliged to
and coincided in opinion with Dr. gentleman took the following our author " You have happily thrown a
:
on the acts of the Apostles.

for the
am
particu-
you
honourable mention you have been

occasions. I likewise thank
pleased to
make of me upon many
you
for asserting
and confirming the opinion that the Jews had

9
Orton, ubi supra,
p.
114
116.
lxvi

I
not Jus Gladii in the time of our Saviour.

pleased to see
am
also well
how clear you keep of

by good reasons. " p
ion about Proselytes of the Gate,
now common opinand how you sometimes

the
sir
overthrow
it
In the dissertation on
Isaac Newton's scheme for reducing the several histories contained in the evangelists to their proper order, Dr.
successfully combats sir Isaac's hypothesis
Doddridge
subject.
upon the
But,
at the
same time, he
myself to
paying him a very fine

doctor,
it
embraced the opportunity of " I cannot," says the compliment.

gladly
this task,
"
set
without feeling the fatigue of
by the pleasure with which I reflect on the which a person of his unequalled sagacity firm persuasion
sensibly allayed,
must have
oracles.
will share
entertained of the truth of Christianity, in order to
his being engaged to take such pains in illustrating the sacred
pleasure,
which
doubt not every good reader

I
with
me
especially as (according to the best infor-
mation, whether public or private,

faith in the divine revelation
could ever get) his firm

itself in
;
discovered
virtue
the most gen-
uine fruits of substantial
and piety
and conseis
quently gives us the justest reason to conclude, that he

rejoicing in
now
the
;
the happy
effects of it infinitely
more than in
all
applause which his philosophical works have procured
him
though they have commanded a fame lasting as the world, the

true theory of which he had discovered, and (in spite of all the
vain efforts of ignorance, pride, and their offspring bigotry)
have arrayed him as

inscribed his
it
were
in the
beams of
the sun, and
name among
the constellations of heaven."
Cona Veil
cerning Dr. Doddridge's Dissertation on the Inspiration of the
Old Testament, Warburton pronounced,

reasoned and judicious performance.
respects the reasoning
11
that
it
is
Perhaps
in
;
some
but,
may be
rather too hypothetical
on the whole,
it is
a production
which abounds with important
and useful observations.
The only sermon published by Dr. Doddridge in 1748, was one entitled, " Christ's Invitation to thirsty Souls." It had been
?
>
Ibid. p.
205.

preached nearly twenty years before
at
Ixvii
Northampton, and
was now
printed at the request of a worthy
member
of the
established church, to
whom
it
had been communicated in the

it is
intimacy of friendship.
Prefixed to
a dedication, of con-
siderable length, to the Rev.

stance,
if
James Harvey.
This circum-
conjecture rightly,
did not please the strong
" you do not set a just value on yourself, when you lend your name or countenance to such weak, but wellmeaning rhapsodies as. This may do well enough with the people but it is the learned that
minded Warburton.
"
I think," says he,
;
claim you.
cast sober
And
though the intermixing with works of this
books of devotion of your own composing, becomes your character, and is indeed your duty, yet your charity and
let
love of goodness surfer you to
yourself down in the opinion
of those you most value, and whose high opinion you have
fairly
gained by works of learning and reasoning inferior to
none.
better,
Forgive
me
this
freedom. " r
Dr. Hunt thought

;
and indeed more justly, of the dedication

letter to the
for
he thus
expressed himself, in a
author
" Many thanks to
you
for
your kind present of your excellent sermon.
You
have done great honour to our brother Harvey in the dedication,
which breathes the true

that has
spirit
of Christian benevolence,
and contains such generous and charitable sentiments as must
charm every reader

our most holy
any regard to the true

the account
interests
of
religion.
I think
is
occasion of the words (which

fectly just,
something in
you give of the my way) is per-
and the method
in
which you have explained and

is in
carried
on the metaphor throughout,
the highest degree
beautiful, as well as instructive." 8
The
plain
first
publication of Dr. Doddridge in 1749 was,
"
and serious Address to a Master of a Family on the im-
portant Subject of Family Religion."
This was accompanied

had formerly been
347
with two prayers
one which might be used as an introduction
to a stated course of family prayer,
where
it
Ibid. p. 205, 206.
Ibid. p. 346,
VOL.
I.
IxVm
neglected
either
easily

die other a prayer for a family, to be used ; and morning or evening, with such variations as might
be understood by any
who were
able to read
it.
The
doctor, though a Dissenter, and himself excelling in the variety
and copiousness of more extemporaneous adorations, was not,
we
see, averse to
forms of prayer on proper occasions.
In-
recommends them in his "Address," the seriousness, affection, and momentous nature of which entitle it to great
deed, he
attention
and regard.
The
next appearance of our author
from the press was
in a discourse that
had been preached

;
at
Northampton on the twenty fifth of April, 1749 being the day appointed by his majesty for a general thanksgiving on account of the peace concluded with France and Spain. It was entitled, " Reflections on the Conduct of Divine Providence
in the Series and Conclusion of the late
War
"
and contains
many
beautiful
and important observations, adapted to the

Dr. Doddridge preached,
at a
circumstances of the time. In 1749
50,
meeting of
ministers at Creaton in Northamptonshire, and afterwards published a sermon, the title of which is, " Christian Candour
and Unanimity
thor's
stated, illustrated,
and urged."
This
is
an
admirable discourse, and exhibits a fine transcript of the au-
own mind, which was
fully
attuned to the virtue he
recommended. It was inscribed to the countess of Huntingdon, and strongly displays, his admiration of that lady. I insert the inscription (which I am sure was written with the
utmost sincerity,) rather by way of warning than example;
not as at
all
disputing the great excellency of the countess's

is
character, but because there
an excess in the language

:.
which ought
to
be applied to very few human beings

"To the
Right Honourable
The Countess of Huntingdon,

That eminent example of the
Christian Candour
Here recommended,
And of every other virtue and grace, Which can inspire, support, and adorn
it,.
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGt.

The Author
Finding himself (after repeated attempts) Incapable of writing any dedication, Under the restraints which her humility,
Ixix
Or
to
Amidst its utmost indulgence, Has prescribed him mention any excellence which would not Seem an encomium on her Has chosen thus most respectfully
;
To inscribe
this discourse
Entreating that his farther silence,

In this connection,
be interpreted by her Ladyship, And by every Reader, As the most sensible and painful proof He can give of the deference, Veneration, and grateful affection, With which he is, her Ladyship's
May
Most
obliged, and obedient
humble servant."
On the
twentieth of August, 1750, Dr. Doddridge preachat Salter's Hall,
ed a sermon
on occasion of the
late
alarm by
the second shock of an earthquake, the eighth of March preceding.
which had happened on

discourse being deliverit
The
;
ed
to a very large and attentive auditory,

it
was earnestly
requested that
ed under the
seriously
title
might be printed and accordingly it appearof " The Guilt and Doom of Capernaum
to the Consideration of the Inhabitants
recommended
of London." Both the sermon and the preface amply
show
how solicitous our author

purposes.
was, with
many
same
other good men, to
improve every event of Divine Providence to the best of

In the
December of
Dr. Clark.
the
jêar,
he was called
of his
upon
friend
to
pay the
last tribute
of respect to the
memory
That gentleman died on the fourth of the month, and on the sixteenth Dr. Doddridge preached his funeral sermon at St. Alban's. The discourse " Meditations on the Tears of Jesus over the is entitled, Grave of Lazarus ;" and the character giveh of Dr. Clark is
and
father,
as just as
it is
affectionate. It
may not be improper to mention,

collection of scripture
that Dr. Clark
was the author of a
promises, which has been very useful to
many pious Christians,
Ixx
and of three excellent sermons, on the nature and causes of

irresolution in religion, printed in 1742.
liberality of his
As
a proof of the
mind,
I shall transcribe
a passage from one of
his letters, written in 1727, to
Mr. Doddridge.
" You have

of, relating
seen, I suppose, what the public prints inform us
to the proceedings of the general assembly in Scotland, against
Mr. Patrick Simpson. They

think
leth,
it
are going to deprive that church

it,
of one of the most valuable persons in

necessary to
tie
because he does not
himself down exactly to their shibboall
nor oblige himself to comform to
the scholastic
ways
of speaking, concerning some things, about which the scripture

is
silent.
Scotland, he
greater part
By what I saw and heard of him when in a much better judge of those matters than the of those who are to judge him His crime is, that
is
is
he
is
disposed to think for himself ; but yet he

I
very cautious
bigots, in-
to avoid giving offence, which
perceive
is,
by the
terpreted cunning and dissimulation.
"
One would
think the experience of so
many
ages should
be
sufficient to
make
the world wiser
and
that those
who
pretend to govern in the church should learn at
last that their
power might be much
better exercised, than in destroying
the usefulness of the best
men
in
it,
merely
for nice specula*
tions about unrevealed or disputable points.
Suppose a per-
son should not speak with exact propriety, concerning the manner of Christ's existence, a point so much above our
reach,
if
yet he loves him, trusts in him,

religion suffer
and sincerely obeys
him, what harm does

enlarge
by
it ?
But
need not
upon
this to
you,
who
are so well instructed in the
unreasonableness of bigotry to a set of speculative notions."*

I
have
now
specified the
his
life
works
that
were published by Dr.
Doddridge during
time in their chronological order,
which has been neglected by Mr. Orton, and very much confounded in the three volumes containing the doctor's ser-
mons and
religious tracts.
Such of
his writings as
were
Letters to and from the Rev. Dr. Doddridge,
p. 17, 18.

printed after his decease will hereafter be mentioned
therefore,
it
;
lxxi
and,
only remains at present to be added, that he was
the author of a few small pieces which appeared in other col-
These were, some papers, when he was a young " The present State of the Republic of Letters ;" a man, in recommendatory preface to a performance, entitled, " Familiar
lections.
Dialogues for Children ;" a biographical preface to twelve

sermons, by the Rev.
and former pupil,

Somersetshire
the
;
Thomas who died,
Steffe, a
Dissenting minister
life,
in early
at
Taunton
in
an elaborate account,
in "
The
History of
Works
of the learned," of the second volume of

;
War-
burton's divine Legation of
paraphrase of the
last
Moses and an elegant practical words of David, according to the
critical interpretation
of Dr. Richard Grey, of Hinton, North-
amptonshire.
I
ought to have taken notice under the proper year (1748,)
that
Dr. Doddridge revised the " Expository
Works" and
at
other remains of archbishop Leigh ton, and translated his
" Latin
burgh,
Prelections."
in
These were printed together
Edin-
two volumes.
Though
the preparing of these
volumes for the press took up some of the doctor's time for several months, in the intervals of other business, he was far
from repenting of his labour.
The
full
delight
and edification
which he found
separately
in the writings of this extraordinary
man,
;
were esteemed by him
to
be a
equivalent for his pains
from
all
the prospect of that effect
which they might
have upon others.
He
acknowledges in his preface, that he
never spent a quarter of an hour in reviewing any of them, without feeling, amidst the interruption which a
critical
exam-
ination of the copy would naturally give, some impressions which he wished always to retain. Indeed, he found in them such heartaffecting lessons of simplicity and humility, can-
dour and benevolence, and of exalted

led any
piety, without the least
tincture of enthusiasm, as he thought could scarcely be equal-
where
else,
excepting in the sacred oracles. u

"Orton, ubi supra,
p.
145
Ixxii

speaking of archbishop
Dr. Henry Miles, of Tooting,

Leighton's works, said, in a
bless
letter to
Dr. Doddridge, " I

is
God
ever met with them.
There
a spirit in
them
never met with in any

lines in
human
writings, nor can I read

:
them without being affected his works are imperfect and inaccurate. x Scotland, in the middle of the last century, produced some divines, who had
imbibed, in a wonderful manner, the genuine
tion,
spirit
many though you know all
of devoof
and the genuine
spirit
of Christianity.
The name
Scougal will occur to every one
who
is
tolerably acquainted
either with the history of theology, or with compositions of
a practical nature.
The journey which Dr. Doddridge

foundation of his
took to St. Alban's, for
the purpose of preaching Dr. Clark's funeral sermon, laid the
own
death.
in
In that journey, which, as
we
have seen before, was
contracted a cold, that hung upon
December, 1750, he unhappily him during the remainder

the disorder con-
of the winter.
When the spring advanced,

;
siderably abated
great violence.
his physicians
but in the
summer
it
returned again with
In this state of his health, he was advised by
and friends
to lay aside his public
work
for a
time, and to apply himself to the use of proper medicines and

exercise for the removal of his complaint.
part of this advice he could not be prevailed
for, in
With
the former
upon to comply
his estimation, to
be useless was worse than death.
Whilst he apprehended
that there
was no immediate danger,

or even to lesson, the
he could not be induced

and he was
to decline,
various sacred employments in which he so
much
delighted
particularly desirous to complete the fair tran-
script of his
Family Expositor.
The
nearer he approached
his contin-
to his dissolution, the
more
plainly
was observed
ual improvement in a spiritual and heavenly temper.
Indeed,
he seemed to have gotten above the world, and

breathing after immortality.
to
be daily
his
This disposition of
mind
Ixxiii
fest
was ardently expressed in several of his letters, and is manifrom his will, which was made at this time, and is pref:
aced in the following language
these occasions to begin with
hands of God through Christ,

with sincerity and joy
that I
;
Whereas it is customary on commending the soul into the I do it not in mere form, but
' ;
'
esteeming
it
my
do
greatest happiness,
am
taught and encouraged to
it,
by
I
that glorious
I
gospel, which, having
most assuredly believed,

;
have spent
infin-
my
life
in preaching to others
and which
esteem an
itely greater
treasure than
all
my
little
worldly store, or
possessions ten thousand times greater than mine." y
The
last
time that Dr. Doddridge administered the Lord's
Supper to his congregation at Northampton, was on the second of June, 1751. In the sermon which he delivered previously to the celebration of the ordinance, and which was from Hebrews xii. 23, he expatiated on the illustrious and innumerable assembly that would meet together in the
world
;
celestial
and in the conclusion of the whole service, he
mentioned with marks of
uncommon
pleasure, the authority
of Christ over ministers and churches.
He
dropped, likewise,
some
hints of his approaching decease,
and spoke with great
tenderness and affection to his people on the prospect of their

final separation.
After this he spent some weeks in London,

fatigues he
where the hurries and

increase his disorder.
went through contributed to
On his return from the metropolis, which
was nearly the middle of July, he determined, notwithstanding

the earnest entreaties of his friends to the contrary, to address
his flock
once more from the
pulpit.
The
discourse,
which
proved
xiv. 8,
in fact to
be his farewell sermon, was from

state
Romans
and was well adapted, not only to the
of his con-
whose future improvement and welfare he was tenderly concerned. The last public service, in which Dr. Doddridge was ever engaged, was on the eighteenth of July, at the ordination of
i
gregation, but to that of his pupils, for
Orton ubi supra,
p.
268271.
Ixsiv
Mr. Adams, at Bewdley, in Worcestershire, How unfit he was at this time for taking any part in the duties of the day, was displayed in his pale countenance, and in his
the reverend
languid, trembling voice
;
but he had promised his assistance,
and was unwilling
to
be absent or unemployed on the occasion.
From Bewdley
convenience of
he went to Shrewsbury, where he resided
several weeks, at the house of his friend

air,
Mr. Orton,
to
for the
exercise, and an entire recess from busi-
ness and company.

recruited.
letters
By this retirement he seemed

at
be a
little
Whilst he was
Shrewsbury, he received many

esteem and
dangerous
will
from
2
his friends, expressive of their high
affection for
illness.
him, and of their deep concern

very pathetic one, written by
for his
Mr. Neal,
all
be
found in the collection lately published. Part of what he wrote

is
as follows
" You may be
sure,
we
are
greatly affected
with the danger that threatens a
life
so universally desirable.
and to us so peculiarly endeared: and our invaluable friend'* (Mr. Barker) " dissolved not only us, but great part of his
numerous audience, into tears, by a kind of inspired eloquence, with which he offered up strong pleas and cries, for your support and revival, to him who is able to deliver from death. My dear friend, I beseech you not to think of returning to Northampton, even though you should receive all imaginable benefit at Shrewsbury in the ensuing fortnight, till you have
visited Bristol
;
and
in preparing for that expedition, I con-
ceive no time should be lost, as the season for the waters, as

well as of the year,
is
so far advanced.
at present,
should tremble for
your return to Northampton

encouraging
notwithstanding
some
fail
symptoms
for
a relapse could hardly
of
being fatal, and in such acircumstance would be next to certain,

considering your various engagements, and active temper."
Speaking of the academy, Mr. Neal adds, " Mr. Clark,

persuaded,
is
am
be
able to
do
wiiat is fully sufficient,
and
will
very acceptable to the trustees.
And
I rejoice in his ability
Ibid. p.
271-274.

(which
bly
the
Ixxv
I do not at all distrust) to keep the pupils very profitaemployed tor some time though J should much rather hear
; ,
academy was all disbanded than that you should read a single
between this and Michaelmas. In one word, your whole
lecture
duty to
health."*
God and man

Another
is
comprehended
written
in the care of
your
letter,
some weeks
at large,
before by
Mr.
Barker, though it has been inserted,

tion
both in the collec-
mentioned above and in Mr. Orton's Memoirs, is too " Lissingham, Neal, interesting to be omitted in this place.
and Barker, are too nearly interested
in that precious life,
which now
its
appears in
danger of being cut off in the midst of

waste and languishing without great
days, to hear of
its
concern and fervent prayer to God.
How
your
:
letter affected
I felt
my
for
heart in public, your friends are witness
but what
my
dear brother and the ministers and churches of Christ,

I
God
little
and myself only know.
will not
now
say,
Why
did you spend so fast?
Why
did you not spare yourself a
sooner
will rather heartily
thank you, that you use
all
the
means you can
to repair
It
your frame, and restore and

the kindest thing
prolong your usefulness.
is
do, and the highest instance of friendship
you can you can now shew

in this point
us
and
acknowledge your goodness to us
with
tears of joy.
Consent and choose to stay with us a while
longer,
ful to
if it please God. This is not only needNorthampton and its adjacent towns and villages, but de-
my dear friend,
us
!
sirable to
all,
and beneficial to our whole

stay
interest.
Stay,
Doddridge
O,
and strengthen our hands, whose shadis
ows grow
long.
Fifty
but the height of vigour, usefulness,
and honour.
Don't take leave abruptly.
Providence hath
not directed thee yet, on

shall instruct
whom
spirit
to
drop thy mantle.
Who
our youth,
fill
our vacant churches; animate our

of piety, moderation, candour,
associations,
and diffuse a
and charity, through our
villages
and churches; and a

cities,
spirit of
prayer and supplication into our towns and

art
when thou
removed from us ? Especially, who
shall unfold the sacred
Letters ubi supra, p. 396, 39".
VOL.
I.
10
lxxvi
Oracles, teach us the meaning and use of our Bibles, rescue
us from the bondage of systems, party opinions, empty, useless

speculations, and fashionable forms and phrases
;
and point out

silenced
will
to us the simple, intelligible, consistent, uniform religion of
our Lord and Saviour

the voice of him,
Who
shall
But
am
by
who says, "
Shall I not
do what I
with
my
own
Is
?
it
not
my
prerogative to take and leave, as seemeth
me good I demand the liberty of disposing of my own servants at my own pleasure. He hath laboured more abundantly. His times are in my hand. He hath not slept as do others. He hath risen to nobler heights than things below. He hopes to He hath laboured for that which endureth to inherit glory.
eternal
life
;
labour, which the

its
more
it
abounds, the more
it
exalts and magnifies
object,
It is
and the more
effectually an;
swers and secures its end.

to dispose and govern.
yours to wait and trust
mine
On me
be the care of ministers and
Both the them to work and when I please, I call them and give them their hire." With these thoughts my passions subside, my mind is softened and satisfied, I resign thee, myself and all, to God, saying, Thy will be done But now for the wings of faith and contemchurches.
is
With me
the residue of the Spirit.

I set
vineyard and the labourers are mine.
plation.
Let
me
take thy hand,
my dear brother,
Yes,
and walk a
so
:
turn or two in yonder spacious regions.
it is
we
be
read
it
in the
Book of God, that word of truth and
gospel of our
salvation, that as in
Adam all
die,
even so
in Christ shall all

;
made
alive.
The one
wound
ruined his posterity by sin
the other
dart
raised his seed to immortality.
This poisoned the
and
inflamed the
of death
but Jesus Christ redeemeth us
from
this captivity.
See, thou Christian minister, thou friend
of my bosom, and faithful servant of God, see the important

period,
when
the surprising signs and descending inhabitants
of heaven, proclaim the second coming of our divine Saviour!
The
heavens open and disclose his radiant glory.
Hear the
awakening trump.
immortal
;
See, the dead in Christ arise glorious and
leave corruption, weakness,
and dishonour, behind
them, and behold their Lord and Head seated on his throne of
lxxvii
judgment, attended and surrounded with the ministers of his
power and pleasure, and shining

glory
:
in all the fulness
of celestial
and not only see but share his victory and lustre, par-
take of his image and influence.

fabric reared again, stately
trious,
And
behold the demolished

illus-
and ornamented, shining and

to demonstrate
permanent and durable,

vanquished,
all its
how
:
entirely
death
is
ruins repaired; and what
was once
for
meat
for
worms
is
now
a companion of angels
when
this
"this corruptible
shall
have put on incorruption, and
mortal, immortality," every eye will be fastened on the mighty
conqueror,
and every voice
and harp be tuned

is
for
that
transporting song,
"
Death, where
thy sting
it is
O grave,
The
fruit
where
is
thy victory ?" Yes, Doddridge,
so.
of our Redeemer's sufferings and victory

eternal destruction of sin
is
the entire and
and death.
?
And is
it
not a glorious
so formidable,
destruction
most blessed ruin no

fetters so
No enemy
no tyranny so
bitter,
heavy and
galling,
no prison
;
so dark and dismal, but they are vanquished and disarmed

the unerring dart
is
blunted and broken, the prison pulled

is risen,
down
that
and rased.
slept.
Our Lord
life
as the firstfruits of
them
How glad
on
in
should
be to hear, that
God
is
pleased to
prolong thy
earth, to declare these glorious truths,
and
teach us to improve
them
In this, your friends with you,
and many more
every place, join, and
petition to the great Disposer of all
make it our common events. Use every means

and
affectionate
J.
you can
friends,
for the
recovery of your health, for the sake of your

is
among whom
your
faithful
Barker."
11
Dr. Doddridge was so deeply affected with the friendship

expressed in this
letter,
and the divine consolations which
it
administered, that there

his
was reason to be apprehensive that tender frame would have sunk under the emotions of his
gratitude and joy.
Letters, ubi supra,
p.
142145.
Ixxviii

it
In autumn, his physicians judged
proper that he should
make
trial
of the waters of Bristol; and accordingly he went
thither in the
month of August. Upon
his arrival at that place,
a worthy clergyman of the established church, with
whom
the
he
had only a
hospitable
slight acquaintance,
entertained
him
in
most
and
manner and with a fraternal affection,
till
he could be
accommodated with
suitable apartments near the wells;
Dr. Maddox, bishop of Worcester, paid him a friendly visit, and, in very obliging terms, offered to convey him in his
chariot, at
the stated times of drinking the water.

it
Little
hope of
his deriving benefit from

;
was given him by the

their report of the great
physicians at Bristol
and he received
hazard of his case with a fortitude, resignation, and cheerfulness,
which never forsook him

\\
to the last, in
any place, or
on any occasion. Here he met
ith several of his friends,
who
to
were desirous
to
do
all
in their
power
to testify
tlii
ir
regard
him him by
for
and
offers
of service and assistance were
made
strangers,
and even by persons
who had
formerly
inter-
conceived prejudices against him.
worthy nobleman
if
ested himself as kindly about the doctor's health, as
he had
long been his intimate friend.

Bristol, he
Whilst Dr. Doddridge was at

principal people of his
was
visited
by some of the
congregation, who expressed an affection for him not to be described, and who brought with them assurances of the same affection
from the rest of his flock, and o; their ardent and repeated
prayers for his recovery.
This new proof of
their regard af-
forded him great satisfaction and refreshment.

rected by his physicians to speak and write as
little
He was
di-
as possible
but he could not content himself without sometimes sending

letters, in short
hand, to a few chosen friends, expressive of

c
still
the excellent frame of his mind.
The
more
health of Dr.
Doddridge continuing
more and
to decline, he
threatening a disorder, to
was advised, as the last resort in so remove to a warmer climate for the
Orton, ubi supra, p. 277
281.

winter.
It
Ixxix
was proposed
that
he should go to Lisbon.
it
In
deliberating
upon this scheme,
his principal objection to

it
was
the great expense with which the execution of
would nec-
He doubted whether, with so very preessarily be attended. carious a hope of its being beneficial to him, he ought to pursue
the design
;
when
his family, which, in case of his decease,
would be but slenderly provided for, would be considerably " It will," says Mr. Orton, " I injured by the voyage.
hope, appear to every considerate reader a glorious circumstance in the doctor's
life,
that
ft
was sacrificed
to the generous,
disinterested service of his great Master,
and benevolence to
mankind
that,
with the advantage of a genius and qualifica-
tions equal to the highest
advancement
in the establishment,
and without being chargeable with want of economy, he should

find himself under the painful necessity of preserving the
little
remainder of his
provision
life,
made
for his family, dear to
by an expense disproportionate to the him as his own life.'*

clergyman of the church of
There happened
England,
to be at Bristol a
Doddridge, but
who had not been previously acquainted with Dr. who behaved to him in the kindest and most
In conversation with this gentleman, the
respectful manner.
doctor undesignedly threw out a hint of the principal reason
which caused him
to
demur about the voyage. The benevolent

hint,
clergyman immediately seized the
and took an opportu-
nity of expressing, before a lady of considerable fortune,
who
and
was a Dissenter,
the concern
it
his esteem
and respect
for the doctor,
gave him, that a person
our to Christianity in general,

particular,
who did so much honand to his own denomination in

to express himself )
in
and
who
(as he
was pleased
"
if
his conscience
had not prevented, might have been
one of
the
first
dignities in their
church," should, on account of his
circumstances, be discouraged from taking a step, on which
perhaps his
life
depended.
He
added, that, in his opinion,
it
would be an
body,
if
everlasting reproach
upon
the Dissenters as a
those
who knew
of his situation did not take

difficulty.
some
speedy and vigorous measures torremove the
No
Ixxx
sooner had this gentleman given the hint, and set a handsome
precedent, than
osity of
it
was cheerfully pursued
and the generand in
Dr. Doddridge's acquaintance

particularly active in the
at Bristol
other places, fully equalled his wants and his wishes.
Mr.
affair,
Neal was
selling
management of the
and had the pleasure of informing the doctor, that instead of what our author had in the funds, he should be able,
it,
through the benevolence of friends, to add something to

after the
expense of the voyage was defrayed.

at Bristol,
Whilst Dr. Doddridge continued
and his jour-
ney was
in prospect,
many
other pleasing circumstances oc-
curred, which tended to lighten his affliction.

particular, of the family
A servant,
;
in
where he lodged,
offered herself to
attend
him to Lisbon on very reasonable terms a proposal which was the more seasonable and acceptable, as infirm persons, who designed the same voyage, usually found it
extremely
offers.
d
difficult to
procure such attendance, even by large

at
Dr. Oliver was
no small pains
to prepare every
;
thing for making the journey as comfortable as possible
and
Mr. Warburton
to
prevailed
upon the secretary of the post
office
write to the captain of the packetboat at Falmouth, to
engage him to give Dr. Doddridge the best accommodations

6 in his power.
On
the seventeenth of
September the doctor
left Bristol,
and
after a fatiguing
journey of ten days, occa-
sioned partly by the badness of the season and roads, and
by his great weakness, he arrived at Falmouth. There was received in the kindest manner by Dr. Turner, the physician of the place, who generously entertained him in his house, and recommended him to the care of his nephew, Dr. Cantley, at Lisbon. During Dr. Doddridge's journey and stay at Falmouth, his most painful and threatening symppartly
lie
toms had been suspended
but, on the night before he sailed,
ihey returned with greater violence than ever.

dridge, therefore, thought
it
Mrs. Dod-
necessary to propose, that he
Ibid. p.
281287-

should either return home, or stay a while longer
at
Ixxxi
Falmouth.
Having, however, some hope from a change of climate, he

gave this short answer,
'*
The
die
is cast,
and
choose to go."
The
propriety of Dr. Doddridge's voyage to Lisbon has

;
by some persons been doubted but in this undertaking he acted by the unanimous advice of the most competent judges. At Falmouth much civility was shewn him by several of the
inhabitants of the place, to
that purpose,
whom
his friends
had written for

grati-
and he parted from them with the utmost

and as the captain of
tude and tenderness.
On Monday the thirtieth of September

;
he went on board the packet
it
did not
happen to go the voyage, the doctor had the convenience of his cabin, which was no small comfort and advantage to him
in his
weak
condition.
Upon
the sailing of the vessel,

soft air
the
new scene which opened upon him, and the
and fresh
spirits.
breezes of the sea, had the most pleasing effect on his
by Mrs. Doddridge and the servant but happily he himself did not suffer from it so that he needed their attendance and assistance less than before.
seasickness
;
The
was severely
felt
He
generally sat,
the greatest part of the day, in an easy;
chair, in the captain's cabin
and his mind was admirably
sustained by delightful views of the heavenly world.
Such
sacred gratitude and joy appeared in his countenance, as often
brought to the remembrance of his lady the following lines in
one of his hymns
death o'er nature shall prevail. the powers of language fail, Joy through my swimming- eyes shall break, And mean the thanks I cannot speak.
When
And
all
In the
for
Bay of Biscay the vessel was unhappily becalmed some days and the weather proved so intensely hot, that
;
Dr. Doddridge's colliquative sweats returned, attended with

a faintness that threatened his speedy dissolution.
Provi-
dence, however,
still
lengthened out the feeble thread of life.

to the desired haven,
When
the ship
came
and was waiting
Isxxii

ceremonies of entrance, the fineness of the day,
air,
for the usual
the softness of the
and the
delightful prospects
by which
he was surrounded, gave him a fresh flow of strength and

spirits.
He
stayed
upon deck about two hours, and derived

raise
from
it
such a sensible degree of refreshment, as to
even
a flattering hope of his recovery.
On
The
Sunday the
thirteenth
of October he landed
his assistant at
at
Lisbon.
next day he wrote to
Northampton, giving him a short account of

and of what he observed
I bless
his voyage,
of the magnificent appearance which the city

the sea,
streets.
made from
in
passing
through the
After mentioning his great weakness
and danger, he added, " Nevertheless,

undisturbed serenity continues in
holds proportion to
God,
the
most
my
still
mind, and
my strength
in
God, and joyfully acquiesce in all he may do with me. When you see my dear friends of the congregation, inform them of my circumstances, and assure them, that I cheerfully submit myself to God. If I desire life may be restored, it is chiefly that it may be employed in serving Christ among them and that I am enabled by faith to look upon death as an enemy
day.
I
my
hope and trust
that shall be destroyed
and can cheerfully leave

in a strange land,
I
if
my dear
Mrs. Doddridge a widow
such be the
have done
appointment of our heavenly Father.
hope
my
duty, and the Lord do as seemeth good in his sight. " f kindly received and enter-
At Lisbon, Dr. Doddridge was

tained at the house of Mr.
David King, an English merchant,
whose mother was one of the doctor's congregation, and who had now an opportunity he could never have expected, but which he gladly embraced, of repaying the many services In this that had been done for his relations at Northampton.
worthy family our author found the most cordial friendship,
and every accommodation that could tend to

order.
alleviate his dis-
Here he happened to meet with Dr. Watts's Treatise on the Happiness of separate Spirits, which, being a work
'Orton, ubi supra,
p.
290 09",

entirely coincident with his
lxxxih
own
sentiments, delighted
him
in
a peculiar manner.
In reading this book,

the Scriptures, he
Dr. Watts's
Hymns, and especially
time as his strength would admit.

family related to Mrs. Doddridge,
friends,
employed as much At Lisbon he found a

his character, or
as well as other kind
who, either from a knowledge of

letters
from having received voluntary
of recommendation,
shewed him
to strive
all
the civility in their power, and indeed
seemed
de-
who
should most excel in displaying for him an
assiduous and tender regard.

rived pleasure, though
it
From
their
company he
was attended with the
painful cir-
cumstance of his not being able to converse with them as The Rev. Mr. freely as he could have wished to have done.
Williamson
in particular,
then chaplain to the British factory,
frequently visited him, with the temper and behaviour of the
gentleman, the christian, and the divine.
About
week
after
Dr. Doddridge's
arrival,
of his physician, Dr. Cantley,

receiving the usual fees, he
who
attended
by the advice him without
was removed
into the country, a
few miles from Lisbon.
This, however, was productive of
no advantage
such
for the rainy season,
which
in that climate
usually sets in about the latter end of October,
came on with
any
assist-
uncommon
air
violence, as not only to preclude
ance from
plaints.
and exercise, but to add greatly to his comthe twenty fourth of October he
On
was seized
little
with a colliquative diarrhoea, which soon exhausted his

strength.
Nevertheless, during the succeeding night, which

last
seemed the
of rational
life,
he preserved the same calmfelt
ness, vigour,
and joy of mind, which he had

illness.
and ex-
pressed through the whole of his
The
only pain he
had
in the
thought of dying, was the fear of that grief and

suffer from his removal.
distress
which Mrs. Doddridge would

his congregation,
To his children,
and
his friends in general,
he desired to be remembered in the most affectionate manner ; nor did he forget the family where he lodged, or his own servant,
in
the effusions of his pious

i.
benevolence.
Many
vol.
11
fcxxiv

;
devout sentiments and aspirations were uttered by him
but
Mrs. Doddridge's heart was too much
affected with his ap-
proaching change, to be able to recollect them distinctly.

an hour before his death.
restless,
On
the following day he lay in a gentle doze, in which he con-
tinued
till
At
the last struggle he

sighs,
appeared
and fetched several deep

his release.
soon
after
which he obtained
This event took place on

style,
Saturday, the twenty sixth of October, old

o'clock in the morning
land,
:
about three
and though he died
in a foreign
and
in a certain sense
tears.
embalmed with many

of the factory,
among strangers, his decease was Not only the principal gentlemen
manifested a high
but even their servants,
sense of Dr. Doddridge's worth, and of the greatness of the

public loss.
tion to
A circumstance which
afforded
much
satisfac-
the doctor, in his
Mrs. Doddridge, and her Lisbon friends, was, last scenes, was not molested by the
that
offi-
cious zeal of any of the priests of the church of Rome. Agreeably to the desire which he had expressed before his death,
his
body was opened, when

it
his lungs
were found
in so ulcerthat*
ated a state, that

his speaking
appeared surprising to the physician

far
and breathing had not been

in fact they were,
more
difficult
last.
and painful to him than

buried
even to the
Dr. Doddridge had frequently expressed a wish of being

at his
meetingplace
at
Northampton, where
his chil-
dren and so
ited.
many
of his congregation and friends were deposhis

illness,
;
However, during
quite indifferent to
he spoke of this as a
mater
him
and, to avoid increasing the
distress of his afflicted consort,
was desirous of being interred wherever he should die. It was found, upon inquiry, that the removal of the body to England would occasion a very large expense, and therefore it was judged most prudent Accordingly, his remains were conveyed to to decline it.
the burying ground belonging to the British factory at Lisbon,
with as
place would admit.
much decency and respect as circumstances and the The greater part of the gentlemen of the
;
factory attended his funeral
and Mr. Williamson, on the

following Sunday, preached a sermon, in which he gave
Ixxxv
him a
high and honourable character, founded on what he had heard
from many, of his worth, and on what he had himself seen,

during the opportunities he had had of conversing with him. 8
Though Dr. Doddridge's

house,
they erected in
it
congregation had not the melan-
choly satisfaction of having him interred at his

a handsome
own meetingmonument to his

widow
after
memory, and made

return.
a generous present to his
her
The inscription, which was drawn up by
the doctor's
much esteemed and

was
as follows
ingenious friend, Gilbert West, Esquire,
To
the
memory
of
Philip Doddridge, D. D. Twenty one years Pastor of this church,

Director of a nourishing Academy,
And Author of many
excellent Writings
By which
His pious, benevolent, and indefatigable zeal
To make men
wise, good, and happy,
Will far better be made known,
And
Than by
perpetuated
much longer,
not of his praise,
this
obscure and perishable marble
The humble monument,

But of their esteem,
affection,
and regret,
;
Who knew
him, loved him, and lament him

are desirous of recording,
And who
In this Inscription,
Their freindly but
faithful
testimony
To
the
many amiable and

his
Christian virtues.
That adorned
more
private character
By
which, though dead, he yet speaketh.
And,
still
present in remembrance,
Forcibly, though silently, admonisheth
His ouce beloved and ever grateful flock-
He was born June 26, 1702, And died Oct, 26, 1751,
Aged
50. h
The
situation of
Mrs. Doddridge., during the sad scene

will justly
through which she passed,

t
be considered as pecu-
Orton, ubi supra, p, 293297.
Ibid. p. 29fc
Jxxxvi
liarly
LFFE OF DR. DODDRIDGE.

melancholy and
affecting.
She had accompanied her
husband
to a foreign land,
and had been witness to the painful

the goodness of
event of his death.
Through
God
she was
enabled to preserve fortitude and serenity in the midst of her
deep
affliction.
What
the state of her
mind was,
is
finely
represented in a letter which she wrote to her children from
Lisbon, a few days

lately
after the doctor's decease,

first
and which has
been printed, for the

It will
time, in the Gentleman's
Mag-
azine.
be found below/
In her voyage
homeward,
Lisbon, fro*. 11, N. S. 1751. awful and melancholy Providence I would fain say something to comfort you. And I hope God will enable me to Say something that may alleviate your deep distress. I went out in a firm dependence that, if Infinite Wisdom was pleased to call me out to duties and trials as yet unknown, he would grant me those superior aids of strength that would sup-
"
" My dear children, How shall I address you under
this
port and keep
distress or sorrow, into
from fainting under them persuaded that there was no which he could lead me, under which his gracious and allsufikient arm could not supporL me. He has not disappointed me, nor suffered "God all sufficient, and my only the heart and eyes directed to him to fail. hope," is my motto let it be yours. Such, indeed, have I found him and such, I verily believe, you will find him too in this time of deep distress. " Oh my dear children, help me to praise him Such supports, such conso-
me
such comforts, has he granted to the meanest of his creatures, that my mind, at times, is held in perfect astonishment, and is ready to burst into songs
lations,
its most exquisite distress. outward comforts, God has withheld no good thing from me, but has given me all the assistance, and all the supports, that the tenderest friendship was capable of affording me, and which I think my dear Northampton friends
of praise under
" As
to
could not have exceeded. Their prayers are not lost. I doubt not but I ing the benefit of them, and hope that you will do the same. " I am returned to good Mr. King's. Be good to poor Mrs. King. It
am
is
reap-
a debt
of gratitude
owe
for the great obligations I
am under to that worthy family here.

as I
Such a
I
solicitude of friendship
was surely hardly ever known

;
meet with here.
have the offers of friendship more than I can employ and it gives area! concern These are great honto many here that they cannot find out a way to serve me. ours conferred on the dear deceased, and great comforts to me. It is impossible
how much these mercies are endeared to me, as coming in such an immemanner from the Divine hand. To his name be the praise and glory of all " And now, my dear children, what shall I say to you Ours is no common loss. I mourn the best of husbands and of friends, removed from this world of sin
to say
diate
and sorrow to the regions of immortal bliss and light. What a glory What a You have is it that I am enabled with my thoughts to pursue him there lost the dearest and best of parents, the guide of your youth and whose pleasure it would have been to have introduced you into life with great advantages.
!
mercy
f Our
Is still
loss is great
greater.
indeed But I really think the loss the public has sustained But God can never want instruments to carry on his work. Yet,
!
let us
be thankful that
God
e\ er gave us such a friend

r
that he has continued
'
Ixxxvit
and upon her return to her family, she was strengthened and supported beyond what could have been expected. By the
circumstance of Dr. Doddrige's dying abroad she
siderable annuity,
lost a
con-
which he had provided
for her in case
of
widowhood, and
titled.
to
which she would otherwise have been en-
To
this
consequence of his voyage, should he die
him so long- with us. Perhaps, if we had been to have judged, we should have thought that we nor the world could never less have spared him than at the present time. But I see the hand of Heaven, the appointment of his wise ProviIt is his hand that has put dence, in every step of this awful dispensation.
the bitter cup into ours.
And what does he now

!
ble, entire submission to his will
We
know
this is
expect from us but a meek, humour duty Let us pray for
vherless
those aids of his Spirit, which can only enable us to attain it. A father of the fais God in his holy habitation. As such may your eyes be directed to him
!
He
will support you.
He
will comfort you.
And
that he
may,
is
not only
my
daily, but hourly prayer.
" We have never deserved so great a good as that we have lost. And let us remember, that the best respect we can pay to his memory is to endeavour, as
far as
we
can, to follow his example, to cultivate those amiable qualities that
rendered him so justly dear

larly I
to us, and so greatly esteemed by the world. Particuwould recommend this to my dear P. May I have the joy to see him acting the part worthy the relation to so amiable and excellent a parent, whose memory, I hope, will ever be valuable and sacred to him and to us all Under Cod, may he be a comfort to me, and a support to the family Much depends oh him. His loss I think peculiarly great. But I know an allsufficient God can overrule it as the means of the greatest good to him. " It is impossible for me to tell you how tenderly my heart feels for you all How much I long to be with you to comfort and assist you. Indeed, you are the only inducements I now have left to wish for life, that I may do what little is in my power to form and guide your tender years. For this purpose I take all
!
!
my health. I eat, sleep, and converse at times witli a tolerable degree of cheerfulness. You, my dears, as the best return you can make me, will do the same, that I may not have sorrow upon sorrow. The many kindfriends
possible care of
you have around you, I am sure will not be wanting in giving you all the assistance and comfort that is in their power. My kindest salutations attend them all. " I hope to leave this place in about fourteen or twenty days. But the soonest I can reach Northampton will not be in less than six weeks or two months time. May God be with you, and give us, though a mournful, yet a comfortable meeting For your sakes I trust my life will be; spared. And, I bless God, my mind is under no painful anxiety as to the difficulties and dangers of the voyage. " The winds and the waves are in his hands, to whom I resign myself, and all that is dearest to me. I know I shall have your prayers, and those of my dearest
!
friends with yon.
" Farewell,
a.r.d
my
dearest children
am your
afflicted,
but most sincere friend,
ever affectionate mother,
M. Dodbkidce."
Gentleman's Magazine, Vol.
LX1
p. SR4, 8S5.
Ixxxviii
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGE.]

it
abroad, the doctor was totally a stranger; and

for
him
that
he was never acquainted with

spirits.
it,
since
was happy it must
have
lien
with weight upon his
The
generosity of
his friends
was
active to
compensate
for the loss
which Mrs.
Doddridge had sustained.

her, chiefly in
subscription was opened for
London, and,
in a great
measure, under the di.
rection of Mr. Neal,
whose kind
offices to
Dr. Doddridge's
family were eminent and invariable.
In a short time a
sum
was
raised,
which was more than equal

this,
to the forfeiture of the
annuity.
Besides
Mrs. Doddridge received several
other handsome presents, which were sent her as subscriptions to the
Family Expositor, from persons of rank, both
among the clergy and laity of the established church. The manner in which these benefactions were communicated heightened their value. They were bestowed with so much
delicacy,
and
reflected
such high honour on Dr. Doddridge's
memory,
latest
that she retained a

life.
deep impression of them to the

that
hour of her
Another instance of regard

pupils
was
to
paid her, was, that the Dissenting ministers in the neighbour-
hood of Northampton, and the
who had begun
preach, supplied the doctor's congregation,
during his ab1
sence, and for half a year after his decease, that the salary
might be continued to his family

ton,
for that time.
Dr. Doddridge's funeral sermon was preached by Mr. Orwho was in every view the most suitable person for that
service.
On
what day
it
was delivered does not appear from
the copy now lying before me. The text was, 1 Cor. xv 54, and the words, " Death is swallowed up in victory."
In a short time the discourse was published, and had an extensive circulation, under the
title
of "
The
Christian's Tri-
umph
over Death."
It
has since been annexed to the three
volumes of the doctor's Sermons and religious Tracts. Mr. Orton did not enter largely into the character of his revered
and beloved
writing his
friend, having
probably then formed the design of
life.
Orton, ubi supra, p. 299, 30Q.
3xx:u*
The muse9 were not silent on Dr. Doddridge's decease. A poem to his memory was published by a young gentleman,
who,
at the
time of composing
it,
was a
is
pupil at his academy.
The
author was Mr. Henry More,
who
afterwards settled in
Devonshire, of which county he

a Dissenting minister at
a native,
and
Leskard in Cornwall.
who is now By his friends
he
is
known
not only to be an ingenious poet, but a sound
scholar, especially in Biblical criticism.
The
following lines
will afford an agreeable specimen of the merit of the
poem
Her bays each science scatters on thy bier Each social virtue drops the friendly tear.
Beneath a mould'ring temple's awful shade, Among the solemn nodding ruins laid, her bosom swelled witli care Religion weeps
;
Heaves the sad sigh, half yielding to despair ; But cheerful faith sustains her drooping head,
And whispers
!
comfort to the fainting maid.
But ah what power of language can express The widow'd consort's wo What keen distress Tore all her heartstrings, when thy trembling sight Snatch'd a fond, farewell glance, and clos'd in night
?
When the
felt
pulse, that at her touch before
Beat with a
fuller tide,
now throbb'd no more

:
In foreign lands, abandon'd, and alone, She heard a darling husband's parting groan
No children there receiv'd his last command, Wept round the couch and kiss'd his dying hand No sad domestic bore the sable bier No mournful pupil pour'd the tender tear No soothing friend to minister relief,
;
And
She
by dividing mitigate her grief;

solitary
brooded o'er her care,

her native country to regain,!
Her
only refuge plac'din heav'n and prayer,
And when,
As
She measur'd back the wide extended main,

the fleet vessel flew before the wind,
a melting look she turn'd behind
!
How many
How,
till
in
undistinguish'd vapour lost,

faint
Caught each
glance of the receding coast,
Were now,
forever from her eyes remov'd,
Lie the blest relics of the man she lov'd ; That dear sad sight she never more must view, Her longing eyes have look'd their last adieu ; That dear sad Bight she wishes now in vain, While ocean rolls unnumber'd waves between
Kc

Dr. Doddridge was not handsome
in his person.
In stature
in his
he was somewhat above the middle

shoulders, and he
size,
with a stoop
was very thin and slender. But when he was engaged in conversation, or employed in the pulpit, there was a remarkable sprightliness and vivacity in his counte1
nance and manner, which commanded a general attention.
"
Mrs. Doddridge survived her husband nearly

which time she exhibited an eminent pattern
virtues.
shire,
forty years,
all
of the Christian in Glocesterchil-
She departed
this life at
Tewkesbury,
where she had long resided.
The doctor left four

Philip, the son,
at
dren, one son, and three daughters.
brought up to the law, and settled as an attorney

bury, where he died several years ago.
was TewkesShe
The
still
eldest daughter
married Mr. Humphreys, an attorney of the same place.
and her two

It
sisters,
who
are single, are
living.
was
happy circumstance,
that, at the
time of Dr. Dod-
dridge's illness and decease, he had for his assistant in the acad-
emy Mr. Samuel

this
Clark, the son of his friend Dr. Clark.
In
gentleman were united wisdom, knowledge, and an unIndeed, though
common equanimity and steadiness of temper.

ceed Dr. Doddridge in the
office
very young, he was well qualified to have been chosen to sucof principal tutor
; :
but this
his modesty would not have permitted

it
and, upon the whole,
was undoubtedly proper that a man of more advanced life should be appointed. The person elected by Mr. Coward's
and who had been recommended by Dr. Doddridge
trustees,
was the Rev. Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Caleb Ashworth, of Daventry, to which place the academy was removed Dr. Ashworth discharged the duties in the autumn of 1752.
in his will,
of the trust with great

ability that
fidelity
and diligence, and with an
increased as he proceeded in his employment.
Air. Clark continued as his assistant for several years, and, in
so doing, contributed, in no small degree, to the usefulness
and success of the

ventry he preached
institution.
and
was at Dapublished a sermon on occiu

Whilst he
'"Ibid, p. 301.

sion of the earthquake at Lisbon.
xci
He
afterwards settled at
the
Old Meeting
but by
all
at
Birmingham, where he was highly and
justly respected and esteemed, not only

tion,
who knew htm.
On
by his own congregaSunday the third of Deprime of his
cember, 1769, he was unhappily

days, by a
fall
killed, in the
from his horse, as he was setting out to preach
in the neighbourhood.
The
funeral discourse for
him was
to their
delivered and printed by his friend, Dr. Ashworth, under the

title
of "
The Regards
a Christian Congregation
owe
deceased ministers, represented and urged."
Of the
writings of Dr. Doddridge,
which were published in
his lifetime,
we hdve
already taken notice.
With
regard to
his grand work, the

still
Family Expositor, three volumes were

Happily he had finished the
to
make
their appearance.
whole of the copy,
in shorthand, a
few
slight notes
towards
the conclusion excepted, and the larger part had been tran-
scribed for the press.
This was the case with
all
the fourth
volume, the preface to which had been written by our author.

In 1754 that volume was published, containing St. Paul's
Epistle to the
Romans, and his first and second Epistles to the " As far as I know myself,'* says the doctor, Corinthians. " I have no favourite hypothesis to serve, nor a fondness for any unscriptural phrases in which so many have, on one side
;
and the other, made the very being of orthodoxy to consist. I have been disposed to let scripture carry me along with it,
wherever
it
naturally leads, rather than resolve
it
should
fol-
low me.
I
Instead of labouring to establish any

I fear, a
human system,
which has always,

it,
leaven of imperfection attending
have endeavoured to keep controversy as
much
out of
sight as possible,
and
to represent
what
I verily believe to
the scripture doctrine, in as simple a
manner
as I could,
be and
divested of those particular expressions, which some,
who
perhaps are not averse to the main doctrine

rise
itself,
are ready to
up against." One rule of interpretation laid down by Dr, Doddridge was, when the text and context will bear two meanings, to prefer that which gives the noblest and most vol. i. 12
xcii
extensive sense, and might

universally useful.
make the
it
passage in question most
Plausible, however, as this rule
may
In
ap-
pear, there is danger, unless
be exercised with peculiar judgfact,
ment, of
its
being occasionally productive of error.
the business of a
com
nentator on scripture,
is to
find out the
single original signification of the language
used by the sacred
writers,
to
and not
to indulge his imagination in giving a scope

at first specifically intended.
words beyond what was
Mr. Orton published a Few of the doctor's collection of Dr. Doddridge's hymns. works have been more generally acceptable, the sixth edition Indeed, they are, upon the of diem having appeared in 1788.
In the beginning of the year 1755,
whole, well calculated to answer the purposes of Christian devotion

;
and, being
all
of them founded upon particular texts
of scripture, cannot fail of being useful to ministers
who preach
if
on the same
texts.
With
respect to poetical merit,
they
cannot b^ placed in a high rank, they have enough of it for the
immediate view which they were intended

the author had not so
are not equally flowing
to answer.
As
good an ear as Dr. Watts, his numbers

and harmonious.
It
may be men-
tioned to his praise, that he has not indulged to the extravagancies which Dr.
bojlv
Watts has
I
fallen into, especially in the first
his
hymns.
observe with pleasure, that Dr.
Dod-
drie e
has not taken

sixtn,
a single subject
from the Canticles.

Expositor, being
in 1756.
The two remaining volumes of the Family

the
hah and
nad
wtvc published by Mr. Orton

it
From
dridge,
the editor's advertisement
appears, that Dr.
Dod-
himself transcribed for the press the paraphrase,

fifth
improvements, and notes, of the fourth and

brews, and the two
volumes, and
the paraphrase and improvements of the Epistle to the

first
Epistles of St. John.
HeThe notes on
<l
these three Epistles, together with the paraphrase, improve-
ments, and notes, on the remaining Epistles and the

lations," were cart fully transcribed either by
self,
Reve-
or
by some of the doctor's pupils,
Mr. Orton himand the transcript was
compared several times with
the shorthand copy.
An
acci-

dent which, during the author's
life,
MSB!
happened
to part of the
original manuscript, deserves to be recorded.

a fire
In June, 1750, candle

his pa-
broke out
left
in his study,
being
on
his writing desk,
wax and consumed many of

occasioned by a
pers, and, in particular, part of
one volume of the shorthand
copy of the Family Expositor.
The
it
light of the fire
bung,
however, providentially discovered by an opposite neighbour,
who gave
an immediate alarm,
was
speedily extinguished.
When the doctor was informed of the accident, he seemed most anxious about the preservation of this manuscript and
;
when
the flames
were quenched,
it
appeared, to his great joy
and surprise, that only that part of the volume which had
been transcribed was destroyed
another place out of danger
;
that the
ail
I
transcript
la;-
in
and that
the untranscribed
f
(
pages were perfectly legible, the cdex<;

singed.
.hem only being

Ortbri,
" Being an eyewitness,"

I
sa
.
""{the
chiefly as
danger and deliverance,

it
record
thi
uojunt of
it,
seems to denote a
particular care of Providence in preserving
this
work, and a favourable omen, that
tensive and lasting usefulness.'*

their reflections so far as
God intends it for exThose who may not carry

will
Mr. Orton has done,

lie
sympathize
with Dr. Doddridge
Iri
the pleasure which
received in hav-
ing his manuscript preserved.
Of
all
our author's writings, the Family Expositor

It is
is
the
most important and valuable.

pally depends.
the
work
in
which he took
the greatest pains, and on which his literary reputation princi-
Many of his
notes display a sagacious and ju-
dicious spirit of criticism, and the practical reflections are of

general utility.
How
well the
is
work has been received by the

nor
is its
learned and pious world,
apparent from the continual de;
mand
for
it
down
to the present time

It is the
;
popularity
is
likely to decrease.
seventh edition which
now
In
culled for
by the public
it
not to mention the separate impres-
sions of
that have appeared in Scotland
and Ireland.
it
passing a just
encomium on
is
the
Family Expositor,
will
not
be understood that there
any design of asserting
tliat it is
xciv

is totally
performance which
errors.
tions.
exempt from imperfections and
Such
is
not the character of the best
human produc-
Diversities of sentiment will occur with regard to Dr.
Doddridge's interpretations of particular passages, and his

criticisms
upon them.
Perhaps, likewise, in some instances,

rather too redundant.
his paraphrases
may be deemed
But
no observations of this kind are inconsistent with allowing to work the praise of its contributing, in a high degree, toChristian instruction and improvement. The proper inference to be drawn from any mistakes into which the most
the
successful elucidations of the scriptures have fallen,
is,
not to
depreciate their general merit, but to avoid placing an
undue
in
confidence on their authority.
While we
thankfully derive
from them the assistance they are capable of affording us

freely
our inquiries into the meaning of the sacred oracles, we should
examine, and impartially judge

it
for ourselves.
Dr. Doddridge thought

gelists into
it
would contribute
to the useful-
ness of his exposition to digest the history of the four evan-
one continued
series, or s in other
words, to throw
into the order of an

effectually
harmony.
If
such an harmony could

dis-
be
and decisively ascertained, each story and

all its
course would be exhibited with

stances, as recorded
tions
concurrent circum;
by the sacred penman

;
frequent repeti-
would be prevented
and a multitude of seeming oppo-
sitions
tions.
be so evidently reconciled as to supersede many objec-
These undoubtedly are desirable objects, and the attainment of them is worthy of being sought for. We are indebted to the exertions of those gentlemen
in this field
sufficiently
of theological
literature.
who have laboured Where they have not

beautiful light
succeeded in the main point, they have, by their
researches, been enabled to throw a
new and
on many passages of the evangelical
historians.
no small
scholars,
difficulty in the general subject, is manifest

it,
That there is from the

by the
ablest
various systems that have been formed upon
and the most judicious
critics.
scv
One part of Dr. Doddridge's Family Expositor, which must

have cost him uncommon pains, was his having every where inter woven the text with the paraphrase,
and carefully distinguishcharacter.
ed the former from the
latter
by the
italic
By
this
method it is impossible
to
to read the paraphrase without the text
and every one may immediately see,not only the particular clause
which any explication answers, but
also
what are the words
of the original, and what merely the sense of the commentator.
Nor was our author content

lation,
with barely inserting the old trans-
but gave an entire
new
version of the whole Testawill in
ment, the merit and usefulness of which
many
respects
be acknowledged.
This
paraphrase, and published in 1765, in
with some alterations
was extracted from the two volumes, 12mo and improvements by the editor, totranslation
gether with an introduction, and a
The
last
number of very work of Dr. Doddridge which was
short notes.
given, to the
public, was his " Course of Lectures on the principal Subjects of
Pneumatology, Ethics, and Divinity
with Refer-
ences to the most considerable Authors on each Subject."
Of the
nature and value of these lectures, which appeared in
1763, in one volume, quarto, I have already spoken.

another edition
As
not
may
probably soon be demanded,

it
it
may
be amiss to suggest, that

large the
list
would be extremely useful

treated
to en-
of references, by introducing the names and pro-
ductions of those writers
who have
upon the several
matters in question since the doctor's decease.
To a
person
conversant in the history of controversies this would be no
rery
difficult task
and
it
might, in particular, easily be exe-
cuted by any gentleman who, as a tutor, has made use of the

lectures as a textbook,
and who consequently has been in the Dr. Doddridge's

he would
habit of referring to succeeding authors.

If Providence had continued
life,
undoubtedly have endeavoured to extend his usefulness by
many
other publications.
He
intended to print a sermon to
children, and
progress had been
some sacramental meditations. A considerable made by him in a " Dissertation on ths
xtvi
Jewish Proselytes," the design of which was to defend that opinion concerning them, which he mentions in some of his
notes upon the Acts of the Apostles.
Another work, which

his criti-
he had nearly completed, and

cal
in
which he displayed
knowledge of the Hebrew language, was a new Translation of the minor Prophets. Neither the Dissertation on the Jewish Proselytes, nor the Translation of the
minor Prophets,
be
were thought
objects
to be left in a sufficient state of perfection to
given to the world.*1

is
The
loss with regard to the last of these
the less to be regretted, as the business hath since
been executed with so much judgment and learning by the

excellent bishop
Newcome.
in general
it
Upon Dr. Doddridge's works

produce a variety of encomiums.
would be easy
to
The applauses
he received
were numerous
and what added
to their value was, that they
came from men by whom it was an honour to be appiaudtd. Nor was it by the learned among the Dissenters only that his
abilities
and writings were held
in high estimation,
but by ma*
ny
illustrious
ornaments of the church of England.
This
is
abundantly apparent from the collection of

lished.
letters lately
pub-
There
will
be found, together with the praises of a
Barker, a Miles, a Neal, a Leland, and a Lardner, those of
a Costard, a Warburton, an Oliver, a Newton, a Seeker, an
Ayscough, a Grey, a Hunt, a Gilbert West, a Maddox, a Sherlock, aHildesley, a Dutchess of Somerset, and a Lord " I have read," says bishop Seeker, " your works Lyttleton.
with great satisfaction, and,
rejoice
tions,
I
hope,
some
benefit
and both
and wonder
that, in the
midst of your other occupa-
you continue
able, as I pray
God you long may, to oblige
your fellow Christians so often and so highly from the press. Indeed
it
senters
must and ought to be owned in general, that the Dishave done excellently of late years in the service of
;
Christianity
and
hope our
our
chiefly attentive to
common welfare will make us common interest, and unite us in a

the bishop, in the
p. 107, 124.
closer alliance."
By the way,
same
letter,
Orton, ubi supra,
xcvii
has gently and properly rebuked Dr. Doddridge for the extravagantly complimcntal strain of his epistles
'
'
return
you
many
and
have
thanks
for
your favourable opinion both of
my sermon
men should
its
author, though expressed in a
manner which you would

Plain
for born, if you
had known
:
me
better.
be treated in a plain way

said to
and nobody should have things

deserve
;
him which he
Let us
all
cloth not
and ought not to hear

;
if he did.
endeavour to do what good we can

to
and
to
give those
who seem
endeavour
;
it
faithfully, the
comfort of
knowing we think they do but never tempt one another forget we are unprofitable servants."
The
reception which Dr. Doddridge's writings

It
met with
abroad deserves to be specifically noticed.

languages. His
appears that
the most considerable of them have been translated into foreign
Sermons on Regeneration, Salvation by Grace, on the Power and Grace of Christ, and his Letter on Family Prayer, have been published in the Dutch tongue. The Memoirs of Colonel Gardiner have appeared in the Dutch, French, and
German languages
the
and the Rise and Progress of Religion, in

to
same languages,
which may be added the Danish.
It is
observable, that the translation of the last
work
into
French
late
was undertaken by the

Holland.
particular
encouragement of the
prince and princess of Orange, and a
number of
and
it
the gentry in
A
it
Protestant prince of the empire promised to

to those
recommend
Switzerland.
about him
was subscribed
for
by many persons of quality and
rich citizens in
Germany and
but
Some
it
learned
men undertook
to translate the
former volumes of the Family Expositor into

the publication of
clergy,
German
was opposed by
that
several of the
Lutheran
from an apprehension
Dr. Doddridge's interpreta-
tion of particular passages,
and his reflections upon them, might:

their terrors, the persons concern-
not agree with their established principles, or form of church
government.
ed
To remove
;
in the translation first
published the Sermons on Regen
tion in that language

"
the candour
and moderation of whj

p.
\h
Letters, ubi supra,
278.
stcviir
'
had such an
effect in quieting the opposition, that the other

11
work was completed. Such was the estimation in which Dr. Doddridge's
have been held, and continue to be held, both
abroad.
It does not, however,
writings
at
home and
most sin-
hence follow,
that his
cere admirers will think themselves obliged to concur with
him
in every sentiment
and every expression.
Many judihad
cious persons have wished
that his devotional treatises
been more accommodated to universal use, by a less Calvinis" I reckon it one unhappitical turn of opinion and language. ness," says Mr. Jones of Welwyn, " of this excellent man
(my much
respected friend) that, having early imbibed the
notions of some particular systems, he could not dislodge
them
out of his mind in his age of riper judgment.
This hath been
observed by others."
Mr. Jones
adds, that the doctor's parts
were uncommon, his learning great, his moderation equally so, and his life and conduct truly Christian.*1 Upon the whole,
whatever diversity of judgment may be formed on different points, the grand end which Dr. Doddridge had in view, and
the generally useful tendency of his works, cannot be denied.
In every thing which he wrote, his aim was to promote the

great purposes of practical religion.
The narrative which has now been given of Dr. Doddridge's

life,
has displayed the principal circumstances that
illustrate
his
temper and conduct.
Nevertheless, I cannot dismiss the
subject without entering into a general view of his character.
This
am
induced to do, partly as
it
will afford
me
an oppor-
tunity of mentioning
some
things not hitherto noticed, and
partly because I have the felicity, in the present case, of writing
from an intimate personal knowledge

had occasion to
and moral
p
that has not frequently occurred in the

lay before the public.
which is a satisfaction numerous lives I have
The view which I shall
take of our author will be of his intellectual, and of his religious

qualities.
Orton, ubi supra, p 123, 124.
Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. LIU.
p. 103.

I
xci*
do not know
that genius can be ascribed to
Dr. Doddridge,
taking that word in its highest signification, as employing either
a great inventive faculty in science, or that boldness of imagi*

nation which
tions.
is
productive of original imagery and combina-
In a lower and
to
more popular sense of

;
the term, he
for
might be said
have been a man of genius

lively fancy.
he had a
quick conception and a
He
had a comprehension
activity of his
of mind that enabled him to proceed with celerity and vigour

in the acquisirion of
tal
knowledge
it
and that
men-
frame, which put
into his
power
to learn
much
in a little
time, was happily accompanied with an invincible resolution
and perseverance
quence of his
in the prosecution of his studies.
In conse-
uncommon application, he might even with modup a

large stock of various learning
it is it
erate abilities have laid
and therefore
with him,
not surprising that this should be the case

is
when
considered that he was endued with a
quickness of apprehension, and a remarkable strength of memory.
So extensive was
his acquaintance with books, that
there were few on the general subjects of literature
which he
and
easily
had not perused with

recollect
attention,
and he could
retain
what
in
them was most worthy

if
to be
remembered.
Of ancient knowledge
found
linguist,
he had a considerable store.
With
re*
gard to the learned languages,
he could not be called a pro-
he was sufficiently versed in them to read the

taste
most valuable pieces of antiquity with

is
and pleasure. This
apparent from
in
his paraphrase and notes on the
New
Testa-
ment,
which he has fn quently
illustrated the force
and beau-
ty of the originals with great
judgment, and
in the true spirit
of criticism/
Dr. Doddridge was well acquainted with the Greek philosophers and orators,
larly
among
the
last
of
whom
he was particu-
devoted to Demosthenes.
far
To
I
the poets of
I
Greece he
resided
was
from being a stranger

its
but he was not,
think, deeply
I
conversant with
tragedians.
remember, while
105107
Orton, ubi supra,
p.
VOL.
I.
\Z
with him, his having read Pindar with
much
admiration.
With
came
the Latin classics he
was
largely acquainted.
As
be-
a divine and a theological tutor, he diligently studied the

first
ancient fathers, especially of the three
centuries.
He
was
be-
paid particular regard to the apologists for Christianity, and
a great master of Origen and Eusebius.
Beyond
the fourth
I
century his knowledge of this species of literature did not,

lieve,
widely extend, though
it
did not wholly stop there.
With
civil
ecclesiastical history he
had a large acquaintance, and

his attention.
history engaged
no small degree of
To
this
he
his
applied not only to enrich his
memory
with
facts,
but to
make
such
reflections
upon them, as tended
either to
promote
insight into
human
nature, to exemplify the interpositions of

illustrate the
Providence, or to explain and
sacred writings.
Though Dr. Doddridge's disposition

tivate the
rather led
him to
cul
more
polite than the abstruser parts of science,
he
-
was
pils
far
from being a stranger
to mathematical
and philosoph
ical studies.
was of
The system of algebra which he read to his puhis own composition. But the favourite object of
which
his principal excellency lay,
his application, and that in
was
divinity, taking that
word
in its largest sense.
Whatever
relig-
could tend to strengthen the proofs of natural or revealed

ion, to assist
our conceptions of the divine Nature, or enable
us more perfectly to understand the doctrines and discoveries

of scripture, he thought deserving of the most attentive regard.
To the evidences of the Jewish and Christian revelation he had

paid
uncommon attention, and how

is
complete a master he was
of the subject
apparent from his lectures.
Perhaps there
were few
men who had more carefully studied the different systems of theology, or who could point out their several dewith greater accuracy and judgment.
fects
While he was not

was
one of those
who
affect to treat
with contempt the labours of

before them, but
the wise and the learned
who have gone

light
always ready to receive whatever
they could afford him,
nevertheless, without a slavish regard to
human schemes, he
took the sapred oracles for his guide, and always referred to
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGE^

them
that,
Q
Mr. Orton,
for the proofs of the doctrinal sentiments
which he main-
tained.
Upon
the whole, I entirely agree with
though others might exceed him in their acquaintance

in the extent of his learning,
with antiquity, or their skill in the languages, he was surpassed
by few
and
in the variety of useful
and important knowledge of which he was possessed/
With
these stores of information,
it
was a
great advantage to
Dr. Doddridge that he had an
uncommon
facility
of speaking
and of writing.
He
used to descant, in his lectures, on the

;
subjects treated of, with surprising perspicuity and freedom
and the same perspicuity and freedom attended him when he took the pen in hand. This was owing to the orderly disposition in
which things
lay in his
mind.
As his own
ideas on the
points he had studied, were clear and distinct, so his
method
of arranging his thoughts was
uncommonly
just and natural.
There
are,
perhaps, few discourses in our language which
excel those which were usually delivered by our author, either

in the accuracy of the divisions, or the adaption of the senti-
ments to the subject discussed. According
to the fashion that
now prevails, he may possibly be thought to have sometimes laid down and recapitulated his scheme in too formal a manner.
But
if
he rather exceeded in
this respect, his error
had
the advantage of assisting the
memory, and
contributing to the
instruction of his hearers and readers.
Though Dr. Doddridge's

has already been mentioned,
farther
invincible perseverance in study

I
am
desirous of enlarging a
is
little
upon
it.
Literary diligence
a matter which
have
always earnestly wished to press on every young

education with
man
of liberal
ac-
whom
have had acquaintance.

it is
When
all
companied with
great
original genius,
in science
;
the parent of
is
that is
and valuable
and where there
not
much
it is
of
original genius, provided there
be a tolerable capacity,
en-
dued with
the
power of producing valuable attainments, and

a striking
of rendering eminent services to the learned world.

diligence Dr.
Doddridge was
*
example.
Of this The smallest
Ibid. p.
107110.
c'ii

him
;
portions of time were precious to

seize every
and he was eager to

for dinner,
moment, even while he was waiting

his pupils assembling together,
company, or
that he
might
make some advanc* in any work in which he was engaged. So solicitous was he for continual improvement, that one of his students generally read to him when he was shaving and
dressing.
Tnis was a
benefit to the pupils, as he took occa-
sion to instruct them,

ing,
by remarking on their manner of readand pointing out the excellencies and defects, either in sen-
timent or language, of the book before them.
When
upon
a journey, or
on occasional
visits to his friends,
he was where he-
spent the night, he took his papers with him, and employed at
least part
of the morning in carrying on some one or other of his

di signs.
important
Fiom
the time that he began to write his

in
it
Family Expositor, something was done every day

preparing
his
it
towards
for the press.
To
all
this
it
may
be added, that
employments as an author and

places
a tutor, never obstructed his
most abundant labours as a minister and a
pastor.
in a
still
But what
Doddridge's diligence
is
more
conspicuous point of view,
the extent of his correspondence.

sufficient to
This alone would have been almost
have employ-
ed the whole time of an ordinary person.

a
Besides his corres-
pondence with the parents and guardians of his pupils, he had
number of letters to write, in answer to questions of moment which were proposed to him by his brethren, and especThese last natially by those who had studied under him. urally applied to him for advice and direction, under the various difficulties which occurred to them in their respective situations.
Many
were the congregations that had recourse to
him
for ministers, or
wist',
upon other accounts. Hisjudgment, likewas frequently desiredby learned men, concerning critical
;
questions, or works which they were preparing for the press
and his own publications gave occasion

ture.
for inquiries of this na-
Several foreign gentlemen and divines,
who had
heard
of his character, and perused his writings, sought his epistolary
acquaintance ; and to correspond with them in Latin or French,

was an
object that
ciii
demanded particular
in the space
attention. It
letters
is,
indeed,
surprising to find
how many hundred
were received
1
and answered by him
of a single year.
A very honourable part of Dr. Doddridge's correspondence

was
that
which he maintained with some of the brightest
ornaments, both
church.
among
the clergy and laity of the established
This
is
apparent from the collection of letters lately

see
published.
We there
how much he was

first
esteemed, and
how
highly he
was thought of, by the
religious
and
litera-
ry characters of the age.

letters
In the collection referred to, the

a distinguished figure, and
of
Warburton make
shew
dis-
that great
man
in a
new and
very amiable
light.
They
play not only his learning, but the piety, benevolence, and
goodness of his mind.
The
severity, or rather the arrogance,
with which he treated his literary antagonists must undoubtedly have afforded too just cause for leaving an unfavourable
impression of him in the estimation of the world.

private
life
But
in
he appears in a
I
far
more agreeable
point of view.
in his
The
only time
had ever the honour of being

in his
ny, which was an hour and a half in his
compaown study, I found
him remarkably condescending
manner, and admirably

think, in
instructive and entertaining in his conversation.
Dr. Doddridge's correspondence was,

stances carried to
it is
some
;
in-
and Mr. Neil was so far of the same u opinion, as to give him a gentle rebuke upon the subject. There were people, whose good intentions were superior to
an extent that might have been spared
now certain
that his friend
their
wisdom, and who had very

were proud of writing
;
little
valuable to
communi-
cate, that
letters to
him, and of receivkind
ing his answers

that he
and such was the easiness of his disposition,

in his returns to their
affec-
was more profuse
tions, than
convenience or even a regard to his health would

his burden,
admit.
Sometimes he lightened
by making use
letters,
of the pens of his pupils, to

1
whom
he dictated his
Orion, ubi supra,
p.
143, 144.
Letters, ubi supra, p. 390, 391
eiv

lie
while
other
himself went on with his Family Expositor, or any

in
work
which he was employed.

his correspondents.
was not
unfre-
quently either his amanuensis on these occasions, or read to
him while he answered

I
am
next to take a survey of Dr. Doddridge in his
relig-
ious and moral character.

feature of his soul
And
here the prime and leading
was
that of devotion.
This was the perto
vading principle of his actions, whether private or public.
What
his
Dr. Johnson has observed with regard

it
Dr. Watts,
that as piety predominated in his mind,
was diffused over
works
and
that
whatever he took in hand was, by his
incessant solicitude for souls, converted to theology,*
with equal propriety be applied to Dr. Doddridge.

greatest pains
may The
were taken by him to keep up an habitual sense

;
of the supreme Being
to maintain
;
and increase the ardour
of religion in his heart
and to furnish himself,
by devout
exercises, for the important labours of his station.

it
Nor was
:
to his secret retirements that his piety
was
limited
it
was
manifested in every part of the day, and appeared in his

usual intercourse with men. In the
little
vacancies of time
which occur
lifting
to the
busiest of mankind,
he was
freqj lently
up
his soul to
God.
When he
graft
lectured on philosophy,
history,
logical,
anatomy, or other subjects not immediately theo-
he would endeavour to
that
tions
upon them,
he might
raise the
;
some religious instrucminds of his pupils

and
in his visits to his
to devotion, as well as to
knowledge
people the Christian friend and minister were united. y
Dr. Doddridge entertained

prayer.
z
a high idea of the efficacy

I
of
It is
a point
upon which
;
would speak with great

that,
humility and deference

this respect,
but
cannot avoid thinking
in
he carried his sentiments somewhat farther than
reason and truth will warrant.
Of
the importance of prayer,
as a natural and just tribute to the Diety, as an admirable
method of cherishing the

*
s
virtues of the religious

Vol. IV. p. 280.
*
life,
I
and as
Johnson's Lives of the Poets.

Orton, ubi supra,
p.
260, 263.
Ibid. p. 241.
cy
connected with the divine approbation and favour, no one, I My views of trust, can be more truly sensible than myself.
the matter have lately been so fully displayed, that they cana not be liable to any misconstruction.
But
in
still I
am
obliged
to observe, that
Sufficiently
Dr. Doddridge did not,

his notions of
it
limit
my apprehension, He the efficacy of prayer.

it
appeared to ascribe to
the
such an immediate influence upon

to
Supreme mind, and
expect from
such interpositions,
as arc scarcely consistent with the regular order of Provi-
dence, and the stated course of events in the world.

ever, he erred
If,
how-
upon
this head,
he has erred with
many wise
and good
men who
have gone before him, and by
whom he
may
has been succeeded.
Perhaps Dr. Price and Dr. Ogden
be added to the number.
The
piety of Dr.
Doddridge was accompanied with the

to his fellovvcreatures.
wannest benevolence
No one could
in
more strongly
love to
feel that the love
of God was to be united widi
man.
Nor was
this a principle that rested
kind
wishes and pathetic feelings for the happiness of others, but
was manifested in the most active exertions for their welfare. No scheme of doing good was ever proposed to him into which he did not enter with ardour. This was apparent
from many circumstances that might copiously be enlarged
upon, did
it
comport with
and
my present purpose.
His sermon
for the benefit of the
county hospital at Northampton has been

it
spoken of before
may
here be added, that he not only
contributed generously to that hospital,
but spent
much
time in ripening the design.

satisfaction,
He
it.
often
i\ fleeted,
with great
on the pains he had taken to establish

effects
this charity,
and on the good
which
had produced, both in relieving

promoting a social and catho-
many
It
objects of distress,
and
in
lic spirit
among persons of different parties and persuasions. was at his own expense that he printed and distributed his
oi*
" Friendly Letter to the Private Soldiers of a Regiment
Foot."
During the
'
rebellion of 1745,
he was remarkably
the Seventh
Sermons on
practical Sytyccls,
Sermon
cvi
LITE OF DR. DODDRIDGE.
zealous in the cause of his king and his country, and con
tributed to the raising of a regiment under the
command
of
the earl of Halifax, by his

influence over others.
own
liberality,
as well as by his
In the case of a poor Irishman,

for
whom
he thought to be unjustly condemned
murder, he exerted
though without
himself in a very extraordinary manner,

success.
But the generosity of his mind was the most displayed when any schemes for propagating religion, and for spreading the gospel among those who were strangers to it, were proposed. In every thing of this kind he was always ready to take the lead, and was ardent in endeavouring to inspire his friends with the same spirit. b No one could be more amiable than Dr. Doddridge was It would be needless to in his private virtue s and manners.
enlarge on the tenderness of his affections as a husband, a
father,
and a
relation
nor
If
is it
necessary to insist upon his
conduct to his pupils.

behaving to
he occasionally distinguished any

this did not hinder his
;
one of them by his particular favour,

all
of them with the kindness of a parent
and
their
his regard to
them was never abated, excepting from
own
idea,
fault.
In the character of a friend he shone with dis-
tinguished lustre.
Of
friendship he entertained a sublime

fitted for
and his heart was admirably

all
discharging
all
the offices, and relishing
the delights, of this endearing
was the happy lot of his life to be honoured with many valuable and faithful friends and how sensible he
connection.
It
;
was of
in
his felicity
in this respect
was displayed
in
every
return of gratitude, esteem, and affection.
His deportment
;
company was
strikingly polite, affable,

;
and agreeable
and
in conversation he greatly excelled
his discourse being at
once instructive and entertaining, and not unfrequently rising

to the splendid.
The candour
of Dr. Doddridge's
mind
relative to his sen-
timents of other persons merit, was carried to the highest
Ibid. p. 132.

pitch, to
ovja
and indeed was sometimes so excessive as to lead him

far better
form a
opinion of several of his acquaintance
than in fact they deserved.

antly touched
This
fault
was gently and
pleas-
upon by Mr. Barker, in one of his letters. " But are you aware," says he, " what a creature you are ?
love
niture, spirits,
in the
you beyond expression, and admire your abilities, fur&c. more than you imagine and not a man
;
world rejoices more in your usefulness than
do
and
yet I often
duct.
make myself merry with your

arc so entirely devoted to
character and con-
God, to truth, and holiness, that it is very easy to impose upon you under the appearance of any of these. And you are so perfectly made up of civility, candour, and good nature, that a pious enthusiast, or a godly dunce, is welcome to your table, arms, and You are so good yourself, that you think every body heart.
ten times better than they are
;
You
sec merit in the darkness of

;
midnight
cannot see faults without a noonday sun

;
forgive
injuries before they are confessed
and confer favours as a

it
reward
for affronts.
With such
:
a disposition of mind,
is
not surprising that Dr. Doddridge should frequently be unable to resist the arts of deception
and yet
this did not pro-
ceed from a general ignorance of the world.

acquainted with
into,
He was
well
men and
with manners, and could often enter
and discriminate, with no small degree of penetration,

But,
at
the characters of mankind.
the
same time, so
ardent were the feelings of his piety, and such was the suavity of his temper,
that he could not easily persuade himself
that
any persons were insincere,
who made
is
a profession of
religion
and goodness.
There
a considerable difference
between a speculative and a practical knowledge of the world.
A man may possess much of the former,

tain flexibility
latter.
and
yet,
from a cerlittle
and tenderness of mind, have
of the
In particular instances, he
may have
sagacity
enough
to suspect deceit, while he refuses to indulge the suspicion,

4
Letters,
vibi
supra, p. I3S.
vol.
i.
14
cviii

it
lest
should lead him to err in his judgment, and be a
mo-
tive for obstructing the exertions of his benevolence.
was the case with Dr. Doddridge, and such, also, They would both of case with George Lord Lyttelton. them rather have chosen to be mistaken, than to have lost an
opportunity of contributing to the relief of real distress.
In his sentiments of those
Such was the
who
differed
from him
in relig-
ious opinions, Dr. Doddridge exercised great moderation.
He
never confined truth or goodness to one particular sect
and he behaved with the utmost candour to the members of

the church of England.
Of
its
the established religion of his

;
country he always spoke with respect
and he never made
any petulent objections to

against
it
worship or discipline, or uttered

reflections.
any severe or unkind
His correspond-
ence with various clergymen of the highest rank and merit

has heretofore been noticed.
that a separation
sion,
It
was deeply lamented by him,
and that
;
from the establishment was, in his apprehenof many other good men, rendered so neces-
sary
among
and he sincerely wished and prayed for a greater union like candid and friendly spirit he enprotestants.
deavoured to promote among his pupils and he did it with for few of them, I believe, can be mentioned, who success
;
have not, in this respect, followed the instructions, and imitated the
example of
their tutor. 6
With
all
Dr. Doddridge's
moderation of temper, he did not in every case meet with a

suitable return.
at
Some
time after he had set up his academy
Northampton, a prosecution was commenced against him
in the ecclesiastical court,

taries of the
by the
step,
instigation of several digni-
church.
The
however, was
totally disap-
ment.
proved of by many other eminent members of the establishNevertheless, the persons who had engaged in the
business seemed determined to carry
as the laws then stood, they
it
on with vigour
to king
and,
must have succeeded
in their
design, had not an application been
made
George
Orton, ubi supra, p. 158160, 161, 164.

the second,
c'u:
who
received, from
some gentlemen of rank and

loyal,
influence, such a just representation of the doctor's
peaceable, and moderate principles and character, as induced

his majesty to give an express order for putting a stop to the
prosecution/
That candour of mind which Dr. Doddridge exercised

towards the members of the established church, was
vated by
culti-
him with regard
to his dissenting brethren, of differ-
ent denominations.
He was
solicitous to
all
be upon friendly
;
terms, as far as possible, with

erality of
of them
and by the genIf this
them he was held
in high estimation.
it
was
not the case without exception,

to those
will not
appear surprising
who reflect upon the diversities of sentiment that arc found among the dissenters. There were a few among them who even went so far as to charge him with insincerity. The
accusation they brought against him was, that he used
particular phrases in his writings in a sense different in
some
that
from
which he himself understood them,
in order to please a
party.
answered as follows
I
A friend having acquainted him with this charge, he " My conscience doth not tell me that
:
am at
all
to
blame on the head you mention.
I write for the
public (as I would also do in every private correspondence)

as in the presence of God, and in the views of his judgment.
I
would not purchase
that
phantom, popularity, which
is
often
owing to the very worst part of a man's character or performances, by any compliances beneath the dignity of a Christian
minister
an
office,
of which I think so highly, as to be

I
deeply sensible
how unworthy
am
to bear
it.
On the other
I
hand,
do indeed desire
to give as
little
:
offence as
honestly
and though I am, and I have high authorities for it and always declare that I am, in my judgment, greatly against
can
;
the imposition of
human
phrases, yet, as
I
I
some can hardly

choose to adopt
take to be a
fair
be avoided on the one hand or the other,
and use some that are ambiguous, in what

'
Ibid. p. 203.
c*

;
sense, though not the only sense they might bear
and by
rather
declaring
it,
to endeavour to fix a good idea to them,
than absolutely to declare against, or even totally to disuse
them.
Others, wider by
in this,
far in their
sentiments than
for
it
:
I,
are
indulged
and even applauded

have a
have the mis-
fortune (I cannot use the
word more
full
properly) to be con-
demned." 2
opinion.
Whilst
conviction of Dr.
dridge's sincerity in this matter,
cannot agree
Dodwith him in
;
Offensive expressions
may justly be
avoided
but
surely ambiguous ones should never designedly be adopted.
The
language
we
use,
in
delivering our views of things,
ought to be natural,
cation.
clear,
and capable only of one
signifi-
The
charge I have mentioned against Dr. Doddridge with
regard to his writings, has been extended to his preaching.
By some
mer
follows.
of his enemies
it
was
I
asserted, that he
was a trimprecisely as
far
in the pulpit.
The
fact,
am satisfied, was
When
he preached in different places, he so
accommodated himself
fore
to the dispositions of the people be-
whom
in
he discoursed, as to avoid giving offence.
If a
congregation consisted of persons
who were
of free senti-
ments
nature.
religion,
his
sermon was
entirely of a practical
On
the other hand, in preaching before a Calvinistiit
cal society,
called
was customary with him
to choose
what was
an evangelical subject.
In neither case did he deliver
any thing that was contrary to his sincere opinion. His accusers did not sufficiently recollect that he
was
far
more devoted
right to
to what were
deemed
;
the orthodox doctrines than they were
ready to imagine
believed,
and he had an undoubted

declared,
as he has
be
when he
done
in the letter
before recited, "
On
the whole, I
know
real
assuredly, that I
have not on any occasion belied the

heart.'"1
sentiments of
my
The
persons
who were most
disposed to find
fault
with Dr. Doddridge, with respect to the point in question,

e
fc
Ibid. p. 223.

were those
Ru
who
are entitled the rational dissenters.
They
abil-
could not easily persuade themselves that a

ities,
man
of such
and general
liberality
of mind, could entertain very

;
and different opinions from their own him rank more explicitly among them.
that in
they wished to have

It
cannot be denied,
one or two instances they had some reason to com:
plain of his timidity
but, at the
same time,
there
were
many
occasions on which he behaved with a very becoming
remember, some narrowminded people of his congregation gave him no small trouble on account of a gentleman, in communion with the church, who was a profortitude.
Once,
fessed Arian,
standard of orthodoxy.
to be excluded
and who otherwise departed from the common This gentleman they wished either
from the ordinance of the Lord's Supper, or
to have his attendance
upon
it
prevented.
But
the doctor
life,
declared, that he
would
sacrifice his place,
and even his
rather than fix any such
mark of discouragement upon one,

be
our author happened to be in com-
who, whatever
his doctrinal sentiments were, appeared to
a real Christian.
When
pany with persons of rank and fortune, he never suffered the

least
tendency to profaneness or licentiousness to pass unno;
ticed
but manifested his dislike to them, with the freedom
of the divine, accompanied with the politeness of the gentle-
man.
A correspondent
having charged
him with unsoundI
ness in one of his publications, his only answer was, S>uod

scrips?, scripsi
/ " What
have written,
have written."
integri-
How sincerely Dr.

ty in character,
his pupils
Doddridge detested the want of

in the following fact.
was displayed
in the habit of
One
is
;
of
was
making
a jest of
what
to
it
called
this
orthodoxy, and of ridiculing those
who adhered
and
he continued to do, up to the time in which he began to preach.
Then, to the no small was rumoured, that

officiated in the
surprise of his intimate acquaintance,

in
it
the congregations
neighbourhood
where he had of Northampton, he had

p.
'"Letters to a
young Clergyman,
103 v
cxii
appeared highly Calvinistical, and indeed

almost any other of his fellow students.
much more
so than
he declined ever preaching

affair
at
For obvious reasons Northampton. At length, the

;
was brought before the doctor

dismissed.
and both parts of the
charge having been proved by decisive evidence, the young
man was
Being
a person of some fortune,
he was
not involved by his disgrace in any pecuniary
difficulties.
With that impartiality which

stances wherein
it
is
the duty of every biographer,
I have mentioned, in the course of
my
narrative, the
in-
appeared to
me
that the character of Dr.
Doddridge was shaded with some degree of imperfection. The same impartiality obliges me to add, that, at times, he
had too ostentatious a manner of speaking concerning the multiplicity of his employments, engagements, and correspondences
to
;
and
that he
was fonder of applause, from every
quarter, than
it,
was
desirable in one
who was
I
so justly entitled
where applause was an honour.

in the love of fame,
have often thought
that in certain points he
had a resemblance of Cicero.

and
He
resembled him
in not possessing
what may be
called the sternness of fortitude.
He
resembled
him
ties
likewise in
more estimable
qualities
;
in the copiousness,
diffusion,
and pathos of his eloquence
and
in the sensibili-
and tenderness of his mind, especially as displayed in the

Dr. Doddridge's imperfections are collected
to-
loss of a daughter.
When all
gether, they will be found to have been very trifling in
parison with his excellencies.

I shall
One
or two
commore of his virtues

have exceeded
touch upon before
conclude.
Few
him
in the exercise of humility,
both with relation to

it
God
and man. and
With
;
respect to
God,
was apparent in the deep-
est expressions of
his services
concern for the defects of his improvements and with regard to man, it was manifested
with which he submitted to the
highly thankful to his friends
to
in his condescension to the meanest persons, in his behaviour to
his pupils,
and
in the patience
words of reproof.
for pointing out to
He was even
him what they judged
be amiss
in his

conduct.
cxiii
The
language of humility that was used by him,
though undoubtedly sincere, was sometimes carried to an excess.
In a letter to Dr.
Wood
of Norwich, he thus expresses
himself: " Pity me, and pray
for
me, as you do,
in the
midst
serser-
of so
vice
!
many hurries. Oh, my poor, poor attempts of They shame me continually. My prayers, my
mons,
my lectures, my
books
(in hand,)
my letters, all dailysuch humiliating
shame me." k
the letter
Nothing
can vindicate
terms from the charge of affectation but the remembrance that
was written under
a peculiar depression of spirits,
united with that strong sense which Dr. Doddridge always

entertained of the ardour, zeal, and diligence, with which the
duties of
life
ought to be performed.
I
Among
the doctor's other excellencies,
might
insist
upon
the resignation, serenity, and cheerfulness, with which he
submitted to the distresses of the present

afflictions,
state.
One
of his
and
it
was an
affliction that called for the
exercise
of his meekness and patience, was the unkind treatment which
he sometimes met with from those

different
evil
kind of behaviour.
;
who owed to him a Few men less deserved to
far
be
re-
spoken of
is
but to pass through the world without
proach
not the lot of the purest virtue.

set
Some
of his pupils
were angry with him, and

character, because he
themselves to misrepresent his

to places
would not recommend them
they wished for, but for which he conscientiously judged

to be unqualified.
them
His kind behaviour to them

1
in other re-
spects did not compensate, in their estimation, for the
wound
which
he had given to their self opinion.
This
is
a difficulty
has been experienced by others, who, from their situations
among
the Dissenters, are supposed to have any influence in

to vacant congregations.
recommending
even aspersed
Dr. Doddridge was
in
the case of a guardianship, where he had
acted with the utmost probity, friendship, and benevolence.'

k
'
Letters to and from Dr. Doddridge, p. 307

Ibid, p, 232.
cfiv
LIFE OF DR. DODDRIDGE;

the
ill
Whatever was
tained
it
usage to which he was exposed, he susr
with mildness, and was always ready to manifest a
forgiving temper.
Nothing could be
farther
from
his charac-
ter than a resentful disposition.
Upon
the whole, Dr. Doddridge
was not only a
great
man,
but one of the most excellent and useful Christians, and ChrisThe impression of his nutian ministers, that ever existed.
merous and amiable

so long as
will
it
virtues will not be effaced from
my mind
So
it
retains
any sense of feeling

lost
or reflection.
far
be the impression from being

it
upon me,
I
that I shall
always cherish
with the utmost ardour; and

life,
esteem
as
no small
this
felicity
of my
that I have
been preserved to give
testimony of duty, gratitude, and affection, to the
memo-
ry of
my
benefactor,
my
tutor,
my
friend,
and
my
father.
Td HER royal highness
THE PRINCESS OF WALES.

MADAM,
J.
MOST
feet,
thankfully acknowledge the condescension of your
royal highness in allowing
me
it
the honour of laying this

;
work
at
your
and committing
to so august a protection
it,
and humsincere,
bly beg your favourable acceptance of
as a
most
though inconsiderable, expression of the profoundest duty, and
most cordial esteem.

Could
ments of
I lay
open to your royal highness
all
the secret sentiaffectionate
my
heart,
you would read there the most
sense of that gracious Providence which conducted you hither,

to instruct
and adorn Great Britain by so amiable an example,

it
as well as to bless
illustrious
with a race of princes descended from the
houses of Brunswick and Saxe Gotha in so happy an

I,
union
Joyfully have
long since, taken
my
part with thouoil
sands, in congratulating
this occasion,
my country
and your royal highness
and acknowledging that wise and paternal care his

but permit me,
majesty hath therein expressed for the happiness of succeeding

generations
:
gard to yourself, I rejoice not so
madam, freely to add, that with remuch in this accession to your

you are possessed of
it
grandeur., as in the persuasion I have, that
a mind so
much
superior to
it,
as to render
in all its
remotest
consequences, what greatness
is
not always to
its
possessors, safe,
honourable, and advantageous.
room
to doubt, that
even
in this
me no blooming age you are tenderly

Universal report leaves
sensible of the shining dangers inseparable
from so high
a rank
and that
it
appears to your princely
wisdom
chiefly desirable,
it
on
account of those distinguished advantages which
mav
give, of
approving yourself the faithful servant of God, and the generous"

friend of the public.
voi. K
t5
DEDICATION.
I hope your royal highness will please to pardon
me,
that I
in
have expressed myself with so much warmth and freedom,

presence
the
I so
highly revere
but
should be most unworthy of

if I
name and honour
of a Christian minister,
like these
;
were ever
ashamed of sentiments
and the assiduity with which
I have lately been sitting at the feet of
my
Divine Master, while

his life
commenting on these authentic memoirs of

hath inspired
and history,
it is
me
with a veneration and ardour which

I
not
easy to repress.
strains
filled
am sensible, madam,
;
these are unfashionable

to
on such an occasion
and
it
would have been easy

and what
have
many more pages
than these with penegyric, on what I

I
have read of your
illustrious ancestors,
have heard
from multitudes, of the charms of your royal highness's person
and character
but
imagined that such hints
as these
at all
were
times
more
suitable to that plainness

;
and simplicity which
become a servant of Christ and
I flatter myself, that, to a
person
of your royal highness's penetration, they will not seem less

expressive of that undissembled esteem, and affectionate zeal,
With which
am,
Madam,
Your Royal Highness's
Most
faithful,
most
dutiful,
And
most obedient, humble servant,
PHILIP DODDRIDGE.
PREFACE.
long been convinced, that if any thing can stop that I progress of infidelity and vice, which every wise man beholds with sorrow and fear that if any thing can allay those animosities, which (unnatural as they are) have so long inflamed us, and pained the heart of every generous Christian ; in a word, that it anv thing can establish the purity and order, the peace and glory of' the church, or spread the triumphs of personal and domestic religion among us, it must be an attentive study of the word oi God, and especially of the Nexv Testament ; that best of books,
;
HAVE
which, if read with impartiality and seriousness, under the influences of that blessed Spirit by' whom it was inspired, would have the noblest tendency to enlighten and adorn the mind, and not onlv to touch, but to animate and transform the heart. The station of life in which Divine Providence has placed me, rendered it peculiarly necessary for me to make these sacred orand having, to my unspeakable delight acles mv principal study of their energy, I long since determinand advantage, felt much ed that it should be the main business of my life as an author to illustrate them, and to lead my fellow christians into a due regard for them, by endeavouring, in as plain and popular a manner as
;
I could, to display their beauty, their spirit, and their use ; and I thankfully acknowledge the goodness of God to me, in giving me health and spirits to finish so considerable a part of my design, though I have so much other business on my hands, and have been obliged to execute this in a much more laborious manner
than
apprehended would have been requisite. have given to the work sufficiently explains its original design, which was chiefly to promoteJam ihj religion, and to render the reading of the Ntv) Testament more pleasant and improving to those that wanted the benefit of a learned education, and had not opportunity or inclination to consult a variety of commentators. And I thought it proper still to retain the title of The Family Expositor, even when I had made some alteration in the plan because that is still the leading view of the greater part of the work. In pursuit of this, I have given a large paraphrase on the sacred text, well knowing that this is the most agreeable and
I at first
title I
The
useful
know how
manner of explaining it to common readers, who hardlv to manage annotations, especially when they are to be
read to others. The chief objection against this way is, that when a whole verse, and much more when several verses are taken together (as they frequently are,) it requires a great attention,
PREFACE.
and in some places some considerable penetration, to trace the exact correspondence between the respective clauses of the text and the paraphrase. There are some performances of this kind in our own language, as well as in others, in which such liberties are taken, that I freely confess that, were it not for the
initial
references, or opposite column, I should not be able to guess from the paraphrase itself, what the scripture was which it pretended to explain. This must undoubtedly give the greatest advantage for disguise and misrepresentation; and where those glosses are read by themselves without the scriptures (which I know has been the case in some families,) it is really exchanging the proph-
and apostles for modern divines. To prevent this intolerable have formed my paraphrase so, that it is impossible to read it without the text, having every where interwoven the words of scripture with it, and carefully distinguished them from the rest by the italic character : so that every one may immediately see, not only the particular clause to which any explication answers, but also what are the words of the sacred original, and what merely the sense of a fallible man, who is liable, though in the integrity of his heart, to mislead his readers, and dares not attribute to himself the singular glory of having put off every prejudice, even while he would deliberately and knowingly allow
ets
evil, I
none.
I thought it might be some additional improvement to this work, and some entertainment to the more accurate reader, to give the text in a new version ; which I have accordingly done from the original with all the care I could. There are so few places in which the general sense will appear different from our received translation, that some will perhaps think this an unnecessary trouble but I can by no means repent it, as it has given me an opportunity of searching more accurately into several beauties of expression which had before escaped me and of making
:
though they may not be very material to the edification of men's souls, may yet in some degree do a farther honour to scripture ; raising some of those ornaments which were before depressed; and sufficiently proving, that several objections urged against it were entirely of an English growth ends, which might yet more abundantly be answered by a new version of the Old Testament, which has suffered much more in our
alterations, which,
:
some
translation, as
I
it is it
natural to suppose
it
must.
thought
might also conduce
to the usefulness
of this
exposition to digest the history of the four evangelists into one continued series, or, in other words, to throw it into the order of en harmony. By this means each story and discourse is exhibited with all its concurrent circumstances, as recorded by the sacred penmen; frequent repetitions are prevented and a multitude of seeming oppositions are so evidently reconciled, as to super;
PREFACE.
sede many objections, and render the very mention of them unreader will hardly imagine the pains that this necessary. part of the work has cost me, both in examining the order of the several texts, and collating the different accounts in each, in such a manner, that no one clause in any of the evangelist } might be omitted, and yet the several passages to be inserted might make one connected sense, and, without any large addition, I was the more sensible of stand in a due grammatical order. this labour, as I laid it down for a maxim to myself, when I entered on this work, that I would study as much as possible to make it an original in all its parts. Accordingly, the first copy of it was drawn up with hardly any other assistance than that of the Greek Testament, which I endeavoured to harmonize, to translate, to paraphrase, and to improve, just as if none had ever attempted any thing of that nature before me. Afterwards I was obliged to compare it with what others had done ; and, as may easily be supposed, I found in many instances an agreement, and in many others a difference betwixt them and myself. Where we differed, I endeavoured impartially to examine the reasons and where I have perceived myself indebted to on both sides any, for leading me into a more just and beautiful version, explication, or disposition, than I had before chosen, I have generally, and, so far as I can recollect, universally, acknowledged it ; unless where the hint came from some living friend, where such acknowledgment would not have been agreeable. There are, no doubt, many other instances in which the thoughts that seemed
My
my own might be suggested by memory, though I knew not from whence they came and a thousand more are so obvious, that one would suppose they must occur to every attentive reader, who has any genius and furniture for criticism. To have multiplied references and quotations in such a case, would have been, I think, a very useless and burthensome piece of pedantry, and might (as I fear has been the case with Pfe'iffer and WolfusJ have discouraged the reader from consulting any, in so great a crowd. I could not well brook the drudgery of transcribing the works of others, and should scorn the meanness of dressing myself up in borrowed plumes ; but if any imagine me a mere compiler, I shall not be greatly concerned at their mistake, but say, with the modest and excellent Mons. Pollin, " If the things themselves are good, it signifies very little whose they are.* The notes are, at the desire of many friends, entirely added to my first scheme ; and when I saw so man} persons of learning and rank were pleased to encourage my undertaking, I thought it would be no unacceptable expression of my gratitude to them to
originally
;
Que m'importe d'ouusoit.ponrviiqu'il
se trouve utile. Roll- Mar., d'enseign.
tfbl. I. p. 75.
PREFACE.
insert several which I should otherwise have omitted. Some of* them seemed absolutely necessary to justify the version and paraphrase, in what might seem most peculiar in it several more
:
and give my reasons for leaving the general and for not leaving it much oftener, track, where I have left it where some very learned and ingenious authors have taken a great deal of pains (though, I persuade mvself, with a very good and as several of these are intent) to lead us out of the way modern writers, the remarks are such as do not commonlv occur. The rest of the notes consist, either of some observations on the beauty and force of various passages, which I do not remember to have seen elsewhere ; or of references to, and observations upon, considerable writers, whether they be or be not professed expositors of scripture, who seem in the most masterly manner to examine or to illustrate and confirm the sense I have These are generally but very short because it would given. have been quite foreign to my purpose, and utterlv inconsistent with mv scheme, to have formed them into large critical essays but I hope they may be some guide to young- students, who, if they have libraries at hand, are in great danger of being lost in a wood, where, I am sorry to say it, they will find a multitude of prickly and knotty shrubs, and in comparison but few pleasant and fruitful trees. It has appeared to me an office of real and important friendship to gentlemen in this station of life, to endeavour to select for them the most valuable passages which occur in reading, and to remit them thither, not only for the illustration
refer to the order,
;
: ;
of scripture, but also for their direction in studying the evidences
and contents both of natural and revealed religion. This I have done with great care and labour in a pretty large vmrk %
Avhich perhaps mav be published after my death if surviving To that I have generally refriends should judge it proper. ferred those citations which relate to polemical divinity ; and at present only add that, with regard to these notes, I have endeavoured to render them easy and entertaining, even to an English
reader
and for that purpose have cautiously excluded quotations from the learned languages, even where they might have served to illustrate customs referred to, or xvords to be explained. That deficiency mav be abundantly made up by the perusal of Eisner, Albert, Bos, Wolfius,Raphclius, Fortuita Sacra, &c. ;* books which
;
As some of the books mentioned above
may
are not very common among us, it not be improper to insert their titles, viz. vols. 8vo. Traject. ad Rhen. 1720. Jacobi Eisner. Observat. Sacra, 2 Alberti Observ. Philolog. Lugd. Bat. 1725. Lamberti Bos Exercitat. Philolog. Franek. 1700. Animailvers. Franek. 1715. Observat. Miscell. Lcovard. 1731. Eaphe'ii Annotat. Philol. in N~ov. Test, ex Xenophonte, Polybio, and Herudvio.. collects, 3 torn. Lunen. 1731.
Wolfii
Cwos Fhilolog. and
Critica, 4to-
Kamb.
1725.
PREFACE.
recommend to my young friends, as proper not only ascertain the sense of a variety of words and phrases, which to occur in the apostolic wriWigs, but also to form them to the most useful method of studying the Greek classics; those great masters of solid sense, elegant expression, just lively painting, and masculine eloquence, to the neglect of which I cannot but ascribe
I
cannot but
that enervate, dissolute, and puerile growing so much on the present age,
manner of writing, which

and
is
will probably consign so
many of its productions to speedy oblivion. The improvement of each section is entirely of
ture,
a practical na-
and generally consists of pressing exhortations, and devout meditations, grounded on the general design, or on some particular passages, of the section to which they are annexed. They are all in an evangelical strain, and they could not with any proI am well aware that this manner priety have been otherwise. sad is not much in the present taste, and I think it at once a If it be instance, and cause of our degeneracy that it is not. necessary that I should offer any apology, it must in short be
this
I have with all possible attention and impartiality considered first the general evidences of the truth of Christianity, and then those of the inspiration of the New Testament, which seems to me inseparably connected with the former and, on the whole, am in my conscience persuaded of both, and have been confirmed in that conviction by the most laboured attempts to overthrow them. It seems a necessary consequence ol this conviction (and I am astonished it should not be more generally attended to,) that we are with the humblest submission of mind to form our religious notions on this plan, and to give up the most darling maxims which will not bear the test ol it. I should think an impartial reader must immediately see, and every judicious critic, be daily more confirmed in it, that the New Testament teaches us to conceive of Christ, not as a gener:
ous benefactor only, who, having performed some actions ot heroic virtue and benevolence, is now retired from all intercourse with our world, so that we have no more to do with him than to preserve a grateful remembrance of his character and favours but that he is to be considered as an everliving and everpresent friend, with whom we are to maintain a daily com;
merce by
faith and prayer, and from whom we are to derive those supplies of divine grace, whereby we may be strengthened for the duties of life, and ripened for a state of perfect holiness and felicity* This is evident not only from particular passages
of scripture, in which he is described as always with his church (Mat. xxviii. 20,) as present wherever two or three are assembled in his name (Mat. xviii* 20,) us upholding all things by the word of his j>ower (Heb. i. 3,) and as Head over all his church (Eph. i. 22,)but
VOI
T.
IC)
PREPACK.
indeed from the whole scope and tenor of the New Testament. These views are therefore continually to be kept up and for any to pretend that this is a roundabout method (as some have presumed to call it,) and that men may be led to virtue, the great end of all, by a much plainer and more direct way, seems to me only a vain and arrogant attempt to be wiser than God himself; which therefore must in the end appear to he folly, with whatever subtlety of argument it maybe defended, or with whatever pomp of rhetoric it be adorned. The Netv Testament is a book written with the most consummate knowledge of human nature and though there are a thousand latent beauties in it, which it is the business and glory of true criticism to place in a true point of light, the general sense and design of it is plain to every honest reader, even at the very It is evidently intended to bring us to God through first perusal. Christ, in an humble dependence on the communications of his sanctifying and quickening Spirit; and to engage us to a course of faithful and universal obedience, chiefly from a grateful sense of the riches of divine grace manifested to us in the gospel. And though this scheme is indeed liable to abuse, as every thing else is, it appears to me plain in fact, that it has been, and still is, the grand instrument of reforming a very degenerate world and, according to the best observations I have been able to make on what has passed about me, or within my own breast, I have found, that, in proportion to the degree in which this evangelical scheme is received and relished, the interest of true virtue and
;
;
holiness flourishes, and the mind is formed to manly devotion, diffusive benevolence, steady fortitude, and, in short, made ready To this therefore I am deterto every good xvord and work.
mined,
at all
adventures, to adhere
nor
am
I at all
ashamed or
;
and afraid of any scorn which I may encounter in such a cause brethren in the I would earnestly exhort, and entreat, all Christian ministry to join with me, as well knowing to whom we have committed our souls ; and cheerfully hoping, that He, by
my
whom we
have hitherto, if faithful in our calling, been supported and animated, will at length confess us before the presence of his Father and the holy angels in that day, when it will be found no dishonour to the greatest and wisest of the children of men to have listed themselves under the banner of the cross, and constantly and affectionately to have kept their divine Leader in
view. I cannot flatter myself so far, as to imagine that I have fallen into no mistakes, in a work of so great compass and difficultv ; but my own conscience acquits me of having designedly misrepresented any si?igle passage of scripture, or of having written one line with a purpose of inflaming the hearts of ChristiansI should esteem it one of the most aggraagainst each other. vated crimes to make the life of the gentle and benevolent Jesus
PREFACE.
Would to God that all the a vehicle to convey such poison. partipiamcs, and unscriptural phrases and forms, which have divided the Christian world, were forgot and that we might agree to sit down together, as humble loving disciples, at the feet
;
of oar common Master, to hear his word, to imbibe Ms Spirit, and to transcribe his life in our own I hope it is some token of such growing candour on one side, as I am sure it should be an engagement to cultivate it on the other, that so many of the reverend clergy of the establishment, as well as other persons of distinction in it, have favoured this To them, and all my undertaking with their encouragement. other friends, I return my most hearty thanks and shall remember, that the regard they have been pleased to express to it, obliges me to pursue the remainder of the work with the utmost
!
care and application and earnestlv entreat the farther assistance of their prayers, that it may be conducted in a manner subservient to the honour of the gospel and the edification of the church. In these volumes I have been desirous to express my gratitude to the subscribers, by sparing nothing in my power which might render the work acceptable to them, both with respect to its conThe consequence of this is, that it hath tents and its form. swelled to a number of sheets, which by more than a third part exceeds what I promised in the proposals ; which, though at a great expense, I chose to permit, rather than I would either sink
;
the paper and character beneath the specimen, or omit some remarks in the notes which appeared to me of moment, and rose in my mind while I was transcribing them. But I hope this large addition to what was at first expected will excuse my not complying with the importunity of some of my friends, who have requested that I would introduce this work with a dissertation on such points of Jexvish antiquity as might be serviceable for the fuller understanding the Nexv Testament, or with a discourse on its genuineness, credibility, inspiration, and use. As to the first of these (a compendious view of such articles of Jexvish antiquity as may be a proper introduction "to die critical study of scripture,) I do with great pleasure refer the generality of readei-s and young students to the general preface to the Prussian Testament, published by Mess, Enfant and lieausobre ; which preface was some years since translated into English, and suits the purpose better than any thing I have seen within so small a compass. As to the latter, I purpose, if God permit, when I have finished the second volume, to publish with another edition of my Three Sermons on the Evidences of Christ'lanity, two or three discourses more on the inspiration of the
gelical History
Nexv Testament, and on its usefulness, especially that of the Evan; to which I may perhaps add some farther directions for the most profitable manner of reading it. At present I
PREFACE.
me more and more, that as a thousand charms discover themselves in the works of nature, when attentively viewed with glasses, which had escaped the naked eye so our admiration of the holy scriptures will rise in proportion to the accuracy with which they are
shall only add, that daily experience convinces
;
studied.
As for these histories and discourses of Christ, I may say of them, with far greater justice, what Simplicius doth of Epictetus y in the passage of which my motto is a part, and with which I shall conclude my preface " The words themselves are generally plain and intelligible but I have endeavoured thus to unfold them, that my own heart might be more deeply impressed with the spirit and certainty of them and that others, who have not themselves equal advantage for entering into it, might be guided into their true interpretation. But if, on the whole, any reader continue entirely unaffected with them, there is little prospect that any thing will reclaim him till he come to the tribunal of the invisible world."*
:
:
tmc akiiQuas avlmv y.a]a\oif]tx.oflifoc x.at Ttev <plKoju.ada>v 01 <srpo; Xoyw; acruvyiQinpoi, i<rm; tÛft Tlva ")(iipayayiav tx. tc tp/uivuas avlaiv- E< <Tj vis vtto ts7*v / rwa<r% to>v \oym, vtto juovw xv
et/uct
* Kctt uri+iiv 01 xoyoi o~a.q>ae ts ya.fi ypaqcev, o~u/ui7raBtg-ipo? <rs
et
P 0V
^l
io~a>S>
**7* to Juwrov
x.a.1
tcL7r7v<r<Ttiv etvlx;.
<&poQ aulas yivyierdai,
tow
iv
aSa
iKa<?npiaiv v7rtuQvydiln.
Simplic. ia Epictet
Proem.
Northampton, 7 Nov. 27, 1738. j
A TABLE OF THE CHAPTERS

IB THIS VOLUME, DIRECTING TO
THE SECTIONS WHERE THEY ARE PLACED.
'i
TABLE OF THE SECTIONS

OJF
IB
HLIR ORDER, SHEWING THE DISPOSITION
THE HARMOKV.
John.
1
Section.
I. [I.
Matthew.
Mark.
i.
Luke.
14.
1.
III.
I
I. i.
i.
525.
26
14.
IV. V. VI.
VII. VIII. IX.
i. i. I
38.
i.
i.
3956. 5766.
67, ad fin.
8,
ad
17.
fin.
iii.
ii.
X.
XL
XII.
XIII.
it.
ii.
22
1 1
23,
ad fin.
39.
21.
12.
ii.
13,
1
ad fin.
ii.
XIV. XV, XVI.

XVII. XVI.IL XIX.
iii.
40, ad fin.
7
6.
i.
16.
7
8.
iii.
iii.
iii.
12.
i.
iii.
13,
1
iv.
adfin.
1
1. i.
1.
11?.
2
1
1.
12, 13.
iv.
6.
18.
i.
1518.
23.
i.
13.
XX.
XXL
XXII. XXIII.
i. i.
ii.
ii.
XXIV. ^xxv. XXVI. XXVII.

XXVIII.
xiv.
iii.
iii.
iii.
42. 43, ad ad 21.

19
28.
29
1
fin.
11.
12,
3
fin.
10.
22, ad fin.
1
35.
111.
19, 20.
iv.
XXIX. yxxx. XXXI.

XXXII. XXXIII.
IV.
26.
iv.
1.
27
14, 13-
iv.
43,
42. ad
fin.
13
22.
i.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX.
XL.
XLI. XLII.
viii
14, 15. Civ. 2%, adfin.

viii.
1
1.
21
16
iv.
1430.
31, 32.
1
20.
iv.
v. iv iv.
31.
33
1.
39-
C
v.
v.
17
1
v. 27,
vi.
ad

16, 17 26.
fin.
i.
3239.
40, ad fin.
16.
18.
vi. 19,
vii.
vii.
1
XLIIL XLIV.
20.
4.
9.
ad fin.
21, ad fin.
i.
viii. 1
XLV.
40.
I
XLVL
XLVII. XLVIII.
ix. 2
ii.
ad
fin.
v. 12
14.
v. 17
16.
28.
v. v.
1
16.
1730.
ad fin.
v. 31,
A TABLE OF THE SECTIONS,

Section.
&c.
Mat
xii.
I
[hew.
8.
ii.
Mark.
23, ad fin,
1
Luke.
vi.
1
John.
LLIX.
L.
xii. xii.
LL
LII.
9 15 21.
15.
iii.
iii.
iii.
7.
vi.
12.
vi.
1319.
12
LIH. LIV. LV. LVI. Lvir.

LVIII.
vi.
viu. 5
xi.
vi.
37,
1
1
13.
HI.
vi".
19
1.
vii.
vii.
vii.
6.
20 ad 18
5.
1
1.
19. 36.
fin.
10. 17.
23.
xi.
xi.
719.
20, ad fin.
2435.
36,
LIX. iLX. LXI.

LXII.
LXIII.
vii.
adfin.
viii. 1
3.
XU. 2 2
32.
-30.
xi.
xi.
14, 15,
I723*
xii.
33~37-
27, 28.
3845.
ad fin.
17.
iii.
Cxi. 16, 24.
(.26,29, 32.
3
1
LXIV.
xii. 4.6,
xiii. xiii.
1
ad fin.
12.
LXV.
LXVI.
LXVII.
18
iv.
S X V 33 c, viii. 19
viii.
23.
3
iv.
1325.
viii.
6 4
10.
21
11
18.
xiii.
i"~ <-3643
S3
LXVI II.
LXIX.
1 35 * 445 3 viu. 18 27.
xiii.
...
iv. iv.
2634.
C viii. 22
35, ad fin.
1
25.
LXX.
LXXI. LXXII.
v.
cix. 1.
ix.
10
xiii
17.
ii.
15
iix..5'] t adfin.
viii.
21.
22.
26
40.
v. 29,
viii.
ad fin.
v. 22,
<;
ad fin.
6.
1
41, ad fin.
LXXIIL
$\,adfin.
vi.
1
lix. $5ia//fn.
x.
1
LXXIV.
15.
vi. 7
1.
15.
ix. 6.
ix. ix.
LXXV.
LXXVI.
LXXVII.
x.
1628.
vi.
Cx. 2g,adfin.
txi. 1.
12, 13
xiv.1,2.6 12
xiv.
vi.
vi.
14
29.
79.
10
LXXVIIL
LXXIX.
1323.
adfin.
3046.
47, ad fin.
17.
vi.
vi.
xiv. 24,
vi.
16
LXXX.
LXXXI.
vi.
vi.
22 40. 41
1
15.
21.
LXXXIL
LXXXIII.
xv.
1
LXX XIV.
LXXXV. LXXXVI.
LXXXVII. LXXXVIII
XV. 10
XV. 2
1
9.
vn.
vii.
vii.
viii.
viii.
viii.
20.
14
1
29.
24,
1 1
xv. 30,
xvi.
xvi. 13
ad fin.
12.
20.
ad 22
1.
vi.
^8. 59, ad fin.
13.
23.
fin.
io.
21.
ix.
30.
LXXXIX.
xvi. 21,
adfin.
Cviii.3i,a^fo
cix.
ix.
22
18
21.
27.
DIRECTIONS
FOR READING THE FAMILY EXPOSITOR.
jf\.S to the manner of reading this book in families, I would First, Let the passage of scripture be advise as follows read from the common translation in the inner column, unless the then read the new version family have their bibles before them itself, which is interwoven with the paraphrase, but disby tinguished by the italic character ; and then the paraphrase and
: ;
improvement.
As for the notes, I should advise the person who officiates to select such as are of most general concern, and read them after the paragraph to which they belong ; for it is not so agreeable
to interrupt the sense by introducing them before it is comOther notes may perhaps be more fitly made matter of pleted. conversation afterwards ; but this is referred to the prudence
of particular persons, who will judge with a regard to the state and character of the families in question. In reading the compound text it may be observed, that the words of the several evangelists are distinguished by crotchets, thus [1 and the clauses included within them are always marked with the name of the evangelist from whom they are taken, unless a single text only be added at the end of the verse to which they must of course belong or, where more texts than one are added, the crotchets which have nothing to distinguish
;
ihem belong
I
to the first. pleased to think with how much ease any attentive reader will distinguish the text itself from the paraphrase in consequence of the extraordinary care which hath been taken to for which keep the work in that particular remarkably correct I am obliged to pay my public and most thankful acknowledgments to my worthy brother and friend, the Reverend Mr. Godwin, who generously undertook the great trouble, not only of revising each sheet as it came from the press, but also of inspecting the manuscript before it went thither, and of making several, important alterations in it very much for the better ; of which I should have been ready to have given a more particular account if his modesty and goodness would have permitted it.
am
THE
FAMILY EXPOSITOR.
The
former Part of the
History of
CHRIST,
as
recorded
by
the
Evangelists.
SECT.
St. Luke's preface
I.
to his history, dedicated to Theophilus, a> Christian friend, for -whose comfort and establishment he was Luke I. ver. 1 4>. particularly concerned.
Luke
I.
ver. 1.
JTORASMUCH
many have taken
of those thingswhich with thefullest and most satisfactory evidence,* are most surely be- as the great foundation of our faith ;
VV p ose the history 6 of those important facts nXVa Steta! ******* been confirmed among us Christians
in
as
TlfHEREAS
Luke I. verse 1. many have undertaken*
to
com~
SECT.
I.
I.
common
hcved among
us,
an(j
smce some of these
historians have written,
a Whereas many have undertaken.] Thi9 whoever they were. Euseb. Eccles. Hist, must refer to some histories of the life of lib. iii. cap. 24. b To compose the history.] To set forth in for Matthew Christ which are now lost and Mark, the only evangelists which can order a declaration is so antiquated a phrase, be- supposed to have written before Luke, that it would hardly be understood any could not with any propriety be called where but here at least I am sure none many,- and of these two, Matthew at least could, by reading it, so much as guess at wrote from personal knowledge, not the the elegance and propriety of St. Luke's testimony of others. One must readily words, *?.7|*o-9-at< Jtny<Tiv, which may conclude the books referred to are lost, as more literally, and I think far more justly, none of the apocryphal gospels now extant, be rendered, to compose a history : and I
;
published particidarly by Fabricius, (iuhia Codex. Apoc. Nov. Test.) or Mr. Jones, (in his history of the Canon) can with any shadow of reason pretend to equal antiquity with tins of St. Luke. But I cannot, with Ambrose and Epiphajiius, suppose that the evangelist here intends the gospels of Basilides, Cerinthus, and some Other early heretics; since he seems to allow these histories, whatever they were, to have been at least honestly written, acCording to information received from the most capable judges. And it is strange that Eusebius should imagine the words are intended as a severe censure on the now unknown compilers uf these histories,
doubt not but our English word compote. may express as much regularity in the order of facts as the evangelist meant t
intimate.
Confirmed among us with thefullest eviI think <7rf.wxnpo<pop>i/ui]iaiv is rather to be understood as referring to ihefulneat of that evidence with which the facts were attended, than to the confidence with which they were believed. This seems most honourable to the gospel but as I know the word is ambiguous, and often used in the latter sense, I have chose to Express that also in the paraphrase. Com-, pare 2 Tim, iy. 517. Gr.
c
deuce.']
Vol.
I.
22
sect.
St. Lake's dedication
of his history
to
Theophilus.
L
Hike
I.
n ot on their own personal knowledge, but as 2 Even as they dethei/ (whether apostles or others) have trans* .' j .i , hvered them unto us, .r i r +1 fitted them to us, who were themselves fro?n the whicnfrom the be .
beginning of Christ's ministry eyewitnesses of ginning were eyewhat passed, and in proof of the sincerity of witnesses and ministers * the word their testimony courageously became ministers the word, d that is, of the gospel, amidst the of 3 It seemed good 3 greatest opposition; I also having accurately me *lso hav n traced all these things* J from their J first rise.* \ / a ' had perfect undereven r trom the very conception or John the stan cung of all things Baptist, who was the forerunner of our Lord, from the very first, have thought it proper to zvrite an orderly ac- t0 write unto thee in 06 count of them .-s and I choose to inscribe it to "en^Tê^philus* " most noble Theophilus ; h because, though thee, thou art already in the general acquainted with 4 them, yet I cannot but be concerned that thou 4 That thou mightest know the certainmauest more fully and circumstantially know ? J _ of those things
:
>.
ty
the exact
and
certain trutn
oj those things in wherein

1
thou hast
which thou hast formerly been instructed by been those who were the happy instruments of initiating thee into the Christian faith ; and I
Some have conjectured d Of the word.] that xiycs, theviord, here signifies Christ, as in the beginning of St. John's gospel : perhaps it may but I did not think it so evident as to venture fixing it to that sense, e Having accurately traced all these
;
insu-ucted.
original, mratimitoMs&imonrt plainly signifies that accuracy of investigation on which the perfect understanding of his subject was built.
things.]
iBrua-tv =otj3;W,
The
From
theirJirst rise.]
Some
very pious
learr.ed writers have pleaded tiiis text as an argument for the inspiration of St. Luke's gospel,and consequently of the rest, because the word soaS-sv sometimes signi-
and
er gospels are to be reduced to the order of Luke, wherever they differ from it aconclusion which I apprehend, for reasons that shall afterwards be given at large, to be an occasion of many errors, and particularly injurious to the character of St. Matthew. I would only here observe that the foundation ofit is very precarious ; since it is evident this evangelist might, with great propriety, be said to have given an orderly account of the history of Christ, as the leading facts are in their
:
due
h
series,
though some particulars are
transposed.
philus
fies
fremi above,
or
from
;
heaven
as
;
it
iii.
plainly doth,
15, 17.
John iii. 31 Jam. i. 17 But Luke so evidently uses
it
in
the sense here given, Acts xxvi. 5. and that sense is so common elsewhere, and seems so absolutely necessary in this connection with <w*p*ox.89-*oT/, that I cannot think The arguthis text at all to the purpose. ment I mention is one of those which, like pieces of superfluous armour, encumber rather than defend and the more I am concerned about the conclusion here or elsewhere, the more cautious shall I always be, that I may not draw it from such premises, g To write an orderly account of them, It is chiefly on the xaS-efxc <roi ypz-\*.i.] authority of this clause that M. Le Clerc, and many other modern harmonizers, have thought (a* Beza, also did) that all the oth;
most noble Theophilus.] That Theois the name of a particular person eminent in the church in those early days, and not (as Salvian thought it) a general title applicable to every Christian as a lover of God, Dr. Whitby, after many others, hath abundantly proved. What his rank in life was we do not indeed certainly
know; but
it
seems that
it
was pretty
considerable; for Kpawrs, was then, as Excellency among us is, a title of honour and respect usual in addressing noble personages (see Acts xxiii. 26 xxiv. 3 xxvi, 25.) and it might with some peculiar proprietybe applied here, as Theophilus was so worthy the name he bore, which signifie s a true lover of God.
; ;
Hast been
instructed, <B-tptwiix.<>L}ti%*K -1
Theword doth with greataccuracy express the instructions given to those who were
Refections on St. Lake's dedication.
23
'
am
persuaded thou wilt be greatly confirmed sect. in it by the attentive perusal of that history with which I here present thee.
IMPROVEMENT.
that facts of so great importance as these now to be laid before us were not left to the uncertainty of oral tradition, but delivered to the church in writing, by persons who had so many opportunities of learning Verse the truth, and have given such full proof of their integrity in 2 Let vis be thankful that we have not only one such relating it. history, but that several undertook this excellent and necessary 3 work, by whose united testimony the whole is confirmed ; while it is also illustrated by the variety of their narrations, each inserting some considerable circumstance which the rest have omitted. Let us rejoice in the providential care which hath preserved this invaluable treasure through so many succeeding ages, and some of them periods of the grossest darkness and the hottest persecution. While we study this orderly series of sacred story, let us be 4 concerned that our faith may be established by it, and our other graces proportionably advanced ; maintaining a continual dependence on that blessed Spirit, by whose instruction it was written to lead us into wise and pious reflections upon it. To conclude ; from the care which this holy evangelist expresseth for the edification and comfort of his friend Theophilus, let us learn to regard it as one of the most important offices of friendship to labour for the spiritual advantage of each other ; by endeavouring not only to awaken and instruct those that are entirely unacquainted or unaffected with divine things, but also, as we have opportunitv, to confirm the faith and quicken the zeal of the most established Christians, with whom we converse. Happy the men whose tongues and whose pens 5 may they never, in the reare employed in so good a work motest ages, fail of some excellent Theophilus, to welcome and encourage their pious attempts
Let
us
humbly adore the Divine Goodness,
SECT.
St,
II.
John begins his gospel zuith a very sublime and emphatic al account of the deitt/ and incarnation of Christ ; and of those glorious and important purposes for which he condescended to
appettt
among us
1.
in the
human
nature.
John
I. 1
14.
Joun
1.
y-jv the beginning, before the
In
the
beginning-*
world, or the
first
foundation of the production of any created
training'
up
for an admission to the Christ-
hence, and applied without any particular

;
iun church,
was, as
whose name of catechumens regard to the age of the persons concemis well known, derived from od. Compare Acts xviii. 25 Rom. ii.
St.
John
asserts the Deity of Christ.

the
SECT, being, a glorious

II.
Person existed,vA\o(pn account of the perfections of his nature and his being in time the medium of divine manifestations to us) John may properly be called the word of God. a And I. 1 the word was originally with God'the Father of all so that to him the words of Solomon might justly be applied, Prov. viii. 30 ; " He was by him as one brought up with him, and was daily his delight." Nay, by a generation which none can declare and an union which none can fully conceive, the word was himself Gody b that is, possessed of a nature truly and prop:
was the word, and word was witli God, and the word
wasGod
There are so many instances in essary. might find in so excellent a passage. I know the writings of this apostle, and even in that some of the fathers render logos reason, this chapter (see ver. 6, 12, 13, 18,) where as M. Le Clerc doth though I apprehend Qio;, without the article, is used to signify they mean it in a very different sense from God'm the highest sense of the word, that him, who seems to understand it only as a it is something surprising such a stress strong eastern phrase, to signify the con- should be laid on the want of that article, summate wisdojnof the gospel scheme. See as a proof that it is used only in a subordihis Harmony, p. 44. But this will entirely nate sense. On the other hand, to conenervate and destroy the sense of ver. 14, ceive of Christ as a distinct and co-ordinate as well as of those texts which speak of God, would be equally inconsistent with Christ's coming outfrom God, enjoying glory the most express declarations of scripture, %fith him before the world was, &c. and far more irreconcileable with reason. b The word was God.~\ I know how eager- Nothing I have said above can by any ly many have contended that the word God means be justly interpreted in such a sense: is used here in an inferior sense the nec- and I here solemnly disclaim the least inessary consequence of which is (as indeed tention of insinuating one thought of that some have expressly avowed it) that this kind, by any thing I have ever written, clause should be rendered The word was a here or elsewhere. The order of the god, that is, a kind of inferior deity, as words in the original (6ej v a xoyoi;,) is governors are called gods. See John x. 34, such, that some have thought the clause and 1 Cor. viii. 5. But it is impossible he might more exactly be translated, Godwas should here be so called merely as & govern- the word. But there are almost every or, because he is spoken of as existing be- where so many instances of such a con;
18. I endeavour to express this in the paraphrase but it would be very improper to use the English word whichmost literally answers to the Greek, because that is now almost wholly appropriated to children. a The word of God.] The Greek logos is now become so familiar to an English ear, that I doubt not but most of my readers would have understood me had I retainedit in my translation, which, on account of the singularity of the idea here signified by it, I should have done had Inot feared it might have been unintelligible to a few at least, and so have impaired the pleasure they
;
ous a stumbling block on the very threshold! of his work, and represent it as the christian doctrine, that in the beginning of all things there were two Gods, one supreme and the other subordinate a difficulty which, if possible, would be yet farther increased by recollecting what so many ancient writers assert, that this gospel was written with a particular view of opposing the Corinthians and Ebionites (see Iren. I. Euseb. Eccl. Hist. I. i. c. 26 I. iii. c. 11 vi. c. 14,) on which account a greater accuracy of expression must have been nec: ;
fore the production of any creatures whom struction as our version supposes, that I he could govern and it is to me most in- chose rather to follow it than to vary from credible that, when the Jews were so ex- it, unnecessarily, in this important passage. ceedingly averse to idolatry and the Gen- I am deeply sensible of the sublime and tiles so unhappily prone to it, such a plain mysterious nature of the doctrine of Christ's ^writer as tills apostle should lay so danger- deity, as here declared but it would be
: :
All things ivere

2,
il
made by him.
25
-
The same was crly divine. I repeat it again, that the conde- SECT bt S' innin S e scension of his incarnation maybe more attenivith God. ir tively considered, this divine [xvord] was in the j (mil x try beginning with God, and, by virtue of his I. 2 most intimate union with him, was possessed of _ 3 All thing's were r v v *. a j u i ~ made by him and mhnite glory and felicity. And when it pleased 3 without him was not God to begin his work of creation, all things in any thing made that the whole compass of nature were made by him* even by this almighty word and without him was not any thing made, not so much as one
in
tl
'
r-.
quite foreign to my purpose, to enter into a huge discussion of that great foundation of our faith; it has often been done by much abler hands. It was, however, matter of conscience with me, on the one hand, thus strongly to declare my belief of it: and, on the other, to leave it as far as I could in tlie simplicity of scripture expressions. I shall only add in the words, or at least in the sense, of Bishop Burnet, "That had not St. John and the other apostles thought it a doctrine of great importance in the gospel scheme, they would rather have waved than asserted and insisted upon it, considering the critical cir-
there being- no distance between them M (alluding, I suppose, to the form of those ancient chariots where, as in the chairs we use upon the road, the driver sat close to the person driven which was not the case
: ;
in
all;
compare Acts
viii.
38.)
"And
therefore he (that is, God) says, J will Speak unto theefrom the mercy seat between the two cherubims ; thereby representing the Logos as the charioteer by whom the motion of these powers is directed; and himself who speaks to him as the rider (or person carried) who commands the charioteer how he is to manage the reins."
<fs v7npet.va>
vslm
(scil. vv&y.itf isroufliK>i(
cumstances
which they wrote." See Burnet on the Articles, page 40. c All things were made by him.~\ It would
in
be the work of a treatise rather than a note to represent the Jewish doctrine of the ereation of all things by the divine Logos ; to which (rather than the plat onic) there may be some reference here. They who have, no opportunity of examining the original authors, may see what those learned men have said, to whom Dr. A.Taylor refers in his Treatise on the Trinity, p. 258 to which add Dr. Pearson on the Creed, p. 118 Dr. Scott's Christian Life, Vol. III. p. 565, &c. fol. and Dr. Watt's Dissertation on the Trinity, No. IV. 3. There is, however, a remarkable passage I shall mention tothis purpose as a specimen of the rest and the rather because it is omitted in most of the collections I have seen on this head, and notfully cited and explained in what I take to be its exact sense in any. Philo Judaeus (de Profug. p. 465,) speaking of the cherubims on the mtrcy seat as symbolical repr< \se nlations of what he calls the creating
;
xat fi*Tihu>is) AOros 0E1O2, iK opaflw cux. nhhiv \Stz v , ctli /uiifivi jtsfr' emrQiitriv tpytpiis a>v, xx' avloc ukuy v7r&pya>v 0sk> t&>v ci7ra. enra.{jm o TrptrSul'/lof, o vyyulxlec, o7y
tw
(Aqfms
&v7oc
o xs-iv
/ueBoptx
Jia.<?>iy.a.']&c,
MONOT
>*/>
tot
*-\iv$u>s a.qifpu/uevo;. \r)fl>ii

trot
'
//stsv
ava^tv ti Jx*r/>/is *v* j to>v cPuo<v Xipxuf<c aurfi* nvto%ov /uev uvju t&>v S~uva-/uum tov AOrON, uro-âi e tcv ***/?*, s.t/ks' ivoy.tvov to> nvtoâ t*
A.<txa-a
r/>oc &>/>&wv
as a
in
th -remloc Mv/oâavv. I insert, this to a great many other passages Philo and shall only mention one
key
where he rep"governing the whole course of nature, both in heaven and earth, as the great shepherd and king, by wise and righteous laws; having constiAgricult. p. 195,)
more ( De
resents
God
as
writing powers,
reflection
:
makes
tuted his unerring Word, his only begotten Son, to preside as his viceroy over this holy flock :" for the illustration of which he quotes those remarkable words, Exod. xxiii. 23, though in a form something different from our reading and version, Behold, I am ; I will send my angel before thy this additional face to keep thee in the way." T;iv text vfeef
" The divine word (Logos) *.. t. x. v* /mtv Svj]*., ta <T 3-skt, is above these, of whom we can have no (a remarkable distribution) <*c "s-ct/unv idea by the sight or any other sense; he **/ fia.?t>.tvc o eoc ctyu x*7* <f/*v xai being himself the image of God, the eldest vo/uov, <a^(/s-<7'oi uivoc tov op&nv etulu AOTON of all intelligent beings, sitting nearest to a-paô-yovov vigv, or ti tiriyiKu&v t*? ttp*c
/
Him who
is
truly
THE HOLY ONE,
TAvta *>**>
tt
(*ry*.\a
Ji&rtMo;
26
jfohn came
to testify
of him as the true
light.
sect, single bcing, A
whether among the noblest or the 4 In him was life, meanest of God's various works. That fulness . i r >j and the life was the l i John * power, wisdom, and benignity, which was in y llt f men e Aza'z, xvas the fountain of /z/e to the whole cre1. 4 ation and it is in particular our concern to remember that the life which was in him was the light of men, as all the light of reason and revelation was the effect of his energy on the mind. 5 And the light 5 And the light long shone in the heathen world, ess and under the dispensation of Moses and it still Bh * in ddarkness f^ l ~ and the shineth in darkness, even on the minds of the com prehendeth it most ignorant and prejudiced part of mankind not. and'yet the darkness was so gross that it opposed its passage and such was the prevailing degen-
'
'
>
; '
'
eracy of their hearts, that they did not apprehend itf or regard its dictates in such a manner as to secure the blessings to which it would have led them. a man 6 As this was the case for many ages,' the. Di- 6 There waswhose senttromGod, / , Txr vine Wisdom was pleased to interpose in these name was j in latter clays by a clearer and fuller discovery and for this purpose, a man, whose name xvas John, afterwards called the Baptist, was sent as a messenger from God ; of whose miraculous conception and important ministry a more 7 particular account is elsewhere given But f The same came here it may be sufficient to observe in general for a witness, to bear witness oi the light, +\~ j.\ 11 i ir r that though he was himself, in an inferior sense, that all men througk " a burning and shining light," compare John v. him might believe. 35,) yet he came only under the character of a servant, andôr a -witness that he might testify concerning Christ the true light, that all who
.
.
-,
"
vva.p%os,
JcTou
iya>
ftciJiZilat.
u/ui,
Ka/
yttp
u**]m <ww,
/uav
aTroesha)
ttyytKov
u;
mrpoa-avov <rou Ttv qvxci^ctt
zv t-i o&tt.
Not so much as one single being."] There is an emphasis in the words -&$i sv, which I thought it proper to express in the version, than which nothing can be more
d
literal. e Thai
which was in him was life.~\ The most ancient fathers that quote this text so generally join the words o ytyoity with
this fourth verse, that I cannot but apprehend this to be the true reading. (See Dr.
Mill's Prokg.J But if any think it improbable that îyovt should have different 12,13; and sometimes for perceiving it, Compare Acts xiv. x. 34. senses here, and in the third verse they Acts iv. 13 will please to observe that the full sense 17; xvii. 25 ; Rom. i. 20; which all illuS' Qf ou>' version is expressed in the para- U'ate the evangelist's assertion.
;
phrase, and that the alteration here made That the is of very small importance. heathens sometimes speak of their deities and heroes as the light and life of mankind, Eisner has shewn on this text. f Did not apprehend it, x x*i-sxasv.] It might not seem so strange that the world did not fully comprehend the spiritual, since it certainly doth not fully comprehend the material light, nor indeed any of the most familiar objects it discovers but the word is capable of other senses, and is sometimes used for apprehending or laying hold of a thing, 1 Cor. ix. 24 ; Phil. iii.
:
The world was made by him, yet knew him
not.
*W
j hn confessed tj iat he himself xvas not that light, L 8 o a , r witness concemingjt. fotf only [rawzf] to ligl lt# 9 TAr/f was the true 77?? flftte /z-A* of which he spake 7t'a.y Christ,* 9 light which U^hteth cven that g un f righteousness and Source of even" man that com... ... rr .. .a r j enligntencth into the world, truth which, coming into the world, eth every man, h dispersing his beams, as it were from one end of the heavens to the other, to the Gentile world, which was in midnight darkness, as well as to the Jews, Avho enjoyed but
light, but
He was not that

uas
sent to
heard his discourses might by his means be engaged to believe and follow that divine illuAnd accordingly he most readily mination.
bear witness
oi that
a kind of twilight. He was in the world in a 10 human form and though the xvorldwas made h! himj yet the world knew and acknowledged SdtSew&feew him not. Yea, he came into his own [temto- 11 him not. 11 He came unto r ies,] even to the Jewish nation, which was his own .ami his own h distinguished obligations to him, der 7 received him not. , and to whom he had been so expressly promised as their great Messiah yet his own [people] did not receive him* as they ought ; but, on
10 He was in the world.and the world
; ,
,
%
al
yet
sis
light was Christ.] The origin- and that the God of the Old Testament and more clearly expresses the antithe- the New were different and contrary perbetween this and the former verse I sons. It is certain that Irenxus, and sev-
The true
have endeavoured to follow it in my version without supposing au-rsc understood here to answer to s*wo? there. I cannot but think the conjecture of the learned Heinsius very elegant, that the v at the beginningof this verse might belong to the end of the former the exact construction then would be, He, viz. John was not that light, but he was (that is, he existed and came) that he might hear witness to that
:
eral others of the fathers, with great propriety have urged this text against that mad notion. Eusebius exposes these wretches in a very just and lively manner,
and makes use of words which, if he had been our contemporary, might have secmed directly levelled at a late unhappy writer, who strangely took it into his head to But, call himself The moral philosopher. alas every succeeding age has had its light : the true light, &.c. was in t/ie world, moral philosophers, who have attempted to remove that burthensome stone the Bible, See Reins, in loc. &.c. h Which coming into the world, enlighten- and have found it returning upon them, so rth every man."] So I choose to render it, as to grind them, and their schemes, and though I acknowledge that our versionmay their confidence, to powder. The words ira ( Euscb. Eccles. Hist. be consistent with the truth, and that it my view are these most exactly suits the order of the words lib. v. cap. 28. in Jin.) A;r>r apwera/xsrot
!
in the original
but the other is also very tov ts voôv x*< tou; 7rf,o$>flx.c, xvoyoj x grammatical, <|>&>c ip%c/usvcv c tov xory.iv, ct&tcv fifuo-nzxiz;, vpo^xa-u %*fi1os, tie and suggests an idea more distinct from t?xtt}ov srr&.c/ct? oxsS/isv **7&>x.'9"9"*3"*n vi r. 4. Not to urge that the phrase of " Some" (who yet, it seems, pretended Coming into the world is with peculiar cm- to be Christians) "absolutely rejecting pluis is nsri! of Christ, and especially under the law and the prophets by a licentious the notion of a light. Compare John xii. and atheistical doctrine, which they intro4G. I am come a ligltt into the world. John duced under a pretence of magnifying the This is the condemnation, that light divine goodness, or the gospel," (for Ji. 10. ne into the world. ;^j7sc> grace pnay signify either) " have The ,rld was made by him.] Some plunged themselves into the lowest gulf have sup|)'.>((l this particularly levelled of perdition." k He came into his own [territories] yet against the Gnostics, who maintained that the. wja/'ld was mkde by an evil geiftiue hH own [people] did nut receive him.] It *
;
1
28
se^ct. th e
Such as
believe are sons
of God, and
bom of him.
Tohn J ' .
1.
12
contrary, treated him in the most con. temptuous and ungrateful manner. Neverthe12 But as many iess tne detriment was theirs, and it was indeed s received him, to f, them gave he power ui r unspeakably great to them for to as many as t0 become the sons received him, and by a firm and lively faith beof God, ewtothem
l
i
lieved on his name, [even] to all of them, without that belie ve ou
hit*
any exception of even the poorest or the vilest, he granted the glorious privilege of becoming the sons of God ; that is, he adopted them into God's family, so that they became entitled to the present immunities and the future eternal
13 Which were 13 inheritance of his children. And they xvho thus believed on him were possessed of these privi^r.Tl leges, not in consequence of their being born of flesh, nor of the will blood, of their being descended from the loins of of man, but of God. the holy patriarchs, or sharing in circumcision and the blood of the sacrifices ; nor could they
IK
merely to the rvill of the flesh, or to superior wisdom and goodness, as if, by the power of corrupted nature alone, they had made themselves to differ ; nor to the rvill of man, or to the wisest advice and most powerful exhortations which their fellow creatures might address to them ; but most humbly acascribe
it
their
own
knowledge that they were born of God, and indebted to the efficacious influences of his regenerating grace for all their privileges and
1
for
1
all
their hopes.
iii.
Compare John
i.
iii.
Tit.
and Jam.
18.
so difficult to express the difference het* /J**, and ot iftot, that few versions have attempted it ; yet, as Grotius hath well observed, the energy of the text cannot be understood without attending to it. That the Jewish nation was, in some peculiar sense, under the care and guardianship of Christ before his incarnation, this passage seems strongly to intimate
tween
Jews, that one would suppose them ineluded. Dr. Whitby, with many others,
takes the will of the fiesh to signify carnal descent; and the will of man adoption; which I should prefer to the opinion of
and many learned men have shewn
it
in
to me a convincing light. were not horn of blood, &c. but of I am sensible this verse is liable God.~\ It is an to great difficulty and ambiguity. amazing liberty the author of the New Translation, published 1727, has taken with it, in explaining it of a birth which
what appears
1
Who
they
tion
had not from circumcision, norfrom

of the body, nor from the
the
Mess. L'Enfant and Beausobre, who, without any reason assigned, understand by those bom rf the will of man, proselytes, a sense in, as opposed to native Jews which I never could find the phrase used. The paraphrase I have given keeps the answers the frequent sigideas distinct compare nification of fiesh elsewhere John iii. 6 Rom. vii. 25 viii. 3, 8, 12 ; and Gal. v. 17 ;) and conveys an important and edifying sense, very agreeable to the But I submit it to the tenor of scripture. reader, without pretending that it is the
;
; ; ; ;
constitution
institu-
of man, but from God. I readily allow that t'i <]wt7av, of bloods, may include circumcision, but cannot confine it to that patriarchal descent and the blood of sacrificeo were so much depended upon by the
;
only interpretation the words will bear. I hope he will always carefully distinguish between the text and the paraphrase, and remember how very different a regard is
owing
to the
one and
tin:
other,
The word was made fleshy and dwelt among

14
et
us
29
And
the
word
and
us, his
was made
welt
flesh,
among
(and
we beheld
glory, the
glory as
of the Only begotten of the Father) full of grace and truth,
order to raise us sinful creatures to sect. ^ iU ust rioiis dijmity and happiness, the di i * ,' * . r, vine an d eternal worn, that glorious Ferson whom we mentioned above, by a most amazm condescension xuas made flesh that is. j iir * r l Ul united himself to our interior and miserable and nature with all its innocent infirmities he not only made us a transient visit for an hour or a dajr, but for a considerable time pitched his tabernacle among us n on earth ; and
And in
,
zve who are now recording these things contemplated his glory (compare 1 John i. l) with so strict an attention that, from our own personal knowledge, we can bear our testimony to it, that it was in every respect such a glory as be-
came the Only begotten of the Father : for it shone forth, not merely in that radiant appearance which invested him on the mount of transfiguration, and in the splendor of his continued miracles, but in all his temper, ministration, and conduct, through the whole series of his life, in which he appeared full of grace and truth , that is, as he was in himself most benevolent and upright, so he made the amplest discoveries of pardon to sinners, which the Mosaic dispensation could not possibly do, and exhibited the most important and substantial blessings,P whereas that was at best but " a shadow of good things to come."
Compare Heb.
x. 1.
IMPROVEMENT.
Justly hath our Redeemer said, Blessed is the man that is not^f** offended in me; and we may peculiarly apply the words to that ' great and glorious doctrine of the deity of Christ, which is here before us. thousand high and curious thoughts will naturally
arise in
our corrupt hearts on

and calamitous
;
this
view of
it
but
may Divine
.
m Was made flesh.]

man
in
Flesh often signifies

state.
;
ther, are to
be considered as a parenthesis
this infirm
and these are to be joined with the pre-
Compare Gen. vi. 12 Numb. xvi. 22 ceding, thus, He dwelt among us full of Deut. v. 26 But the length of the Psal. cxlv. 21 ; Isa. xlix. grace and truth. 26 Acts ii. 17 1 Cor. i. 29 ; and many paraphrase made it inconvenient to transother places. pose them.
; ;
Pitched his tabernacle among us.] There is so visible a reference in the word ta-Kum11
The most
substantial blessings.]
That
in
truth is
sometimes used, not so much
op-
the dwelling of the Shechinah in the tabernacle of Muses, that it is very proper to render it by the word I have used. Full of grace and truth.] It is plain that those words, and <ue beheld his glory, the glory as of the Only begotten of the Faciv, to
position to falsehood, as to hieroglyphicks, shadows, and types, an attentive reader
must often have observed. 2 ix. 24 ajid, Pwi. VU;

;
See Heb.
J
viii.
Compare
Cgl,
ii.
17.
Vol.
I.
30
sect.
II-
Refections on the deity and incarnation of Christ.
Grace subdue them

that,
all to the obedience of an humble faith ; so with Thomas, we may each of us fall down at his feet, and cry out with sincere and unreserved devotion, My Lord and my
!
T\
God
Let us adore him as the Creator and Preserver of all, the overflowing Fountain of light and life. Let us with unutterable pleasure hail this Swi of righteousness, whose rays, by the tender mercies of the Father, have visited our benighted world to guide our feet into the xvay ofpeace : and while we lament that the darkness 5
hath not apprehended wad. received him, let us earnestly pray that he may ere long penetrate every cloud of ignorance and mist of error, and may diffuse among all the nations knowledge and grace, Let us especially pray that he may penetrate our purity and jov. and that they may, in holy correspondence to beclouded souls the purposes of his appearing, be turned as clay to the seal.i Job The xuorld knexv him not ; but may we know him, 10 xxxviii. 14. and give him that honourable and grateful reception which so Yet what returns can be great a favour may justly demand proportionable to his condescension in becoming flesh for us, and 11 pitching his tabernacle among miserable and sinful mortals ?
;
!
Happy apostles that beheld his glory And surely there are in his word such reflections of it as we may also behold, and as will
.'
oblige us to acknowledge it to be a glory that became the Only begotten of the Father. Let us cordially receive him as full of grace and truth, that we also may stand entitled to the privileges of God's children. And 12 ~ if we are already of that happy number, let us not arrogate the glory of it to ourselves, or ascribe it entirely to those who have been the instruments of this important change ; but remember us by thexvordofhis power, 13 that of his oxvn xvill God hath begotten and that ofhimxve are in Christ Jesus : to him then let us refer
the ultimate praise, if that divine and almighty Saviour be made unto usxvisdom, and righteousness, and sanctifcation, and redemp1 Cor. i. SO. tion.
SECT.
An
John Luke
SKCT
III.
.
III.
angel appears to Zacharias to give him notice of the birth of the Baptist : and his mother on her conception retires. 25. I. 5
Luke
I. 5.
JN
*
the days of
Romans had made king of jfudea,
Luke a
p r \ est named
1 days of^Herod, there xvas the king- of Judea, a Zacharias, xvho belonged to that certain priest, namHerod the Great,
the
1
whom
T'lffiHEi/tothe
tiful
1 Turned as clay to the seal. ~\ This beau- the meaning of k Ka7sxa&v in the fifth metaphor of the inspired writer seems, verse. It was for want of this the darkness did fcy a very expressive contrast, to illustrate did not apprehend or receive the light
,-
The character of Zacharias and Elizabeth.

ed Zacharias of the course of priests in the temple which was called course ofAbia; and the course J Abiah : as Ahiah was the head of f _ his wire was ot the r of Aaron, one ot the twenty tour courses into which Dadaughters and her name was vicl distributed the priests (compare 1 Chron.
. .
Si
s
ECT
IIL
Lê.
I. 5.
Elizabeth.
xxiii. 6,
and xxiv. 10,) whose memory was still kept up though none of his line returned from
And his wife (that is, the wife of Zacharias) was one of the daughters of the honourable family of Aaron, and her name was Eliz6 And they were a b e th. J ncf they were both of them persons of a 6 te and not only very fair character among men fore GS, Salking in all the command- so, but sincerely and eminently righteous in the ments and ordinan- sight of God,xvalking before him in the simplicces of the LorJ in a faithful observance of i ty of their hearts, all the moral commands, as well as ceremonial ordinances and institutions of the Lord, in a very 7 And they had blameless and exemplary manner. And they had 7 no child, because (.faM because Elizabeth 7vas barren ; and so that Elizabeth was r, n and they pio us a man as Zacharias was, would not, on barren both were ?ww well anv terms, think of taking another wife while 6tricken in years. she lived b and indeed there was no human prospect that their family would ever be built up, because they Were both very for advanced in years. 8 And it came to And it came to pass, that when he was at Je- 8 pass that, while he performing the priest s office before Gody rusaj em J J cxccutcdthepriest's r r ^ f lle order oj /us course, orotthe class to which before God, in office the order of his he belonged, According to the custom of assign- 9 course, n tne respective offices of the r l J .. priesthood'to par,. , 9 According to f persons then in waiting, which was done the custom of the ticular priest's office, his by lot, it so happened that his lot was then to lot was to burn in- perform the most honourable service of daily cense when he went nir n incense on the goldjn j strati on ' tnat \ s ' t0 } mto the temple ot en altar which was beiore the .Lord, contiguous the Lord. to the holy of holies. (Exod. xxx. 7 xl. 5 26.) This he accordingly did, when he went into the temple of the Lord, either at the time of morning
the captivity:
;
71
m
.
m
.
not form itself into a due correspondence to it so as 1o put on its habit, and clothe itselfwith the lustre of its reflected beams, How glorious and happy is that soul on which the knowledge of Christ hath that genuine influence a Moral commands, as well as ceremo!
nial institutions.'}
Some have thought

:
this
distinction too nice
but
it
is
certain the
to sig-
word
f/xot/&' ita7* is
1
sometimes used
tufy ceremonial institutions, (sec Heb.ix. 1 10,) though it is often taken in a much more extensive ncnae. it is, however, evi
dent that all expressed in the paraphrase must be intended in the text, since under the Jewish dispensation they could not have approved themselves upright before. God without an obedient regard to the ceremonial law. b Taking another wife while she lived.] Polygamy, :is well as divorce were, tor the hardness of their hearts, tolerated among the Jews but they seem both to have been, in this age at least, disapproved by persons Compare Mai. ii. of the best character. 14 16 and 1 Tim. iii. 2.
;
32
sect. or
An
angel appears, and foretells the birth of John.
10 And the whole evening sacrifice. And the whole multitude A of pious Jews assembled for divine worship (acle e paying Luke cording to the usual custom of the people at that without, at the time 1. 10 time,) were praying without in the courts of the of incense. temple at the time of incense, c to declare their concurrence with the priest in that intercession which he was making to God on their account.
n ^nd ihe e aP* And, while Zacharias was in the midst of his J. peared unto mm an j devotions, on a sudden there appeared to him a anr e f the Lord, person whom, by the form and manner of his standing on the right appearance, he immediately knew to be an an- Slde of the dê of gel of the Lord ; and he was standing at the right ha?idofthe altar of incense, before which And wh 12 he was then ministering. And Zacharias, see- chanas saw en z J2, . A*m he r r ing \hvn,\ though he was a man ot such remark- wa s troubled, and able and experienced piety, was greatly discom- fear fell upon him. posed, and an unusual terror fell upon him. 3 But the angel 13 But the anp-el immediately scattered his fears, silo, unto lm .re and said'unto him, with great gentleness of aspect not) zacharia's for and voice, Fear not, Zacharias ; for I come un- thy prayer is heard, to thee with no message of terror, but, on the and th y wife Eliza 1J
.
Compare Rev.
viii. 3, 4.
,
-,
.*
li
3.1*
T contrary, I
.
sent to assure thee that% frea quently repeated prayer for the redemption of Israel, as well as that which thou hast formerly offered for a blessing on thine own family, is at
am
'i
beth shall bear thee son> and thou shalt
length heard : d and in proof of it I add, that Elizabeth thy wife shall ere long bear thee a son to comfort thee in this thy declining age ; and, in token of the gracious regard of God to him, thou
Were praying without at the time of in- should calculate the birth of John the BapThis was the foundation of that el- tist and of Christ, and all the other feasts egant figure by which prayer is so often which depend upon them yet this is done compared to incense (see Psal. cxli. 2 in the calendars both of the Roman and Mai. i. 11 Rev. viii. 3, 4,) and perhaps one Greek church. reason of ordaining incense might be to inNo doubt he d Thy prayer is heard.] timate the acceptableness of those pious had often prayed for children but, as he prayers which were to accompany it. And seems nowto have given up all expectations indeed burning fragrant perfumes was, and of that kind, it is reasonable to conclude in the eastern nations still is, so important a that these words chiefly relate to his praypart of the entertainment of illustrious fam- ers for the deliverance oflsraelbythe Mesilies, that one might well expect it in the siah, whose appearance was then expected house of God. It is so plain that this was by pious persons conversant in the sacred only an office of daily ministration, and that writings (Luke ii. 25 38 xix. 11 xxiii. Zacharias was one of the ordinary priests, 51,) and the more earnestly desired justat that one cannot but be surprised that any this time, as they suffered so many grievous should ever conclude from this circum- things by the oppression of the Romans ptance of the story that Zacharias was sa- and the tyranny of Herod, which toward gan, or assistant to the high priest, and was the close of his reign grew more and more now performing his grand office on the day insupportable, of atonement, and so on this foundation
e
cense.~\
:
,
The design of Joint's coming declared by

call his
the angel.
33
name John,
shall call his
name John*
;
favour of
14 And thou shalt have joy and gladfess, and many shall rejoice at Ins birth,
God
to
the grace and S intimate that the Divine _

that
is,
"T
"
15 For he shall be
the sight of great the Lord, and shall fLrniK neither wiuc nor strong drink; and he shall be tilled
Grace shall, in a very eminent manner, be upon Luke him. And this intimation shall be abundantly I. 14 answered for he shall be a person of so distinh d character, that thou shalt have jo i< and o r, transport in him and many others shall also have reason to rejoice with thee on occasion of his birth. For he shall be great, not in circumstan- 15 C es of outward dignity and splendor, but, what j g m fi n te i v more important, in the sip-ht of the * Lord, even Jehovah his God whose approbation is the highest glory and, in token of his being
:
with the Holy Ghost, a peculiar manner separated to his service, even from his moth- ,., * <->\ ^T tvt l / (like the ancient Nazantes, JNumb. vi. 3) he cr'swomb. shall drink neither wine nor any other sort of in.
.
toxicating liquor;
able for
and he shall be so early remark-
shall appear to bejilledwith the Hoh/ Spirit, even from his mothy And, thus trained up, and animat- 16 16 And manv of er s tvomb. the children of Is- e d for service, he shall, when he appears under rael shall he turn to a l bU character > Uml mam Q f f/w children of " J J the Lord their God. .
.
wisdom and pietv, that he
17 And he shall go before him in the spmt and power of

to turn the Elias hearts of the Fathers to the children, and
hod ; whose wavs they have so generally forsaken, even while they are professing themselves to be his peculiar people, and boasting in such an extraordinary relation to him. And, to prepare them to receive the Lord 17 t h e r q 0( a p pear n - in the person of the Mesr i " r t sia "- ,xc shall go bejore him, as an illustrious harIsrael to the
Lord
their
!,
binger, in the spirit andpower of Elijah ; that is, animated by the same sanctity, courage, and zeal, for reformation, which appeared so remarkable in that celebrated prophet and, according to that prediction of Malachi, (with which the
:
sacred canon concludes, Mai. iv. 6) he shall meet with such glorious success in his ministry,
of the children
e
as to convert the hearts of the fathers with those g that is, he shall bring many,
,-
Thou
shalt call his
name John.]
It
was
the olhce of the father to name the* child, Compare verse 62. It is well known that
this
name,
in
Hebrew Johanan, (which
occurs near thirty times in the Old Testament, though the English reader is not aware that it is the same,) is derived from Jehovah and chen, and properly signifies the grace and favour of the Lord. Ellianan, and many of the other proper names among the Ik brews had such u kind of sjijnitkit;
and probably were given in token of good wishes to the infant that reccived them. A-j>*xx*-tT propf Joy and transport.'] erly answers to the word exultation, or leapingforjoy, and is far more expressive than gladness. Compare 1 Pet. i. 8 iv. 13 and Mat. v. 12 in which last places we render
tion,
their
it
by being exceeding glad. g To convert the hearts of the father
viith
Uweu
yf the children
tirirfi^M *.*}-
34
Zacharias demandeth of the angel a sign.

the disobedient
to
sect, both of the rising
and the declining age, to that towards God, which will be the surest Luke band f tne i r mutual duty towards each other 1. 17 and many of those who have hitherto been disobe-
HL
real piety
j^tfSke kSJ
a people prepared for the Lord.
dient to the xvisdom of the just ; that is, insensible of the obligations to real religion, which is the greatest wisdom, shall he make ready, as a people preparedfor the Lord, raising in their minds an expectation of the Messiah, and a disposition to welcome him when he shall appear. And Zacharias then said to the angel, Bij xvhat
18
And
Zachariai
shall
?
19
20
sign shall I know that this desirable and won, r i y . i ii t i i 3 clerrul event shall be accomplished : Jor, in the course of nature, it seems most improbable since I am an old man, and my wife is also considerably advanced in years. And the angel, answering, said unto him, lam Gabriel, that stand in the J. presence of God, and ' ' J near the throne or his Majesty, as one or the chief officers in his celestial court of whose appearance to Daniel thou hast so frequently read, (Dan. viii. 16 ix. 21) and it is by apeculiar favour that I am now sent to speak to thee in this form of unusual condescension, and to tell thee these joyful tidings. very appearance ought therefore to have been owned as a sufficient confirmation of the truth of my message ; especially by thee, who canst not but know how frequentlv in Israel the most illustrious persons have been raised up from parents who had long been barren. h And, since thou dost not acquiesce in this, God will give thee a sign which, while it confirms thy faith, shall also intimate
i
s|d unto the angel,
Whereby know this
for I
am
an old man, and my 7"*e wel1 stricken
y
19
And the
I
angel,
a ^wenng-, said unto
that
am Gabriel, stand in the presence of God; an <l am sent to speak unto tlicc iiiicl to shewthee these glad
him,
tidings.
My
20 And, behold,
tiit
miluM
tTi T-exva.]
iv.
allusion to Mai.
Here where it
is is
a plain said (as
we render it) that Elijah shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of'the children to their fathers : " i.eb
abotii al benim," wliich the Seventy
words
la-ûtai ; in which quoted Eeclus. xlviii. 10; but Sti Luke's version seems as agreeable to the Hebrew. I thought Sir Norton Knatch-
render,
k.h^Siv.v <js-7goc
it is
bull's reason sufficient to justify my rendering it as I have done which is just peoplefurnished for the Lord, or formed for sis our translators have rendered the like him. (Compare Isa. xlii. 7, Septuag.) See phrase, Judith ix. 10. <TsXcve<sr' ctp^cvlt, Eisner, Observ. Vol. I. p. 170 173. h From parents who had long been barxztdLpyj'fldL exrt Sif>7rovli, the servant with the Zacharias, being so pious a priest, prinee, and the prince with the servant. But, ren.] as Mr. L 'Enfant and others, not without could not but often have read the account
;
probability, render it, to reconcile faand children, supposing it may relate to domestic dissensions, inseparable from the variety of religious sects then amongst the Jews, I was willing to comprehend that sense in my paraphrase. Sir Norton Knatcbbull's manner of pointing the last clause ofl the verse appeared to me so elegant, that I could not but follow it. Eisner would render it nearly in the same sense, By the Wdomof the just, to prepare the disobedient as a
thers
some
Zacharias should be dumb

thou shalt be dumb, his displeasure
:
,
till
the birth of his son.
35
of sect. 1IL
against this sinful mixture ndnotabletospeak, un belief for, behold, thou shalt, from this mo- .. . until the day that t L1 silent, and unable to */w^ any more, Luke Ihese things shall be ment, be performed, because till the day in tuhich these things shall beae.com- 1.20 thou believcsi not pished, even till the day in which the child shall
. .
'
1C
^LiT
u!iiikd in
be born
lieved
because thou hast not immediately be-
their season.
words, which yet, through the divine indulgence and favour to thee, .svW/e assure dly fulfilled in their season, that is, as soon as thou canst reasonably expect after thy return home. 21 And the pcoj[ n(i the people, who stood without, were wait- 21 r pic waited for ZachZacharias, that he might dismiss them anas, and marvelled .,,.,, ,-. T Jr^ jt with his blessing, (JNumb. vi. 23 27; anaJLev. that he tarried so long in the temple, ix. 22, 23 ;) and they wondered that he continued so long in the temple ,' beyond the usual time : for he stayed a while after the angel disappeared, to present before God such humiliations and thanksgivings as this extraordinary circumstance 22 And when he required. But when he came out he was not 22 a ^c to sP ea ^ to them and, by the consternation not speak untothemj ami they perceived inwhichhe appeared, they perceived that he had. that he had seen a seen a vision in the temple ; and he himself, hi/ raion in the temple: i ntimated [^ tQ them an dhe continued ' L S J _ for he beckoned unto them, and remain- deaj and dumb*- during the remainder 01 his ed speechless. stay at Jerusalem a circumstance wisely ordered by Providence to awaken a greater and more general expectation as to the event of so strange an occurrence. i 23 And it came to j_ after this appearance of the angel to 23 l l . pass that, as soon as him, it came to pass that, when the remaining &ie days of his ministration were ac- days of his ministration were fulfilled, he Accomplished, he departed to hisozvn house. t0 hlS Wn Al quickly after these days were ended E- 24 house' 24 And after these lizabeth his wife conceived, according to thepredays his wife Eliza- diction of the angel ; and, apprehending her
my
<
which the scripture gives of the birth of Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Samson, Samuel, &c. who were all descended from mothers that had been long barren. The resemblance rn circumstances might well have produced n peculiar regard to them and one would have imagined he must immediately have recoil 'cud the story of the angel's appear;
utes it seems probable, therefore, that, since the people took not ice of his continu:
ingso much longer
titan ordinary in the holy place, he spent some time in secret davotion, where, in a mixture of holy afiections, rising- on so great and extraordinary an occasion, he might easily forget how fast the moments passed away.
ance to Manoah
in particular, when the ne was acted over before his own and some of the same expressions used by the celestial messenger. Compare
Deaf and
(Mat.
;
same
sc
deaf,
ix.
xi.
Jtldg. \iii.
t
214.
and Luke vii. and Luke xi. 14.) 33 xii. 22 xv. 31 So it is plain, from verse 62, that Zacharias
; ;
As x^ signifies dumb."} 5 Mark vii. 32, 37; ix. 25; 22,) as well as dumb, (Mat.
;
So long in the temple."] All that is here lost his hearing, with his speech, during' recorded might Kave passed in a few min* this interval.
36
Reflections on the appearance
sect, condition, she concealed herself five
months \naxi both conceived, and lud herse f five ! obscure retirement, not only that her concep 3 ' months, saying, . A tl0n mi g"t more certainly appear, but chiefly Luke I. 24 that she might enjoy opportunity for those extraordinary devotions which this wonderful favour of Providence demanded nor could she, under such a circumstance, refrain from saying, 25 The most solemn acknowledgments well be- 25 Thus hath the come me, because the Lord himself hath thus Lord dealt with me, in tne days wherein 17 miraculously interposed, and done this great looked on me, to work for me, in his own good time, even in the take away my redaijs in which he hath graciously looked down proach among men. upon me, to take azvay my reproach of barrenness among men. For barrenness was accounted a peculiar reproach among the Jews, who looked upon it as a singular happiness to be instrumental in multiplying the holy seed, according to the promises which God had
.
.
it*
made them
relating to
it.
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
How amiable is the character of this pious pair, who were 6 found walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless ! May our behaviour be thus unblameable, and our obedience thus sincere and universal And let those, whose office leads them nearer to God than others, remember their peculiar obligation to imitate such an example. 13 Let us observe, with pleasure, that the prayers which such worshippers offer come up with acceptance before God to whom no costly perfume is so sweet as the fragrancy of a character like this. An anszver ofpeace was here returned when the case seemed to be most helpless. Let us learn to wait patiently for the Lord,
! ;
My reproach among men.]

was
so
;
tiess
That barrenamongst the Jews, appears from

;
;
Gen. xxx. 23 1 Sam.i. 11 Isa. iv. 1 liv. 1, 4; and many other passages. That a branch of the family of Aaron should fail, would also be looked upon as a particular calamity, and might, by ignorant and uncharitable people, be interpreted as a judgment and
;
no provision at all should be made for entailing the priesthood on any other family, if that of Aaron should happen to
fid that
the rather, considering the many promises God had made to increase the families of his obedient people, Exod. xxxii. 13 ; Lev. xxvi. 9 ; Deut. vii. 13 ; and Psal. exxvii. 3, 4, 5. I will here digress so far as to observe, that, considering how the whole Jewish policy, was interwoven with those acts of religion, which were to be performed by the priests alone, it might seem wonder-
so
much
be extinct. Leaving this contingency unprovided for, was in effect putting the whole credit of the Jewish religion upon the perpetual continuance of the male branches of that family an issue on which no man of Moses' prudence, nor indeed of common sense, would have rested his legislation, if he had not been truly conscious of its divine original especially after two of Aaron's four sons had been cut off in one day for a rash act in the execution of their office, as soon as they were initiated into it, and died witjiout anj> children. Numb,
:
iii.
4.
of the angel
to
Zacharias.
37
to his own infinite wisdom to choose the time and sectwhich he shall appear for us. Zacharias, accustomed as he was to converse with the God of v heaven, was nevertheless, as we see, thrown into great conster- jo
and leave
it
manner
in
nation at the appearance of his angelic messenger. And may we not regard it, therefore, as an instance of the goodness as well as wisdom of God, that he determines that the services which these heavenly spirits render us should be generally invisible ? It is delightful to observe that amiable condescension with which 13, 19 Gabriel, the courtier of heaven, behaved on this occasion. Let it teach us with pleasure to pursue the humblest offices of duty and love which God may assign us towards any of our fellow servants, even in the lowest stations. Happy was the holy Baptist in being employed in this blessed 17 work of preparing men's hearts to receive a Saviour, and re-
ducing the disobedient to the wisdom of the just. May we be inspired with some degree of zeal like his, in our proper sphere, to pursue so noble a design We see, in the instance of Zacharias, that some remainders of *8, 20 let us guard unbelief may be found even in a faithful heart against them, as remembering they will be displeasing to God, and hurtful to ourselves. And, to conclude, when Providence favours us with any peculiarly gracious interpositions, let us attentively remark the hand of God in them and let religious re- ~^ tirement leave room for serious recollection and devout acknowledgments.
! :
SECT.
The angel Gabriel
IV.
is sent to the virgin Mary, to inform her of the conception of Christ by her, in which she humbly acquiesces, Luke I. 38.
2G
Luke'L26.
Luke
ixth
I.
26.
'
wwtfA after Elizabeth had con- sect. ceived, the same angel Gabriel, who had been IV Gabriel was sent' from God unto acity the messenger of such good news to Zacharias, T k nUmed 7Vas sent rom Godto a sma11 and inconsiderable T2I Na^rcth city of Galilee, which was called Nazareth ; be27 To a virgin es- ing charged with an important commission to a 27 pouscd to a man virgin, who was contracted, according: to the whose name ivas Jo- T i! i j c ephjofthe house of J ew18" method ol espousals, to a man whose name was Joseph : a descendant of the royal house of David ; which illustrious family was
'
AJSiffititeSjS TNthe
"
a Nazareth.'] Ion, winch was
city in the tribe of Zabuto
temptiblc a condition, that no good thinj

Jotui
reduced
Vol.
solow and cwi- m\s espsstsd from tlKQ?e>
I 4$.
I.
$g
f
The angel appears
to the
Virgin Mary,
;
n s name was Ma * followed the employment of a carpenter : and & 28 And the angel Luke tne virgin's name was Mary, of the same lineage. \. 28 And the angel entered in to the room, in which came in unt her, she was alone ; and, standing before her, sur- iT^'vl!,' th? u ' ' that art highly fa! . 7 *o , rounded her with extraordinary lustre, he ad- vo ured the Lord is dressed himself unto her, and said, Hail, thou with thee blessed * distinguished favourite of heaven I congratu- art thou amon w0 late thy happiness ; for the Lord is xvith thee, and is about to manifest his condescending regard in a manner which shall oblige all around thee to acknowledge that thou art blessed among xvomen, the greatest and happiest of thy sex. 29 And when she 29 Now the pious and modest virgin, when she saw A " sh ? was
;
_
*T *
now reduced
to so
low a condition, that Joseph David and
the vir
saw this appearance of [the angel,] and heard his a d cast L h message, as she plainly perceived it to be some- mind what manner thing of a very extraordinary nature, was much of salutation this s ou e disturbed at his discourse ; h and, not imagining herself at all worthy of such applause and congratulation, she reasoned with herself, for a while, xvhat kind of salutation this could. be, c and from what original it could proceed. SO And the angel, immediately perceiving it, to so And the angel disperse the doubt she was in, said unto her said un to her, Fear again, Fear not, Mary ; for I am a messenger j^^ 17 \ fo thou sent from heaven to tell thee that thou hast vv ith God. * found signal favour xvith God. And behold and 31 And behold, observe it with due regard, for I assure thee in thou shalt conceive his name, that from this very time thou shalt be Jn tby w mb and xvith child, and at the proper season shalt bede- and "shalt call his liver ed of a son, and shalt call his name fesus, the name Jesus, divine Saviour ; for he shall come on that important errand, to save men from the tyranny of 32 sin and the displeasure of God. He shall be in- 32 He shall be comparably great and glorious, insomuch that 1^ filled tl^ he shall justly be called the son of the Most High Highest and the God and the Lord God shall give him the throne Lord God shall give hi. the thr Iie cf'David hisfather, from whom thou art descend- U ? "J ed so that, like David, he shall be the Sovereign of God's chosen people, and possess that extensive empire which was promised to the seed of
'
I;
>
^f
that holy patriarch
(2
Sam. vii.
12, 1 3
Psal.
ii.
33 7,8, and cxxxii. 11, 12.)
And he
shall inherit
33
And he
shall
b She was disturbed at his discourse.'] Some c What kind of salutation."] She seems to would render nrt tw Koym a.v%, on account have suspected it might possibly proceed cf him. ; and Heinsius hath abundantly from the artifice of some evil "spirit, to shewn how common this manner of speak- inspire her with, sentiments of vanity and
fey* is
in.
the sacred writing's.
pride.
andforetells her
conception of Christ*
S
39
reign over the house the kingdom ; with this circumstance of supeof Jacob for ever, j \ hereas David is now sleeping Qr OYy tnat ' , ' . and ot his kingdom , . , , n i ti i no with his fathers, this exalted Prince shall rule there shall be even all the true Israel end. over the house of Jacob,
*_
Luke
I.
33
of God, for ever ; and, though the most potent monarchies of the earth will be successively dissolved, yet of his kingdom there shall be no e?idy even as long as the sun and moon endure.
See Psal.
34 Then said Mary unto the angel,
lxvii. 5,
17
Isa. ix. 7
Dan.
vii. 14.
And Mary
en] v
.
How
seeinsr
replied to the angel, messenger, permit me to ask,
thou heav- 34 How can this

,
shall this
I
know
be, not a
man
35
And
answered and
unto her,
the angel said
I he Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the High-
SfrSZSS^S
that
Holy
Thing
* thou hast intimatr" ibly be from t hi s ti e, as / a ed to me, since I am as yet a virgin f said unto her, There 33 And the angel, answering, no thinp- in that objection, great as it may J~ \ "r Q ^ seem, for this whole affair is to be a scene ot miracle: the holy spirit shall come upon thee, and tne p owcr f the Most Hiqh God shall thus overthce h y an amazin & enersy' to p roduc6 shad an effect hitherto, from the foundation ot the
'
,
which shall be born earth, of thee shall be callJ 5 edthe son oi God.
.
and therefore that holy Off" r shaU> with regard to this miraco J th] ulous conception, as well as another and yet greater consideration, be called the Son of God. 36 And, behold, J /U/ behold, to confirm thy faith in a declaration thy cousin Elizafarther assure hi h ' o geem SQ ; ncre dible, I . beth, she hath also . by the conceived a son in thee that thy cousin Elizabeth also hath,
unknown
,
3r>
her old age:

this
is
and miraculous
sixth
'
power of God,conceived a so?i, though
the
w^caUed Un-cn
. anc/ t fcs fa t]le s i xt /t her who hath long beeii called barren,* and spoken of as one who could have no hope of being a mother. And scruple
g j ie
j je
nQW
^ ^r
/^
fl
nth of pregnancy with
not to believe what I have told thee with regard to thyself as well as her ;for thou well knowest
d
.gin ?]
How can this be, since I am as yet a virSome would render this, What.'
shall this be if I have no intercourse with a man ? as if she would be resolved whether tius birth wenUo be produced in a common
more
or a miraculous manner. But I think it is natural to suppose that she understood the former words as an intimation that the effect was immediately to take place, to which her present circumstance seemed, humanly speaking, an invincible objection, Our English version, I know not a man, is more literal than what is here given but 1 do not apprehend that the strictest fidelity requires to render the Hebraism so esuctly ; the sense is evidently the same,
;
e Who hath been called barren."] 1 cannot think (with some learned and judicious persons) that to be called, and to be, signify entirely the same thing-, so as that the formcr should be thought a mere pleonasm, and rendered just as the latter. The phrase seems to signify, in the language of scripture, not only that the thing shall really br. what it is called, but also that it shall be taken notice of in that view i which I think will appear from an attentive consideration of the chief texts which have been produced to establish the opposite opinion. Compare Isa. i. 26 ix. 6; xxxv. 8 xlvii. 1, 5 > Mat. v. 9, 19 iii. 13 i lxi. 3, 6 lvi. 7
_
Mwk xi. If
John
iii.
1.
40
sect.
Reflections on
Mary's conception of Christ.
t ] ia t nothing is, or ever will be, impossible to God, whose almighty power operates with equal ease in the most miraculous as in the most comj uke I. 37 mon productions. 38 And, strange as the message was, Mary firmly believed it/ and said, with the most amiable r> r humility and piety, Behold, 1 am the handmaid of the Lord, and would approve myself faithful and obedient may it be unto me according to I thankfully accept the honour, of thij word which I confess I am unworthy and humbly resign my reputation, and even my life, g to the divine care and providence, while I wait the accomplishment of thy prediction.
IV
*g?haB be
38
37 For with God im "
And Mary
B( hol
;
f\ handmaid
-
ot
J the
Lord, be it unto me according to thy w " rtl And the an-
.'
|er#
Then
abode
in
the angel,
sion, departed
having executed his commisher, and returned to his the heavenly regions.
from
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
'
'
what holy wonder and pleasure should we trace this and how thankfully should we adore his condescending goodness, that for us men, and for our salvation, he did not despise the womb of so obscure a
notice of an incarnate Redeemer P
With
28
31,
virgin ? are too ready in our thoughts, with Gabriel, to congratulate her on so distinguished an honour, and to sav, as one did to Christ, in the days of his flesh, Blessed is the womb that bare thee, Lord, and the breasts which thou hast sucked ! (Luke xi. But let us remember there is yet a nobler blessedness than 27.) this attending those, in whose hearts he is so formed by divine grace, that they hear his word, and. do it. 32 Let us hear it, with joy, that he is Jesus the Saviour but let us also consider that he is Christ the anointed Sovereign, who is to rule over God's people for ever. Remember, my soul, that of his kingdom there shall be no end ; and esteem it thine un-
We
{ Mary firmly believed it.] It is worthy of our remark, that Mary, though' a young virgin, should so readily believe an event, in itself so much more wonderful than that which Zacharias, though an aged priest, had found it so difficult to credit. And it may be observed, (hat the sacred writers are particularly careful to record instances of this kind, in which God doth, as it were, oat of the mouths of babes and sucklings per-
For both these, humanly speaking, might have been in danger, considering the severity of the Mosaic law against those who had violated the faith of their espousals. (Compare Deut. xxii. 23, 24.) And though so impious a prince as Herod, who was then on the Jewish throne, unlife.]
doubtedly controlled many of the laws of
fect his praise. g Resign my reputation
God, yet the natural severity and extravagant jealousy of his temper woidd probably engage him to execute this in its fidl
terror.
and even
my
Mary''$
visit to Elizabeth.
41
speak able honour and happiness to be enrolled amongst his faith- sect.
ful subjects.
'
promised to such in the future state are so far be- Vcrse yond experience, or even imagination, that they might, to sense, 33 appear as incredible as the message which Mary received but let us remember the eternal truth of what Gabriel suggested to He can therefore ripen 37 her, that nothing' is impossible to God. our imperfect souls, to all the improvement and pleasures of the heavenly state, as easily as he produces the meanest vegetable on
glories
:
The
the earth. Let the temper of the blessed virgin, on this great occasion, be so, when the purposes of therefore the beautiful model of ours the Divine Love are declared to us, may we resign ourselves and with such calm tranquillity, firm faith, and unto the Lord joyful acquiescence, may we wait the accomplishment ol his gracious promise, and sav, Behold the servants of the Lord! be 38 Lord, animate it unto us according to his word ! So do thou, and support us and the weakest of thy children shall not stumble at the greatest of thy promises through unbelief: but, being
:
strong
in faith, shall
give glory
to
God.
SECT.
Mary
visits
V.
it,
Elizabeth
herfaith
is
confirmed by
oat into a
song ofpraise.
Luke
I.
39
and she breaks

56.
A ffi^
N
LUKE I. 39. s days, or soon after the time that she '__ received the extraordinary message mentionand went into the hill country with ed above, Mary arose from Nazareth, where Luke 10 * city f she then was, and -went* -with all the expedition I. 39 IiKhli'" she convenientlv could, to what was called the hill country, which lay towards the south of CaI.
Luke
39.
TN those
^.
40
into
And
entered
ot
the house
naan and came into a city of fndah, where Zacharias dwelt, with a comfortable expectation that this visit might tend both to confirm her faith and vindicate her character. And accord- 40 i n gly s n e entered into the house of her kinsman
; '
Mary arose and went, Sec.] This was reputation of such worthy and eminent very wise determination j as it was persons to establish her own, inacircumvery probable that, by communicating the stance which might otherwise expose her vision sin- bad seen, and perhaps also de- to great suspicion and censure. I shall scribing' the form in which the angel ap- only add, that it is not improbable the city peared, she might convince Zacharias and here spoken of might be Hebron; a city Elizabeth that there was something singu- belonging to the priests in the tribe of Ju lar in her case, and so might bring in the dab and the lull counUy. Josh. xxi. 11.
3
42
Elizabeth's reception of Mary.
sect. Zacharias, and, to the pleasing surprise
of her
'
friend, saluted Elizabeth.
Zacharias, andsaluf* ed Elizabeth-
Luke
I.
And it came to pass that, as soon as Elizabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the infant in her womb did with a most unusual emotion, leap for joy, as sensible of the approach of Him whose forerunner he was appointed to be. And Elizabeth xvas directed to consider it in this view for she was immediately filledxvith an extraordinary degree of divine inspiration, by the influences of 42 the Hohj Spirit. And, far from envving the sui perior honour of her young cousin, she, in very exalted language, congratulated her on the occasion ; and, crying out with a loud voice, as in a sacred kind of transport, she said, in the very words which Gabriel had before used to the
41
_
41
t0 a f"
nd
,
it
ma
^
Elizabeth heard the salutation of Mary, he babe leaped in

}-
ibeT washed
with the HolyGhost.
42
out
And she s P aka

with
a
loud
voice>
said> Blessed art thou a-
and
mon S women, and

6
^^
ofth^tmnb.
virgin.
Most
women
blessed art thou,
Mary, among all the
whole world ; and most blessed is the sacred and miraculousyn of thy womb.
in the
I consider the matter attencannot but cry out in amazement, Whence is this honour. done to me, that she, who ' . , is so highly honoured as to be the mother oj that wonderful and divine child, whom I would with all humility own as my Lord, should come unto me as a guest under my roof to whom I should rather have hastened to pay my homage ? And that he, of whom thou art now pregnant, is indeed my Lord the Messiah, I certainly know by 44 what I have now felt ;for, behold, as soon as the first voice of thy salutation sounded in mine ears, as thou wast entering into the house, the very . ... r infant within me leaped in my wombjor joy, with a vigour and sprightliness unknown before ; which I am taught to interpret as a homage done to Him before whose face he is to go to prepare 4j his way. And, when I consider the whole affair ri ,, -\ r all its variety of circumstances, I have reason
43 And indeed, when

tively,
,
43
I
,
"
to
tllis
t he
'
i T Lord
And whence t0 me that 00 ?"*,^ my

>
should
come
me
44 Forlc, as sods as the voice of thy salutation sounded in mine ears, the ^be i ea p C d in womb for joy.
my
she that so readily believed h what to sense appeared so utterly incredible, without so much as requiring any miraculous sign of it j for surely there shall be a very faithto say,
45 And blessed i* , she that believed for ere s j ian be rf
Happy
is
h Happy is she that believeth,kc.'] I doubt immediately believed the promise of Goc$ not but here is an oblique reference to the to him, and thereby had incurred so scnttnhappiness of Zacharias, who had not sible a mark of the divine displeasure. J?
Mary
things, which were told her irom the
breaks out into a song ofpraise.
4S
-
êrformanceofthose fu j ancj
an exact accomplishment c/all those things SECT

h &
her from the Lord. -r ./. l hen Mary also was filled with a transport or Lu ke Lord. 46 And Mary holy joy and, under the direction of the same 1.46 Ul d h y irit) aS Wel1 SS *" m&ny of those words which iS 'nif lhe Lord ' SP she had learnt from the sacred oracles, she, in " verythe warmth of her devotion, said, sow/ flfcÂ most affectionately magnify and extol 47 And my spirit Me Lord, And my spirit, with all its most exalt- 47
h h h
.
'
My
tiath rejoiced in
God
Biy Saviour.
48 For regarded
lie
hath
the
low
maiden" from henceforth
for behold,"
all
generations shallcall
49 For he that is mighty hath done to
me
greatthings,and
holy
his
name
30 And his mercy on them that fear inm, irom genera-
tion to generation,
powers, reioiceth in God as my Saviour; J ' .. 1. T I trust, is granting me my own share in gospel which, by the appearance of this that his dear Son, he is sending to so many others : For, notwithstanding all the meanness of my 48 circumstances, and the obscure condition in which I live, yet he hath looked with a distinguishing regard, and most surprising condescension, upon the low estate of his handmaid ; for, behold, he hath conferred such an honour upon me, that I am fully persuaded, according to his word by the angel, that not only the present age, but all future generations, shall call me happy,A and shall admire the peculiar grace and favour that the Lord hath shewn me. For he xvho is powerful be- 49 yond all our conceptions, even the Almighty God t whom this strange event is not only , ? 1 possible, but easy, hath done these great and his name, and unheard of things for me ; and nature [] so holy, that I cannot suspect the accomplishment of any thing that he hath His mercy also hath in every age 5(5 p rom se d. b the hope and confidence of his people ; tr r * r--i/> and I well know that it \is\ Jrom generation
e( j
,
who,
'
.'
have gentlv touched upon it in the paraphrase but I was cautious of being too express, lest I should violate that great decorum, which the Spirit of God, as well as the rules of modesty and piety, taught her to observe, when the faults of a husband were in question. It may be added, that these words shewed her knowledge of Mary's immediate belief of the promise made to her: a knowledge which she could only gain by divine revelation, and which, therefore, would be a mutual confirmation *f the faith of both. c Mary also saiJ.~] It is observable that most of these phrases are borrowed from the Old Testament, with which the piou*
;
virgin seems to have been very conversant \ especially from the Song of Hannah, in which there were so many passages remarkably suitable to her own case. Com-
pare
;
1 Sam. ii. 1 10; Gen. xxx. 13; Psalm ciii. 17 xcviii. 1 Ixxxix. 10 cvii. and Mic. vii. 20. 9
;
A Shall call me happy, /u*>t>tpits<ri.'] I think there are several other texts wher ûaxotp/oc should rather be rendered happy than blessed, which is the proper signification of fuAoynlos ; (see 1 Tim. i. 11; vi. 15; and Rev. xx. 6) yet I cannot say that the distinction is always material, nor do I always observe it in the. following,
"vtnion.
44
sect, to
Mary's song of praise.
generation on them that fear him. He hath 5l He hath shew stt ithh S often wrought the most glorious displays of !;L l 5 .. arm; he hath scat., i , r Luke str ength by his irresistible arm: he hath olten tered the proud in dispersed the haughty sinners that exalt them- tlie imagination of I. 51
'
,,
Tf^*
-
singular interposition or his providence, degree hath exalted the lowly from their obscurest state, as he is now doing with respect to me. 53 He hath fill53 He hath often filled the hungry with a.variety of good things, and hath sent axvay the rich ed the hungry with and luxurious sinner empty,* having stripped S^Sath^sSit him of all his plenty, and turned him out of empty away. all those possessions in which he was once so 54 confident. And, as a glorious instance of his 54 He hath holp.
r hearts and confounded them in those schemes which were the most laboured He hath 53 He hath put 52 imagination of their own hearts.* often brought down mighty potentates from down the mighty their thrones of dignity and power, and by fr01T1 thf ir seats,;and exalted them 01 low c V.
selves
against him,
some
'
condescension and his power, though our con- en his servant Israel, rcmLmln'ance of dition be so low in comparison of what it once :\
l
succoured Israel,* and taken him as his child into paternal protection and all this he hath graciously done in remem55 brance of his everlasting mercy. h Even as he 55 As lie spake to long ago spoke to our fathers, and promised it our fathers, to Abra-
was, he hath
now
'
'
to
Abraham and
:
generations
e
to his seed, throughout all and we, the heirs of those prom-
fe^
J^
hath dispersed the haughty, &c. $n- sents God as the great proprietor of all, and the greatest of men as his tenants at will, i/?rs/:;i<t>*w fvzvot* x.'j.f>S~ixc: a.v1a>v."\ I know this may be rendered, He hath whom he can strip, and turn out, wlienscattered those that prided themselves in the ever lie pleases. S He hath succoured Israel."] That the imagination, or thought, of their hearts : but I apprehended the words would well word x.v7t\*.fielo properly signifies to interbear the yet more emphatieal sense I have pose in favour of a person in great necessiAnd thus they are ty, or extreme danger, Eisner hath abunhere given them. peculiarly applicable to the gospel; in dantly proved, Observ. Vol.1, page 175. h /'/ remembrance of his everlasting which God doth not only cast down imagiThe beginning of the 55th verse nations and #oery higli thing, &c. (2 Cor. x. mercy.'] 5) by the humbling- scheme of lire recover- should, I think, be included in a parehing grace, but hath remarkably confound- thesis. It makes an easier and stronger ed his most insolent enemies, in their own sense to suppose that this remembrance of most elaborate projects, and established his mercy for ever refers to his everlasting his sacred cause by the violent attempts mercies promised to the patriarchs. Comthey have made to suppress it. (Compare pare Gen. xvii. 19; Isa. lv. 3; Rom. xi. Psal. ii. 1 A triumph of divine wis- 29. Yet I acknowledge those blessings 3.) dom, of which succeeding ages furnish might be said to be promised to them, and out memorable and frequent instances at their seed for ever, winch were entailed (Comon their remotest generations. home and abroad. Care is xviii. 8 &c.) E^-iricaxi pare Gen. xii. 15 t'Sent avjay the rich empty.'] strictly signifies, hath sent, or turned them therefore takeu to express both, in tUe tut of doors ; and very beautifully repre- paraphrase.
He
erKopyrta-iv
Refections on the visit

ises, shall
all
Mary paid to
Elizabeth.
45
happily fulfilled in sectand glorv." 56 And Mary aThen Mary abode with her cousin Elizabeth Luke bode with her about h months, till very near the time of her i. 56 b J > three months, and returned to her own delivery ; and then returned to her own house, house. and lived privately there ; concealing, but not forgetting, these extraordinary things, which had so powerful a tendency to establish and animate her mind.'
now behold them
the fulness of their extent
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
natural is it for those, who have themselves received mercy of the Lord, to communicate their joy to others, and to seek the society of their fellow saints, whom he hath honoured with the signal manifestations of his favour ? Happy are they,
How
40
confirmed and heightened by such endearing happy the humble and generous souls who can 41,42 thus, like Elizabeth, lose the thoughts of private honour and interest in a cordial concern for the glory of God and the good of
whose friendship
ties
!
is
And
thrice
men
rejoicing to see others, perhaps in
feriors, raised to stations of service their own.
some respects their inmore distinguished than
If this pious matron thought herself so highly honoured in re- 43 ceiving a visit from the mother of our infant Saviour, how much more doth it become us to admire the condescension of our glorious Lord, that he will represent himself as graciously knocking at the door of our hearts, and ready not only to make us a transient visit, but to take up his stated abode with us ? May our faith, like that of the blessed virgin, delightfully rest on all the promises he makes, as firmly believing that there shall be an accomplishment of these things which are spoken ! And, while 45 that accomplishment is delayed, may the pleasing expectation of it tune our voice to a song ofpraise like hers Let our souls also 46 magnify the Lord, and our spirits rejoice in that God whom we 47 hope, through grace, to be our Saviour ; whose condescension hath regarded us in such low circumstances and whose almighty 48 power and everlasting love have done such great things for us. 49 He hath provided heavenly food to satisfy our hungry souls ; and 53,55 hath raised us to enjoy the mercies which, in more obscure inti- 54 mations only, he promised to the pious patriarchs. His mercy is on all th&t far him, through succeeding generations. May such distinguished favours animate our hearts with those sentiments SO
! ; Animate her mind.] Many of the lungs which had passed in this journey, id especially that rapturous inspiration mich she had herself experienced, and 'Inch till now was probably unknown to
must elevate her thoughts to a very attensublime pitch, and enkindle in her attpnand the rcftcctin;;- mind high cxpec See Luke ii. and glorious hopes. compare note b, page 49.
her,
Vol.
I,
4'6
The
birth
and circumcisio?i of John.
sect.
f devotion and zeal which they are so well qualified to excite \ Otherwise the joy of the Old Testament saints, in the distant and imperfect prospect of these blessings, will testify against our insensibility in the superior advantages with which we are favoured.
E C
T.
VI.
the Baptist.
The
birth
and circumcision of John
Luke L
57.
5766.
Luke L
VL" 1L
Luke
I.
57.
forth a son, ex- that she should be actlv according to the prediction of the angel to delivered and she 57 Zacharias. And her neighbours, and her rela- brought forth a son. Andherneignto . . \ 3 o tions, were acquainted with it ; and, i having heard hours and her couthat the Lord, in so illustrious and remarkable a sins heard how the
;
A' was come, she brought livery

.,.?
hentheMttme for
Elizabeth's
de-
Ng^S^
Luke
I.
,58
59
60
61
/-o 62
63
manner, had magnified and displayed his mercy Lord had shewed to her, they ran to testify their joy, a/w/sincerely fer* and they recongratidated her on the happy occasion. joiced with her. And, in particular, it came to pass, that on the 59 And it came eighth day they came together in some consider- *? ? a ? s tha,* on the able numbers, ts circumcise the child according to toe c rC umcise the the law (Gen. xvii. 12 Lev. xii. 3 ;) and, as it child and they callwas then customarvto give it a name, 3 they that ed him Zacharias, êr the name of his were present would have called him Zacharias, the name of his father : But his mother, after 60 And his mothwho had been more particularly informed by her er answered and husband of what had passed between him and the '% Not *, ' ""* he shall be called John* , , it angel in the temple, answered and said, Nay; my friends, it must not be so but he shall be called 61 And they said John. And when they objected to this, and said unto her, There is unto her, None ofthy 'kindred, either bv birth or " one of th y tjndred that is called by this j n j) t j marriage, ts callea'by this name : In order to de- name termine the question, and to be fully satisfied, 62 Andtheymade ther/ made signs to his father, to know what he si S ns to his &thei% have 1 would have him called. And he, by signs, asked ? J^" h for a writing tablet ; and, when he had received 63 And he asked
1
'
'
4.1
a As it was then customary to give it a pear we only then speak to the child by name.] The giving the child its name the name which hatli been already givea was no more a part of the original intent it. That the father among the ancients of circumcision than of baptism ; it was used to name the children, and that it was an incidental ci renin stance which custom customary often to give them the name of had added. And I cannot forbear saying their immediate ancestors, Eisner has
1
that,
in administering the christian or- shewn on this text. dinance, I think care should be taken to b A writing tablet, imvx.x.tS'icv.] order the voice so that it may plainly aphave so few diminutives in our language.
We
Zacharias names his son, and recovers his speech.
47
(bra writing table, it, hexvrote, saying, His name is John; thereby S ^.CTand wrote, saying, declaring it a settled point, that would admit of ~~""" , , His name is John. F ., , r ,, And they marvelled no farther debate. And they were all amazed at Luke But greater still was their i. 63 all. the determination. 64 And his mouth astonishment, to find his tongue at liberty, and 64 mi nC speech restored ; for his mouth was immedihis his ati tongue' loosed : and ately opened, and his tongue [loosed;] and he spake he spake, and prais- aucl'ibly and distinctly ; beginning, as it was
'
\
aUr
ed God
-
most reasonable, with praising God c in that sublime hymn which we shall presently record.
1
65 And fear came And a religious awful kind of dread fell, not on all that dwelt OIU on those that were present, but on all that J round about them ., . Q ,, ., ., a very and all these sayings dwelt near them : and all these things, were noised abroad particular detail of circumstances, were publish;
65
throughout all the e hill country of Juthey that had heard them,
^^ fhg who/g m
^ ancj
became the great
topic of conversation,
66
And
all
Jndea And all 66 wise and pious persons that heard [them'] laid them Up carefully in their hearts, as matters
CQWltriJ Q
hearts''sivin 'Avhat manner of child shall

?
higWy worthy their future consideration, sayi }1 g-> What kind of a child will this be, who is ush-
And the ered into the world in so extraordinary away ? this be hand of the Lord j_nd their expectations were farther raised byi was with him. ,i r ,, observing that, as he grew up, the hand oj the Lord was signally with him ; and, through the
i
.
divine blessing, he appeared not only a healthful and thriving, but likewise, on other and higher accounts, a very hopeful child.
IMPROVEMENT.
So sure are the promises of God, and so certainly will the full Verse accomplishment of them another day shame our suspicious unbe- 5 ? lieving hearts, and awaken the tongues of his servants to songs of praise i Happy the souls who, by a lively faith in them, are an- 58 ticipating that blessed day, and whose minds, kept in tune by these pleasing views, are opening themselves to the most tender sympathy with others, and, like the kindred of this pious pair, are making the religious joys of others their own so sharing, rather than envying, the superior favours bestowed upon them
; !
that
was not willing to lose this, which spake, praising God. It would then have exactly answers the original been ivkoyova-a., instead of y/xoyur j and than table. Raphelius has given unanswerable instanc Ami lus tongue [loosed ] and he spate, ces, in the most approved writers, of a verb
I
much more
praising God.']
leanud Raphelius, ( Annot. ex Herod, pages
joined with two nouns, when in strict propriety it can only belong to one of them. 219, 220) that Eisner's criticism (Obs'erv. Compare 1 Cor. "iii. 2 where the original Vol. I. pag. 178, 179) is'nottobe admitted, is, X-xkol v/x*.<: toeflta*, kxi oW0ffiut. I have which would render it, And his tongue also given you milk to drink, and not meat.
I
entirely agree witli the
48
sect.
Refections on the birth of John the Baptist.
them, wisely to observe what God is doing and to lay up remarkable occurrences in our hearts : Verse tnat ? by comparing one step of divine conduct with another, we 65,66 may tne better understand the loving kindness of the Lord, and be engaged to act with more regular obedience in a holy subserv-
Let us
learn, with
around
us,
iency to his gracious purposes. When, like good Zacharias and Elizabeth, we have the pleasure to see our infant offspring growing up in safety and cheerfulness, with healthy constitutions of body, and towardly dispositions of mind too, let us ascribe it to the hand of the Lord, which is upon them for good. Let us remember that we are at best but the instruments of the divine care and favour to them ; and that our families would soon become scenes of desolation, did not God watch over them in a thousand circumstances of danger and distress, which no prudence of ours could have foreseen, and which no care of ours could have been able to provide against.
SECT.
ofpraise.
VII.
Zacharias, on the birth of his son, breaks out into a sublime anthem
Luke
I.
67, to the end.
Zach as \va3 * v described it, filled with the Holy Ghost, and propheLuke fi rst s P ake after the birth of this extraordinary sied ss 9e > 67 child, rvas filed with the influences of the Holy I. Spirit; and, in an exalted strain of sacred rapture, he prophesied, saying, " Blessed be Jehovah, the God of Israel, be68 Blessed be the 68 ord G d f Is ol > cause he hath now owned the relation in so sig- ^ ~ j i r he hath visited , i nal a manner ; for he hath graciously looked ^j redeemed bis down upon his people in their distress, and people. wrought out an illustrious and complete re69 And hatb rais69 demption for them And he hath raised up for salvation, 3 even an honourable and ed U P an horn of salus a horn
vff"
Kf 0W J ohn b ein S
Luke
we have before Zacharias his father, when he
67. born > as

I.
A ND*h^
1
flth
of
already conceived, J* ser and will quickly be born, according to our David long expectation, in the family of his servant 70 As he spake 70 David : As he hath spoken by the inspiration of his Spirit, and given frequent intimations
powerful Saviour,
who
is
^
;
\^
a A horn of salvation."] As a horn is often it so it is sometimes used in the Old Tesused, for the most obvious reasons, to ex- tament with a peculiar reference to the press strength and dignity, it being the orna- Messiah. Compare Psal.cxxxii.17; lxxxix. itient and defence of thecreature that wears 24; 1 Sam. ii. 10; and 2 Sam. xxii. 3.
;
The song of Zacharias.

by the mouth of his to us by the mouth of his .. r Myprophets.which
/
49
prophets, which sect.
,
.
holt)
.
enemies, and from . . the hand of all that obtain

hate us.
o J have been since the / appears that none ol those predictions are lorworld began 71 That we should gotten by him, since lie is preparing for us be saved from onr suc h a glorious deliverance that xve may thus
_*>
.
;
VII.
,.
j
i.
71
72
To perform the
to
God now sent, that he may messenger hath r remember his holy faithfully perform the mercy which he \_promcovenant hed] to our fathers?- the blessed effects of which extend also to them and by him shall God appear to be minxlful of his holy covenant, whjch hath passed through so many various 73 The oath which dispensations, yet still in the main continues he sware to our fa- t h e same j t being indeed no other than the 73 oat^ wAicft he so solemnly szuare unto Abra74 That he -would Accord- 74 grant unto us, that ham* our father, (Gen. xxii. 16, 17.) we being delivered i n g to the tenor of which he will noxv grant us outof the hands of thefayourof an opportun i ty aucl a heart to ^l j
, .
-,
mercy promised
power ol the most formidable ol our enemies, and may at length be rescued, by his redeeming grace, from the c And this gracious 72 fian j f J all that hate us : , .
salvation
from
the
i-
our fathers, and to
being delivered out oj fear, the hands of our enemies, \_And to xualk] before 75 75 In holiness and / j m un der a religious sense of his presence, righteousnessbetore ' , * it r î -u c A. him all the days of a ^ the days oj our life, in the paths ol the strictest holiness and righteousness^ our life.
l
our enemies, might serve him without serve
mm without fear,
,
. .
..
me mercy to ourfathers ; and might perhaps intimate that the mercy extended to have argued, that there wn.s from the be- the pious patriarchs was w ng to Christ, ginning of the world a series of prophets, who was afterwards to appear. Compare or that every individual prophet spoke of Rom. iii. 25. I cannot recollect any othllie Messiah; which can never be proved er place where isroiwa-*/ saei? is to perform a without doing great violence to the re- promise. e The oath which he sivare unto Abramaining writings of some amongst them. The words of Zacharias only amount to ham.~\ In vindication of our version from this, that the generality of prophecies, in any objection which might arise to a all ages, refer to this great event. Com- learned reader from the construction of pare Acts x. 43. that original /uvho&m'hi A'i*y\x.s cg*ov ov c Be rescued by and his redeeming g-race apio- tx.. t. a. see Bos> exercit. p. 35 from the hand of all that hate Kff.] This Eisner in loc. seems to have been the mind of the Spir'And to walk in holiness and righteousit, as appears by the whole tenor of ness.~\ This, as well as deliverance from scripture but it is impossible to say enemies, being spoken of as the merciful whether Zacharias fully understood his grant of God, I cannot but conclude it own words, which, it is certain, the older refers to those passages in which God prophets, in some cases, did not. Sec promised to pour out extraordinay degrees 1 Pet. i. 10, 11. of a pious spirit on his people under the tl Perform the mercy promised to our fa- reign of the Messiah. Compare Isa. xliv then.] TTooio-ju sassc 5 Jer. xxxi. 31 34 andEzek. xxxvi, <wu]tûv 1 /*{]* <ra>v
b From the beginning tftivie."] It cannot oertainly be inferred from hence, as some
:
/a<*v
most
literally signifies towards
exer-
2527-
50
sect.
The song of Zacharias.
Then, turning to his new born son, he add" And thou, my dear child, shalt have the 76 Andthou.child, honour to be justly called the prophet oj'the Most prophetofSeHigh* Luke
VI1
ed,
I.
67
High God
an illustrious prophet indeed
for thou art he who, according to the predictionof Isaiah, (Isa. xl. 3) shall go before the face of the Lord, even of our Divine Messiah, to give notice of his approach, and to prepare 77 hiszuays. It shall be thine honourable and
delightful office, not
i
^J^f
for thou shalt g before the face of prepare
est
77 To give knowlsalvation un. tidings edge of ? to his people, by the r ^ i r i ot some temporal deliverance, but to give the remission of their knoxvledge of'eternal salvation to his people in sins, directing them how they are to obtain the for78 Through the 78 giveness of their sins ; Which, how great soj tender mercies of ~. ii . u Li. ever they i been, may now be obtained our God whereby have u through the tender compassions of our God, s the day spring from whose bowels of mercy have yearned over his on high hath visited
merelvtobWthe
"
backsliding children ; by virtue of which compassions the datvning of the celestial day h hath 79 visited its from on high : And the Sun of
us>
79
t
To
give light
Righteousness
is
shortlv *
arisinjr, to
spread
V*
iem
]
sacred knowledge and joy over the regions shadow of death, to of ignorance and misery, to enlighten those guide our feet into that sit in darkness, and, as it were, in the very tlie way of peace. shadoxv of death l itself, or in the most gloomy and dangerous condition, and to direct our wandtr'm%feet into the xvay of peace and felicity." Thus was John the Baptist ushered into the world, and thus were his infant days graced
% Tender compassions of'our God.~\ 1ir\ctystrong xessf, his bowels of mercy :
cturkjicss
^^ J n
f
lt
unci in tlic
jfpet
Hebraism; which, though

erally retained
it in
pressed in
have not litI have exthe paraphrase,- and it is a

I
my -version,
method I Compare
shall often take in like cases, 0. Jer. xxxi. 18 h The dawning of the day."] It is true that *:-ctlix may signify, as some here render
it,
is
the rising sun : and I doubt not but here a reference to such texts as Mai. iv. 2 and Isa. lx. 1 3; and, possibly, considering the known ambiguity of the Hebrew
word zemach, which also signifies a branch, there may be some allusion to Jer.
xxrii. 5 ; and Zech. iii. 8. But it is strange that any should have thought Zacharias, a Jnrish priest, hath here referred to the It is well Greek version of those texts. known the word properly signifies that part of the heavens where the light begins to arise and the first shining of ^hat
Compare Rev. vii. 2. The dawning of the day seemed therefore a very literal version; and, I apprehend, it more beaut ifully describes the state of tilings just at this interval than if the sun had been represented as actually risen. i The shadow of death.] Such phrases as these do, with peculiar propriety, describe the ignorant and miserable state of the Gentile world, and perhaps this former part of the verse may refer to them ; but, as Christ's preaching to the Jews in Galilee (for it was only to Jews he applied, Mat. xv. 24 ; x. 5, 6 and Rom. xv. 8) is said, Mat. iv. 14 16, to be an accomplishment of Isa. ix. 1, 2 to which Zacharias here probably refers, I was not willing in the paraphrase to fix it to the Gentiles. The sad character and circumstances of the yews at this time as described by Josephus, too well Suit the representation here made.
light.
Reflections on the song of Zacharias.

80
5i
wonders. And the child grezu up and be- sect. e stron p \ n spirit, giving early tokens both of J stroni;- in spirit, and ,an heroic genius and a pious disposition, through Luke was m the deserts Compare i. 80 till the day of his the work of God's Spirit upon him. she wing unto Israel. u dg. xiii. 24, 25. And, his pious parents dyJ ing while he xuas young, or being peculiarly directed by a divine revelation in this affair, he did not appear in the service of the temple, even when he came to the age in which the priests but, by divine disbegan their ministrations
And
the child
w ith
,
grew, and
waxed
<->
'
pensation and direction, was led to retire into desert places, and to continue there till the day of his being publicly manifested to Israel, and, as it were, inaugurated among them under his prophetic character ; for which the austerity and devotion of this solitude was a happy preparation. k
IMPROVEMENT.
With
The blessings
what sacred joy should we join in this hymn ofpraise ! Verse celebrated in it were not peculiar to the family of 67
:
Zacharias or to the house of Israel ; but we, through the Divine the Lord God of Israel hath Goodness, have our share in them He hath remembered his covenant with visited and redeemed us. the pious patriarchs in favour of millions who are their seed only To us hath he accomplished as heirs of the faith of Abraham. the words he had spoken by his holy prophets, and through his tender mercies, hath caused the Sun of Righteousness to arise upon upon us who were once indeed sitting in darkness and in the us shadow of death ; and whose ancestors, for many succeeding genLet erations, were lost in ignorance, idolatry, and wickedness. us bless the Lord, who hath given us light ; and make it our daily prayer that it may be the happy means of guiding our feet into the way of peace. Let us, with pleasure and thankfulness, receive the knowledge of salvation by the remission of our sins, without which we shall never see it but at an unapproachable distance. Let us repose our cheerful confidence in this Almighty Saviour, this Horn of Salvation, which God's own right hand hath raised up for us : through him let us seek the pardon of our sins
;
68
72,73 70,78
79
77
69
k This solitude was a happy preparaIt may further he observed that Buch a retirement also contributed to his acceptance, by raising a character for emhunt mortification and sanctity; inured him to the oppositions he was to expect and naturally prevented any U\ his work ,such intimacy with Christ, in their childtion.j
;
hood and youth, as might possibly have occasioned some suspicion, as to the impartiality of the testimony which John afterwards bore to him. Compare John i. 31. Eisner hath shewn, as Schmidius had before observed, that the word *v*J'i;ic
often signifies the inauguration of a public Observ- Vol, I. p. 183. officer.
52
Joseph'"s perplexity on his finding
Mary
with
child.
from all the enemies of our souls. And let a grateful sense of his redeeming love engage us resolutely to walk tne strictest holiness and righteousness, as in the presence Verse 75 of God, and carefully to maintain before him a conscience void of offence all the days of our lives.
sect. an d deliverance
"
go
May we carry this temper along with us into solitude and retirement : may it animate us in the busiest scenes of life ; and, in every particular instance, mav it determine us in our choice of either, and regulate our conduct in both
!
SECT.
Josephs
suspicions concerning
VIII.
Mary removed by
I. 18, to the
the appearance of
an angel
sect.
to
him. Mat.
end.
VIIL
Mat. I. 18. Mat. I. 18. having given an account of the NjeJ2^tat birth of John, afterwards surnamed the was o^Thls wiseMat When as his mother 1. is Baptist, we proceed to that of JESUS CHRIST, the great subject of our history, which was at- Mary was espoused J to Joseph, before , .., A tended with the most surprising circumstances, they came together and xvas thus introduced. His mother Mary be- she was found with ingco?itractedto Joseph, zccordrngto the method cmlcl f the Hol>' 10S of the Jewish espousals, before they came to cohabit together as man and wife, she xvas found to be xvith child ; and this pregnancy was (as we 19 Then Joseph 19 have been informed above) by the miraculous h operation of the Holy Spirit. Now Joseph her Jt 3 husband,being a righteous man, perceivingthere willing to make her was something very extraordinary in the case, a public example and being by no means xvilling to expose her unto public infamy by any severe prosecution, never-
J\
N D noxv,
,
'
j*5^
a A righteous man.~\ It is without any just reason that this text is often assigned as an instance where the word <f(x:uoc is used to signify merciful, and some accordingly have here translated it a gooclnatured man. If we consider the information which Joseph might have received from persons of such an extraordinary character as Zacharias and Elizabeth, (who would certainly think themselves obliged to interpose on such an occasion, and whose story so remarkably carried its own evidence alongwith it) besides the intimation the prophecv of Isaiah gave, and the satisfaction he undoubtedly had, in the virtuous charac-
eotts part had he proceeded to extremities without serious deliberation; and that putting her away privately would, in these circumstances, have been the hardest measure which justice would have suffered
him
is
to take.
infamy."]
It
lar&^xfer) /uxlio-zi
b To expose her unto public

very possible
may here
refer to that exemplary punishment which the law inflicted on those who had violated the faith of their espousals before the
marriage was completed Dcut. xxii. 23, 24 where it is expressly ordered that a betrothed virgin, if she lay with another
: ;
ter of that he
Mary
herself,
we must
conclude
had acted a very severe and unright-
man, should be stoned. We may suppose, however, that the infamy of a public divoice, though she had not been stoned, may
His
suspicions removed by an angel.
53
V1IL
was minded to put theless her away privily.
was so confounded with the concur- SECT

f tne strange circumstances that attend-
rence
ed this affair, as that, in order to secure the Mat honourof his own character, and to behave with 19 all the tenderness that might be to a person
1.
30 But while he thought on these things, behold the
SSfcSFS
;
an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, and said unto him, Joseph, thou son of '^ ( as bein S linea descended from him) to take unto thee Mary fear not to take home Mary thy wife, according to for that t h e espousals that have passed between you, thy wife me ( * an S? r of bringSii'ofSeHdy thou Sh there ma ^ s ?? i n g a reflection on thyself and family ;Jor that Ghost. which is begotten and formed in her, is of no human original, but was produced by the miraculous and unexampled operation of the HoAnd, in consequence of it, 34 21 And she shall ly Spirit himself. bring forth a son, when her time is fulfilled, she shall bring forth and thou shalt call Q SQn mcj t /l0U 7 under whose protection and tor . .. his name Jesus 1 , 1 r he shall save his care he shall be placed during his infancy, d that is, God the Sapeople from their shalt call his name Jesus, sms viour ; for he shall prove that glorious and divine person intended by God to save his people^ even all that truly believe in him, both from the punishment and the dominion of their sins, by procuring an ample pardon for them, and raising them, after a life of holiness on earth, to a state of complete perfection and happiness.
in a
angel of die Lord appeared unto him hold,
that he loved, he purposed to himself to have divorced her as privately as the law of Moses would have allowed, that is, only in the presence of two witnesses, and without assigning any particular cause. And as he was revolving these things in his 20 wzV^/clurinp:thenightseason,fullofthethoughts , , . ,.\, and, be wnat " e was to do he iell asleep
, ,
,
->
dream,
saying-,
fm
alsobc expressed by the same word. But then there was besides a. private kind of divorce, in which no reason was assigned and the dowry was not forfeited, as in Uie former case and by this she would not lvive been so defamed. See Selden. Ux. Heb. lib. iii. cap. xvi. p. 302, 365, 366. and Lightfoot. Hor. Heb- in loc. c An angel of the Lord,~\ Probably Gabriel, who had been sent to Zachavias and Mary. That Joseph's scruple did not proceed, as some of the fathers supposed, merely from veneration, appears from the reason given why he should take Mary, which in that case would have been U\e, onlv reason against \\.
:
d Call his name Jesus .] Bishop Pearson seems to have set the etymology of this name in the clearest lighten his large; discourse on it, ( Pearson on the Creed, p. 69 71) in which he endeavours to prove
that jAii,oneofthe'namesof God,enters into the composition of the Hebrew name, Jehoshuah, to which Jesus answers. (Compare Heb. iv. 8 where, by the
;
way, I think it should have been renderad if Joshua had given them rest. J This
derivation most plainly shews how Christ's being called Jesus was in eflert an accomplishment ot the prophecy thjij
he should be called "
pvimpm/,
Vol.
I.
54f
J<Jseph takes
home Mary
(that
his wife.
sect. VIII. v
Mat
1
22 (Now aU thb is, this miracuvu all ^.u circum- was done, that it n the lous conception, together with might be fui n. e(i stances proper to attend it, was effected) that which was spoken of
Now
all this
j.-
was done
*u
'
fi
Lord by the 22 i^W* celebrated prophecy might be accomplished* the had so long before spoken by the P ro P het ' ***"*, which the Lord prophet Isaiah, (Is. vii. 14) who said to the,
house of David in the reign of Ahaz, when it in the utmost danger of being destroy3 ed, " Behold, and attend to it with a becoming
seemed
2S
-
^{"'j*
regard, while I assure complish a yet nobler
slxaU caN his name ready to perform in kah and the son of Tabeal j for an unspotted beT^nter^Jedl virgin, descended many ages hence from this i S) God with us.) royal family now to be rescued, shall, in a miraculous manner, conceive and bring forth a Son ; and they shall call his name Immanuel ;" which, being translated, signifies God with us y that is, God dwelling in our nature, on the most gracious and important design a name in signification nearly equivalent to that of
;
you that God will acwork than what he is your deliverance from Pe-
J^
child,
and shall bring forth a Son, and they
Jesus.
24
Then Joseph arisingfrom his sleep, with en- 24 The n Joseph tire satisfaction and humble acknowledgment, S \Ê d'idas the did as the angel of the Lord had appointed him ; gel of the Lord had and, without any farther delay, took home Mary biddenhim, and took
.
25
Nevertheless, in expectation of this his wife. "^^dknew^her wonderful event, and out of reverence to this no t till she had sacred birth, he knexv her not as a wife, though brought forth he* she dwelt under his roof but she continued a pure virgin even till she had brought forth her divinely begotten Son, who, on account of his
;
e That this plished."]
prophecy might
be
accom- said to him.
of reason) a sign of a much nobler deliverance by the Messiah, who shall be born of an immaculate virgin, and conone then a virgin, when she was married, descend to pass through the tender was no such miraculous event as to answer scenes of infancy as other children do." such a pompous introduction ; and that Compare Isaiah vii. 10 16. And see Bishop Chandler's excellent remarks on this it seems most reasonable to interpret Isa. vii. 16, as referring to Shearjashub, whom text, in his Defence of Christianity, page Mr. Green's 4th Letter to Isaiah was ordered to take in his hand 325 331 (ver. 3) for no other imaginable reason Mr. Collins ; and Usher's Annals} A. j#? bJXt that something remarkable was to be 3262.
are strangers to the objections which have been made against applying this prophecy to Christ, which drove Grotius and many others unhappily to suppose that it immediately related to the birth of a child of Isaiah's in a natural way, and only in a secondary sense referred to Christ. The controversy is too I content myself large for this place. with observing that a son's being born of
Few
So that the general sense, in " You have affronted God by refusing a sign now yet his trans-, cendant mercy will make your present forfeited deliverance, (by the death of these confederate kings, which shall happen before (hanahar) this child in my hand is grown up to the exercise
short, is this
:
;
The genealogy of Christ from Abraham,.

firstborn
SS
Son
he called his
Jesus.
distinguished glories, with peculiar propriety sect;. VIIL f ight be called the firstborn : And, according name the angel, he called his name tne direction of t Mat. vj _ , i But several other circumstances, re- i. 25 Jesus. lating to this important event, will afterwards
and
be recounted.
IMPROVEMENT.
see here, in Joseph, an excellent pattern of gentleness and Verse prudence. In an affair which appeared dubious, he chose, as we 19 should always do, rather to err on the favourable than on the severe extreme. He was careful to avoid any precipitate steps ; and, in the moments of deliberation, God interposed to guide. 2o and determine his resolves. With what wonder and pleasure did he receive these glad tidings With what pleasure should we also receive them For we too are informed of Jesus who came to save his people from their 21
!
!
We
sins.
An important and glorious salvation indeed

that cometh in the
him
name of the Lord
Blessed Jesus
thy character in delivering us not only from sin's but from its reigning power ! Let our souls bow to Emmanuel, our incarnate God and, while 23 with holy wonder we survey the various scenes of his humiliation, let us remember too his native dignity and his divine glory. By him God hath fulfilled his ancient promises, in the most ample and glorious manner, in thefulness of time sending forth his Son % madeofaxvoman, and sprung like a tender shoot from the decayed stock of David his servant. While we study the oracles of the Old Testament, let us with 22 pleasure trace the notices of the great Messiah there, even of Jesus, to whom all the prophets gave witness. May his namebe ever in:
Hosannah to t answer condemning,
had brought forth her Son, the reference to it. On what terms Joscp^li There seems to be some pccu- and Mary afterwards lived is of so little liar emphasis in the expression, tov viw importance to us, that I cannot but wonott/Jnc tov tirâldloKcv, which justifies the der it should have been the subject of so
f
Till she
firstborn.']
have given to the words. Compare 7 (where the very same words are used with a remarkable exactness ;) Uom. viii. 29 Col. i. 15 and Heb. i. 6. Though I confess the force of the learned and candid Dr. Daniel Scott's remarks on this note to be such as to convince me that this expression might have been used with regard to the firstborn son of any family, and, consequently, that no certain argument of Christ's superior dignity and glory can be drawn from it, yet, from the pen of one so deeply impressed with the thought of it as Luke as well as Matthew jvas, I think it may probably contain some
turn
I
Luke
ii.
much know
debate. It is sufficient for us to that she was a virgin, not only at the time of Christ's conception, but at his birth, as the prophecy foretold she should be. The evangelist therefore wisely contented himself with recording this, without affirming any tiling farther either way on this delicate subject : I say, either xaay, for that the manner of expression here used will not certainly prove that Mary had more children afterwards, appears from
comparing Gen. xxvii. 15 Job xxvii. 5; Pga.1. ex 1 Ma,t xii. 2Q
1
!
Sam.
cxii.
xv.
35
and
The genealogy of Christ from Abraham,

!
In that name may we lift up our banners, scribed upon our hearts and judge those reproaches a glory which we may meet with in
his sacred cause
.'s
SECT.
IX.
as recorded by
The genealogy of Christ from Abraham, andfrom Adam, as recorded by Luke.

III. 23, to the end.
Mat.
I. 1
Matthew
17.
Luke
Mat.
Sect.
I. 1.
Mat.
1. 1.
T)EFORE we proceed to the birth JD Divine Infant, whose conception
of this ""H HE book of the
was so
Mat
I.
very remarkable, it will be proper to give some account f his descent according to the flesh, And we shall therefore introduce it with a table of the genealogy offesus Christ ;* which is intended, not only as an introduction to his history, but more especially to shew that he was theson of David, and the son of Abraham, as it was often foretold the Messiah should be. (Compare Psa.
exxxii. 11
;
j esus ^^cWst^the son of David, the son of Abraham-
Isa. xi. 1
;
and Gen.
2
Now
whom
Abraham, that * e r patnarch, and friend ol God, from the whole Jewish nation had the honour
it
d,
is
xii. 3
; Jer. xxiii. 5 ; xxxiii. 15; xxii. 18 ; xxvi. 4 ; xxviii. 14.)
well
known
i
that
,*"i
2 Abraha be pt and T Isaac begat Jacob, and Jacob begat Judas and his
T
Isaac,
to descend, begat Isaac in his old age, that son of Sarah, according to the promise, with whom
bl etliren
'
God's covenant was established and Isaac begat jfacob,onwhom also it was entailed in preference to Esau, though his elder brother and Jacob begat Judah and his eleven brethren, who be;
came
3
the heads of their respective tribes. the person to whom that extraordinary promise was made, that his de-
And as Judah was
Andjudas begat
cendants should continue a distinct tribe, with

Sin his sacred cause.) There was, hu- and iii. 6. Gr.) and that the learned Vimnnly speaking, a probability that Joseph tringa understands it so in this place (See might have brought some suspicion on his Vitring. Observ- Sacr. lib. i. dissert, i. pag. character or reflection on his family by 39.) Yet, as it is much more frequently used in the latter sense (see Gen. v. 1; admitting Mary in these circumstances. a The genealogy of Jesus Christ.) I am x. 1 xi. 10 27 xxv. 12 xxxvi. 1, 9 well aware that the word îvarie, and the Numb. i. 20, is"c and Ruth iv. 18 in all Hebrew tiledeth which corresponds to which places it is applied to genealogies, J it, sometimes signifies the history of a perI think it best, with the learned Dr. Scott, son's life (as well as other things.) and to render it as above only giving a little (compare Gen. hint of the more extensive selle the wprd not merely his genealogy i. 9 j xxxvii. 2 Judith xii. 18 Jam, i. 2S may pQfiSJ^ly bear.
:
<ls
recorded by St. Matthew.
57
Phares and Zara of Thamaiv, and Pharos begat Esrom, and
some form of government amongst them, till SE CT. IX ShUoh that s the Messiah, came b (Gen. xlix. , y,, N EsrombcgatAram ;*<>,) and as it was from him that Christ de- Mat scended, we shall confine ourselves to the line i. 3 of his posteritv. We therefore add that Judah begat Pharez am/ at the same time Zarah his
.,
4 And
Aram
be-
gat Aminidab, and
who had been his and Pharez begat Esrom^ arid Esrbm begat Aram ; And Aram begat Aminidab, and 4 ^{mldab berat Naasson, who was prince of the
twin brother, of Thamar,
;
son's wife
22?fiKi * <* J** > ** P*P'=

begat Salmon
5
;
And Salmon bef B
fnd Booz llegat bed of Ruth, and that country, but entertained the spies at JeriObed begat Jesse c ho, and afterwards embracing the Jewish religion, had the honour to be thus incorporated with this noble family and Boaz their son be; ;
t *W
and marshalled at mount Sinai (Numb. 1. 7 ; x. 14 ;) and Naasson begat Salmon. And, after their settlement in Canaan, Salmon 5 Boa * of Rahab < who had been a native of
numbered
gat Obed of Ruth, the Moabitess, d who had so resolutely chosen to adhere to the God and peoand Obed, in a very advanced age, ple of Israel
;
gat
Da^durkint
elder
*** ??? An J??e ^^f Resides several children, David, the celebrated king 01
'"
who was favoured with the title of " The man after God's own heart," and had an exIsrael,
b Till Shiloh, thatis, the Messiah, came.] ing a prince in Israel, and perhaps even of This sense of Jacob's prophecy is so beau- being naturalized by circumcision; which tifully illustrated and so strongly asserted may be the moaning of the phrase, Deut. by the learned Dr. Sherlock, bishop of Lon- xxiii. 3. (Sec Mr. Lawman's Hebrew GovBut it evidently don, in his Discourses on Prophecy, Dissert, eminent, p. 130, IS? seq.) 3, p. 317, .jfc. that, if I was writing on this appears, from this celebrated instance, passage of the Old Testament, I should that this precept was not understood as exhave little to do but to refer my reader to it. eluding the descendants of an Israelite by c Of Rahab.~\ It is not indeed expressly a Moabitish woman from any hereditary said she was Raliab of Jericho, commonly honours and privileges otherwise, surecalled the harlot ; but I think there can be ly, Salmon, the son of Naasson, prince of no room to doubt it, as we know she was Judah, would never have marrk 1 Rahab, contemporary with Salmon, and may conone of the accursed people of Canaan nor elude that she (this Rahab) was, as all the would the kinsman of Boaz have wanted a other women mentioned in this list, a remuch better reason thanhe assigned (Ruth markable person. Now there was no other iv. 6) for refusing to marry Ruth when she of that name, especially of this age, of became a widow. whom the compiler of this table could (so e Obed, in a very advanced age, begat far as we can judge) suppose his reader to Jesse. That Salmon, Boaz, and Obi-d, have any knowledge. must each of them have been about an d Boaz begat Obed of Ruth, the Moab- hundred years old at the birth of bis son itess.] The son of a Moabite, by an Is- here recorded, hath been observed by raelitish woman, could never be allowed to many, and is well accounted for by Dr. enter into the congregation of the Lord : that Whitby in particular Annot. on ver. 4. is, at least he was rendered incapable of beL
~\
5.H
The genealogy of Christy
9*ct. press
promise that the Messiah should descend from him (compare 2 Sam. vii. 12 16 ; and *"<* David the king? Mat Acts ii. 30.) And David the king begat Solomon 1 6. of Bathsheba, who had before been [the wife] of h * J* flf k a 7bn tie and, though that holy man, TO z/eof Urias Uriah the Hittite in this unhappy affair, acted in a way most unworthy his character, yet God, on his deep repentance, graciously forgave him, and entailed the promise on his seed by her. 7 And, to pro forward therefore with the gene7 f^\ Solomon n ,. .. ~ beât Roboam, and alogy line, Solomon begat Re:
according to this Ro boam begat Abia, hoboam, from whose government the ten tribes and Abia begat A. revolted under Jeroboam the son of Nebat ; and sa Rehoboam begat Abijah ; and Abijah begat Asa, And 8 And Asa begat 8 whose reign was so long and prosperous Asa begat the good Jehoshaphat ; and Jehoshaphat begat jfehoram,who unhappily dishonour- an d j oram begat Oed the holy family by an alliance with Athaliah zias the daughter of Ahab, 2 Kings viii. 1 8. And (to omit Ahaziah, the son of that wicked woman, whose impieties and cruelties rendered her so infamous, 2 Chron. xxiv. 7 the ungrateful Joash, her grandson, who murdered Zechariahthe prophet, the son of his great benefactor Jehoiada, 2 Chron. xxiv. 20, 21, 22 ;
:
&jfi*&
;
and Amaziah, his son, who succeeded him) yehoram, at the distance of the fourth generation, may be said to have begat Uzziah the leper. f 9 And Uzziah begat Jotham ; and Jotham begat 9 And Ozias bethat wicked Ahaz, who, instead of being re^Jg, jSt Aformed by the chastising hand of God, trespass- c haz, and Achazbe* ed yet more and more against him. 2 Chron. gatEzekias xxviii. 22, and Ahaz begat the religious Hezeki10 ah, that distinguished favourite of heaven And 10 And Ezekias Hezekiah bep-at Manasseh, so remarkable once begat Manasses.and Manasses beeat A, r. j r -ii tor his enormous wickedness and aiterwards mon and ^mon be for his humble repentance and Manasseh begat gat Josias that infamous and hardened sinner, Anion and Anion begat Josiah, that eminently pious prince, whose heart was so early and so tenderly
;
tychoram,
Uzziah.']
may be
said to have begat
undeniably evident, from 2 Chron. chap. xxii. and following, that three princes are here omitted. If this table was taken from any public records amongst the jews, the evangelist docs not seem responsible for the exactness of it; bul, if be himself drew it up, I think it
It is
modest in us to suppose that was by some peculiar divine direction that the sin of Jehoram is thus animadverted upon even to the fourth generation
will be but
it
his intermediate descendants being thus blotted out of the records of Christ's familv,
and overlooked as
if
they had nev^r
been.
rt.9
recorded by St. Matthew.
59
impressed with an apprehension of God's ap- SECT. 11 And Jftsias be- proaching judgments : And Josiah begat Je- IX. and Sfat Jechoniah hoiakim and his royal brethren, Jehoahaz and Mat. his brethren, about the time they were Zedekiah, who both of them were kings of I. 11 carried away to Ba- Judah, the former predecessor to Jehoiakim, and
bvlon.
the latter the successor of his son :& and, about the time of the Babylonish captivity, Jehoiakim begat Jehoiachin, otherwise called Jeconioh, h
12
And after they
were brought to Babylon,
long the prisoner of the Chaldeans. And, after the Babylonish captivity, commenc- 12 Jechoniasbe- ed, this Jeconiah begat Salathiel ; and Salathiel
l
who was so
be well understood without a very exact knowledge of the preceding history. h Jehoiakim begat Jeconiah.] I here follow the reading of the Bodleian and other manuscripts, (notice of which is Pharaoh Necho, in three months time, de- taken in the margin of our Bibles) Zaviac posed him, and carried him captive to E- S~t iytvyne-f tov IceAKUju.' Ioiukuju. s tyivu-.Tt And this indeed seems abgypt, according to the prediction of the t&v ltôvtuv. prophet concerning him, (Jer. xxii. 10 solutely necessary, to keep up the number 12. compared with 2 Kings xxiii. 33, oi'Jburteen generations ; unless we suppose 34.) And, having thus deposed him, he that the Jeconiah here is a different permade Jehoiakim, the elder brother, who son from that Jeconiah mentioned in the was formerly called Eliakim, king in his next verse, which seems a very unreasonaroom. But this Jehoiakim was soon sub- ble supposition, since it is certain that dued by the king of Babylon, who, after throughout this whole table, each person his conquest, suffered him for a while to is mentioned twice, first as the son of the continue on the throne but, on his revolt preceding and then as the father of the to the king of Egypt again, he was slain following. I am obliged to the candid aniby the Chaldeans (2 Kings xxiv. 1, 2,) madversion of Dr. Scott for the small aland thrown out unburied, as Josephus teration I have made in my reading of this tells us, ( Antiq. lib. x. cap. 6. [al. 8.] . 3. verse from what was published in the first Havercamp.J agreeable to what the proph- edition. et had foretold, Jer. xxii. 18, 19 xxxvi. Jeconiah begat Salathiel."] I cannot, After his death his son Jehoiachin, take upon me certainly to determine 30. by some called Jehoiakim t/ie Second, was whether Salathiel was the son of Jeconiah put in his place and tiiis is he who is by descent or adoption. It is certain elsewhere called Jeconiah, 1 Chron. iii. that Luke (chap. iii. 27) derives Salathiel, 16 and Coniah, Jer. xxii. 24. But, after from David, by Nathan, and not by Soloa reign of three months, he was taken mon, whose line might possibly fail in captive and imprisoned by Nebuchad- Jeconiah. And this would be most evinezzar, 2 Kings xxiv. 8 16 (according dently congruous to Jerem. xxii. 30 ; to the prophecy, Jer. xxii. 24 26) and where it is said that Jeconiah should be after thirty seven years released, 2 Kings nuritten childless, as we render it But, as xxv. 27. In the mean time upon his the dispersion ofjeconiah's seed is there being deposed, his uncle Zedekiah, the threatened, and at least seven sons of his third, son of Josiah, was raised to the are reckoned up elsewhere, 1 Chron. iii. throne but, after a reign of eleven years, 17, IS, (supposing Assir, as the word his eyes were put out and lie was carried signifies, to be only a kind of surname captive to Babylon, Jerusalem and the of Jeconiah the captive a greater numbe'r J temple being destroyed, 2 Kings xxiv. than one could suppose so unhappy a xxv. 7. 17, 18 I have traced and stat- prince would adopt in his imprisonment, ed the matter thus particularly, chiefly I should rather think the word, translated because it is a key not only to the para- childless in the forecited prophecy, signifies phrase on this text, but to much of the book (as the Seventy suppose, whohave translated of Jeremiah, which as it is plain that sev- it) iKy.yfVHlcy, naked, stripped, or rooted up eral chapter.: of i^ arc displaced, cannot and the more so, because it seems harsh
% The successor of his son.] On the death of Josiah the people took Jehoahaz, otherwise called Shallum, though a younger brother, and made him king in his father's stead (2 Kings xxiii. 30, 31 ;) hut
60
The geivealogy of Ch rist,
instrument gat Salathiel, and of restoring and settling the Jewish common^JbaS! 13 An'dZorobabei Mat wealth on their return from the captivity: J an*/ Abiud begat begat Abiud, and And Zerubbabel begat Abiud , I. 13 " 14Eliakim: and Eliakim begat Azor : And Azov ,A biud b,e &. E a ,!? Kirn mid I13.K in begat Zadok ; and Zadok begat Achim : and begat Azor 14 And Azor be15 Achim begat Eliud : And Ehud begat Eleazar ; and Eleazar begat Matthan ; and Matthan begat at Sadoc, "dSa| <?* Joseph^ who 16 Jcoi : And this an"a XSim be^t was ?/if husband of Mary, that blessed virgin, Eliud 15 anc* Eliud beof whom -was born, bv the immediate power of God, Jesus, rvho is commonly 'cafa^CArjrt, as he was indeed God s Messiah, or anointed One than, and Matthan. the great Sovereign, and Prophet, and High begat Jacob i6 And J* cob be * Priest of his Church, completelv furnished for T gat Joseph the hus1 i-i c ii \i rr i_ the discharge 01 all those offices by a most band of Mary, of plentiful effusion of the Spirit which was given, whom was born Jesus >. who is called not by measure to him. s This is the genealogy of his reputed father 17 17 so all the gen".;.
li* 1
;
sect. le ât Zerubbabel*- that illustrious
^^ ^
7^
ES^mE
;
'
to suppose vyemiv* should signify only he
a stranger
in
adopted : Yet I that Salathiel,
own it is something strange that it should who on this supposition was born in the
Babylon, it is no wonder be given to several children

captivity.
If this solution
a descendant of Solomon, should be adopted by Neri, a descendant of Nathan, a younger and much inferior branch of David's family or that it should be said by Jeremiah that none of Jeconiah's seed should rule any more in judah, if Zerub;
babel, their first ruler after the captivity, was at farthest but his great grandson. On the whole, I submit so difficult a question to the determination of abler judges, and content myself with thus hinting at what If I found most material on either side. the two genealogies do not speak of different persons that were named alike, I should conjecture that Salathiel, the son of Neri, might marry the daughter of Jeconiah, and might possibly, on that account, be The attentive reader also adoptedby him. will see that this hypothesis at least softens the difficulties inseparable from either of the former. k Salathiel begat Zerubbabel."] This illustrious person, Zerubbabel, is so often said to have been the son of Salathiel, or Shealtiel, which is so nearly the same, (and accordingly the Syriack here reads Schalv. 2 Hag. i. 1. tiel) see Ezra iii. 2, 8 that I incline more and 12, 14; ii. 23 more to think, with Brenius, that the
; ;
be not allowed, I see not how the known difficulty here can be removed unless by acknowledging that the books of Chronicles (the author of which is unknown) may have suffered by the injuries of time, so that the present reading of some passages may be incorrect which is very consistent with owning the plenary inspiration of those books. By allowing this we should fairly get rid of ttuo parts in three of the seeming contradictions in the writings of the Old Testament, (I speak on an accurate review of them,) and should be free from the sad necessity of such evasive criticisms, as are more likely to pain a candid heart than to satisfy an attentive and penetrating mind. The omission of a word or two. in a genealogical table, and sometimes the mistake of a letter or two in transcribing, especially with regard to names or numbers, occasions many inextricable, difficulties where, in the original reading, all might be perfectly clear. Zerubbabel begat Abiud.) Rhesa, mentioned by Luke, chap. iii. verse 27, was probably another son of Zerubbabel. Abiud might possibly be the same with Meshullam, whose name is mentioned in 1 Chron. iii. 12 or perhaps he and his descendants
'
mentioned, 1 Chron. iii. 17 falling into obscurity, their names might 19, as the son of Pedaiah the brother be no where preserved but in this genealogy of Salathiel, was a different person from of Joseph's family, which the evangelist tteis. As the name Zerubbabel signifies transcribed as he found it.
Zerubbabel
as recorded by St. Luke:

p.rations
6
'
'
we see, as it here stands, that all the S ^R.T IX eneratiom } n t h e first interval or class of this *( nt*i i* fourteen family ,yr07?i Abraham to David, when Mat> tions; and from Da- illustrious
ham
to
from Abi-a- so that David are

>
,,
rid until the carry- we look upon it as in its rising state, are 1.17. ing away into Babyand after these, in the next f. J ourteen generations : ~ ., . Ion are fourteen gen... .. D , , . , and from class, from JJavtd to the Babylonish captivity^ erations
;
may
it
the
into
carrying'
away
Babylon
unto rec koned as in its flourishing state, we
jrenerations.
was seated on the throne, and may be may comute tnem as amounting to the same number ; P and, to consider them as they are represented
when
here, thev mav again be counted fourteen generations : m and, in like manner, in the last class, from the Babylonish captivity to Christ, when by
sunk into obscurity, and manifestly state, then also we may reckon them as fourteen generations.
degrees
it
was
in its declining
Wan
thirty
Luke III. 23. And Jesus himself
Luke Luke III. 23. But, though we have thus given the legal nI 23 to be about genealoo vo f Christ from Abraham, as derived ' oJ years of age, o from Joseph his reputed lather, we shall yet add another that ascends to Adam ; and this is the account which Luke hath given us in his gospel where, after he had spoken of the baptism of Jesus when he was beginning \_his public ministry,'] and zvas about thirty years of age, he traces his descent in the line of Mary, n whose father Heli adopting Joseph, whom he made his son in law, the descent of Joseph may on that account be reckoned from him, and so is in effect the same with that of Mary. Christ there-
'
be countedfoarteen gener- adopted by Heli, or rather taken by him express it with this latitude, as it for his son upon the marriage of his rs manifest that three persons are omitted daughter, and that Heli was the father of because an ancient Jewish Rabbi in the second class between Jehoram and Mary Uzziah, ver. 8 and it is only by counting expressly calls her the daughter of Heli ; them as here represented that they make and chiefly, because else we have indeed And if, according to no true genealogy of Christ at all, but only fourteen generations. the reading of the Bodleian, Jehoiakim two different views of the line of Joseph be introduced in ver. 11, and considered as his reputed father; which would by no the last of this class, (which seems the means prove that Christ, who was only better reading, as Jeconiah does not appear by adoption his son, was of the seed of to have had any brethren,) Jeconiah will Abraham and of the house of David. Yet thus be reserved for the third class, which the apostle speaks of it as evident that otherwise would want one person to com- Christ was descended from Judah, Heb. plete the number. vii. 14 in which, if this gospel were (as n In the line of Mary.] I am aware antiquity assures us) written by the directhat Mr. Le Clerc and many other tion of Paul, perhaps he may refer to this learned men have thought that Joseph was very table before us. (See Mr. Whiston's begotten by Heli, and adopted by Jacob Ha'nnonv ofthefonr Evangelists, Prop. x>|, 1iut I much rather conclude that he was p. 175, df'scy.J
attorn."]
I
;
; ; :
m They may
Vol.
I.
62
sect, fore
The genealogy of Christy

"
1X
j
.
being bom of Marv after her espousals, maybe considered, upon this account, to be (as at that time he commonly zvas reckonedJ the
which being (afe was
JSg^Jj^ Me 24
son of Heli,
111.23 s n
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32 33
34
of Joseph, who, by adoption, or rather by Which -was the son of Matthat, which was the marriage of his daughter, was the son of he son oj Matt hat, the son oj Levi, was ,^ e son f Me i_ Hen, 1 the son of Melchi, the son of Jannah, the chi, which was the son of Joseph, The son of Mattathias, the *" of Janna, which r vi_ r \t ^l r T-r was f/ifr *w! ot Joson oj Amos the son of Nahum, the son oj Lh, sep h, 25 Which was the son ofNaggia, The son of Maath, the son *Ae ronofMattathias, of Mattathias, the son of Shim ei, the son o/* which was Mei of the son gjudah, The son ;w/z, the son o/ Rhesa, the son o/ Zerubhabel, the which was Me *i of son of Salathiel, the son o/* Neri? The son o/'Esli, which was Me 26 f Na S-?f> JfefcAi* the son sfAddi, the son of Cosam, the f ., Which was Me son tii ^ , ,i y r> son o/ Llmodam, the son o/ isr, 1 he son f Maath, which of J oses, the son of Eliezer, the son of Jorim, was MesorcofMattathe son of Matthat, the son of Levi, The son o/thias,.which was Me ôn of Semei, which A. 4.1, or of j a r cv j / Simeon, the son ofjudah, the son of Joseph, the was f/;e MB of Jo _ son ofjonan, the son o/* Eliakim, The son o/" seph, which was the Meleah,tht son of Mainon, the son of Mattathi- son of Juda, 27 hi ch was **** a.y,the son of Nathan, the sons/that celebrated T king of Israel, David, the man after God's own was Me son f Rheheart, The son of Jesse, the son ofObed, the sa, which was the son of Boaz, the son of Salmon, the son ofNaas- son of Zorobabel, which was the son ot 'L, r a j i ^\. r a son, 1 he son oj Ammadab, the son <?/ Aram, salathiel which was the son of Esrom, the son of Pharez, the son of the son of Neri, 28 Jndah, The son <?/ y<7c<?, the son <?/ Isaac, Which was Me i
i
%*
g M "1 J**^
'
who was, according to the promise, the son o/was^ôf Addt that honourable patriarch Abraham, the son of which was Me son of 35 Terah, the son of Nahor, The son of Serug, Cosam, which was ofE1 (Iam the son o/*Ragau,or *, the son of PeleP, the ***! -which was Me son of /. r L f a i ? the 1 he 36 son oj Heber, *\ son oj oa/ah, ^ru son oj r, 29 Which was Cainan,^ the son of Arphaxad, the son ofShem, the son of Jose, which was Me *o t>f Eliezer, which was Me son of Jorim, which was Me son of Matthat, which was the son of Levi, 30 Which was Me son of Simeon, which was Me son of Juda, which was Me son of Joseph, which was the son ofjonan, which was Me son of Eliakim, 31 Which was Me son of Melea, which was the son of Menan, which was Me son of Maltatha, which was the son of Nathan, which was the son of David, 32 Which was the son of Jesse, which was the son of Ohed, which was Me son of Booz, which was the son of Salmon, which was the son of Naasson, 33 Which was the son of Aminadab, which was the son of Aram, which was the son of Esrom, which was Me son of Pharez, which was Me son of Juda, 34 Which was the son of Jacob, which was Me son of Isaac, which was Me son of Abraham, which was the son of Thara, which was the son of Nachor, 35 Which was the son of Saruch, which was Meson of Ragau, which was Me son of Phalec, which was Me son of Heber, which was Mie son of Sala,
See Mat. o Joseph, who by adoption, or rather by James, the son of Matthan. the marriage of his daughter, was the son 15, 16. P The son of Neri. ] See the latter part of Heli.'] It is necessary to take the words in this latitude, because the true father of of note i, page 69.
i
.
Joseph appears to have been Jacob or
<J
The son of
Cainan.']
There
is
no
as recorded by St. Luke-.

36 Which was the f Cainan, which the son ot Arphaxad, which was the son of Sem, which was f/, e son of Noe, which was Me son 01 Lamccli 37 Wliich
63
-
2 was
the son of Noah, with whom he was preserved SECT the arJ . and h weU known that Noah was IX. . J, T the son of Lamrch, The son of Methuselah, Luke the son of Enoch, who was translated without m.37
,
dying, and was the son o/* fl;W, the son of /* ti rr< / B> ; ~ Mahalaleel, the son oj Cainan, <t>u son 0/ Lnos, 38 1 he was (/i f w of Ma- the son of Set h, the son of Adam, who, being fhusala, which was descended from no human parents, but formed
/
th
r T'l ?I.i which was the son ot Jan d, which was

the son
^ty the
'
immediate power of a Divine Creating o Hand, might, with peculiar propriety, be called
l
.
whkli
Cainan,
w& the son of immortality

38
of MalefeeL [the sort]
Winch
ofGod, in his original and glory. J }

the son of Scth, wliich
state the heir of
was the son ofEnos, which was which was the Son of God.
was
the son of
Adam,
IMPROVEMENT.
survey any such series of generations, it is obvious Mat. 1, like the leaves of a tree, one passeth away and anSC!'' ether cometh ; yet the earth stillabideth, and with it the goodness of the Lord, which runs on from generation to generation, the common hope of parents and children. Of those who formerly lived upon earth, and perhaps made the most conspicuous figure among the children of men, how many have there been whose names have perished with them and how many of whom nothing but their names are remaining Thus are xve passing away, and thus shall we be shortly forgotten. Mat. Happy if, while we are forgotten of men, we are remembered /l lj by God, and our names are found xvritten in the book of life! There they will make a much brighter appearance than in the records ^ 24 of fame, or than they would do even in such a catalogue of those isfseq, who were related to Christ according to the flesh ; whose memory
to reflect
When we
how,
'
of the immediate descendant of Arphaxad, Gen. or whether we consider him as his grandx. 24 and xi. 12 hut Salah is there said son by Cainan. And much less reason is to he the son of Arphaxad. Cainan must there to object to the apparent difference therefore have been introduced here from there is between the names that Luke the translation of the seventy interpreters, lias given us and those we meet with of who have inserted him in both these places the came persona in the Old Testament: in the same order as we find him here This is no more than what is usual when and, as ihiatranslation was then commonly the same names are mentioned in a dirfernsed and was more generally understood cut language nor will the Greek admit than the Hebrew, it is probable that some them to be so expressed as to agree exacttranscriber of this gospel added Cainan ly with the Hebrew. But, to avoid confrom that vrrsion, unless we suppose that fusion, I have rather chosen, both in the Luke himself might choose, in writing former genealogy and this, to give the this gniealogy, to follow the Sefituagint, as names that are delivered in the Old Testahe appears to do Several other passages merit, as they are written in the Hebrew, that he lias quoted from the Old Testament, to which our language will admit us to Nor is it, after all, a point of any conse- come nearer than the Greek could do, and quence, as the design of the Evangelist which must he allowed to he tlie more was only to present us with the genealogy exact and true method of pronouncing of Christ in its ascent to Adam, which is them. Compare Gen. v. 3, Ssfseq. si. 10 equally clear, whether we reckon Salah as 27 and 1 Chron. i. 127.
in either
tlie
mention made of this Cainan

genealogies that
; ;
Moses gives
u,
64
Reflections on the genealogy of Qirist.

is here preserved, when that of many, who were once the wonder and terror of the mighty in the land of the living, is lost in
perpetual oblivion. observe, among these ancestors of Christ, some that were heathens, and others that, on different accounts, were of infamous characters ; and perhaps it might be the design of Providence that we should learn from it, or at least should, on reading it, take occasion to reflect that persons of all nations, and even the chief of sinners amongst them, are encouraged to trust in him as their Saviour. To him therefore let us look even from the ends of
We
the earth, yea from the depths of guilt and distress, and the consequence will be happy beyond all expression or conception. Adam, though originally the Son of God, lost that inheritance Cj*f of life and glory which, inconsequence of such a relation, he might reasonably have expected but the second Adam repairs the loss which we had sustained by the transgression of the first. are now predestinated to the adoption of children by Jesus Christ, and raised by him to the hope of a fairer inheritance than the terrestrial Paradise. Let it be our daily labour to secure this invaluable blessing ; that so, as we have borne the image of the earthly Adam, we may in due time, bear the image of the heavenly, and at length attain to the perfect manifestation of the sons of God.
? ;
We
SECT.
Christ
X.
to
is born at Bethlehem, and his birth revealed by an angel some shepherds in the neighbourhood of that town ; and he circumcised on the eighth day. Luke II. 1 21.
is
Luke
SECT X.
II.
1.
the time in which John the Baptist was , born Luke an<^ Christ conceived in the manner related aII. 1 bove, that the Roman emperor, Augustus Cesar, & ii j^..Li-^h j j published an edict, or decree, that all the land*
..
to pass KfOW it came l-ixiin those days, IV a , it.
or about
Luke
I
lt
II. 1.
J? P ass
C ar n those in ?u n
:
days,that there went out a decree from
?" that a11
Augustus
tne world should be taxed.
of Judea, which was then united under one prince and governed by Herod, shoidd be publicly enrolled; or that the number of its inhabitants, both male and female, with their families
All the land.] Though euxftevM doth undoubtedly sometimes signify the whole world (Acts xvii. 31; Rom. x. 18; and Heb. i. 6,) and sometimes probably the Itoman empire (as more especially in Rev. iii. 10 andxvi. 14;) see Eisner, in loc. yet I think the learned and ingenious Dr. Lardner hath fully proved that it is to be taken in a more limited sense both here and Acts si, 28, as it plainly is,
;
Luke xxi. 26. (See Lardn. Ctedib. of Gosp. Hist. Part I. Vol. I. page 542 and Vol. II. page 574, isfseq.j It is with peculiar propriety called the whole land, as it was soon after dismembered ; and Nazareth, where Christ's parents dwelt, was in a different division from Bethlehem, as Dr. Lardner well observes. That *?rcyp.&t signifies a public enrolment, Eisner, on thjt text, hath cyrdenu-y shewn.
;
general enrolment of the Jews.
65
-
and estates, should be registered. This he SECT ordered, as a token of his particular displeasure against Herod their king, and as an intimation . that he intended quickly to lay them under a tax. n. \ 2 (And this taxing j na here we mav observe by the way, that this 2 was first made when n r -i_ j7 T i Cyrenius was gover- wati f he first enrolment ot the Jews, and was committed to the care of Cij renins, or, as the nor of Syria.) Latins write it, Quirinius, a Roman senator; who, being [afterwards] governor of Syria, h made a second enrolment or taxation, which was so famous in the Jewish history for the 3 And all went to tumults that attended it. And all the inhabit- 3 " alltS f J udea W&Ct obli S cd to obe intu hlso'wn thy y the edict and -went each of them to his own native city, or the place where his paternal inheritance lay, c to
,
.
>
of of the taxing, which was afterwards made of Syria, by Cyrenius, (when on the banishment of Aula tt7roypct<pn <n-f,oo% fyivslo Hyipsvivivl' Archelaus, Judea was reduced to the The worthy person form of a province, and annexed to Syria tc Ivfot; Kupv/s.] whom I mentioned above, Dr. Lardner, under the government of Cyrenius,) in in his unequalled criticisms on this text, opposition to which a disturbance was raised by Judas of Galilee, see Joseph. Antiq. ( Part I. Vol. II. page 718, iSf seq.J has given the reasons at large which deter- jfud. lib. xvii. in Jin. lib. xviii. cap. 1. 1. mined me to prefer that literal version I Bel. Jud. lib. ii. cap. 8. 1. and Acts v. 37. c Where his paternal inheritance lay.] have inserted. Our own is plainly mistaken, and is indeed hardly intelligible. Some have conjectured that Joseph might but that is, at The words might perhaps have been ren- have a small estate here at least it is improbdered, This enrolment was before Cyrenius best, very uncertain ivas governor of Syria ; which, to be sure, able that Jesus inherited it (Mat. viii. is"a true assertion, and may, perhaps, after 20,) or that his mother enjoyed it duringall be vindicated but I think the original her widowhood. See John xix. 26, 27. expresses something more. Others have It is true, indeed, that had the original chosen to'rendrr it, And the taxation that settlement of the divine law been duly was consequent upon this enrolment was regarded, estates in the land of promise first exicuted when Cyrenius was governor -would have been unalienable ; and every If none of those solutions male descended from Jacob, and not of of Syria. proposed could be allowed (as I think the tribe of Levi, must have been born either of these justly may,) it would be a heir to a certain portion of land, allotted thousand times more reasonable to suppose to some of his ancestors, when the division a word omitted by some early transcriber, was first made; on which, however it (perhaps H Siuitfj., after iytvue.,) than to might have been mortgaged, he must, if his think that so accurate a writer as Luke, father were dead, have entered at the next were he to be considered only as a com- jubilee, if he lived to see it. But things mon historian, should make such a gross were now fallen into confusion. The mistake as to confound this enrolment, in small remains oi the ten tribes who were the reign of Herod, with that taxation brought back at all were, after their rcwhich happened, several years after, on turn from the captivity incorporated tothe banishment of his son Archelaus. gether in the neighbourhood of Judea, fact of this kind was too obvious and, while strangers were in possession of large I may add, too mortifying to the whole tracts of land once theirs and the whole Jewish nation to be so soon forgot not country of Samaria was in the hands of to say that so strict a Pharisee as St. Paul, those whom the Jews looked upon as the (who probably reviewed this gospel,) vilest kind of Gentiles, that is, the Sannareducated by Gamaliel, would be sun- to Hans. All that appears as to the circumremember it with some peculiar emotion, stance now before us is, that every one Oi'tht tnniuJts tbat happened in the days was obli^rd to be enrolled at the pl^ce io
b
And
this
was
the
Jirst
enrolment
Cyrenius,
afterwards governor
66
Joseph and Mary come from Nazareth.
a circumstance wisely ordered by Providence, to verify the truth of ancient proph" T~ ecies and introduce the promised Messiah as, II. 3 by their coming to be thus registered among the subjects of the Roman empire, the subjec' tion of the Jews to the Romans very remarkably appeared. And thus the parents of Christ were provi- 4 And Joseph also 4 dentially broughtto Bethlehem, the place where Zlfont ofX^fty the Messiah was to be born, without leaving any of Nazareth, into Jiiroom to suspect them of artifice and design for, dea unto the city of being thus obliged by the emperor's authority, ^B^MehenT ftf Joseph xvent up from Galilee, even out of the city cause he was of the qf Nazareth, where he then dwelt, into the land house andlineage of of Judea, most properly so called, to the city of avid >) David, which is called Bethlehem, which was the town where his ancestors had formerly been settled {for, notwithstanding Joseph was reduced so low as to follow the trade of a carpenter, yet he was originally o/* the family and royal house*ect. he enrolled:
5 hold of David
that he
d
:
It
to
was
to
went up
be enrolled
Bethlehem therefore and thither he ;
took with him, by divine direction^ Mary espoused wife, who was now big- with child, and very near the time of her delivery. But the town was so crowded on this occa6 sion, that they were obliged to lodge in ^w'^^jfl'JL**^ stable of a public house, though, in her present th ere the days were circumstances, it was so very inconvenient for her. And so it was that, while they zvere there, either waiting for the proper officer who was to register the people, or staying till their own turn came, the days of her pregnancy were fulfil-
5 xo be taxed with Mary, his eshis poused wife, being glea 1C '
which hi* family belonged ; and the obe- improper to say lie was of his family and for all the descendants of dience of the Jews to this decree is a plain household too pi-oof that they were now dependant on the Eliab and his otlier brethren, if there were Romans, and the sceptre was depart ingfrmn any such remaining, would have been of See Lightfoot's Harmony on Luke David's family, yet not of his household. jfudah10, and If the word lineage only signified descendii. 1; and compare Gen. xlix. ants, it would be exceeding proper to give Numb. xxiv. 24. d Of the family and royal household of Luke's sense but, as I apprehend it inhave here rendered c/<gr eludes collateral branches, I thought lit to Da<oid.~\ I family, and <ar*lpi*. household because I change it. e By divine direction.] One could hardly apprehend with Grotius, that it may refer to the divisions of the tribes into families imagine he would otherwise have exposed Compare Numb. i. 18, her to the hazards of such a journey at so and households. for, whatever the and Josh. vii. 17, 18. Inthissense unseasonable a time seq. of the words, after having told us that Emperor's commands were, such a case as Joseph was of the house of David, it would Mary's must to be sure have been admitted have been very unnecessary to add he was as an excuse for her not complying witii^t. also of hisfamily ; but it was not at all
:
&
An ongel
appears
to the
shepherds,
C7
accomplished that ed, and the time came that she should be deliver- sfct. Xshe should be deli* she b r0Ugilt ort h her Son, even him e C character of the Firstborn Liike 7 And she brought that justly bears the
^ And
'
her firstborn that glorious and excellent Person, who was n. 7 Son, and wrapped Fj rs tborn of every creature, and the Heir
forth
^g
of Sm&SShB but
in a
all
thing..
And A* no sooner was delivered,
immediately she swathed him; being so manger, because there was no room miraculously strengthened by God, in this hour for them in the inn. of extrem i ty> as to be able to perform that office
herself ;K (7?z^,having no other conveniencynear, she laid him in a manger which belonged to one of the stalls there h because (as we have just now said) there was no room for them in any of the
;
8 chambers belonging to the inn. j n j ther were some shepherds in that country 'eld and watchsLplKnlTabidingin who were then lying out in the ft
8
And
there were
the
field,
watch
flock by
over
wolves and other beasts of prey And, behold, on a 9 there. 9 And lo the angel of the Lordcame sudden, an angel of the Lord came upon them, upon them, and the and appeared in a visible form, standing in the glory of the Lord tne j r heads and their eyes were immeshone round about ...... , ,, r+ t j diately directed to it by the glory oj the Lord, them; and they were *orc afraid. which shone round about them with such incomparable lustre, as had in former ages been the usual symbol of the Divine Presence And they
:
mght
keeping ing, in their turns, over their flocks by night ;* their vvn ich it was necessary they should do, to guard
against the
which were
common
1.
xvere exceedingly terrified at so

*
uncommon and
See before the par- signifies a stall, yet it is certain that more on Mat. i. 25. Sect. 8. frequently it signifies avianger; and the manger was the most proper part of the stall p. 35. If (as S Being so miraculously strengthened, in which the Infant could be laid. tradition says) this stable was cut out of a cjfc.~] I had in the Jirst edition, here and in many other places, inserted the word rock, the coldness of it must, at least by but, on the night, have greatly added to its other inprobably in the paraphrase : whole, considering that in all such per^ conveniences. in their turns over their fiock i Watching formanccs the author, and not the paraphrast, is supposed to speak, I judge it by night.] The original yvhuva-wltc <pv\<*.niore proper here to remind my reader xa? tx? WX.7&, might more literally be (as I have elsewhere intimated) that he is rendered, keeping the watches of the night to take it for granted I do not pretend in which intimates their taking it by turnt to this instance, and a great many others, watch according to the usual divisions oi to speak confidently but that the different the night. And as it is not probable that character, which distinguishes the divine they exposed their flocks to the coldness text from my fallible, though upright, at- of winter nights in that climate where, as tempts to illustrate it, must guide him in Dr. Shaw has shewn, tin y were so very determining what is certain, and what only unwholesome (see Shaw's TVavele, p- 379,) probable, and perhaps, after all, very doubt- it maybe strongly argued, from this circumstance, that those who have fixed upon ful. h A manger which belonged to one of December for the birth of Christ have the stalls there.] Though Heinsius has been mistaken in the time of it. learnedly proved that *7r* sometimes
The
Firstborn.]
i
,
aphrasc and note
68
sect, so
With the glad tidings of the birth of Christ.

awful an appearance.
i
amazement, them, in i-ii-est an d mostthe angel saidi.unto manner, e miio condescending Luke
-
And, while they stood

i
in silent
10 An< l the angel *" ea E f ^J', not behold, I ' or bring you good tid.
sa ' d xv
II.
10
Be
of great not affrighted, ye shepherds for the design of my appearance to you hath nothing ter- wlucl1 shall be
!
ing-s
joy, to all
rible in it but, on the contrary, behold, and take the most thankful notice of it, I bring you good news, and greet you with the tidings of great and universal joy, which shall be now occasioned, not only to you, but to all people in the whole Jewish nation, yea, and to all the 1X r 11 human race. For this very day, this welcome born this unt ymiis K. day, in the . ,, t i k and unto blessed clay, there is born unto you, c ;ty of David, a all nations, a Glorious Saviour who is, even Saviour which is Christ the Lord, that Illustrious sovereign, christ the Lord, whom you have so long been taught to expect, by the title, and under the character, of the Messiah He is even now born in the neighbouring city of David his royal father and I
; , ,
.
call
you
to
offer
him your
earliest
homage.
far12
42 Go, therefore, into the town without any

ther delay,
,
:
And
l
this shall
;
and inquire after him for this be a *' K n unto you e sha11 find the [shall be] 'a sign to you, by which you will easi- J J 6 Babe wrapped m \ u r-c j r iy know him you xvillfind him an infant in swaddling- clothes, sxvaddling bands, lying in a manger belonging lying- in a mang-er.
,
i_
to one of the inns.
13
And immediately, to confirm them
in the belief
Ancl
Sl l<klenly
of so strange a truth as thatthis illustrious Prince an . e l a multitude of should be born in such mean circumstances as the heavenly host, he had now described, there was seen with the praising God, and sa ingangel that spake to them a great multitude of the ^ celestial army praising God, and saying, in the most cheerful and harmonious accents, Glory 14 Glory to God be to God in the highest heavens, and let all in the h j.fhest and * on .... & ... earth peace, the angelic legions resound his praises in the goodwill towards most exalted strains for with the Redeemer's men. birth peace and all kinds of happiness come down to dwell on earth ; yea, the overflowings of divine benevolence and favour are now exercised towards sinful men, who, through this
'
>
,
.
\ There is born unto you.] That one of the Bodleian manuscripts reads it, h/aw to us, is of very little weight, considering the consent of copies on the other side ; and affords but a very slender support, to Mr. Fleming's conjecture, that this was a glorified human spirit, perhaps that of Attain, all whose happy descendants might,
he thinks, make up the chorus. ("Fleming's

Christology, Vol.
I. p. 80.] I should rather imagine, with Grotius, thatthis angel was
Gabriel. Glory to God in the highest ; and peace on earth ; benevolence and favour towards men.] I am well aware of the ambiguity of these words-. I do not mean as to the
1
The shepherds come and find him
in a maftgeY.
69
&Ect.
Saviour become the objects of his complacential Echo it back, O ye mortal abodes, to delight " Glory to God in the highest on earth ours benevolence and favour unto men !" peace 15 And it came to j{ nc] jf came to pass that, as soon as the angels pass, as to***}*i(!pttrtedfrom them, and returned back a into r J were pone away into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, Lome, from them heaven, the shep- let ns go immediately' to Bethlehem, and see this herds said one to ~ reat thin? 7vhich is done, even this wonderful mother Let us now anfl important event which the Lord hath so go even unto Bethkhem, and see this graciouslv made knoivn unto us. And, accordthing winch is come m glv, with one consent, they came in haste, be: !
!
n.14 15
16
to pass, which the Lord hath made known unto us.
16 And they came
found
sepli,
Maraud j
And when they
it,
and the Babe lying in a manger,

17
had seen
they
r^w
reading
thici!
, , a flocks to ' ore t ie ni ght was over, leaving their the care of Providence ; and, entering into the town, thev followed the direction which the an S el S ave them ' and <\^y found Mary and Joseph, and the newborn Infant with them, just in the circumstance which had been described, lying in a manger. And, zvhen they had yiexved this scene of wonders, and had attentivel V considered [it,] they humbly paid their dutiful respects unto their newborn Saviour ; and having acquainted his parents with the marvellous vision they had seen, they immediately published abroad a full account of this
,.
'
For though the Alexandrian, and : other manuscripts, instead of mfoxiA, give it tofcxtets, as it" the angels were proclaiming peace to men of favour and goodwill, or unto* those who were the objects of the di\ inc benevolence and complacency (which is a reading that has been approved by many particular by Beza ;) learned men, and in yet I think the authority of that is overborne by the more general consent of the most ancient manuscripts, as well as by the Tm7oH*ofthe oldest date, and the quotations of the fathers in tiie most early ages, which almost universally oppose it. (See .Mr// and G>otius on the place.) But, taking the original as it stands, Ao?* v v^tg-oi; sw,
;
or favour, which
the glory
is
now shewn
to
men,
is
in ynt s/pxvK, v *v9g&'7rw vjtti*, we must allow it to be capable of different senses. Some chuse to render it, Glory to God
x.*t
heaven,) and on peace, ycufavour, towards men ; But then, I think, instead of tv i/4<rw> it rathor would have been y xûvcd ^ for so it is
in the highest, (that is, in
;
earth
earth.
always usual to express, in heaven and upon (Compare Mat. vi. 10 Luke xi. 2 1 Cor. viii. 5 Eph. i. 10 hi. 15 Col. i. 16, 20 ; Rev. v. 3, 1.3.) Others have given as the sense of it, that the goodwill, plained.
; ; ; ; ;
of God in the highest, and is the peace or happiness of those that dwell on earth: And this indeed is an important sense, and the original well enough will bear it. But thus to change the doxolngy into a kind of proverb or aphorism, seems to destroy much of its beauty. I rather think that they are all to be considered as the words of a rejoicing acclamation, and that they strongly represent the piety and benevolence of these heavenly spirits, and their affectionate good wishes for the prosperity of the Messiah's kingdom. (Compare Mat. xxi. 9 Mark xi. 10 and especially Luke xix. .38.) The new tram. lation that has been latelv published, where it is rendered, to men on earth felicity in the divine favour, does indeed express the sense of the two latter clauses, but by no means with equal ardour. The shouts of a multitude are generally broken into short sentences, and are commonly elliptic; which is the only cause of the ambiguity here. As this beauty could not be preserved in a paraphrase, I have ivpcated the words, after th.ev lud been ex,.;
Vol.
70
sect,
êy
-
return glorifying and p raining God.
remarkable occurrence, and gave a particular was to*d thcrn concermn S ** Child relation of the whole of that which had been so wonderful a way, concerning Luke t0 ^ them, And, upon hearing this strange ac11.17 this Child. is And all they 18 count, there was a general surprise and, though that heard it wondered at those things thev were nrevented, by the meanness of his J winch were told 2 r birth, trom shewing a due regard to one that made them by the shepno better an appearance, yet all that heard [it~\ herds. were astonished at those things which were related ar 13 to them by the shepherds on this subject. But 19 But ^ > ke P*; J J r all these thinsrs, and , r ,, ,. Mary particular treasured, up all these things, pen(\ ere d them in and carefully retained them in her memory her heart and, though she did not blaze them abroad among the populace, or make any vain boast of such extraordinary favours and testimonies, yet she attentively regarded all these wonderful events, entering into the meaning [of theni\ in the secret reflections of her heart and improv-
'
m
.
ing them all, as a further confirmation of what had been before revealed to her, and a foundation for the earlv acting of her faith and rever-
ence towards her Divine Son. And the shepherds returned Horifuinp- and. **? And the shep-j herds returned glori n j r n the j.il- L ,i praising God for all *u things which they had fying and pr:fising heard and seen at Bethlehem, so perfectly agree- God for all the things able in every circumstance to the account they that they had heard had received but just before, as it was told unto JSdwTto them* WaS them by the angel admiring the mercy of God in sending such a Saviour, and his condescension in favouring them with such early discoveries of him. 21 And when eight days from the birth of this 21 And when
20
11
Holy
Infant ruere fulfilled,

,
(that
'.
is,
when
,
the
dav was come,) his pious parents failed r 4, ... ,. not, according to the Mosaic law, under which they were placed, to circumcise the Child ; that so, though he had not any corruptions of nature to mortify, which was in part represented by that institution, he might nevertheless, in a regular manner, be initiated into the Jewish Church,
eigtith
,
days were acconi P lished & the circumcising' of the child, his name was
ei g" ht
" Entering into the meaning, &c] I ap- an account of those particulars, which the prehend Eisner has abundantly vindicated sacred historians have recounted above,
this sense of the word o-uftGxMnra., in his note on this place.

n
relating- to the
;
conception of this Divine
Infant and this interview must greatly Which they had heard and seen at confirm and comfort the minds of all conBethlehem.] Joseph and Mary would, no cerned. ddtibi, upon such an occasion g-ive them
Reflections on the birth of Christ.
%i
âiledJESUS, which an d thereby be engaged to the duties and enwas so named ofthe titled to the priv Abraham, ac* es of a son of .. .. an ere 1 before he was , A And fits name xvas Luke covenant. conceived in the cording to that called JESUS, that is, the Divine Saviour ; a n.il womb. name bij which the angel had called him before he
iw
zvas conceived in the zuomb of his virgin mother.
IMPROVEMENT.
what humble amazement should we contemplate this Verse appearance of our Incarnate Redeemer Surely all the an- 6, 7 gels of heaven might justly have admired his condescension in assuming such a nature as ours, and wearing a mortal frame, though it had been attended with all the ornaments and splendors Though, at his entrance into our low earth could have given it. world, he had been born of an imperial family, placed under a canopv of velvet and gold, or laid to repose on pillars of down, all this had been deep abasement in the eyes of those who had beheld the glories of his celestial throne, and the honours paid him by cherubims and seraphims : But, behold, the Son of God, and the Heir of all things, is not merely in the abodes of men^ but in a place destined for beasts, and, while wrapped in sxuaddling clothes, is laid in a manger ! Yet, O blessed Jesus, how much more venerable was that stable and manger, when graced with thy sacred presence, than the most 12 magnificent palace, or most shining throne of earthly princes How ill doth it become thv disciples to seek for themselves great things in this life, or to be proud of its pomp and grandeur Give us, O God, the simplicity of children, and make us willing to be conformed to the birth of thy Son as well as to his death ! Yet, mean as his birth might appear, his Heavenly P'ather did see him, in this wonderful 9 not leave him without witness. account that the Evangelist hath given us, surrounded with a brighter lustre than a court or a crown could have afforded. Angelic legions are employed as heralds to proclaim the newborn 1 King. And to whom are they sent I To humble pious shep- 8 herds, diligently emploved in the duties of their proper calling, and watching by night for the security of their flocks. Who would not gladlv have shared in their poverty and fatigue, to have heard with them these good tidings of great joy P 10 Let us observe with what delight these courtiers of heaven 13,14 undertook the happy embassy to these lowly mortals. Let us
first
!
With
We
Grotius of them inhabitants of Bethlehem, their o His name was called yetus.~\ thinks there might be an assembly of most kinswoman would not, in such circumof the remainders of David's family on this stances, have been reduced to the ncccso;casion but surely, had there been marry srty of Lodging in a 6table.
1
2&
sect.
The purification of Maty.

r t h pleasure attend to the anthem of these benevolent spirits'. Far Irom envying the favour that was done us, they ascribe glory to God for it, and take their part in the joy they give. Let this love of the whole heavenly host to us awaken our love to them, and our longing for that blessed world where we and they shall surround our dearest Redeemer, not in such a form of abasement as that in which he here appeared, but clothed in that celestial lustre with which God hath rewarded the humiliations of the manger and the cross.
"
"14
In the mean time let our more intimate concern in this great salvation engage us more cordially to join with these blessed angels in their hallelujahs , ascribing glori/ to God in the highest for this peace on earth, this goodwill towards men, the great fountain
!
of our present tranquillity and future hope Above all, if Divine Grace hath conquered all the foolish prejudices of our hearts against Christ, and taught us with humble faith to apply to him, 20 let us, with the shepherds, bless God for the things which have 1 7 been shewn us, and make it our care to spread abroad the favour of his name, that others may join with us in paying their homage
and their praises
to
him
SECT. XL
The purification of Mary and her offering in the temple ; where Christ is presented to God, and has a very memorable testimony given him by Simeon and Anna. Luke II. 22 39.
her son at Bethlehem, when the forty days fication,accordingto a PP omt edyor her purification,* according to the the la w of Moses, Luke were accomplished, II. 22 time limited by the law ofMoses, (Lev. xii. 2, 4)
1a
A ND ^^ MaiJ Had beCn thUS delivered f A cufsoThc^puHb

',
LUKE
II. 22.
Luke
II. 22.
were fulfilled
a
Jesus was taken by his parents

ttifltt;.']
Her
purification
,-
x.*.Qxpia-jux
circumcision
The Alexandrian, and some
other man- world,

law,
thus fulfil all righteousness. But as the as ceremonially unclean, i might not be law that is referred to in this place, speaks improper (with Erasmus and some of the only of the woman, and of the sacrifice most considerable expositors) to admit that was appointed to be offered for her this reading, and to render it their puri- purifying, I have retained the common For, reading, and have made no alteration in fication, as referring to them both. notwithstanding it is true that Christ had the version. b The forty days no moral impurity, from which he needed were fulfilled.'] Mr. to be cleansed, yet we may well enough Whiston has supposed in his Harmony, suppose him, as he bore our sins, to have (prop. xiv. page 158, Isf seq.J that these submitted to Jhis ordinance as well as forty days wore not accomplished till $eh'
uscripts, rcadat/7&'v ; and, as it must be that both mother and child, for a while after the birth, were looked upon
: and as he came into the made of a woman, made under the he would be ready to comply with
owned
any institution of the law, that he might
Jesns
they brought him to Jerusalem, topic sent him to the Lord ;
is
brought
to
be presented in the temple.
72,
in obe- sect dience to the divine command, the i/ brought him to Jen/sale))!, there to present him as a firstborn j . According jj, 22 23 (As it is writ- son before the Lord in the temple ; ten in the law of the as it is written in the law of the Lord (Exod. 23 Lord, Every male xiii. 2; Numb. viii. 16, 17) that "every the that openeth womb shall be cal- firstborn male shall be called holy to the Lord, led holy to the and shall be treated as devoted in a peculiar Lord ;j manner to his service." Agreeable to this
from the place where he was born, and,
'
precept they now went up to redeem him, c at the price of live shekels, which was the sum appointed to be paid for every eldest son, without any regard to the condition of the family (comAnd to offer a 24 24 And to offer a pare Numb, xviii. 15, 16.) sacrifice according sacrifice, according to xvhat is enjoined in the law to that which is said of the Lord, Lev. xii. 6, 8 ; where they, whose in the law of the Lord, A pair of tur- circumstances were so mean as that they could doves, or two not conveniently afford a lamb, are ordered to tle young pigeons. bring a pair of turtle doves, or two young pigeons ;
return from Egypt : But although this may give the easiest solution to ver. 39, it crowds so many events into that little space, and so entirely depends on a precarious hypothesis,, that Christ was bom about a month before the death of Herod (which I 'line has entirely overthrown, think Mr. his Dissertation on the birth of Ovist, p. 42 45,) thai it seems evident upon the whole, that the purification preceded the flight into Egypt, as most Uarmonizers have thought. But whether the purification was before or after the visit of the wise men
shall only observe that this is one of the many instances in which the order of the sacred story cannot be circumstantially determined with demonstrative evidence. c They went up to redeem him.] God having acquired a peculiar right to the firstborn of Israel, by preserving them aiiiidst the destruction brought on the firstborn of the Egyptians, though he had accepted of the tribe of Levi as an equivalent, yet would have the memory of it
all, I
preserved by this
oi'
little
acknowledgment
is
not so plain
have placed
it
before
probable she had not then received the presents that were offered by the wise men. Nevertheless, I acknowledge it very possible that the purification might happen during the interval of Herod's waiting for the return of the wise men ; and that the holy family might go from Jerusalem to Egypt the very night after Jesus had been presented in the temple as Garthwait
;
and in case of an omismight reasonably have been expected that the child should be cut off by some judgment. The firstborn therefore were redeemed by paying of this money, in such a sense as all the people were when, at the time that they were numbered, each of them paid half a shekel as a ransom for their souls, that there might be no plague among them , as there might intimates in his excellent Harmony (chap, otherwise have been if that acknowledgment of the Divine Goodness had been xi. xii.) which is so accurately and judiExod. xxx. 1216. But that ciously composed, that, as far as I can omitted judge, most of the faults in Le Clerc, \\mfive shekels demanded for the firstborn Whiston, Wells, 8cc. may be corrected by were paid to redeem them from being sacrificed on the altar, is one of the most it. It was first printed at Cambridge, 1634, and is almost entirely the same with that false and malicious insinuations that ever which was afterwards published under the came even from the most inveterate enename of Mr. Locke's Life of Christ. After my of revelation
be redeemed at
it
;
chiefly that I might not interrupt the bread of the story and partly because the meanness of the virgin's sacrifice makes it
;
(or about twelve shitlings five shekels and sixpence of our money,) which was the price that every firstborn child must
sion here,
Y4>
Shneon embraceth Christ.
which offering suited best the virgin's rank in life, and she did not affect on this occasion to exceed it. U And behold, there xvas then at Jerusalem a 11 25 ty a j certain man, xvhose name xvas Simeon r and lie [?u.9] one that was a singularly righteous and reUsrious person, who was "waiting, with many othL ^ s r a .cu t\t u ers at that time,/or the coming ol the Messiah, Israel ; e and the the great expected consolation of Holy Spirit of prophecy xvas sometimes in an 26 extraordinary manner upon him: iâmong other things it xvas divinely revealed unto him f by the Holy Spirit, that he should not die before seen the Great Anointed of the Lord, and tie had ,,.,,,, t/t -l his eves had beheld the promised Messiah. the secret, but powerful And he came under 2,7
XI
'
sect,
25 And behold, . there was a man,
m Jerusalem
whose name was Simeon

'_
and the same man was just and devout, J walt ing for the con
.
solution
of Israel;
and the Holy Ghost
W
^VTiIdit"^ re*
vealed unto him by the Holy Ghost, that he h u d n ot e J? ) ? death before he had seen the Lord's
.
Christ.
,
And he came 2 impulse of the Spirit, into the temple, just at the f by the Spirit into the /* r^ / r/ i ^ l juncture ol time xvhen [his] parents brought in t mpie f and when the child Jesus into the court of Israel there, that the parents brought they might do for him according to the custom in the child Jesus, to do for him after the which the authority ,''_. divine law had .re- custom oi tile law, " of the 28 quired and established in such cases. And 28 Then took he when the pious Simeon had discovered him by him up in his arms, an 8Sed God ' his prophetic gift, and saw that well known prophecy accomplished, (Hag. ii. 7) that the Desire of all nations should come into that second temple, he was transported at the sight of this desirable Child, and took him with a sacred rapture into his arms, and praised God, and said, with the highest elevations of devotion and joy, 29 Lord, now let29 Now, 0, mvSovereign Lord and Master, I thanktest thou thy servant fully acknowledge that thou dismisses! thu ser depart in peace ac/T vant to the repose oi the grave in peace;% and 1 can
j.
J^
'
d Whose name was Simeon.'] Had Simon been, as some suppose, the president of the council, and father of the celeforated Gamaliel, St. Luke would prop-
speaking was made use of by the prophets, who ofi.cn introduce the promise ot Uie Messiah's coming, to comfort the people
xlix.
ably have inserted so honourable a
cir-
of God in their afflictions. Compare Isa. 13; lii. 9 lxvi. 13; Jer. xxxi. 13;
;
cumstance.
e The consolation of Israel.] This is a phrase that frequently is used, both by the ancient and modern Jews, for a descriptionofthe Messiah. The days of consolation is a common phrase among them, to signify the days of the Messiah,- nor is there any thing- more usual with them than to swear by their desire of seeing this consolation,- as Dr. Lightfoot proves by
1
andZech. i. 17. That he should not

*
die.]
Our
transla-
tion, that he should not see death, is most literal; but I did not apprehend the antithesis, between seeing death, and seeing
Christ, to be intended as at all material, and therefore did not retain the Hebraism, s Thou dismissest thy servant in peace.'] There may perhaps be an allusion here to the custom of saying-, especially to an inAnd ferior, when parting, Go in peace. See several instances, Hor. Hebr. in loc. 'it is easy to observe that the same way of note, on Luke vn, 50. sect. Ix.
.
The prophecy of Simeon;

cording' to thy
re"'-
since thou hast dealt with me "jfJ1 the gracious engagements of thy For mine eyes have at length Luke 30 For mine eyes word to me have seen thy salva- beheld him, whom thou hast appointed as the n. 3ft
word
jj e
w ith pleasure,
to
;
according
great instrument of thy long expected salvation hast preparedto 31 Which thou Even that salvation, rvhich thou hast prepared before set before the face of all people, as the glorious the face of all people; Ordaining him 32, 3 ect Q f their faith and hope j alight for the illumination of the Gentiles, uiL^th^Gen^le"; to be
31
i
t10 "'
people Israel.
and the glory of thy to reveal the way of life to them that sit darkness and in the shadow of death, as well as giving him to be the consolation and the glory of
thy people Israel,
who have
the honour of being
peculiarly related to him.

. Andwhen they heard this glorious testimony 33 , . ,.~-' T cv / jl~i and his mother mother marvel- given to the infant Jesus, Joseph led at those things -were astonished at those things-which zuere spoken which were spoken n \ m by so eminent a prophet ; which appear.
,
M Ana Joseph and ww 33

-
his
rf hira
ed to them so much the more remarkable when compared with the miraculous circumstances which had attended his conception and birth.
.
-
both,praymg affectionately tor tnem, Blessed them, and w^y.yra said unto Mary his that the favour of might continually- attend mother, Behold this and said to Mary his mother, Behold this Child is set tor the r r .,,,,., '~~ C , r of thine is appointed for an occasion ot fall and rising again [Child] of many in Israel, the fall and rising again of many in Israel, as he
0A 84
A Simeon And c
And Simeon, Mew

.
in the
.
warmth of his devotion, 34

.
God
^
;
and
for a sign
which
gainLt
&
'
n fact s h all ^ e t h e means of bringing aggravated min U P n SOme h Y their rej ectin S him > ** well as of procuring salvation and recover}- to others on their believing in him andhis appearance in the world shall be such as if he was intended and set upfor a mark of contradiction and reproach, h to be a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence to many, while he shall be to
;
*hall pierce
Tea, 33 35 (Yea, a sword others for a sanctuary, (Isai. viii. 14.) through he be j t h such cruel malice and indignity shall
thy
own
soul also
;)
^^^
that the time will

it
come when a
dart
shall (as
were) pierce through thine oxvn saulj

i
A dart thai! pierce through thine ovsn soul.] h A mart nf'contradiction and reproach.] The word 9v,,w 3 y seems here to be used Though g^?*/* seems often to signify a 11. In sword, as particularly, in Rev. for a mark or butt to shoot or dart at
1.
;
which
finely intimates the deliberate
mal-
hellish artifice with which the character and person of Christ was asSaulted while he endured the contradiction of
ice 'and
12, 16 this it
8 ;) yet we are assured by Groproper!) signifies a Thracian javemay perhaps (asVEnfant obIt [in. serves) be a beautiful allusii n to the pre;
vi.
silinen against himself,
Heb.
xii. 3.
ceding figure, as
ii it
had beeu toid hWJ
76
sect. ancj
The testimony of Anna.
wound thee in the most sensible manner, when thou art witness to those agonies which But these strange revoluLuke sna^ penetrate his.
11.35 tions shall
.
be permitted, and these mysterious scenes of Providence be opened, that the secret , ,, r i i tholights and reasonings oj many hearts may be disclosed; or that the real characters of men may be discovered, and the sincerity of those who are approved may be made manifest while the hvpocrisy and earthly mindedness of those, who intend only their own secular advantage, under the specious pretence of waiting for the Messiwho will be ah's kingdom, shall be exposed soon offended at the obscure form of his appearance, and at the persecutions which shall attend him and his cause. And there was also [one] Anna a prophetess, 36 the daughter of Phanuel, a person o/some conShe was siderable note in the tribe of Asher. <* . . ,. now very jar advanced in years, having lived years -with a husbandfrom the time oxAy seven 37 of her virginity: And, as her husband died J , ., i j while she xvas very young, she had now been a zvidow about eighty four years k who, whatever estate she might have in the country, departed i .i_. j ,; r t notfrom Jerusalem, but kept always so near the temple as to be able to resort thither at the hours of morning and evening sacrifice serving[God] with frequent fastings and prayers in which this devout matron spent a considerable part of the And she coining 38 night as xvell as of the day. in at that very time, which was the hour of praver, joined with Simeon in what he had done, r / y\. i w 77 / 7 j x and publicly made her acknoxvledgments to the m that is, to Jesus, who was now present Lord,
j.
tuat tne thoughts of many hearts may be
revea i eci
36 And there was one Anna a prophet

Phanuel,^S?*?.** of the tribe f Aser she was of a great age, and had lived with a husband seven years from her
.
:
"
s'
the
v ii-sinity
,-
And she was a widow of about four37

score and four ' years; ' whlch depart d not from the temple, but served God with fast"?&? an <l prayers
38 And she comtng in that instant, ave thanks likewise unto the Lord,
that the darts levelled at her son should be reflected from his breast to hers in such a manner as to wound her very heart. Whether it be rendered sword or dart it must undoubtedly refer to the part the holy virgin took in all the reproaches and
met with but never was it so signally fulfilled as when she stood by the cross, and saw him at once so scornfully insulted and so cruelly murdered. See John xix. 25. k Had now been a widow about eighty four year,s.~] I know that Grotius and many others interpret this of her whole age hut I think it most natural to suppersecutions which Jesus
;
;
that the time of her marriage is opto that of her widowhood. In which she spent a considerable part of the night as well as of the day.~\ This is plainly the meaning of night and day, nor can the expression possibly signify more. Perhaps she might sometimes attend those anthems which the priests sung in the temple during the night watches, Ps. to which David may also cxxxiv. 1, 2 allude, Psal. cxix. 62. m Made her acknowledgments to the Lord, that is, to Jesus Avba>/u.oAo-)ti]o ru Kvfiu.lt The late English version renders it, She expressed her thanks to the Lord, and mpahc o4
pose
'
posed
Joseph and
and spake of him to them that looked for redemption in Jerusalem.
all
j
Mary
;
depart from Jerusalem.
77
se ct-
her acquaintance in Jerusa . ~~~ t/ Wfrf waiting, like her, yor the prom- Lu ke /e/ra by the Messiah, of n. 38 ised redemption of Israel whose speedy appearance there was an earnest
f
.
n tne temple R h
and afterwards spake concerning

.
XL
"^
expectation raised among the pious and devout, as the appointed period of his coming now evidently approached." 39 At, d when j^ n(i t h e p areil ts of Jesus, when they hadper- 39 alTuiin^s^ccordins/orm^ all things according to the law of the Lord, and full of admiration to the law of the departed from Jerusalem Lord, they returned at t h e glorious testimonies that were given to into Galilee, to their afterwards returned h . Child ;
;
.
own city,
Nazareth.
o Galilee,
to their
own
city Nazareth,?
.,.
\T
which
Jesus ; and it must be acknowledged there are in this very section two instances in which the relative pronoun refers to a remote, and not immediately preceding,
substantive
;
ver.
22
and
27.
But
it
is
so evident, that Christ is often called the Lord by Luke, as well as by the other sacred writers, that I can see no necessity for giving this passage such a turn, contrary to all the ordinary rides of language. And if it be objected that the infant Jesus did not seem capable at that time of resenting her gratitude, as a rational agent, I answer that Anna might properly be said to mate her acknowledgments to the Lord, if she addressed herself to the Child, as Simeon had done, confessing him to be The original phrase may the Messiah. have a reference to Simeon's speech, and might be intended to intimate that this of Anna was a kind of response, or counterpart to his. But it is also very probable that she, like Simeon, might also address some lofty hymn of praise to the God of Israel on this great occasion and if any one think the word Lord is here put for Jehovah, though the former interpretation
;
and of the holy family's retiring into Egypt and so has taken no notice of their returning anymore to Bethlehem. But there is no sufficient reason to conclude from hence, that these occurrences were antecedent to the purif cation of Mary, and that the holy family immediately returned from Jerusalem to Nazareth. For we have many other instances of a like kind, where events are connected by Luke, and the other Evangelists, which did not imof which mediately follow each other
;
xxiv. 50, is particularly memorable, as will be shewn in its proper place.
Luke
I
latitude, as
therefore with some to me probable that upon leaving Jerusalem, they returned to
have expressed
it
it
seems
Bethlehem, where they were visited by the wise men; and which, as they had found it to be the place appointed for the birth of Christ, they might suppose also to be the place designed for his education and abode, and might not choose to remove from thence till God had ordered them to do it. (See Lightfoot's Harmony, However, if they now Mat. ii. init.J returned to Nazareth, it is more than seems to me more just and natural, I possible that Providence might bring them shall not oppose it as an error of any im- afterwards to Bethlehem, upon some ocportance.
period of his coming now evidently approached.] The sceptre now appeared to be departing from Judah, though it was not actually gone Daniel's weeks were plainly near their period and the revival of the spirit of prophecy, joined with the memorable occurrences relating to the birth of John the Baptist, and of Jesus, could not but encourage and quicken the expectation of pious persons at this time. o They afterwards returned to Galilee.'] Luke has omitted the acrnunt that Matthew gives us oi'vlie visit of the wise men,
"
; ;
The
casion or other, that when the wise men came to inquire after Jesus they might find him in the place to which they were directed. See Mr. Manne's first Dissertation on the birth
compare
section.
note "
of Christ, p. 41, 42, and on Mat. ii. 11, in the next
P To their own city Nazareth.] It hath been suggested to me by a very learned and ingenious writer, sine*' the publication of the preceding note, that the parents of Christ carried him back from Jerusalem to Bethlehem after Xin- purification, and lived tbere year r mure before the Maî
Vol.
k.
7&
Reflections on the testimonies
sect. was. the place of their usual residence,
and where _ (as will be seen hereafter) this Blessed Infant Luke P asse d the days of his childhood and youth.
39
II.
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
Who can behold the pious. Simeon thus welcoming death, whilst 28 he embraced his Saviour, without wishing to pass over the intermediate moments of life to meet so peaceful a dissolution ? May we, like him, approve ourselves the faithful servants of God 29 and then we may hope that, when our distnission comes, we shall share in his serenity and joy We may comfortably expect it, if our eyes are now opened to SO 31 behold with wonder and delight the great salvation he has prepared to? his people and if our hearts, with our lips, are fre32 quently praising him for this light which he hath given to lighten the Gentiles as well as to be the glory of his people Israel. 34 As such may Christ be universally owned and adored, both by Jews and Gentiles ! In the, mean time, while he is set up as a mark of contradiction and contempt, let us not be ashamed ol him or of his words but rather let those indignities which are offerLet 35, ed to him be as a sword to pierce thrpugh our own souls. Us remember that the gospel, with all the difficulties which attend it, is the great touchstone by which God will try the characters of all to whom it comes. May our ready acceptance of it, and our zealous adherence to that sacred cause, approve the humble sincerity with which we inquire into its evidence that Christ may not be to us a stone of stumblijig and a rock of offence, but 38 rather the means of raising us to God and happiness, even to that redemption for which thev that wait shall never be ashamed Our circumstances in life are various There are comparatively few who have such leisure for extraordinary devotion as 36 was the privilege of the pious Anna : Where it is found let it be valued and improved But how great and how many soever oui* engagements and entanglements in life may be, let the care of 37 our souls be still our chief concern. Let us be serving God, in one sense or another, night and day ; with prayers, pouring out our souls before him morning and evening and at proper seasons adding fasting to prayer, and public solemnities to private
;
!
retirements
came
;
Joseph probably thinking- it his duty to settle there, from the persuasion he had, that this wonderful Child was the Messiah, and that the Messiah was to be educated, as well as born, at Bethlehem, David's city. From hence he removed to Egypt and when he was directed to come back, Joseph appears to have destgned to return -with Jesus to Betide;
hem, had not God commanded him to go to Nazareth, a place which he seems to have esteemed too contemptible to be the abode of so illustrious a person. And this gentleman thinks that when Nazareth is here called txvtoa/v a.ifla>v, their own city, it intimates an attempt to settle elsewhere in a city that was not their <nu.
of Simeon and Anna.
79
'
let the example of these aged saints impress SEC f conclude and animate those whose hoary heads, like theirs, are a crown of ^ glory, being found in the way of righteousness. (Prov. xvi. 31.) verse Let those venerable lips, so soon to be silent in the grave, be 05 37 now employed in shewing forth the praises of their Redeemer. Surely days should speak, and the multitude of years should teach y such wisdom. (Job xxxii. 7.) Such fruit may they produce in, old age ; and may they have the pleasure to see all these piou? attempts most thankfullv received by the rising generation, and most gratefully received by them that they may quit the world with the greater tranquillity, in the view of leaving those behind them to whom Christ shall be as precious as he hath been to them, and who will be waiting for God's salvation, while they are gone
;
;
To
to enjoy
it
Amen.
SECT.
The
sages, or wise men,
XII.
the east,
come from
;
under the guidance

there.
of a
star, to inquire after Christ
arid being directed unto Bethojfet
lehem,
pay him
II. 1
11.
1.
Mat.
Mat.
'
their
homage, and
him their presents
12.
wh en N, Wwas bornJe \TOW sus in l\ ~

,
Mat.
,
if. 1.
Bethlehemof Judca, in the days of Herod the king-, behold,
in Bethlehem u/sect. , r rr ti>^ J XII Judea, even in the days oj Herod the Great, who at the time of Christ's nativity was king Mat Q f t t countr y, there happened a memorable oc- n. 1 currence, which gave a great alarm to the Jews, and made the sera of Christ's birth very remarkable among them. For behold, there were [certai?i] sages,* thdt is, wise and learned men
Jesus after J J
was born
a Certain sages."]
It
would be quite
for-
cign to my purpose to enumerate the various conjectures of learned men relating to these Magi. I find not amongst them all so wild an hypothesis as that of Vander Hard, (New Memoirs of Lit. Vol. II. page 62. ijf seq.) that they were learned Jews, who came from the colonies carried away by Shalmanezer and Nebuchadnezzar, and were ambassadors in the name of the whole body to pay their homage to the Messiali, and to congratulate their brethren on his birth. It is most probable they were Gentile Philosophers, who, by the Divine Influence on their minds, had been led to improve their knowledge of nature, as the means of leading them to that of the one living and true God; and it is not at all unreasonable to suppose
God had favoured them with some extraordinary revelations' of himself, as he did Melchizedeck, Abimeleeb, Job and his friends, and some others who did not belong to the Abrahamic family, to which he never intended absolutely to confine his favours. As to the title that is here given them, it is certain that the word Ma.yct was not appropriate in ancient times to such as practised wicked arts, but frequently was used to express philosophers, or men of learning and those particularly that were curious in examining- the works of nature, and in observing the motions of the heavenly bodies, (compare Dan. ii. and v. 1JL Xeptuag.J And in2, 27. deed Magi is become a title so familiar to us, and is so far naturalized among us, that I was almost ready to retain it in my
that
;
Sp
sect. XII.
The
-wise
men come
to
inquire after Christ.
Mat
II. i
Cwho, on account of their applying themselves there cime wist men from the east ,i r i u*i 11 to the study oi natural philosophy, wer;e called t0 eruSai en j Magi) that had observed a bright and unusual
l.i
luminary in the heavens, which they were taught to understand as an intimation that a very Illustrious Person was then born in Judea, who was destined by God to that universal empire, the fame and expectation of which
fore
where they dwelt, to Jerusalem, the capital of the Jewish and there they began the inquiry 2 Saying, Where 2 kingdom *. 116 th which had occasioned them to undertake so Kinc ot at 1S horn the Jews , long ajourney, saying to those who they thought for we have seen his might be most likely to inform them, Where is star in the east, and he that is born King of the Jexvs P for we have are come t0 worship seen a beautiful light, which we understand to be his star, in the east country, of which we are and therefore we are come, in humble natives
the east country,
15
had spread so came from

;
far in
those parts
they there-
i_iii
submission to the
will of
d trate ourselves before hi?n,
Providence, to prosand to pay our hom-
age to him. And king Herod, who was a prince of a very 3 When Herod suspicious temper, and whose cruelties had ren- the kin ff had beard dered himexceedingly obnoxious tohis subjects, troifbfed'ând alUe* -when he heard [of this] inquiry of theirs, way rus ale m with him.
very much troubled; and all Jerusalem was also in perplexity with him, fearing he should make it an occasion of renewing some of those tyranniI not feared it might excite in country, and they were obliged to pass readers something of the same through deserts infamous for robbery and idea with magicians, which always sug- murder, which much illustrated their piety and zeal. gests a bad sense, c We have seen his star in the east counI do b Came from the east country.] not venture to determine in the para- try.] There is no need of supposing with phrase, from what part of the east these some of the fathers, that they knew the philosophers came. Had they been (as signification of this star, by comparing it Mr. Fleming supposes in his Christology, with Baabm's prophecy, Numb. xxiv. 17 and ix. 25 nor Vol. II. p. 392) a deputation from all the or Daniel's, Dan. il. 44 Magi in Persia, Media, Arabia, and Chal- can we think, as Grotius seems to intimate, dea, or had they been kings, as the Papists that they discovered it by the rules of their It is much more probable that they fancy, so grand a circumstance as either art. of these would in all probability have been learned it by a Divine Revelation, which it is plain that they were guided by in their I rather think, with expressly recorded. Grotius, that they came from Arabia, return, as we see afterwards at ver. 12. d To prostrate ourselves before trim."] This which is often called the east, (see Gen. 1 Kings I take to be generally the signification of Judg. vi. 3 xxv. 6, 18 Job i. 3
version,
had
common
It is a ceremony still used to Jer. xlix. 28,) and was fa- '^poo-Kumv. mous for gold, frankincense, and myrrh eastern princes, and hath been of great an(compare ver. 11.) And if so, their jour- tiquity. Compare Gen. xlii. 6 and xlili ey la^ tlirough a barren and scorching 26. 2^.
iv.
30; and
Herod
inquireth
where Christ should be born,

lately filled
$1
so sect.
'^
cal actions
which had
them with
4 And when he
much horror." And therefore,
had gathered
jj ero d was afraid might be in called a council nraborn Kin S. together, he do- and had assembled all the chief ot the priests, pie nunded of them and -with them the scribes of the people, whose 3hriStSh Uld was to study and explain the P eculiar business it S burn scriptures, he inquired of them, where it was,
all
the
*.!*
* /-W
to secure his crown,
which Mat danger from this n. 4

1
5 And they said unto him, In "Bethlehera of Judea for

:
11
Se^pheT^
accordingto the Jewish prophecies,that thelongexpected Messiah was to be born.% And they said 3 myWithone consent, He is certainlvto be untQ born at Bethlehem in Judea; for so it is written
" And thou 6 And tho'u.Beth- by the prophet Micah, chap. v. 2. lebem, wthelandof Bethlehem Ephratah, in the land of Judah, as th U y est now a PP ear > among' Uie- inconsiderable h princes of Juda; for yet art by no means the least among the cities
'
ma
e Filled them with so much horror.] % Where the Messiah <iuas to be born.] Besides that shocking instance of his cm- How strongly all this story implies a generelty which he had formerly given in the al expectation of the Messiah, I need not slaughter of their Sanhedrim, (Joseph, say. I would only observe that Herod 4.) isf seems to have believed that such a person Antic/, lib. xiv. cap. 9. (al. 17. lib. xv. cap. 1. 2.) his barbarous inhu- was foretold and, on the credit of the chief manitv was such, that lie had put to death priests and scribes, that he was to be born in his beloved wife Mariamne by a public Bethlehem and yet was, at the same time, execution, ( Antiq. lib. xv. cap. 7. (al. 11.) contriving to destroy him which was the 5.) and after this had caused Alexander height of impious madness as well as cruand Aristobulus, the two sons he had by city. h Art by no means the least.] When her, to be strangled in prison, on what appear to be no other than groundless suspi- this and several other quotations from the cions. (Antiq. lib. xvi. cap. 11. (al. 16.) Old Testament which we find in the New, 6.) These and many other instances of his come to be compared with the original, and even with the Septuagint, it will plainly cruelty are related at large by Josephus and it'was probably about this very time appear that the apostles did not always that be executed many of the Pharisees, think it necessary exactly to transcribe the on occasion of some predictions they had passages they cited, but sometimes congiven out, that God was about to take tented themselves witli giving tlie general away the kingdom from him and like- sense in some little diversity of language, wise slew every one in his own family as Erasmus has well observed in his who adhered to those things that were said memorable note on this text. If the clause by the Pharisees. (Antiq. lib. xvii. cap. 2. in Micah which we render, though thou be (al.3.)4.) From whence it might be little,he translated, art thou small among the seen there was not any thing so barbarous thousands vf Judea ? &.c. it will solve the and horrid which such a cruel tyrant was great difference which there seems to be between the prophet and the evangelist ; and not capable of doing. All the I think it is the easiest solution of it for f All the chief of the priests."] chief priests must comprehend here, not the mark, of interrogation is not always exonly the high priest for the time being, and pressed where the sense shews it must be <Ms deputy, vrith those who formerly bad implied. See the Hebrew of Job xli. 1, 2 borne that office, but also the heads of the 1 Kings xxi. 7 and Zech viii. 6. I do not twenty four courses, as well as any other urge he learned Dr. Pocock's solution, that persons of peculiar eminence in the priest- the word zehhir signifies both little and hood. In this sense Josephus uses the word, great ; which seems by no means so naturAntiq. lib. xx. cap. 8. (al. 6.) 8. p. 973- aland just an account of the matter.though Elit. Hatercamp. Veil on this place prefers it to all others".
; ; ;
:
82
sect,
Herodforms a designio
destroy Christ.
out
f^_i n
Mat
jr.
belonging to the princes or heads of thousands JuJah.-for out of thee shall come forth a
of thee
shall
Great and Illustrious Ruler, who shall feed and govern my people Israel, most wisely and tenderly performing the office of their Great Shepherd."
ZF tUlTZ people
Israel.
Then Herod having- secretly called the sages to 7 Then Herod, when he had pnydy an audience, got exact information from them called the wrse men, " about ivhat time the star, which they had seen, inquired of them and which proved the occasion of their journey, diligently what time star Appeared, first appeared to them; that he might thereby the
:
.
i-iii
make some
the child to
conjecture concerning the age of
birth it referred. (Com>pare ver. 16.) And after they had satisfied his curiosity,and S had informed him of the observations they had made about this star, Herod communicated to them the answer he had received from the priests and scribes ; and, sending them to Beth7 d \ , ahem, as the place where they might expect to see the newborn Prince, he said, Go, and make a very exact inquiry concerning the Child you are seeking; arid when you have found him return hither directly, and inform me of it, k that I also, who would permit no interests of mine to interfere with the decrees of heaven, may come with my family and court, to pay my hornage to him, to which I look upon myself as
.
whose
8
the
An(l
he
Sent
? J and said, Go, and

,
;
l0
et * lehe
search diligently for the youn? Child, *nd hen y( have : found him) bring me
word a âin, that I may come and worshl P nim also'
peculiarly obliged.
And having heard this charge from the king, 9 When they had they departed from Jerusalem without the least heard the king," they suspicion of his treacherous and cruel design: departed; and lo, And behold, to confirm their faith in him to thceasJ went whom they were going, the very same star, or
^^
meteor, which they had seen in the east country

1
them'] of the word stxDt/Soa, the learned Dr. Scott's note on this place hath abundantly convinced me $nd to that 1 refer for the reason of giving this version of it here and in ver. 16. k When you havefound him, return and It is really an amazing thing hfirmnie.~] that so suspicious and so artful a prince as Herod should put this important affair on so precarious a foot, when it would have been so easy, if he had not gone himself under a pretence of doing honour to these lenrned strangers, to have sent a guard of
;
Got exact
information
from
soldiers with them,
That
this is the signification
who might, humanly speaking, without any difficulty, have slaughtered the Child and his parents on the spot. Perhaps he might be unwilling to commit such an act of cruelty in the presence of such sages, lest their report of
might have rendered him infamous abroad; or rather, we must refer it to secret infatuation, with which God can, whenever he pleases, confound the most sagacious of mankind. The star, or meteor.] I say meteor, because no star could point out not only a town, but a particular house. It rs not
it
'
The wise men are guided by a

before
star to Bethlehem.
&a.
sect.
them, till it appeared to them again, and moved on before " came and stood over ., ,. ..^ . , where the young them in the air Ul1 ** came down st dl nearer to the earth, and at length stood directly over [the Child was. t Cy sacred ^ /flC ^ wA "* ^{/f^ *- ^</ when h saw the^ta they sa7V the star thus P ointJng ut their way, rejoiced with e2 \ an d at length by its station over it marking the eeeding'greatjoy.
ytt "'
Ma
n. p
10
in which they were to find him, they rejoicedwith a transport ofjoy [which wax] exceeding- great, to see themselves in so re-
very house
markable a manner under the Divine direction, and with such certainty conducted to the glorious Person whom they came to seek. And when 11 And when they were come into the house" where 11 ** tm^v Jk'v were come into the house, they saw Mary was lodged, being now something better the youngChild accommodated than at the time of her delivery, with Mary his moth- theyfound the young child with Maru his mother ; er, and fell down and ,, .1 rrr and how different soever î.- appearance might this worshipped him and when they had be from what they had expected, they were not at all offended at its meanness but,falling down on their faces before him, they paid him their homage: And, as it was customary in those
t
*. .-
at all strange Justin Martyr and other made a visit to Bethlehem,where they musl fathers should suppose it was a comet, con- have contracted some acquaintance. The sidering how little astronoviy was known in latter supposition is undoubtedly favoured their days but one would not have imag- by Luke ii. 39 ; and Mat. ii. 16 unless wc ined Grotius should have gone so far as in say that the star appeared about the time the least to intimate such a suspicion. of Christ's conception. It also suits best m They rejoiced with a joy which -was with all the arguments brought to prove exceeding great.] The original phrase, that Christ was born A. U. C747, or 749, and that Herod died A. U. C. 750, or 751, ffcat/mo-jty x*p*v /xiyxhM o-qoJp*., isemphatical beyond any thing which I can think compared with the tradition of the holy of in our language. They joyed a great joy family's spending two years in Egypt. tery much, though very bad English, (See Munster on Mat. ii.14.) These reacomes nearest to a literal version. sons have a face of strong probability, but I cannot say they entirely convince me; n When they -were come into the house."] Mr. Bedford observes in his Chronology, and therefore in the paraphrase I have p. 740, 741, that it is not expressly said determined nothing either way. Compare but, note and P, in the last section, on Luke that the sages came to Bethlehem from the series of the account that Mat- ii. 39- p. 57. o From what they had expected.] Perthew gives us, it seems so very plain that few have questioned it and it is the less hapstheyexpected this great Prince would to be doubted, because if Christ (as that have been born in the family of Herod
; ;
:
author supposes) had been now at Nazareth, he could hardly have been carried into Egypt without passing through Herod's dominions. But it is more diiKeult to determine whether, if the sages found him at Bethlehem, (as we have reason to conelude they did,) it was within a few weeks of his birth, or (us Mr. Manne supposes, p. 41) about a year after, when they had spent .some considerable time at Nazareth, and after waa-dsj on some unknown occasion,
at least,
we may be
them
sm-e
prise to
to find
it was some surhim accommodated
only like a carpenter's child: but they wiselv considered that such miraculous honour's as the star gave him were far beyond am/ external circumstance, and therefore paitf him their homage as readily as if they had.' found him in the richest palace. An'amiable example of that humble ingenious temper which fits a man for tfcp,recci#i| of the, gospel..
84
sect, countries to offer
They make presents
to
him.
opened their treas-
some present to any illustrious visit,* personage thevcame toill they opened their treasures, which they had brought along with Mat II. 11 them for this very purpose, and presented him with the choicest produce of their country, fine
XIL
'
i i
in
ês
they presented unto him git; s ; )ld r and frankincense,
and myrrh.
gold,
andfrankincense, and myrrhs

'
12
And,
,
back to Jerusalem, as but God, who knew the barbarous intent of the should not return to king, interposed for the preservation of his Son, Herod, they departand for their security and comfort. So, being Luânltherw^ divinely admonished in a dream that they should not go back to Herod, they returned into their orvn country another and more direct way, r not at all solicitous as to the consequence of Herod's resentment.
;
after this, thev 7

,
Ti
An^' e in ^ 12 were preparing to go ^ warned oi God in a ii r Herod had desired them dream that they
,
.
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
"did
us observe, with pleasure, this farther honour which God only begotten Son in ordering a neiv star to appear as the signal of his birth, and in calling these illustrious persons from afar to pay their early adorations to him. No doubt thev thought such a discovery, as brought them to the feet of their infant Saviour * an ample recompence for all the fatigue and expense of
to his
Let
p Customary in those countries to offer some divine intimation or human instrucsome present to any illustrious personages tion, (which Joseph or Mary might indeed thevcame to visit.] That this was cus- have given them,) that Christ was to save tomary appears from many passages of the his peopltfromthelr j/,and was Emmanuel, Old Testament. (Gen. xliii. "ll 25; God with us. Surely God would not have 1 Sam. ix. 7, 8 x. 27 1 Kings x. 2; guided them in this extraordinary manner
10; and Prov. xviii. 16.) Chardin, and many other modern writers of the best credit, assure us the custom is yet retained. See also Mlian. Var. Hist. lib. i. cap. 31, 32, 33.
lxxii.
Psalm
merely
Jesus.
to
And Maundrel,
pay a transient compliment to Their prostrations probably ex-
q Gold, and frankincense, and myrrh."] This was a most seasonable providential assistance to furnish Joseph and Mary for so long and expensive a journey as that into Egypt; a country where they were entirely strangers, and yet were to abide there
some considerable time. r Another and more direct way.] This seems to be intimated in the word ctvctnA/sx4<> which might perhaps more literally
for
have been rendered bend back their course, Herod in the mean while waiting for their rcturn, they had time to get out of his reach hefore his passion rose, which might have been fatal to them. s Such a discovery of their infant Sav*W.J I take itfor granted here that they had
pressed religious adoration as well as civil respect; and it is not unlikely that their report might in due time make way for the reception of the gospel in the country from whence they came. And if, as early antiquity reports (Euseb.Eccles. Hist, lib.i. cap. 13,) and both Dr. Cave ( Lit. Hist. Vol.1, p. 2.) and the learned Dr. Grabe (Spicileg. Patr. Vol. I. p. 1 6) seem to think some messages of extraordinary respect were afterwards sent from Abgarus, king ofEdessa in Arabia, to our Lord Jesus Christ, (which might be fact, though the letters now remaining should be supposed spurious,) it is very possible the report of these sages, preserved by tradition (if they were then dead,) might add weight* to that of Christ's miracles (about thirty years after,) and dispose that prints to take the greater notice of hhn*,
Reflections on the wise men's visit to Christ.
85
They were exceedingly transported when they sect. such a journey. saw the star. So let us rejoice in every thing which may be a mean of leading our souls to Christ, and of disposing us to cast Verst ourselves down before him with humility and self resignation jq Let us look upon this circumstance of the sacred story as a beautiful emblem of that more glorious state of the Christian church when the Gentiles shall come to its light, and sages and kings to the brightness of its rising ; when the abundance of the sea shall be converted to it, and the xvcalth of the Gentiles shall be The multitude of camels shall cover consecrated to its honour. it, the dromedaries of Midi an and Ephah ; all theyfrom Sheba shall come ; they shall bring gold and incense, and they shall shew forth,
!
the praises of the Lord.
Isa. lx. 3, 5, 6.
wonderful was the honour conferred upon so obscure a town as Bethlehem when it was made thus illustrious among the thousands ofjudah ! Happy they who consecrate not only their gold and their other possessions, but also their souls and their bodies, to their Great Ruler, whose office it is to feed and govern the Israel of God ; under whose conduct and care they shall receive blessings infinitely more valuable than all the treasures of the east or the west ! But oh, the fatal power of carnal influence on the heart This engaged Herod to receive the news of a Redeemer's birth with horror; and, with execrable cruelty and vile hypocrisy, to contrive Vain his murder under the specious form of doing him homage. and self confounding artifice Let us rejoice in the thought, that there is no understandings or wisdom, or counsel, against the Lord; no scheme so artfully disguised that he cannot penetrate it, or so politically formed that he cannot with infinite ease confound it. To what perplexity and grief might these sages have been brought had they been made even the innocent instruments of an assault on this Holy Child ! But God delivered them from such an alarm, and happily guided their return so that, through his care and favour, they carried home, in the tidings of the newborn Messiah, far richer treasures than they had left behind. Thus shall they, who in all their ways acknowledge God^ by one method or another find that he will graciously direct
!
How
11
3 8
12
their paths.
Vol.
I.
86
Joseph
is
-warned
to flee
with Jesus into Egypt.
SECT.
The flight into Egypt
XIII.
; the slaughter of the infants ; and the set* tlement of the holy family at Nazareth after Herod''s death. Mat. II. 13 23.
Mat.
'
II.
13.
Mat.
II.
13.
rCtUr f the Wlse mCn ' Wf l P XIII ** they had paid their homage unto Christ, \ Mat and were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord II. 13 appeareth to Joseph in a dream, with a message re j-) i it from heaven, saying, Rise up without any delay,
A ND ^^ thC
m^
y wre de parted , behold the angel of the Lord appeareth
tojosephinadream, snyinc^ AnsCj unci take the youngChild and take with thee the Infant and his mother, and and his mother, and into the land of Erupt* and continue fee into Egypt, and flee J.i directly i ii 7* +-n r +l 'J r be thou there until I there till I shall give thee notice to return ; Jor bring thee word; for Herod, alarmed by the extraordinary circum- Herod will seek'the; b stances which have lately happened, is about young Child to de
4.
a strict search after the young Child to destroy Ann, lest he in time should prove a formidable rival to his family. 14 And Joseph, rising from his bed, immediately 14 obeyed the heavenly vision for he took the In- rose
ft?
make
stroy
'
When
1
ll,^,
,
he
a!,
'
^,!^
fant and his mother by night, and withdrew, with mo ther bv night,and
as hasty a flight as their circumstances would departed'intoEgypt = allow, into the land of Egypt, near the borders 15 of which Bethlehem lay. And they continued 15 And was there there till after the death of Herod, which happen- ^q T0 ^. thatkmight ed not till several months after ; c that what zvas be fulfilled which
This cir- persons as Simeon and Anna, on the preagree with the sentation of Christ in the temple, which conjecture of Grotius,that this vision might might at first be only taken notice of byappear after their return to Nazareth for a few pious persons, would probably be then (as Le Clerc justly observes) it is now reported to Herod, and must add to much more probable that they would have the alarm which the inquiry of the sages been ordered to flee into Syria, which was gave him. c Which happened not till several months much nearer to Nazareth than Egypt; to which they could not have passed from after.] I pretend not to say exactly how thence without going through the very many, but must content myself with reheart of Herod's dominions,unless they had ferring the reader for the proof of this to taken a very large circuit with great ex- Mr. Manne's most elaborate and elegant pense and danger. The great number of Dissertation on the birth of Christ, (p. 35 Jews which resided in Egypt woidd make 39,) which advances very considerable their abode there so much the more com- arguments to prove that Christ was born in the spring, A. U. C 747, Jul. Per. 4707, fortable. b Alarmed by the extraordinary circum- and that Herod died about the passover, stances which have lately happened.] A, U. C. 750, Jul. Per. 4710, probably When the "wise men had come so far to pay towards the end of March though, on their homage to a newborn Prince, the further examination, I rather incline to several reports of what had lately happen- place the birth of Christ in September or ed would, upon this occasion, be revived, October, A. U. C. 749 and to conclude, and. the, beUa^ our f &WO suc ' 1 celebrated that Herod died in March, AU.C75l.<
a Flee into the land of Egypt."]
at all
cumstance doth not
The Infants are
slain at Bethlehem*
87
was spoken of the spoken of the Lord by the prophet Hosea, on an- !?"' Lord by the prophet, other occasion, might thus, as it were, befulfilled _ saying, Out ofEgypt anew and that in this appointment of the place Mat have I called my where Christ should take up his abode, there n. 15 Son. might appear to be a manifest allusion to that saying (Hos. xi. 1,) "Out of Egypt have I called my son ;" d Christ being in a much higher and nobler sense the Son of God than Israel, of whom the words were originally spoken. Then Herod, seeing that he was deluded* and 16 16 "Kien Herod, when he saw that he that a great affront (as he imagined) was dewas mocked of the signed him by the sages, as there was now no wise men, was exfarther prospect of their returning to him, was ceedingly wrotli and sent forth, and exceedingly enraged ; and, in order to make the slew all the chil- destruction of this unknown Infant as sure as dren that were in possible, he sent forth a band of murderers, and inhumanly slew all the male children* that were
;
;
See Dr. Lardner's

p.
Credib. Part.
I.
Vol.
II.
796804963,
ad. fin.
still
were proved, the passage before us would seem a plainer reference to Hos. xi. 1,
d Out of Egypt have I called my Son."] than to such a general form of speech ; so I It is well known that, from the time of that the difficulty would still remain. Julian at least, the enemies of Christianity once thought the words ki nehiiau Ishave been cavilling at the application here rael deahebu might be rendered, and made of a prophecy to Christ, which in its paraphrased after tins manner " Though
:
original sense seems to belong to the peo- Israel be a child, that is, wayward and ple of Israel. Learned men have laboured troublesome like a little infant, yet Ih ave with great solicitude to prove it literally loved him, and, in token of my tenderness applicable to Christ. Mr Pierce's hypo- to him, will call (Jesus) my Son out of thesis (see in his Dissertation on this text, Egypt ; having there preserved him from added to his paraphrase on Phillippians, the dangers which threatened his infancy, p. 103, 108,) that the prophet is pursuing that he may at length accomplish my great two subjects together, and alternately intended salvation." I still think that this treating of each, which must therefore be conjecture deserves some consideration, read interchangeably, one part referring to as much more probable than any other sothe people of Israel, and the other to Christ lution of this kind I have ever met with. (as if it were designed by God that the But, on the whole, especially considering prophecy of Christ's being called out of E- the context, I chuse to take them, as Grogypt should be obscured by such a method,) tius, Heinsius and many of the best critics But do for a mere allusion ; and the rather, as appears indeed to be very ingenious I fear, if such liberties were to be allowed, I am fully convinced that the next quotait would render the Scripture the most un- tion, in ver. 17, must necessarily be taken certain book in the world. Bishop Chand- in this sense,
:
e Seeing that he ivas deluded."] The word ler (in his Defence of Christianity, p. 294) supposes that calling out of Egypt is a. pro- tviTAi'xJitt, which properly signifies to be verbial expression for being delivered from played with, well expresses the view in imminent danger; which might have been which the pride of Herod taught hin to resaid to have its accomplishment in Christ's gard this action, as if it were intended to escape, though he had tied into Syria, Ara- expose him to the derision of his subjects, bia, or any other country But, with all and to treat him as a child, rather than a due deference to so great a name, I must prince of so great experience and renown. ' Sent forth a observe, that neither Isa. x. 26 band of murderers, and, Deut.
:
68 or Zach. x. 11 seem sufficient slew all the male children.^ A very ingeto prove the use of such a phrase and I nious and learned friend of mine has atapprehend that, if the u$c of such a. proverb tempted to account for ffosephus's silence^
xxviii.
; ;
;
88
sect.
\
An
allusion here to the
prophecy of Jeremiah.
Bethlehem, and
n Bethlehem, and in all the confines of it, from upon the second year? and under ; Mat as that, according- to the time of which he had must inll. 16 got exact information from the sages, elude all that were born there since the appear* c ance ol the star. And then, as this cruel execution extended 17 itselfto the neighbouring places, and in particular to Ramah, a town of Benjamin, which lav near Bethlehem, that remarkable saying zvas farther fulfilled which -was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet (Jer. xxxi. 15 ;) for this was plainly an event to which those words might be applied with more literal propriety than to the captivity of the Jews in the time of NebuchadXIIL
their entrance
,
o"
ld
f^two ^ws
,
.
and under, according to the time wh c h h e h * d dili : \ gently inquired ot fhe wise men 17 Then wasful.
J"
^ ^
prophet,
^^J^ saying
a ge, we shall find some material fact or gument from Macrobius, Saturnal. lib.W. another omitted by each of them yet that cap. 4, that the Emperor Augustus had silence of one, is never urged as an arguheardof it at Rome,) I would observe that ment against admitting the express testiSee Dr. Lardner's certain nothing of such privacy in mony of the rest. it is
;
tb this remarkable fact, by a conjecture, that instead of sending forth (as it was in the first edition) a detachment of soldiers, (of which, he justly urges, nothing is expressly said in the text) he might only send private orders to have the children taken off" as secretly as possible so that it might not make any public noise and come to the notice of the Jewish historian. But, in answer to this (not to insist upon the ar;
flattering historian, of
whom we know
life
he
of
made
great use in compiling the
Herod,) he might be unwilhng to introduce it, even if he were particularly acquainted with it lest the occasion might have led him to mention what generally at least he is solicitous to decline, I meart On the whole, if we Christian affairs. compare contemporary historians of every
;
the dispatch of these children can be inferred from the word *.n*.uv, since it is also used to express the crucifixion of our Lord (Acts ii. 23 x. 39,) the stoning of Stephen (Acts xxii. 20,) and the beheading of James the Apostle (Acts xii. 2,) all which were public executions ; as well as the intended assassination of Paul by a band of armed men. (Acts xxxiii. 15.) And if it be considered, on the one hand,
;
Credib. Parti. Vol.11, bookii. chap. 2. 1. p. 746, b'sa?. % From their entrance upon the second
how difficult it is privately to murder children under two years old, as they are hardly and on the other, how ill ever left alone such a cautious and uncertain procedure would have agreed with the furious dis;
Herod and the haughty rage which these orders were given, I believe few will incline to this hypothesis,
position of
in
As for the silence of Josephus, it is to be consideredthat Bethlehem was but a small place and therefore, in a reign ofso much eruelty, the slaughter of its infants might not be taken very much notice of. Josephus was not old enough to remember it himself; and if he did not find it in the Memoirs of Nicholas of Damascus (that
;
The reasons which determined render ttiro fulx; thus, may be seen in Sir Norton KnatchbulPs excellent note on this place. It is probable that Herod in his passion ordered the slaughter of the ivfants as soon as he perceived that he w as disappointed in his expectation of the return of the wise men, lest otherwise the Child he was so jealous of might be and as his cruelty extended removed even to those who had entered on the second year, which is expressly said to be recording to the time of which he had got exact information from the sages, it must be natural to conclude from hence, that it W as not till some considerable time after
year."]
me
to
the birth of Christ that lie was visited by the wise men, even though we should allow the first appearance of the star to have been (as some suppose) about the time
Compare note n on of Christ's conception. For the version of Matt. ii. 11. p. 63. on vcr. 7. p. @. ot x ;j".-a'. see note
Joseph returns with Jesus from Egypt.
89
IS In
there a voice heard, most doleful voice heard, lamentation and and lamentation , , -r n and great weeping, and abundant mourning, as it Raweeping, was buried Rachael chel, that tender mother, who mourning-; wecping/c/rherchil- near t hj s n]^ce, had risen out of her grave,
. . .
nezzar, which they were originally intended to ?Ac y describe, 51 when they were first delivered by the Rama was prophet, saying, " In Ramah there was a Mat
18
br'comfortTd^be- and
cause they 19 But when Herod was dead behold, an angel ol the Lord appeareth
are'
was bewailing her

to
not.
ing
lost children, and refusbe comforted, because they are not."
xvhen Herod was dead* and 19 u his crue i t es behold, an angel d r of the Lord again appeareth in a dream to Joft llt a fter this,
.
, '
'
*C
while he continued to sojourn in Egypt, Saying, The way is now prepared for thy re- 20 a. oo ' sent, according to and take'tlfe yoTng turn from hence, and I am Child and his moth- the intimation that was given thee before, to er, and go into the Drm g thee notice of it and therefore now ther and g arise and take the In ant ? nd his [hey iedSd whS sought the young back to thine own abode in the land of Israel; Child's life. fQr thou mayest safely do it, since they are dead who sought to destroy the young Child^s life. 21 And he arose, n(j jo^h na d no sooner heard the message 21 that was brought him by the angel, but he imin
dream to E?ypt
Jo- seph,
->
they were originally intended so great an illustration of the gospel history, is very evident from the that he has inserted it atlarge ( Eccl. Hist. following clause (Jer. xxxi. 17,) Thy chit- lib. i. cap. 8.) with a degree of exactness, dren shall come again to their own border, which joins with many other instances of that these lamented persons were not slain, the like nature, to shew us how cheerfully but carried into captivity and it is well we may depend upon the many invaluable known that Ramah was the place where extracts from a multitude of ancient books they were assembled to be led away to now lost, which he has given us both in Babylon. (Jer. xl. 1.) So that it is cer- his Ecclesiastical History and in his other tain this can only bean allusion, as it is writings, especially in his Prxparatio Evanintimated in the paraphrase. And I look gelica. They are dead <who sought to destroy upon this as a sure argument, that a pasi sage in scripture, whether prophetical, the young Child's life.'] It is a very ingenhistorical, or poetical, may, in the Ian- ious conjecture of Mr. Manne, that Antiguage of the New Testament, be said to pater, the son of Herod, who, at the time be fulfilled when an event happens to when Christ was born, was heir apparent which it may with great propriety be ac- to his crown, and was a prince so cruel rommodated. See Dr. Sykes on the and ambitious, that he had procured the Truth ofChristianity, chap, xiii.p 2l7,lSf seq. death of his two elder brothers to clear ' Rachel, who was buried near this his way to the succession, would very place.] See Gen. xxxv. 19 and 1 Sam. probably be an active counsellor and instrument in seeking the destruction of the X. 2. It is well newborn Jesus, and in advising to the k When Herod <was dead.~] worth while to read the particular and af- slaughter of the infants. And, as this Anfecting account which Josephus has given tipater died but five days before Herod, of the terrible death of this inhuman ty- both might be referred to in these words rant, whom God so remarkably made a of the angel, They are dead, &c See Manand compare yo> terror to himself, as well as to all about ?;e',s Dissert, p. 74, 75 him. (See jfoseph. Jntiq. lib. xvii. cap. 6. seph. Antiq. Jud. lib. xvi. cap. 8. (al. 11)$ (al. 8) 5; Bell. Jud. lib. i. cap. 33. 4, lib. xvii. cap. 1. {? 8, (al. 10) 1. Edit (al. 21) $ 5, 6, 7) kuaebius thought it Hawcamp.
h
Which
to describe.] It
&
90
sect,
They come and dwell at Nazareth.
XIIL
mediately arose, and, cheerfully confiding in the and took the young Divine protection, took the young Child and his SfiS^JSTtaJj mother, according to the command he had re- the land of Israel. Matt, But 22 But when he II. 21 ceived, and came into the land of Israel, "' 22 when, upon his coming to the borders of it, he hej d tha* Archela' . \ J, us did reign in Ju_, nearea that Aclielaus reigned over Judea in the ^ e3i} m the room of room of hisfather Herod, knowing him to be the his father Herod, he heir of his cruelty " as well as of his kingdom, was afrald to ? not with thither r , j M * ... ._., he xvasajraid to go thither to settle, or so much stan(iin"-, being las to take it in his way but, being again divine- warned of God in a hj admonished in a dream, he withdrew into the dream, he turned a***** ' 'region of Galilee, which was under the governJjâKfee ment of Herod Antipas, a prince of a milder character and who was then on such hostile terms with Archelaus, that there was no dan23 ger of his giving them up to him. And he 23 And he came went and dzvelt in a little city, on the confines and dwelt in a city ret of Zabulon and Issachar, which was called Naz- c *XXfi Na f a ,\ ' . that it might K lulbe , _ , r ereth, where he had formerly resided before he fiu e(i w hich was went to Bethlehem; and being thus returned spoken by the prophto his own citv, Tesus was there brought up and et s Hf sha11 be ca^" educated in a place so very contemptible among the Jews, that it was grown into a proverb with them, That no good thing could be expected from thence (John i. 46 vii. 52 ;) so that by this a way was further opened, by the providence of God, that it might befulfilled what had been spoken in effect by many of the prophets, " He shall be called a Nazarcen ;" that is, he shall
,
11
.j
'
m The heir of his cruelty-] Archelaus, in the very beginning of his reign, massacred three thousand Jews at once in the temple, and was afterwards banished, in tlie tenth year of his government, to Vienna in Gaid, by Augustus, on a complaint brought against him by the chief of the Jews for his various cruelties. See Joseph. Antiq. lib. xvii. cap. 9. (al. 11) 3.
p. 851. is" cap. 13. (al. 15) 2. p. 866. n Galilee, under the government
of
Rome with a view of obtaining the kingdom, (which was left to him in a for. mer will,) in which he was supported by the interest of the whole family, who hated Archelaus, and thought his brother to be far more worthy of the kingdom and, though he did not carry his point, the attempt wa c such as could not but widen the breach there was before between them, and left no room for any future correspondence. See Joseph. Antiq. lib. xvii. cap. 9
to
;
,
cap. 11. (al. 13) 4. He shall be called a Nazarxn.~\ his dominions by his last will, appointIf the ing Archelaus to succeed him as king of solution given in the paraphrase be not alJudea, Herod Antipas to be Tetrarch of lowed, I must acquiesce in Chrysostom's Galilee and Peaera, and Philip to be Te- opinion, that the passage referred to is trarch of Trachonitis and the neighbour- lost For it is very unnatural to explain ing countries. (Joseph. Antiq. lib. xvii. this text by Sampson's being appointed cap. 8. (al. 11) 1. But Herod Antipas a Nazarite. Judges xiii. 5; or Messiah's endeavoured to supplant his brother Ar- being spoken of as Netzer, the branch, chelaus, when application was made to the Isai. xi. 1 or to account for it with WitRomans to confirm the will, and went sius, by God's being called Notzcr, the
(al.
Herod
Antipas.]
Herod the Great divided
11)
4. isf
Reflections on the slaughter of the infants.
9t
appear in mean and despicable circumstances, SECT and be treated as the mark of public contempt XHI
and reproach. r
Mat
II. 2.1
IMPROVEMENT.
is our fallen nature, that it can be capable of such Vers>. enormities as we have now been surveying Or what imagina- 16 ble circumstances of grandeur and power can free the mind of an ambitious creature from servitude and misery Who can behold Herod under the agitation of such a barbarous rage, and not see the vanity even of royal dignity, when the man that sways the sceptre over others hath no rule over his oivn spirit ? Surely none of the innocent victims of Heroes wrath felt so much from the sword of their barbarous murderers as the guilty mind of the tyrant from its own unnatural transports. The indignation which arises in our minds on the view of so much wickedness, finds a secret satisfaction in this thought. But how grievous is it to reflect on what the parents of these poor 18 babes felt while the srvord that murdered their children in their very sight pierced through their own bowels! Happy, in comparison with these, were the wombs that never bare and the paps that never gave suck ! Let parents remember how soon their dearest hopes may be turned into lamentation, and learn to moderate their expectation from their infant offspring, and check too fond a delight in them. Let us all learn to be very thankful that we are not under the arbitrary power of a tyrant, whose sallies of distracted fury might spread desolation through houses and provinces. Let us not say, Where was the great Regent of the universe when such a horrible butchery was transacted ? His allwise counsels knew how to bring good out of all the evil of it. The agony of a few moments transmitted these oppressed innocents to peace and joy, while the impotent rage of Herod only heaped on his own head guilt, infamy, and horror. He conceived mischief and hr brought forth vanity, (Job xv. 35) and while he studied to prevent the establishment of the Messiah's kingdom, and set himself with impious rage, against the Lord, and against his Anointed, He that sitteth in the heavens did laugh, yea, the Lord had
! !
What
him
in derision.
(Psalm
ii.
2, 4.)
That
(iod,
who
discerns
every secret purpose of his enemies, and foresees every intended assault, knows how, whenever he pleases, by a thought, by a dream, to baffle it.
preserver of men, Job vii. 20. (See Wits. Messiah should be treated in a very en Meletem. Diss. 16.) The joint sense of tern ptuous manner, was foretold by David, many scriptures is thus referred to, John Psal. xxii. 6, see/, lxbc. 9 by Isaiah, l'u.
&
vjft.
38
and JameS
iv. 5.-
And
that the
andUii.*nd hv Zccb:<riah.
ri.
18, 13.
$2
Refections on the preservation of Jesus in Egypt.
xui
'
Verse
13
14,15
19
The preservation of the holy child Jesus in Egypt may be considered as a figure of God's care over his church in its greatest danger. God doth not often, as he easily could, strike their persecutors with immediate destruction ; but he provides a hiding place for his people, and, by methods not less effectual, though less pompous, preserves his chosen seed from being swept away, even when the enemy comes in like aflood. Egypt, that was once the seat of persecution and oppression to the Israel of God, is now a refuge to his Son : and thus all places will be to us what Divine Providence will be pleased to make them. When, like Joseph and Mary, we are cut off* from the worship of his temple, and perhaps removed into a strange land, he can be a little sanctuary to us, and give us, in his gracious presence, a rich equivalent for all that we have lost. They continued here till he gave the signal for their departure.
;
Let us, in like manner, remember that it is God's part to direct, and ours to obey nor can we be out of the way of safety and of comfort while we are following his directions, and steering our course by the intimations of his pleasure 20 Jesus survived his persecutors, and returned into the land of but such was his condescension, that hs abode at Israel again Nazareth, which seems to have been allotted him as the most 23 humble station. Let us never be unwilling to bear reproach nor take offor him, who from his infancy endured it for us fence at the meanness of his condition, whose removes were directed by angelic messengers, as immediate envoys from the God of heaven
!
'
SECT.
Luke
XIV.
Jesus, at the age of twelve years, comes up to the passover at Jerusalem, and there discourses with the doctors in the temple.
II. 40, to the end.
Luke
II. 40.
?iv
'
'
II "
40 w
b ins retumed to Naz ' ?r " areth, was educated ? that city under the edstrong-'in Spirit, in care of Joseph and his mother, and there grew filled with wisdom and the grace of God up, and became strong in Spirit, discovering early d j 1 . ,. r i wasupotthim. of a sublime and heavenly genius, and marks
:
a nd the child Jesus

,
a N eiwi
Luke
II. 40.
,,1
visibly appearing to be filed with an uncommon portion and degree ofwisdom ; and it was plainly to be seen that the grace of God was eminently upon him ; so that he made an extraordinary progress in knowledge and piety betimes, and was thus looked upon as a distinguished favourite of heaven.
(Compare Judg.
xiii.
24, 25.)
Jesus goes up -with his parents

41
to
Jerusalem,
93
Now his X)\ow% parents went early to J ferusa- sect. V ., / yt\, / lem at the Jeast oj the passover ; as it was usual A1V ~~" for those families to do that were remarkably ' over religious, though only the adult males were by u"^. the law obliged to appear before the Lord on this occasion. (Compare 1 Sam. i. 3, 7, 21.) 42 And, when he And xv hen he was twelve years old, and so, ac- 42 was twelve years cording to the Tewish maxims, came under the old, they went up . I, i to Jerusalem, after } ke ot the law > his parents, when they went the custom of the up to Jerusalem, according to the usual custom least of the feast, thought it proper to take him with them, to celebrate that glorious deliverance which God had so many ages ago wrought for his people when he brought them out of Egypt, the memory of which was carefully to be transmitted to every succeeding generation. (Compare Exod. xii. 26, 27.) 43 Andwhenthey And when they had finished all the religious 43 had fulfilled the so i emn i t i es to be observed in the daus of un' davs, as thev re, , , turned, the child Je- leavened bread, ana were returning home, the sua tarried behind child Jesus, charmed with the sacred entertainand men t s of the temple, and eagerly in Jerusalem desirous of r i and his Joseph , , , n the knowledge of his Father's mother knew not of improving law, staid behind them in Jerusalem; and neiit. ther Joseph nor his mother zvere aware [of it.] 44 But they sup. But though they saw he was not with them, yet, 44 h been 1n the compT- knowing his sociable temper, they supposed he somewhere ill the company (as several ny, went a clay's journey and they families travelled together on such occasions :) sought him among hl ^ , ? journey before f A d th / their kinsfolk and a- . , j i mongthcir acquaint- they missed him; ana then, in the evening, ance. they soughtfor him amongst their kindred and acquaintance, who were their companions in the 45 ~ An(* wnen journey, and with whom they concluded he 45 Al y they found him not, i j. j> , , A 7 A, And, not finding him with them, they turned back a- hacl been. gain to Jerusalem, they returned immediately, and came back to seeking him. Jerusalem, seeking him every where with great concern, and ready to suspect that some hostile assault mi S ht have been mad e u pon him. passthâfteTthrce And, three days after their setting out, b they 46
his to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the pass-
Now
pa-
rents
went
'
m
.
of the law.] age ; see 1 Sam. i. 24 Judg. xiii. 24 and of the truth of Hos. xi. 1, 3 ;) yet I think the fact asserted Grotius's assertion, that the Jewish chil- in the paraphrase is generally allowed by t dri-n under this age were calledKE r a n i m, learned men. See Wottoris Miscel. Vol. I. of little ones, and afterwards Nekharim, p. 320 and Light/, /{or. Hcb. in toe. or ch i Idren, (since it is certain that the word b Three clays after their setting out.J Nekh a r is often used for those under that The, first dav toasepejrt in tutfii journey
a
;
Though
Came under the yoke I am not satisfied
Vol.
I.
He conferreth
"
xvith the doctors in the temple.
sKCT.fotmdhbn in an apartment of the temple, where days, they found hin XIV the teachers of the law used to lecture upon it *n in t^midst'of 7 Z to the people and where young persons in par- the doctors, both them, and H 46 ticular were examined, and had a liberty to ask hearing them < ue " l what questions they thought proper, for their Here was Jesus sitting' farther information. in the midst of the doctors, whose profession it was to teach on these occasions for he had placed himself among others at their feet, d and was,
;
with all possible diligence, both attendingto them, andasking them such questions as he judged proper for the further illustration of what they said. Andallxvho heard him, considering the ten47 r c derness of his age, were in a perfect transport admiration* at his understanding, and at the of penetration which he shewed, both in the questions he put to them, and also in the ansxvers he returned to what they asked him. And when he was discovered by his parents, 48 and they saw him thus employed, they likewise were struck with wonder : and his mother said unto him, O my son, whu hast thou dealt thus .. ', ,,-, y i-ij -with us f behold, this is now the third day that thy father and I have sought thee, from place to place, with inexpressible anxiety and distress. And he said unto them, What is the cause that 49 you have sought me with so much concern? and why is it you were at such a loss where you should find me ? Did ye not know that I ought to r> 5f T ^ T be at my father si* and that wherever I was, I
.
47 , And all that heard him were ast0 nished at his understanding and airswers.
sa
A ^h theyêre
:
amazed
mother
and his
said
unto
h
K thus dealt with 7*X *.u thou

'
"'
us > behold, thy father and I have sou f?ht thee sorrow-
m
^g Ancj he
unto them,
ll
-
sa lcj
is
How
tllat
>'
sought
^LSKSS mUSt aD0Ut m y

I
"e
Father's business?
in their return to disputing by the Evangelist, but only of his Jerusalem, and the third in searching af- asking some questions and answering others^ there. The word sytvilo, it which was a very usual thing in these aster Christ caine to pass, is a mere expletive ; and not semblies, and indeed the very end of them, imagining that the rules of the most faith- All was, no doubt, conducted with the And if he ful and exact translation would oblige me utmost modesty and decorum. always to retain it, I have frequently omit- were with others at the feet of these teachers (where learners generally sat, see ed it. All Luke x. 39 and Acts xxii. 3,) he might c For their farther information.] these things are so well illustrated and be said to be in the midst of them, as confirmed by Dr. Lightfoot, in his Hor. they sat on benches of a semicircular Heb. on this place, that I cannot but refer form, raised above their auditors and disthe reader thither. See also Drusius's ex- ciples. e Were in a transpcrt of admiration.'} cellent note on this place. at their feet.] I have often Every learned reader must know that d Sitting thought it a great injury to the character the word e;r=tv7s here, and ((7r\a.y>t<rx.t of our Blessed Redeemer, to represent this in the next verse, are much more forcible story, whether in pictures or woi'ds, as if than our translation of them, and much Christ at this tender age, went up into more literally rendered here, f I ought to be at my Father's; sv rote the seats of the doctors, and there disputed witfcthem* Not one word is said of his ts <v*l$ct p.<t <f ttvxi /xt.'] There is a
homeward, the second
He
returns with his parents
to
Nazareth.
95
should be so employed in his service as to be sect.

50 And they un- secure of his protection ? And they did not perderstoodnotthesay- fecti understand the'words which he spake unto y
unto them.
'
*_
51
n
down
he went with them, Ca n

:
And
re tl a nd wasûb-" but ject unto them his mother kept all
these sayings in her
52 And Jesus increased in wisdom
and in favour with God and
and
stature,
JIien<
u P on tn ^ s occasion,* as being expressed in \\, 50 something of a concise and ambiguous manner. And he went down into the country with them, 51 and came to Nazareth ; and there he did not ase 7 ' f superiority on account of the extraordinary applause he had met with trom the people who had heard him in the temple, DUt st ju continued subject to his parents, and respectful to them, as a most dutiful and obedient child. And his mother kept all these sayings and occurrences in her heart, and often reflected very seriously upon them. And Jesus advanced considerably in wisdom, 52 as well as in age and stature? and grew proavolir both with God and men ; portionab l y in f |T , . J r , 1 ,, his behaviour being not only remarkably religious, but so benevolent and obliging, as to gain the friendship and affection of all that were about him.
^lem
IMPROVEMENT.
Let
s,tory
us, who are heads of families, take occasion from the Verse before us to renew our resolutions, that we and our house 41, 42
consider
known ambiguity
in the original. I have chosen with Grotius, Capellus, Fuller, &c. to follow the Syriacvenion of the words, where it is rendered in my Father's house, which it is certain they will well bear and so Josephus puts tv rci; tx a<oc for
;
what he
said,
when
the very next
verse assures us Mary kept all these saying* in her heart. The phrase only implies that
in Jupiter's
temple
contra Apion.
lib.
i.
18. p. 449. Haverc.
(Compare John
; ;
xix.
Gr.) vii. 9 v. 10 ; vi. 12 indeed, tbough a general apprehension of his being well employed, might be a reason (as it is intimated in the paraphrase J against their excessive anxiety, yet it could not (as the words in this connection seem to imply) have directed them
27
Esther
And
where to find him. ed this was the first
It is to visit
be remember-
Christ had ever made to the temple since he was a child in arms ; and it is no wonder therefore, that the delight he found there inclined him to prolong it. K They did not perfectly understand the words that he spake unto them.'] It is sU-ange Grotius should think <jt*v should manner to that here be rendered, They did not attentively assumed.
there was something more in Christ's words than at first appeared. He conjectures there might be a reference to his being the Lord who was to come into his temple (Mai. iii. 1,) which, if there be, it is indeed very obscure. It seems more probable it may be an intimation that he had many other important visits to make to his Father's house ; which evidently appears by the sequel of the history, In wisdom, as well as in age and stature~] It is well known that mxikicl may signify either age or stature ; but I think the latter is meant here, because the former was too apparent to need the mention. It seems a very just and important remark of Erasmus here, that all the endowments of the Man Christ Jesus were owing to the Divine beneficence, and that the Deity communicated itself in a gradual
>
human
nature
which
it
had
96
Refections- on the childhood of Jesus*
that it is a part of our duty, our domestics, to engage them with us in his public worship ; the pleasures of which will surely be increased when we see them, and especially our dear children, joining with us in attendance on our great common Father. Let children view the example of the holt/ child Jesus with an humble desire to copy after it. Let them love the house and Verse ordinances of God, and thirst for the instructions of his good Let them think themselves happy if his servants in the 43,46 word. ministry will bestow a part of their important time in those exercises which are especially suited for their instruction ; and let them not only be careful to return the most proper answers they can, but at convenient times, with modesty and respect, ask such questions as may be likely to improve them in knowledge and
sect. tv )ll serve the
Lord ; and remember

to
not only to
God but
grace.
Let those children, whose genius is most promising and most SI admired, learn from the blessed Jesus to behave themselves in an humble and submissive manner to all their elders, and especially to their parents ; for though he was the Lord of all, yet was he subject, not only to Mary his real mother, but to Joseph, though Such children may well hope that only supposed to be his father. 40,52 the grace of God will still be upon them; and, growing in wisdom as they do in stature, they will also advance in favour with God and men, and be the darlings of heaven as well as of earth. And, oh, that the greatest and wisest of us, those of the longest standing, and of the most eminent stations in the church, might learn of this admirable and Divine Child that, always re49 membering our relation to God, and ever intent on learning his will and promoting his glory, we might, with humble acquiescence accommodate ourselves to all the disposals of his providence How easily could he, who discovered such early marks 4*7 of a sublime genius and a lively wit, have relished the most elegant delights of science, and have eclipsed all the most celebrated poets, orators, and philosophers, of that learned and polite age ? But he laid all those views aside, that he might pursue the duties 51 of that humble rank of life which his heavenly Father's infinite wisdom had assigned him and joined, as it would seem, to assist in maintaining himself and his parents too, by the daily labour of his hands. Let us learn from hence, that it is the truest greatness of soul to know our own place and office, and to deny ourselves those amusements of the mind, 1 as well as those gratifica; ! ;
Those amusements of the mind.] I hope my younger brethren in the ministry will pardon me if I bespeak their particular attention to this thought ; lest, if the main part of their time be given to the turiosities of learning, and only a few fragmeats of it to their great work, the care of
i
they see cause in their last moments words of a dying Grotius, perhaps with much greater propriety than lie could use them vitam perdidi, Proh optrosc nihil agendo: Alas! I have throT.ni aivav life in doing nothing with a great deal offains,
souls,
to adopt the
.'
John was
the
Messiahs forerunner foretold by the prophets.
07
tions of the senses, which are inconsistent with the proper services of our different relations and callings.
SECT.
The
opening-
XV.
of John the Baptist's ministry. Luke III. 16. Mat. III. 16.
Mark
I. 1
6.
Jesus Christthc Son is recorded by the evangelist Mark, thus takes of God; its rise from the first opening of John's minis- j j It was this John that came under the 2 try.
Mark
"
I.
1.
Mark I. 1. CT*HE beginning of the gospel

Chri
L1SS5
it is
^ '/" bnl y
history of Jesus sect.
be s u<:n
!* ??* 1'n
^
M
2 As
written
iold'lESd my 'Jes:
senger
face,
&* *
character of the great forerunner of the Mes* "?* '*' ^ro*Art, and_partic.
before
thy ularly in
shall
Malachi (chap
iii.
1,)
"Behold^ /will
which
17
way be "
fo^ScJ'
my Ansen d mi messenger before thy face, j ointed Son ' who shaU P reP are th y way he ore thee. ; and, as the harbinger appointed to pro'
claim thv coming, shall, with remarkable solemmake it the business of his ministry to introduce thy kingdom." So also it was prophesied concerning him by Isaiah (chap, xl. 3,) 3 The voice of one There shall be heard the voice of one crying 3 crying in the wilder- n thc xv iUerness^ and solemnly proclaiming to 8 eP Prepare the way of the this purpose in the deserts of J udea, Lord, make his paths ye with readiness the way of the Lord, and
nity,
'
straight.
his paths straight and smooth by removing every thing which might prove an obstruction to his gracious appearance." These prophecies (as it will presently be seen) received a
^^
very signal and remarkable accomplishment in John, who, from his office, was surnamed the
Baptist.
Luke
rfSS
III.
1.
Now
\\ c
22&SZ
rius Caesar, Pontius
eminent person made his first pub- Luke * appearance in the fifteenth year of the reign m C ( reck0 s ** */ the em P e r j? beginning of his reign from the time when Au-
Now this
"H- T'
The voice of one crying in the wilderness."] between the conclusion of the thirty ninth Most commentators have imagined these chapter of Isaiah and the beginning of the
=
words originally to refer to the proclama- fortieth , nor can I observe any thing in tion of deliverance from the Babylonish the process of this chapter which may not but there is no imaginable rea- literally suit the evangelical sense here givcaptivity
:
son for supposing an immediate connection an
it
by
Mark as
well asMatthcw and Luke*
y8
sect, gustus
"
John
the Baptist enters on his ministry,
made him his
colleague in the empire, b ) Mate being goverbeim? tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Phil-
when, Archelaus being banished, and his kingLuke ôm reduced into a Roman province, Pontius
III
1
^1^
&
Pilate was governor, or procurator, of Judea ; of Iturea, and, as the dominions of Herod the Great had 'Petrarch an d ol the region of ,. , , , , , r rr 7A been divided after his death, c Herod Antipas, Trachonitis,andLy.
.
one of his sons, was tetrarch of Galilee, or governor of that fourth part of his dominions and
;
sanias the tetrarch
Abllene
his brother Philip tetrarch /another fourth part,
which was
(the
name now given
the region of Iturea and Trachonitis to that tract of land on
the other side Jordon which had formerly belonged to the tribe of Manasseh :) and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilenef- a fair city of Syria, whose territories reached even to Lebanon and Damascus, and were peopled with great numbers of Jews. In those days* while Annas and Caiphas^ were high priests* the xvord of God, by
2 Annas and Caiaphas being the high
prophetic inspiration, cawewrcto J ohnthe Baptist,* came unto John [the

b Reckoning from the time when Au- See Joseph. Antiq. Jud. lib. sir. cap. 13. (al. gnstus made him his colleague in the em- 23) 3. p. 722. Havercamp. pire.] Supposing Christ was born A. U. C. e In those days-'] This is supplied from 747 (as in note c p. 66) it is absolutely nee- Mat. iii. 1. where it is proper to observe essary to interpret the words thus bethat the phrase v t*k i^fga/? tx-wdn? is cause thefifteenth year of Tiberius, if reck- used in a very extensive sense for that age oned from the death of Augustus, began of which he had spoken in the preceding in August, A.- U. 781, and would thus be words, though these events happened near the thirty fourth year of Christ's life, which thirty years after those recorded in the foris plainly inconsistent with Luke iii. 23. mer chapter of that gospel. And the phrase (See Mamie's Dissert, p. 136 140.) But is here used with the greater propriety, as if the birth of Christ be placed (as seems John did indeed appear under his publicmost probable) in September, A. U. 749, character while Christ continued to dwell and Tiberius was admitted to a part in the at Nazareth which was the event that empire (three years before Augustus died) Matthew had last mentioned, f August, 764, the fifteenth year of TibeWhile Annas and Caiphas were high rius on this computation began in August priests-'] As it was not Caiphas but Ish778. And if John entered on his ministry mael that immediately succeeded Annas the spring following, A. U. 779, in the or Ananus (Joseph. Antiq. Jud. lib. xviii. same year of Tiberius and, after he had cap. 2. (al. 3) 2. p. 873) I connot suppose, preached about twelve months, baptized as some have done, that A nnas was high jesns in the spring 780, then Jesus at his priest the former part of this year, and Camuch less that Luke feaptism would be but thirty years of age iphas the latter and some odd months, which perfectly knew so little of the Jewish constitution as agrees with what St. Luke says of his be- to suppose there could be two high priests lag at that time about thirty years old. See properly so called. The easiest solution Dr. Lardner's Credib. Part I. Vol. II. p. is, that one was the high priest, and the so that the title other his sagan or deputy 838, 839. c Divided after his death.] See note n might, with a very pardonable liberty be applied to both. See note a on John xviii. on Mat. ii. 22. p. 90. ** Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene .] Some 13. Vol. II. sect. 184. s The word of God came unto John the have thought this Lysauias another son of Herod the Great but it seems much more Baptist."] I think these words declare, as probable that he was descended from a expressly as any words can, that John prince of that name, who ha ! u giver- was called to his prophetic work in the nor of that country several yeaiy before, fifteenth year of Tiberius ; so that if Mr.
,
;
g?&5SJSjo
and preaches
the baptism
of repentance:
99
had Baptist] the son of the son of Zacharias and Elizabeth, the Zacharias, yive ^ for several years retired in thezvilderness J wilderness Tot Ju, r ~, T i <n Compare Luke i. r>/-> p. 31. # 80. dea.] [Mat. ill. of Judea. John, at the first opening of his ministry, 1.]
who
*?J'
Luke
3 great power, and baptize in the 3 inclined JhewiMernSs^d] wilderness; and, perceiving the people came into all the to pay an attentive regard to his doctrine, he
country about Jor- did not confine himself to that wilderness adan preaching the Jordan, cameinto aU tne country about "*> j b ' J baptism ot repentr ance for the rcmis- and went a progress over it, li-om one place to sionofsins; [Mat. another, on both sides the river, preaching evIII. 1.
And And [Mark, ^preach w ith
m. 2
Mark
I.
4. J
erv wner e, as h e -went along, the baptism of repentance for the remission ofsins ; earnestly exhorting men to repent of all the irregularities of their lives, and to be baptized in token of their sincere desire to be washed and cleansed from them ; and assuring them at the same time that, if they attended on this institution in a truly penitent manner, they might consider it as a pledge and token of their being forgiven
by God.
Mat.
heaven
III. 2.
And
HiSirf^ them
is
And
at hand,
while he was thus Urging his exhorta- Mat and saying, Repent ye, he pleaded with m.2 a very new and important argument For
:
(said he) the long expected kingdom of heaven is now approaching ; iX and God is about to appear,
Marine's arguments prove (as he supposes thev do) that Christ was crucified in that fifteenth year, then it will follow, that all the events, both of John's ministry and of our Lord's must be reduced within the compass of one year ; which is, for reasons elsewhere given, utterly incredible, To conclude, that by the language which Luke: here uses, he intends to express the time of Christ's death, though it did not happen in the same year, is doing the greatest violence imaginable to the whole passage. How much easier would it be to admit of a little more latitude in the interpretation of Dan. ix. 26, an aversion to which seems to have plunged that accurate and ingenious writer into a train of inextricable difficulties through all the
latter part of his second essay.
which was
feet
to subsist first in more impercircumstances on earth, but afterwards was to appear complete in the world of glory. In some places of scripture the phrase more particularly signifies the former, and denotes the state of it on earth. (see Mat. xiii. throughout, especially ver. 41, 47, and Mat. xx. 1 ;) and sometimes
it signifies
vi. 9.
only the state of glory (1 Cor. it generally include both. It is plain that the Jews understood it of a temporal monarchy which God would erect the seat of which they
and xv. 50,) but
h The kingdom of heaven is approaching. ~\ Dr. Sykes, in his Essay on the Truth of the Christian Religion, chap. iii. has largely proved that tliis phrase refers to those texts in Daniel quoted in the paraphrase. It properly signifies the gospel.dispensation, in which subjects were to he gathered to God by his Sun, and a society to be formed.
supposed would be Jerusalem, which would become, instead of Rome, the capitalofthe world; and the expected Sovereign of this kingdom tliey learned from Daniel to call the Son of man ; by which title they understood a very excellent person, who was the promised Messiah, the Christ, or the Anointed One of God. Both John the Baptist then and Christ took up this phrase, and used it as they found it, and gradually taught the Jews to affix right ideas to it, though it was a lesson they were remarkably unwilling to learn, This very demand of repent ance shewed it
100
sect, in
The design of his coming foretold by
Isaiah.
xv dom
.
III.
an extraordinary manner, to erect that kingspoken of by Daniel (chap. ii. 44 and vii. 13, 14) as the kingdom of the God of heaven, 2 which he would set up and give to the Son of man making it finally victorious over all other
;
kingdoms.
It is therefore (said the Baptist)
of the highest importance that you should be which, without the subjects of this kingdom a sincere and universal repentance, you cannot possibly be. Luke And upon this occasion he failed not to re- Luke III. 4. As 1S written in the 111 4 peat and to insist upon that passage of scripJ r .; 1 book of the words i. ii ture, (which has in part been just now mention- ofEsalas the proph . ed,) making it evident that this was all exactly et [for this is he
;
fc , .
.
as it is written in the book of discourses and prophet Laiah; Jfor this inprophecies of the * r > *, deed ts he who was spoken oj so expressly by that sacred writer (chap. xl. 3, 4, 5) when he is saying with a manifest reference to the Messiah's kingdom, " There shall be heard the voice ofone crying aloud in the wilderness, Prepare ye the xvay of the Lord with the most thankful readiness, and cheerfully set yourselves to make his paths straight and plain, by removing every thing which might prove an obstruction 5 when he comes on so gracious a design. Everu valleu shall therefore be filled up, and every mi j u-n l ii l i I.* 5 belore mountain and hill shall be brought down l r him ;* even the crooked roads shall be made into a straight way, and the rough places shall be laid
i
.
tliat w' as
spoken of]
ii
one crying m the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make
'
"9&
The
voice
"
r
T ni
'
5 Every
sna11 be
,;
valley nlled an<
smooth and
ol his grace,
level: for
which
shall be
by the mighty power rough ways shall be S ^jLi^ 7 5 7.1* now remarkably made smooth
everv mountain and hill nall be brought low; and the crook ed shall be made strai h
displayed, such a victorious way shall be made for his gospel, and it shall be propagated with such speed and success, that it shall seem as if the whole face of nature were miraculously
forests,
changed and mountains and valleys, and and rocks, were to spread themselves
:
was a spiritual kingdom ; and that no wick- sending pioneers to level the way before ed man, how politic or brave, how learned princes when they are coming with nuor renowned soever, could possibly be a merous attendants but, by the import of
:
genuine
the prophet uses, it is plainly to be seen that the main work is Every mountain and hill shall be brought God's, though men are called to concur i down before him.] Grotius has most ele- with him in it which is every where the gantly illustrated the reference thatappears scheme of scripture, as it certainly is of no plainly in this passage to the custom of sound reason. Compare Phil. ii. 12, 1?.
the language
tli at
;
member of it. See my Sermons on lir. Regeneration, Numb. IV. p. 106
The remarkable manner of lm appearance.

And
flesh
101
into a spacious plain before the messenger of sect. And thus, not the land of Israel alone, but XV " kliall see the salvan jj l or +i l i u the whole human race, not exceptallfesh, tionot'God
6
all
it
'
Mat.
III. 4.
And
the same John had
ei^h^TTndaleatTu
crn girdle about his loins and his meat was locusts and wild
;
honey. [Mark L
I.
6.] J
ing the remotest Gentile nations, shall see and m. 6 admire the great salvation oj God" Now, that this extraordinary message might Mat. eet with the greater regard, God was pleased I11- * a P erson on man y accounts reto senc* ** markable, and especially for the temperance and even the severity of his manner of living. For this j ohn wore ( as the ancient prophets v ,. 1u- u used to do) a rough garment which was made of earner s hair, and so indeed was but a kind of sackcloth and he had a leathern girdle about his waist (compare 2 Kings i. 8 ; Zech. xiii. 4 Rev. vi. 12 ; and xi. 3 :) And as for his food, it was such as the wilderness afforded, which was frequently nothing but a large kind of locusts , k
Luk ^
X
;
which the law allowed him to eat (Lev. xi. 21, 22,) and wild honey often to be found in hollow trees or in the clefts of the rocks. (Compare 1
',
" T lien went out
Sam. xiv. 26 Judg. xiv. 8 and Psl. lxxxi. 16.) These uncommon circumstances of his pub- 5
; ;
appearance concurred with the time of it to in the people a great regard for his preaching: for their uneasiness under the Roman yoke, which the?ibore hard upon them, raised the most impatient desire of the Messiah's by whom they expected not only delivarrival
lie
awaken
large kind of
locusts.']
Though
it
allowed, on the authority of the accurate Sandys (see his valuable Travels, p. 183) and many others, that there is in these parts a shrub called the Locust Tree, the buds of which something resemble asparagus ; yet, notwithstanding all the pains Sir Norton Knatchbull has taken to prove it, I cannot imagine the word akîSi^ is here to be understood as referring to the product of it. It is certain the word in the Septuagint and elsewhere generally signifies the animal which we call a locust, or a large winged gras/wpper (see Rev. ix. 3, 7, 9,) which the law allowed the Jews to eat (Lev. xi. 21, 22,) and which Pliny assures us made a considerable part ofthe food of the Parthians and Ethiopians. (Sec JHiv. Nat. Hist. lib. xi. cap. 29; and lib. vi. cap. 30.) The matter is excellently illustrated by the learned notes of Heinsius, Drusius, and Eisner, on this lilacs
may be
but Erasmus is tediously prolix upon it 3 and, which is strange, he is very warm too. What need have we to keep a guard upon our spirits when so great and so good natured a man could be angry in a debate of so small importance I shall add only on this point, with respect to the use of locusts for food, what Dr. Shaw tells us, that, when sprinkled with salt and fried, they taste much like the river crayfish.; who justly contends for this signification of the word ttngifis in his excellent Travels, p. 258 where he also observes that, as the months of April and May are the time when these insects abound, it may probably be conjectured that John began his ministry about that season of the year; which might also seem more convenient
!
and especially for baptizing, than wrhten so great a number of] could hav.'
far receiving,
You
I.
102
Reflections on the preaching of John.
sect, erance, but conquest
rusalem andall[the land ot] Judea, and , . , . , ,. ri / clamation ol his approach ; so that the inhabit- all the region round Mat aboutjordan, [Mar. III. 5 ants of Jerusalem, and multitudes out of all the 5, land ofJudea, and all the region roundabout or- * J
-
xv They therefore J
.
and universal monarchy,

,
to
him [they of] Je-
attentively listened to this pro1
dan, went out to hear him, and were attentive 6 And were [all] 6 to him. 1 And great numbers of them were brought under very serious impressions by his baptized of him in faithful remonstrances, expostulations, and Li.confessbgthet warnings and those that were awakened tore- SU1S [Mark I. 5.] pentance xvere all baptized by him in the river Jordan ; expressing the convictions they were under by co)ifessing their sins, and, by submitting to this rite, engaging themselves for the future to reformation and obedience.
:
.
IMPROVEMENT.
Mark
i.
what pleasure should we hear the gospel of Jesus Christ the Son of God ! and with what reverence remember the dignity of his Divine nature amidst all the condescensions of his incarnate state It is surely matter of unspeakable thankfulness that the king]V[ at iii. 2 dom of heaven should be erected among men! that the great God should condescend so far as to take to himself a people from our mean and sinful world, and appoint his own Son to be the govhappy are we that it is preached ernor of that kingdom I
i
!
With
How
Verse
among us and we are called into it Let it be our great care that we be not only nominal but real members of it. For this purpose let us remember and consider that, to become tne subjects of this kingdom, we are to enter into it by the way of repentance ; humbly confessing our sins, and resolutely forsaking them, if we do indeed desire to find mercy*
!
Let us bless God, both for the promises of pardon and for the appointment of the seals of it, particularly of baptismal xvashing; always remembering the obligation it brings upon us to cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God. (2 Cor. vii. 1.) And, being ourselves become members of Chri-fs kingdom, Verse May Divine 4,6 let us pray that it may be every where extended. Grace remove every obstruction, and make a free course for his gospel, that it may every where run and be glorified, so that all
Luke
*"
flesh
may
see the salvation of
God I
doubt maintained for strict and undissenibled piety, all concurred with the causes mentioned in the paraphrase to draw such vast multitudes- after him.
The novelty of a l Went nut to him.~\ pruphefs appearance in Israel, the family of John, the circumstances of his birth, dnd the extraordinary character he had no
The Pharisees and Sadducees come

John, with
this awful severity of
to
hear John.
103
manners and of doctrine, was sectLet us learn to reflect how _ sent before Christ to prepare his way. necessary it is that the laxv should thus introduce the gospel; and Mat let all the terrors of Moses and Elias render the mild and bless- m. 4 ed Redeemer so much the more welcome to our souls
!
SECT.
John
XVI.
the Baptist addresses suitable admonitions to those that attended his ministry, and proclaims the approach of the Messiah.
Mat.
Mat.
III.
III. 7.
712
Mark
I. 7,
Luke
III.
718.
gUT when he saw ttthEN *-* many of the

pinrUoM and s-idPharisees mil Sadducees come to his fa iptism, he saidunto ncration of vipei ration"'of vipers
;
Mat.
J
III! 7.
,
John opened his ministry there sect. ,.yvi \/\/ among oitterent " were two different sects amonpr the that of the Pharisees, who were exJews Mat. ceeding strict in ceremonial institutions and III. 7 * n tne observation of human traditions and that of the Sadducees, who, among other very obnoxious notions, denied the existence of spirits, and a future state of rewards and pun;
ishments yet some of both these sects, out of curiosity or popular custom, or for some other unknown reason, attended on the preaching of
:
this holy man And when he sazv among the multitudes that came to be baptized by him, that many both of the Pharisees and Sadducees 3 were coining to receive his baptising as he well knew the open profaneness of the one and the secret wickedness of the other, he did not flatter them at all in his address, but said unto them, as with some surprise, ye abominable broods of vipers , c crafty, malignant, mischievous creatures, who hath taught you to put on this form
:
a Pharisees and Sadducees."] The most authentic account of these sects may be seen in Joseph. Antiq. Jud. lib. xviii. cap. 1. (al. 2) Bell. Jud. lib. ii. cap. 8. (al. 7) Haverc. All writers of Jewish Antiquities describe them largely ; but, I think on the whole, none better than Dr. Prideaux, Connect. Vol. II. pag. 335 343. b Coming to receive his baptism.] I express it in this manner, for, though some understand the words van to '^tIit/ax aJiflou, of their coming to oppose his bapHism, I think the reasons far that interpretation not worth mentioning here, and refer my reader to Raphelius, who has given
them a larger examination than they de*

serve. Ann'ot. ex Xen. p. 7 11. c O ye broods of vipers.'] Some think this to be understood as if it had been said, Ye wicked children of wicked parents : but such a reflection on their parents is not necessarily implied. The children of pious Eli are called sons of Belial, merely with reference to their own licentious characters as they knew not the Lord. See 1 Sam. ii. 12. The word T mm pal* may be used in the plural number in reference to the different sentiments, and, if I may be allowed the expression (familial- enough to the Jewish doctors,) the different families of these sects in question.
&
1.04
They are exhorted

^
to
repentance.
XVI. /*
and repentance, and admonished you r *l l u- u ,i to fee jrom the xvrath which is surely and speedily to come P What is it that hath moved Mat III. 7 you to it, when you Pharisees think yourselves so secure from it on account of the pretended sanctity of your lives, and you Sadducees imagine it to be no other than a mere fable and a 8 dream ? Let me exhort you therefore, if you design to be baptized by me, to make it your serious and resolute care to brin? forth fruits _ Pi t_ A. worthy of repentance, and to act like those that
n
sect, of humility
who
you
^vratu
hath
to flee
warned
from the
to
come
>
[Luke
III. 7-3
8 Bring forth therefore fruits
meet
:
for
O" worthy f 1 Jpentance ILuke

jjj
gn
are penitents indeed, forsaking as well as conAnd, if you neglect this, do fessinp- your sins J not presumptuously think it will be to any pur.
i7-7--iii_
i
_ 9
K And
%*i ...
-
tlunk not,
I'O
We pose for you to say within yourselves, We have Abrahanifor our father ; d relying on your de- braham.toowfather: tori sav unto you, ^ j u scent from that holy patriarch, and your being Tlaat G ^ d is ab fe oi that seed of his with whom a peculiar covenant these stones to raise was made: for /solemnly say, and declare it up children unto Aaham C LuKE ni unto you as a certain and important truth, That God is able of these very stones that are before your eyes, c which he can animate and sanctify whenever he sees fit, to raise up those who, though not descended from human parents, shall be in a much nobler sense than you chiU dren to Abraham, as being made the heirs of his faith and obedience ; and he would sooner work such a miracle as this than he would suffer his promise to fail, or admit you to the blessings of his approaching kingdom, merely because you have the abused honour to descend from that peculiar favourite of heaven. These are truths of constant concern, and 10 And now also
to say vv lt hin yourhave Aselves,
ri,ii
now particularly seasonable for the patience of God will not much longer endure so provoking a people. You think of national deliv;
erance, but beware of national judgments

d
for
We
have Abrahamfor our father.'] Dr. threatenings particularly Deut. xxxii. 19,
"Whitby well shews how great the presumption of the Jews on this relation to Abraham was. Munster, on this text, quotes a remarkable passage from the Talmud, in which it is said, " That Abraham sits next the gates of hell, and doth not permit any wicked Israelite, to go down into it." These Jews might perhaps pervert the promise in Jer. xxxi. 35, 36, to support this vain and dangerous such a confidence, in opposition to multitude of most express and awful
&
sec/.
Of
these
very stones that are before
your eyes.]
tators
The many learned commen-
who refer this to God's calling the Gentiles, supposing some of them to be present here, seem to lose all the beauty of the expression which I have paraphr.nsed at large, because I think lew, if any, have set it in so strong a light as it will well bear. It is but a precarious conjecture that ihe stones here referred to were thusAi
;
set
up
in Gilgal.
Josh-
iv. 3, 20.
John's awful
to
xvai nitlg
and
advice.
O.T
'*"rtc axe is laid mi- j assure you thatthe hand of is lifted up, SEC the root or tlie , f c ~. T and t,le axc ot divine Justice IS even now, as it XVI trees: therefore evwhich were, applied to the very root of the trees ; and tree ery bringeth not forth therefore ever// tree that doth not produce
God
rood ni'io
the
fire.
III9.]
[Luke himself to be one of that profession by a
God
life
people, contradicts
of wickedness, or by
the neglect of vital and practical religion) is very certainly and quickly to be cut doivn* by death, and throzvn into the fire of hell. Upon this many of the Pharisees and Sad- Luke Luric III. 10And the people ask- ducees, who expected to have been treated 111,10 ed him, savins*, L , ,. What shall vie do wlth greater respect, were so provoked that they turned their backs upon the prophet, and then refused to be baptized. (Compare Luke vii. But it was other29, 30 and Mat. xxi. 25.) wise with the common people, who were alarmed by what he said, and the multitudes, who
-,
.
were more teachable, asked him, saying, What

then shall we do, that we may be prepared for the kingdom of the Messiah, and may escape this dreadful condemnation and approaching wrath ? And he answer eth and saith unto them, 11 Be careful not only to observe the ceremonies f re lip-ion, but to attend to the great duties of - i ; i i_ justice and ot charity too, which are incumbent upon you as well as on the great and rich; and jle ^ for instance, that hath txvo coats, let him impart one of them, to him that hath none ; and he that hath plenty oifood, let him do the like. Then there came also some of the Publicans 12 b baptized: now these Publicans were a set *
.
11 He answevcth and saith unto them, He that hath two coats, let him impart hath to him that none and he that hath meat, let him
;
12
Then came d*
so Publicans to be baptized, and said
unto him,
Master, or
what
shall
we do
men whose omce it was to collect which the Romans had imposed on and to pay them to others who were
;
..
the taxes the Jews,
called the chief of the Publicans and these people being generally persons of an infamous character, for their injustice and oppression applied themselves to John under a strong conviction of their guilt, and said unto him, Master, what shall
zve do to testify the sincerity of
our repentance
and quickly to be cut \1 II is expressed, in the original, in the pre ent Wat , and it may be of some importwice to observe here that, in scripture language th; n4uch is very sure, and very -7uu is 3] ken of aj3 if i't was already dov.'c.
J; very certainly
Thus
Christ speaks of himself as if lie wag already in possession of his glory, while he washereon earth, Johnxvii. 24; and sinners too are represented as condemned already, John hi. 18; and sain) are spoken of as al~ .v.'- îbrrfli ' Kph. ii.6; and llcb. sii. 32,25
i
105
sect.
John proclaims
i
.
the approach of the Messiah,

13 And he said unto them, Exact no more that than is which is appointed
XVI
And he said unto them. Though you are not ab* 1^1 i solutely required to quit your employment,
i
at 7 ou exac ^ nothing more Luke ta^ e care 111.13 enjoined you by your principals, whose servants
you.
you
14
are in collecting the public
money.
to
14
iers
And
7 Si
.
the soldiers also applied themselves
hims on the same occasion, and in like manner askedhim, saying, And, as for us, -what shall we
7
7
And the soldlikewise deSllal *

>
do And he said unto them, 1 errify no man we & And he said by a violent overbearing conduct, nor wrong unto them, Do vio\anu~\ bif false accusation, in order to get a lib- le nce to no man > any 1 neither accuse c ^ c ^ erty ol living upon him at free quarters and falsely> and be co 1 be contented with your legal wages, or pay, not tent with your waraising mutinies and seditions to get it in- increased. 5 And, as the people were in great suspense, and 15 in^xplc"
7
7 .
<T1
h in .?' A,ltl 11
^ffK,fyW " at
with much so- tation, and all men in their licitude concerning John, debating the matter mused with themselves, whether he xverc the Messiah hearts of John, wheall
were reasoning-
p^
in their hearts
^
n
16 or
to
not,
yohn answered all that put
him, in the most saving* I indeed baptize you with water, to enJ _i c i_-i
tlier he were tltci the question Christ or not 16Johnatswered, direct and positive manner,
s
gage you
the exercise of repentance, which by submitting to that rite you solemnly profess ; but there is one coming after me, even the Messiah himself, xvho is much more powerful and considerable than /can pretend to be (see John x. 41 ) -whose very shoes lam not worthy so much
to
indeed baptize vou wit h water [unto repentance ;] but one mightier than I
all, I
n unt *P S
theiT
^J^
J-J^
no t worthy to bear,]
the latchet of whose s hes l * not wor *
as
carry after him, [or] to stoop down and mitie the latchet of [them,] but should esteem it as an honour to perform the humblest office of menial service for him. And, if you are indeed his people, he shall baptize you with a most plentiful effusion of the Holy Spirit and with fre
to
,-
down and]
unloose r baptize you Wlth the Holy
He
r
shall
1
M^ T
I.
V
'.
j ji
\\
Mark
7,
8]
The soldiers applied themselves to him.] There is no reason to believe that these were Gentile soldiers. Grotius has excellently proved that the Jews in general did not scruple a military life and a rnultitude of passages from Josephus might be added to the same purpose and though most of the soldiers in Judea, which was now a province, might be Romans, yet those belonging to Galilee might probablybejews. Had these been Gentiles, John would surely have begun his instructions to them with urging the worship of the true God.
;
:
been used proverbially for that violent manner in which persons of this station of life
are often ready to bully those about them whom they imagine their inferiors
in
;
strength and spirit though nothis an argument of a meaner spirit, oy more unworthy that true courage which constitutes so essential a part of a good military character. With your legal wages or pay-"] The word o^&viok is well known to signify probut, when applied to soldvision or food iers, it is generally used to signify the pay that was allotted for their subsistence. h Terrify 710 man."] The word <Tw9-io-7s (Compare Rom. vi. 23; where it is renpropcrly signifies " to take a man by the dcred wages and 1 Cor. ix. 7 ; where we
ing
,-
collar
and shake him
;"
and seem*
to
have translate
it
charges.
ami-Warns them of the consequences of it.
lOf
causing his Spirit to descend upon his follow- sect. ers in the appearance of a flame of fire, to rep- XVI resent its operating on the heart like fire, to
'
kindle pious and devout affections, and to pu- in.i6 rify and enliven the souls of believers. (Compare Acts i. 5 ; and ii. 3.)
But > r u ar ? to remember this is an awful as fan is hand, and well as an amiable Person, whose fan is in his he will thoroughly hand, and he xvi 11 thoroughly winnow and cleanse
17
Whose
\7
in
his
purge bis
will
floor,
e-atlier
wheat
ncr
;
into his rar-
but the he will burn lire unquenchable.
it were) his threshm? ' o covered with a mixture chaft' of wheat and chaff: for such will be the nature with f t h e doctrine he shall teach as will effectuallv
and his chur ch,

the
which
is
n Jioor an d
,
at
present
(as >
is
[Mat.
III. 12.1
J u i r discover what is the real disposition of the hearts of men, and perfectly distinguish between the
.
.->
hypocritical and the sincere.
And happv will it

;
be for those that stand the trial for he will carefully gather them, as the wheat into his granary, and lay them up in heaven as his peculiar treasure but as for the chaff which is found amon^them, as for those empty vain professors that are -now mingled with his people, he xvill then treat them as men do the sweepings and the refuse of the floor, and burn them up as worth:
less and unprofitable trash and I faith fully warn you that it will be with unquenchable k fire : let this excite you therefore to escape so terrible a doom. (Compare Isa. xli. 16; and Ezek. xxii. 15.) Jer. xv. 7
;
k The chaff he will burn with unqnenchThere is in what the Baptist here declarcs an evident allusion to the custom of burning the chaff after winnowing-, that it mig-ht not be blown back again, and so be ming-lcd with the wheat: and, though it may in part refcrto the calamities to come upon the Jewish nation for rejecting Christ (as Bishop Chandler has observed in his Dtfence of Christianity, p. 85,) yet it seems chiefly to intend the final destruction of all .sinners in hell, which alone is properly opposed to the gathering the wheat into the garablefire.']
^vtiuc,
and signify chaff as- distinguished from straw ; since One can hardly ima<*-ine either that any thing- so useful as straw would be made the symbol of thesr worthless reprobates, or that it would be represented as burnt up. As to the phrase
?w (compare Mat. xiii. 40, 41 42 :) and howsoever it be certain that the word i^vpov in Greek authors does generally signify all that is left of the corn when the
,
grain is separated, including f/<e straw (sec Raphel. Annot. ex Xen. in loc. and Gen. xxiv. 25 32. Siptuag.) yet I apprehend that in tills plarc.e ft must be equivalent to
of burning the chaff tw>/j unquenchable fire, Mr. Horbcrry has observed, with his usual accuracy ofjudgment (Inquiry into the Duration of Future Punishment, Chap. i. No. 1, 2,) that it is absolutely inconsistent with all views of the restoration if the wicted and that, however the phrase of bein"consumed like chaff might seem to favour the doctrine of their annihilation (which nevertheless it is certain no punishment of mind or bodv can of itself effect,) the epithet of unquenchable given to this fire is so far from proving it, that it cannot, by any easy and just interpretation, be recji ciled with it.
.-
108
sect.
Reflections on the ministry of John the Baptists
Such was in general the tendency and pur- 18 And manv otto' in his cx port of John's preaching And, offering maim f r l u : M & v nortation preached ôt,ier exhortations to them to the same effect, he unto the people Luke of III. 18 he published to the people these glad tidings the Messiah's approach, and endeavoured to prepare them to receive him in a proper man-
XVL
2^
ner
as will be
more
i.
particularly
shewn here-
after.
(See John
I5,&seq. andiii. 28, k?seq.)
IMPROVEMENT.
Mat.
'
an excellent pattern of ministerial service does John exhibit in the passage before us Blessed is that gospel preacher who, like him, seeks not his own ease and pleasure, and indulges not too luxurious and sensual inclinations, but cheerfully accom!
What
modates himself to the state and circumstances which Providence hath assigned him, as infinitely more intent on the success of his ministry than on any little interest of his own that can interfere with it Happy the man who, imitating the impartiality of this Luke faithful servant of God, giveth to every one his portion of meat in iii. due season, and abhors the thoughts of flattering men in their vices, 10-14 or buoying them up with delusive hopes in their birth and profession, while they are destitute of real and vital religion May this plain and awakening address be felt by every soul that
!
"Ver.
10
Luke m. 17
hears it And, in particular, let the children of religious parents, those that enjoy the most eminent privileges and that make even the strictest profession, weigh themselves is this balance of the sanctuary, lest they be found'wanting in the awful decisive day. And if the Avarnings of the gospel have alarmed our hearts, and put us upon feeing from the wrath to come, oh, let the terrors of the Lord engage us not only to confess but to forsake our sins, and to bring forth fruits me.etfor repentance ! Let all to whom the gospel message comes most attentively and seriously consider in what alarming circumstances of danger and extremity impenitent sinners are here represented. The gospel is the last dispensation we must ever expect ; the axe is at the root of the unfruitful tree, and it must ere long be ait down and burnt, be its branches ever so diffusive and its leaves ever so green. Christ hath a fan in his hand to winnow us as well as the Jews, tHa.t we may stand the trial! And oh that, as his xvheat, we may be laid up in the storehouse of heaven when that day cometh which shall bum as an oven, and when all that do wickedhj shall be consumed as stubble and be burnt tip us chaff'! (Mai. iv. 1.)
!
let
Published these glad tidings. J Hvayl y&i%tlo has plainly this import ; and as it was a very imperfect intimation, rathe r than a full discover)" of the gospel tlrat was given
by the Baptist, it docs not seem so proper hereto render it by preaching the gospel, though the wordhasoften thai, signification;
see Mat.xi.5j Ltike iv.l8;and Actsviii.4,&;c-
and the danger of impenitent
sinners*
109
to conclude that we may be prepared for that final trial, ct. us be earnest in our applications to our gracious Redeemer, that as we are baptized with water in his name, he would also Verse baptize us with the Holy Ghost and with fire ; that, by the oper- jg ations of his Holy Spirit on our cold and stupid hearts, he would enkindle and quicken that Divine life, that sacred love, that flaming, yet well governed, zeal for his glory, which distinguishes the true Christian from the hypocritical professor, and is indeed the seal of God set upon the heart to mark it for eternal happiness.
And
let
"
SECT.
The testimony John
XVII.
John
John
the Baptist gave to Christ is taken notice ofby the Evangelist, and his own testimony added to confirm it.
I.
15
18.
15. JJohs bare witOHN

1.
ness of
him and
^ -*
AS the Messiah now was shortlyuto appear, A\ r<A u

, an " tne time just at hand in which he was to
.,
.
John
I.
15.
,
!?,??
'
xvii.
cried, saying-, This
enter on his public ministry, the way (as we John was he of whom have seen) was opened for his coming by John * 15 He that I spake, fa J3 a p t ist*s being sent to preach the doctrine of repentance : and when the people came in crowds from every part to hear him, John bore his testimony of him in a public declaration of the dignity of his person and of the great design
for
which he was to come which, though

;
it
was
expressed in general terms, yet did he afterwards apply it in particular to Jesus of Nazareth, pointing him out to be the person he had spoken of and, with an earnestness that suited the importance of this grand occasion, he openly proclaimed him to be the promised Messiah, and cried, saying, This is the person that I told you of; and this is he of whom I said before* (Mat. iii. 11,) He that cometh
at first
;
a This was he of whom I said.'] This probably might happen at the time when Jesus made his first appearance among those that came to be baptized by John when at his offering to receive his baptism though John before had been a stranger to him, and knew him not by any personal acquaintance with him, yet, by some powerful impression on his mind, he presently discerned that this was he whom he before had taught the people to expect,
; ;
and of whose person he had given them sa high a character. For it was plainly from his knowledge of him that John at first would have declined baptizing him, as an honour of which he looked upon himself to be unworthy. Nor ie it to be doui>; i, but that when he first knew uie person, of whose appearance he had raised such expectations by his preaching, he would immediately be ready to acquaint his hearers that this iae he who was intended by.
Vol.
I.
ilO
xviT"
The testimony
a
that the Baptist
gave
to Christ.
ter me as to tne time of n * s appearance in cometh after me is the world, and of his entrance on the stage of ! fe?! A o me, tor ne was be ..,,. ,, John public lite, is upon all accounts superior to fore me. * * 5 me, and is deservedly preferred before me ; for y
->
J"^
though indeed as to his human birth he is younger than me, and did not come into the world till a little after me, yet, in a much more noble and exalted kind of being, he existed long before me, h or even before the production of any
_
creature whatsoever. And I John the apostle,
who had
the
honour
of being numbered among his most intimate friends would, with pleasure, in my own name, and that of my brethren, add my testimony to that of the Baptist, as I and they have the greatest reason to do : for of his overflowing fulness have ive all received whatever we possess^ and he as men, as Christians, or as apostles hath given us even grace upon grace f- a rich abundance and variety of favours, which will ever make his name most dear and precious to
;
16 And of his fulness have we all reeived and g race
our souls.
1
it
For the larv was given by .Moses, and we own an honour to our nation to have received it, and to that holy man to have been the messen;
1? For tne la was glven by Moses > bui
ger of it yet to the sinner it is a dispensation of death, and passes an awful sentence of conBapmost evident that what is s>id Chrysostom justly observes, must be considered as the words of the evangelist. John the Baptist had never yet mentioned the name of Jesus and the expression vie all shews it could not be his introduced (as I have placed it here) be- words; for those to whom he addressed fore the particular account that the other himself do not appear to have received grace evange/istsh&ve given of his baptism. Com- from Christ. The last French version, with great propriety, includes ver. 15 in aparenpare Mat. Hi. 14 and John i. 27 30. b He existed \o\\% before me mpx]" y.x xv.J thesis, and so connects this 16th. verse with as if it had been said, He This must undoubtedlyrefertothat state of the 14th ; glory in which Christ existed before his in- dwelt among us foil of grace and truth carnation of which the Baptist speaks so and of his fulness have vie all reliim
;
which they themselves might have been ready to conclude, from the uncommon veneration andrespect with which the Baptist treated him who had been always used to treat men with the greatest plainness. And upon this account it maybe proper that this testimony of him should be
c I
add
my testimony to that of the
tist.3
It is
here
in this verse, as
,-
grief upon grief ( Theogn. v. 344.) Compare Ecclus. xxvi. 15 17; and see BlackviaWs Sacred Classics, Vol. I. Next to this I should prefer Grop. 164 tius's interpretation, who would render it that is, the freest' cy, by prophets, sages, and angels too, which grace of mere grace nothing that had yet occurred in the life of grace imaginable. John could by aqy ihowis &qul.
<*.v<a>v*v<otc
Jo. iii. 31, as abundantly to justify the paraphrase (compare note b on John i. As for the preceding sect. 21.) 30 clause t/w7rpco-b(v /xs ytyoviv, which we render is preferred before me, I think Erasmus truly expresses the sense of it in supposing it to refer to thsoe distinguishing honours which had been paid to Christ in his infan-
plainly,
ceived.
d Grace upon grace. ] This seems the most ' easy sense of x a ctv^ X*Z t 7'> as at"r
is
'
,-
Reflections on the fulness of the grace

grace
of Christ.
Ill
demnation upon him [but~\thz Redeemer whom ^t. celebrate is worthy of much more affectionChrist. for grace and truth came by Jesus John ate regards Christ,* who gives us an ample declaration of 1. 17 pardon and an abundant effusion of the Spirit, those substantial blessings of which the Mosaic 18 No man hath dispensation was but a shadow. His gospel 18 gecn God at any therefore should be received with the most time the Only Befor 720 ?nan hath ever seen c h eer fu i consen t gotten Son, winch , he is an mcoris in the bosom of God, nor indeed can see him, as but the Father, he hath poreal, and therefore an invisible, Being declared him. t fie Q n [y Begotten Son, xvho is always in the bosom of the Father, f and ever favoured with the most endearing and intimate converse with him, He hath revealed and made him known in a much clearer manner than he was before, by those discoveries of his nature and will which may have the most powerful tendency to form us to virtue and happiness,
and
^
truth
:
J esus
'
we
'
IMPROVEMENT.
Happy are they that (like this beloved apostle,) when they Verse hear the praises of Christ uttered by others, can echo back the * testimony from their own experience, as having themselves received of his fulness ! Mav an abundance of grace be communioh, may are not straitened in him cated from him to us we not be straitened in ourselves but daily renewing our application to him as our Living Head, may vital influences be continually imparted to our souls from him With pleasure let us compare the dispensation of Jesus with jr that of Moses, and observe the excellency of its superior grace and of its brighter truth : but let us remember, as a necessary consequence of this, that if the despisers of Moses's law died without mercy, they shcdl be thought worthy ofa much sorer punishment
!
We
e Came by Jesus Christ~\ I cannot lay much stress on the word rywlo here,
so as
Critics f In the bosom of the Father."] generally agree this is one of the places in
;
opposed to iS'obn, as to suppose it, with which c is put for sv but had it here Erasmus, to imply, that whereas Moses been rendered near his Father's bosom, it was only the messenger of the la<w, Christ might as well have answered the design was the original of the grace and truth lie of the original, and would, I think, have brought into the world by the gospel, since been as expressive of that intimate conall that is intended by rywilo is nothing verse and entire friendship which the more than that if -was, or that/'f came, by phrase implies Eisner here cites a pasjfesus Christ, according to the sense in sage from Plato concerning the regard due which the word is often .used in other pla- to the authority of a Son of God when ces and fi*. here is used of Christ as speaking of hit Father ; and it is indeed well as of Moses so that both are repre- surprisingly apposite. EUn. Obserc. VoT* sented as messengers, though of very dif- I. p. 296.
;
;
fcrcnt dispensations^
H2
XV ""
sect,
Christ comes
to
John from Nazareth
in Galilee
and a more aggravated condemnation who tread underfoot the Son of God. (Heb. x. 28, 29.) May we ever regard him as the Only Begotten of the Father Verse 18 and, since he hath condescended so far as to come down from his very bosom to instruct us in his nature and will, let us with all humility receive his dictates, and earnestly pray that, under his revelations and teachings, we may so know God as faithfully to serve him now, and at length eternally to enjoy him.
SECT.
Christ is baptized by John, in a visible form. Mark
XVIII.
Luke
III. 21
and the Holy Spirit descends upon him L 9 11 Mat. III. 13, to the end ;
23.
I.
Mark
sect.
9.
came to pass in those days, when great a nd it came to cvm *-* numbers of all ranks and professions among **- P ass in those Lu, when the Jewish people were baptized- that Jesus JysJ Mark the town of Nazareth in Galilee^ baptized] that Jesus 1,9 came from where he had lived for many years in a retired came from Nazareth manner with his parents, to the river Jordan of Gal u eeh ?"*? and applied himself to John, that he might be bap- ^ \\ m ] and was tized by him ; c and was accordingly baptized by baptized of John in
it
'
AND
Mark
I.
9.
it might be that in so large a place as Nazareth there mig-ht be several persons that it is very evident the word all must be of the name of Jesus, or Joshua, so very taken with the restriction used in the para- common among- the Jews. It appears phrase, as it is oftentimes in other places, therefore much more reasonable to have recourse to the solution given in the parab Jesus came from Nazareth in Galilee.] The learned Dr. Thomas Jackson, in his phrase and note A on the last cited text, sec. elaborate examination of this context, (see 21. that he had a secret intimation given his works, Vol. II. p. 515 519,) supposes him who it was that came to be baptized and all that this very ingenious that John the Baptist, inquiring- into and by him hearing the name of Jesus, and the place writer has said to shew the various viaris from whence he came, and comparing- it in by which John might inow Christ, without his own mind with that celebrated proph- supposing such a particular revelation as is ecy, Isa. xi. 1, 2, concluded that this Je- there sug-gested, does but confirm me the sus, or Divine Saviour, as the word may more in the necessity of admitting it. c That he might be baptized by him.] By signify (see note A on Mat. i. 21. p. 33,) coming from Nazareth the town of Rods, this he intended to do an honour to John's as the etymology of that name imports, ministry, and to conform himself to what tor which -was the rod out of the stem of Jesse, upon he appointed to his followers whom the Spirit should descend, and rest last reason it was that he drank likewise And thus he of the sacramental cup. And this we may like a dove on a branch. would reconcile John's address to Christ consider as a plain argument that baptism
When
all the people were

1
baptized."]
sible
John continued baptizing so long
after this,
as so extraordinary a person, Matt. iii. 14, may be administered to those who are not with his declaring (John i. 31, 33) that he capabable of all the purposes for which it knew him not before but this seems a very was designed. See Dr. Whitby's note on precarious solution, considering how pos- Mat. iii. 16
:
And being- baptized by John

Jordan.
in Jordan;.
i.
113
[Mat.
III.
13
MAT.III.14.But 28
it,
Luke
III. 21.
John ^
.
in Jordan,
'
sec
to prevent all appearance of a combination 111.14 Detween them, that John was personally 2C 7 and comest .-,, /T f oo \ d * Ii. stranger to Christ. (John i. 33.) But neverthethou tome less, as soon as he saw him, he received a secret intimation from above that this was the Messiah upon whom the Spirit should visibly sect. descend (see the note on John i. 33 21.) And, upon this account, such was the modesty of John that he was ready to decline the service, and would have hindered him from doing what he proposed and accordingly said unto him, Thou art so much my superior, that I have need to be baptized by thee with that far nobler baptism which thou art to administer ! and dost thou come to me on such an occasion as this ? I am confounded at the thought, and cannot but consider it as too high an honour 15 And Jesus an- for me> replying, said unto him. * > j[ n(j y eftus * *? * said unto -,, swenng, ' f J 7 * hough it be really as thou sayest, yet do not him Suffer it to be for thus it go about to hinder me, but permit [it] now ; *o now becometh us to fid- f or however unable thou mayest be at present
saying,
to be thee,
John forbad him, I have need
.Now the providence
/ 20 V
near Bethabara; (see John V

-j
\
J
'
xvm
SECT
"
fr ,, oi (.Tod had
,
j so ordered Mat.
baptized of
?
__
hi all righteousness.
Then he
him.
suffered
A. i r t0 enter into tne particular reasons of

.
*.
:* it,
yet,
in submission to the Divine appointments, it is decent for us thus to comply with all the duties
of religion, and in this manner

fulfil all righteousness
:
it
becomes us to
and upon this account, as it is a part of my duty to attend this institution, it is therefore a part of thine to administer it. Then, as John knew that it became him not to debate the matter any farther, he permitted him to be baptized. 16 And Jesus, And after Jesus xvas baptized, as soon s he 16 when he was bap- ascended out of the water to the bank of] ordan, J J > Uzed, went up 1 si aightway out of behold, the heavens xvcre immediately opened* the water and, lo, unto him, and in a wondrous way appeared as the heavens were if they had been rent asunder directly over his opened unto lum . , ., . J , * , head and at that very instant, as he xvas ,, look.
TAc heavens W|We immediately opened."] it plain (as Grotius and Blackwall have observed) that what is here intended is to intimate, that directly on his coming up out ofthe water the heavens were opened for it must certainly appear to be a
I
Jesus went up straightway out of the water af.er he was baptized i but, if we take it in the other way, it very fitly introduces the remarkable account of what directly followed it. There seems to be such a trailposition of the word v/biox;, Mark i. 29 ; circumstance of small importance, and ve- and xi. 2. See lactizatl's Sacred Classics, ry liule use, for the evangelist to say that Vol. I- p. 8$.
think
:
Si
14
the Spirit in a visible
form
descends upon him.
sect, ing up,
XV '""
r r/ it, on this wonderful sight, Ac saw the Spirit oj 111.16 God/ in a corporeal for m as a glorious and
,
.
""*'
he saw the SpirGod descendin g [Luke, in a splendid appearance of fire, descending with a bodily shape] like a x ltr dove, and liehtniff ,., , 9 r , hovering motion like a dove, and coming upon upon him. [Mark I. him ; as a visible token of those secret opera- 10 Luke in. 21, tions of that Blessed Spirit on his mind, by 22 -3
i i
ture
and praying* in a devout and holy rap- [Luke, and as John was also fixing his eyes up- tized r and
> i
> ,
being bapPaying,]
,,
it
of
which, according to the intimations God had given in his word, he was anointed in a peculiar manner, and abundantly fitted for his public work. (Compare Psal. xlv. 7, and Isa. lxi.
10
Luke
111.22 re ar g d to Christ,
And, ?&?i farther testimony of the Divine Luke III. 22. And and of the glorious dignity of D] a voice canie his person, this was attended with a very mem- ** tK^mSiv orable event : for, behold, a loud and awful beloved Son, in thee voice came out of heaven, when it was thus open- I a m well pleased, ATT 17 ed, which said, Thou art my beloved Son, h in T }}\
,
I am well pleased ; that is, I perfectly approve thy character, and acquiesce in thee as the Great Mediator, through whom I will shew myself favourable unto sinful creatures. (Comthee
^ Mark
I.
pare Isai.
xiii. 1.)
23
And Jesus
.
at that time, xuhen

;
he received the
,
*,. f f,. exercise ot [his ministry,] was about thirty years ag e which time he chose to quit his retireold; at
'
baptism of John, and was 1

-,
bep-inninsr the l public d
23 An<i Jesus hime a to be a ^r * bout thirty years of

elf
.
ivas praying.'} It is observable the three voices from heaven, by which the Father bore witness to Christ, were pronounced while he was praying, or very quickly alter it. Compa. e Luke ix.
e
As he
all
hovering dovelike motion,

Christian supposes to have
(in
which Dr. Scott

Vol. III. p. 66.)
{hat
his
Life,
29
35; and John
xii. 28.
been all. Dr. Owen and Grotius think it was a bright fame in the shape of a dove ; and Justin Martyr (who adds, that all Jordan shone with the reflection of the light) says, that
iiu ^rsg/rga?
\
of God.] There is no question to be made hut that this wondrous sight was seen by hot!) of them for
satv the Spirit
:
He
it
was
tv
and Jerom
calls it qicfj.*.
has so expressed it as plainly to refer the seeing it to Christ and John the Baptist has in another place assured us that he saiv it, and took particular notice of it as the sign lie was directed to observe as the distinguishing and certain characteristic of the Messiah. John i. 32 34. And I have therefore so expressed it in the paraphrase, as not directly to confine the sight of it to either. g In a corporeal form,.] This is the exact English of a-a/u*]iKiiv<f'u; a phrase, which might with propriety have been used, though there had not been (as most understand it) any appearance in the shape of the animal here mentioned, but only a iambeiit Jlavic falling from heaven with a
;
Mark
opviBsc, the appearance of a dove. Both these phrases are much more determinate than the original ; but I chuse to leave this, and many other things, in the same latitude as
I
find
h
them. Thou art viy beloved Son.]

it
;
Both Mark
thus which inclines me to follow those copies of Matthew which agree with them, rather than the more common reading there. This is my Tv^ckho-x properly expresses beloved Son. an entire acquiescence in him. i And Jesus, when beginning [his minOf the istry] was about thirty years old.] age of Jesus at this time, see note b on Luke iii. 1. p. 98. I cwi recollect no suflicient authority to justify our translators upin rendering nv ao-p &m Tgwxov7*
and Luke express
Reflections on the baptism of Christ, Sec.
US
\
ment, being then
in the
full
vigour of nature, sect.
and having attained the age in which the priests used to begin their ministrations in the temple. Luke (Compare Numb. iv. 347; and 1 Chron. HI 23
xxiii. 3.)
IMPROVEMENT.
our Lord's submitting himself to baptism, teach us a ho- Ma% and care in the observance of those positive institutions which owe their obligation merely to a Divine command
Let
ly exactness
lest by it also becometh us to fulfil all righteousness breaking one of the least of Christ's commandments, arid teachingothers to do it, we become unworthy of a part in the kingdom of
for thus
(Mat. v. 19.) Jesus had no sin to confess or wash away, yet he was baptized ; and God owned that ordinance so far as to make it the season of pouring forth the Spirit upon him. And where can we expect this sacred effusion, but in a conscientious and humble attendance on Divine appointments? Let us remember in how distinguishing a sense Jesus is the Christ, the anointed of God, to whom the Father hath not given the Spirit by measure, but hath poured it out upon him in the most abundant degree. Let us trace the workings of this Spirit in Jesus, not only as a Spirit of miraculous power, but of the richest grace and holiness ; earnestlv praving that this holy unction may, from Christ our head, descend upon our souls May his enlivening Spirit kindle its sacred flame there with such vigour that many zvaters may not be able to quench it, nor foods of temptation and corruption to drown it. Behold God's beloved Son, in whom he is ivellpleased ! As such let us honour and love him ; and as such let our souls acquiesce
heaven.
!
16
Mark ' 10
U i.
22
y'y.ivi;, began to be about thirty years of age, sense we suppose it to have here; and or was now entering' on his thirtieth year, since he had before expressed our Lord's To express that sense it should have been subjection to his parents by the word vTrilct"' *5PC i i" evoe v*> &.c. as Epiphanius, proba- tnroy.ivoc, chap. ii. 51, there is great reason bly by a mistake, has quoted it. The to believe he wotdd have \ised the same learned author of the Vindication of the here, had he intended to give us the same beginning of Matthew's and Lute's gospel, idea. And indeed, if ct^ycfxivo; be allowextremely dissatisfied with all the com- ed to have the signification which this acmon versions and explications of these curate critic (for such he undoubtedly is) words, would render them, And Jesvs -was contends for here, since there is nothing: obedient, or living in subjection [to his pain the text to limit it, the phrase would inrents] about thirty years , and produces sev- timate he was subject to none after this eral passages from approved Greek -writers, time aa assertion which I should think in which signifies subject. But both groundless and dangerous. This in all those places it is used in some con- clause of Luke has been already mention nection or opposition which determines the; ed in another place, where it was only in sense; and therefore none of them are serted (out of its proper order) t<. cominstances parallel to this. Luke evidently plete the sentence see sect. 9. p. 5Q. rt 4$)t c uwvi chap. xjd. 28, in the
a^^
116
sect.
i
Christ
is
led by the Spirit into the wilderness^
n him, as in every respect such a Saviour as our wishes might have asked and our necessities required. With what amazement should we reflect upon it that theblesLuke 111.23 sed Jesus, though so early ripened for the most extensive services, should live in retirement even till his thirtieth year ! That he deferred his ministry so long should teach us not to thrust ourselves forward to public stations till we are qualified for them, and plainly discover a Divine call that he deferred it no longer should be an engagement to us to avoid unnecessary delays, and to give God the prime and vigour of our life. Our Great Master attained not, as it seems, to the conclusion of his thirty fifth year, if he so much as entered upon it; yet what glorious achievements did he accomplish within those narHappy that servant who with any proporrow limits of time
\
tionable zeal dispatches the great business of life so much the more happy if his sun go down at noon; for the space that is taken from the labours of time will be added to the rewards of
!
eternity.
SECT.
C'hrisfs
victory
XIX.
the wilderness.
I. 12, 13.
over
the
temptations of Satan in
Luke IV. 113.
Mat. IV. 111.

1.
Mark
Luke IV.
?ect.
"
Jesus, being full of the Holy Spirit, XIX -L with which he had been just anointed in so Luke extraor dinary a manner, returnedfrom Jordan, IV. l where he had been baptized ; and immediately after this zvas led, by the strong impulse of that Spiriton his mind, into that desolate and solitary place the wilderness a that he might there be exercised and tempted bu the most violent assaults -.,,.. i , j i_ i_> or the devil; and, by conquering him, might afford an illustrious example of heroic virtue, and lay a foundation for the encouragement and
,
. ;
CT'HEN
A
P?
l
LuKE Iv L
-
tog
fuSTf the
Holy Ghost, returned from Jordan, and A **
him] ^- * he wilderness [to be tempted of u

devil.]
spirit Spirit driveth
[Mark
'{edlf'tiie the
t he
[Mat.
IV. 1;
Mark 1. 12.]
Christ probably a Into the wilderness. ] intended this as a devout retirement, to which he found himself strongly inclined, that he might give vent to those sacred pastions which the lute grand occurrences of the descent of the. Spirit upon him, and the miraculous attestation of a voicefrom lieavIt en, had such a tendency to inspire. seems a very groundless conjecture of Mr. Fleming (in his Christology, Vol. lip. 315) that he was carried through the air to mount Sinai. Mr. Maundrcl's is much more probable* that it might be the wiV-
which, as he, who derness near Jordan travelled through it, assures us, is a miserable and horrid place, consisting of high barren mountains, so that it looks as if nature had suffered some violent convulsions (See Maundrefs Travels, p. 78,) there. This is the sceneof the parable of the good
Samaritan. (Luke x. 30.) Our Lord probwas assaulted in the northern part of it, near the sea of Galilee, because he is said here to be returning or going back to Nazareth, from whence he came to be baptized; Marki. p, ll,
ably
where having fastedforty days he
is
tempted,
lit
Mark.
1.
13.
And
wilderness'" "forty days, tempted of Satan; and was with the wild beasts [and in those davs he did rat nothing.] Luke IV. 2.
support of his people in their future combats sect. with that malignant adversary. And ne was there in the wildernessforty days; Mark Satan ; 1. 13. and durin S thaC time he was temP ted ty and also was surrounded with a variety of the rnost savage and voracious kinds of xvild beasts, ^ ut t j J we re so overawed by his presence . 1 r tx the case ot Daniel when in the den that (as of lions Dan. vi. 22) none of them offered him the least injury b and in all those days he did
,
m
,
eat nothing- at
all.
Mat IV 2 And And xv hen he had thus fasted forty days and when he had "fasted forty nights, as Moses the giver of the law forty days and forty (Exod. xxxiv. 28,) and Elias the great restorer nights, he was afterKi xix g N of had done before him having been thus far miraculously borne above [Luke IV. 2.] the appetites of nature, at length he felt them and was very hungry ; but was entirely unprovided with any proper food. 3 And when the And just at that time the tempter coming to. tempter came to fo mc \ n a visible form (putting on a human ap1 y~_ him, he said, It thou .1 r î be the Son of God pearance, as one that desired to inquire farther command that these into the evidences of his mission) said, if thou stones be made ar f the Son of God, in such an extraordinary bread. [Luke IV. manner as t h ou hast been declared to be, and art indeed the promised Messiah, who is expected under that character, d command that these stones become loaves [of bread~\ to relieve thy hunger for in such a circumstance it will undoubtedly be done. 4 But [Jesus] ang ut es us answered, and said unto him, It is *weredand S!ud,itis writtm in the sacred volume ( Deut> yiH# 3^
j
Mat.
IV
'
b None of them offered him the least in- Luke iii. 1. p. 98 and noteK on Mat. iii. 4 jury] It is strange that any should think p. 101. c The tempter coming to Aim.] Our transhe was during this time hunted by the ivild beasts : this is the more improbable, as lation, which in its rendering of these such a hurry would have been inconsistent words is not so literal as the version I have with the design of God in leading him given, seems to intimate, what is not any thither which was, that he might be as- where asserted in the sacred story, that saulted by Satan, at first probably by se- this was the first time the tempter came crct suggestions, the horror of which unto him a circumstance which can hard would be increased by such a gloomy Iy be supposed. d The promised Messiah, who is expect place. The angels might be the instruments of intimidatingthe beasts. Could Dr. Light- ed under that character.] That the Jews foot have proved what he asserts, that this supposed the Messiah Would be in a very happened in October or November, the extraordinary manner the Son of God, apcold would have been, as he suggests, an pears from comparing Mat. xiv. 33 xvi additional circumstance of affliction to our 16 xxvi. 63 John i. 34, 49 xi, 27 X? Lord but it seems rather to have been in 31 and Acts viii, 37". the beginning of summer seeote , on
; ; j
;
:
l)
Vol.
I,
118 "
The
devil tvould tlrge
him
to
presumption.
written,
Man shall not live by

out
bread only, but bu every
Man
shall
word proceeding
whatever he
of his life."
'of the
mouth of God, or by
shall appoint for the preservation
^XtX-^ W
ord that proceedeth out ofthe mouth
(
'
He
can therefore support
me with-
outbread, as he fed the Israelites in the wilder- f-^ od ness f and, on the other hand, even bread itself, if these stones were turned into it, could not nourish me without his blessing which I could not expect, were I to attempt a miracle of this kind merely in compliance with thy suggestions, without any intimation of my Father's
;
E LuKE
1V
will.
Then, as the devil found it was in vain that 5 Then the devil he had tempted Christ to a distrust of Provi- taketh him up into dence, he was for trying to persuade him to [Jerusalem] the hopresumption and to this end he taketh him along with him f to Jerusalem, which, being the the temple [Luke place where God dwelt in so distinguished a Iv 9 -3 manner, was commonly called the Holy City ,-s and there he setteth him on one ofthe battlements of the temple^- which in some parts of it, and particularly over the porch, was so exceeding _ high that one could hardlv bear to look down b from it. And as he stood upon the brink of this him ,tf th mbeThe high precipice, the tempter saith unto him, If Son of God, cast thou art indeed the Son of God, cast thyselfdoxvn thyself down [from courageously from hence, and mingle with- those tenHelhatt" This that are assembled for the worship of God in angels charge conyonder court. The sight of such a miracle will undeniably convince them of the truth of thy pretensions and thou canst have no room to doubt of thy safety ;for thou well knowest it is xvritten (Psal. xci. 11, 12,) "He shall give his
5
:
;
-
^â^Sfof
were delivered. (See Eisner. Observ. Vol. quot- I. p. 17, 18.) h One ed here hath a plain reference, as it stands the battlements ofthe temple.] in the Old Testament. Though pinnacle agrees very well with the F Taketh him along with him.] This is etymology of the Greek word, yet, accordthe exact English of atrct.ftxctfACa.vu. (See ing to its use among us, it leads the EngElsner. Observ. in loc.J But whether he lish reader to imagine that he stood on the did or did not transport him, throng h the air, point of a spire. The truth is, the roof of cannot, I think, be determined from this the temple was flat, and had a kind of balpassage. ustrade round it (see Deut. xxii. 8,) and This is a phrase that somewhere on the edge of this battlement % The holy city."] frequently, and very properly, is used to we may suppose that Satan placed Christ express Jerusalem. (Compare Neh. xi. 1 ; in his attacking him with this temptation. and Mat. xxii. 53. Hardly bear to look down from it] Isa. Hi. 1 ; Dan. ix. 24 The heathen writers, in like manner, often Joscphus gives us this account of it, Antiq. call those cities holy in which any of their Jud. lib. xv. cap. 11. (al. 14) 5. p. 718 deities were supposed to hold their special Edit. Havercamp. residence, and from whence their oracles'
c
As he fed the
is
Israelites in the wilder-
ness.] It
to this the
passage that
is
The
cerning
devil vanquished in all his temptations,

to
119
thee
[to
in
angels a charge concerning thee,

,
keep thee ; k
keep thee] and
(md f/ y/m// bmr thee up in their hands, lest their hands they shall -j ? .*, r t ,. , , , thou shouldest by any accident dash thy Joot abear thee up, lest at And surely the Son of God any time thou dash gainst a stone" thy foot against a raay depend upon a promise which seems com,
L
stone.
9 10 ' ' 7 [And]
said unto him, It is 7 Jesus said c so xvritten, to prevent the ungrateful abuse [answering] j unto him, It is writf h grac i ous promises as these (Deut. vi.
ten
aerain,
[Luke L
-i
IV.
* n his mon to all v saints. And Jesus answering,

y
shalt not
Lord
[Luke
tempt the 16,) " Thou shall not tempt the Lord thy hod, God. by demanding farther evidence of what is althy IV. 12.] relation to ready made sufficiently plain, 1 as
Thou
,,,
my
God is, by the miraculous and glorious mony he hath so lately given me.
vil
testi-
Again, the devil being resolved once more to 8 8 Again the detaketh him up to attack him by the most dangerous temptation an exceeding high h e cou ld devise, taketh him up into a mountain
those parts, which was exceeding high; and TtrhTmalUlfet^: doms of the world, from thence, in a moment of time sheweth him, and the glory of i n an artful visionary representation, all the them, [in a moment magnificent kingdoms of the world, and / o <5 of time] [Luke IV. all the luxurv, and pomp, and glory of them; $.] displaying to his view one of the finest pros- L "ke Luke IV. 6. And pects that the most pleasurable and triumphant the devil said unto scenes cou ld furnish out. m And, with the most 11S egregious impudence and falsehood, the devil [All Uiese thmgs] will I give thee, saiduntohi m, All this extensive power, [and] all and the glory of t /iese splendid things, will Igive thee, and all the before thee unt*m" ff^ry of them, which thou hast now n it is all delivered to mc, who am the prince and to whomsoever (for
'
Keref
k
charge concerning thee, to keep thee] (after Jerom) have observed that Satan made his advantage of quoting scripture merely by scraps, leaving out those words, in all thy ivays. The cause of truth, and sometimes of common sense, hath suffered a great deal by those who
Many
sented to him, being set off by the horror of the place he was in, would in such a contrast appear peculiarly charming see note a , p. 116.
:
n For it is all delivered to me] Grotius has well observed that this contains a vile
have followed his example.
insinuation that God had done what none that truly understands the nature of God 1 By demanding farther evidence of and the creature can suppose possible, what is already made sufficiently plain.] namely, that he had parted with the govThat this is the purport of the phrase tempt- ernment of the world out of his own hands. ing God, is easy to be seen from compar- And we may add to this, that in the text ing Exod. xvii. 2, 7; Numb. xiv. 22 ; Psal. which Christ has quoted there is enough lxxviii. 18 ; and Psal. cvi. 14. See Lim- to overthrow that notion since Gcd's appropriating to himself the worship of all barch. Theolog. lib. v. cap. 22- 16. m One of the finest prospects that the his creatures, plainly implies his universal most pleasurable and triumphant scenes empire and dominion over all, and the recould furnish out.] As Christ was proba- gard he has to the religious adoration and blv attacked with this temptation upon obedience of all the subjects of his king;
some mountain in the wilderness, this beau- dom. It is remarkable that, among other tiful and taking prospect that was repre- tlungs which several heathen writers learn'.,
120
sect, of this
departs from him for a season.
XIX
world, and
I give
is,
it to
whom I please: J
so
wiU
A
'
> ve
if
.
'
And
great as the gift

vvr i
Luke tnat
TV. 7
fore wilt [fall down propose to give and] worship me, thine it thee upon the easiest terms thou canst imÎV^ agine for all that I desire is that thou should-
charmed with s dom and magnanimity which I have

I
am
J-
{jj^J'J^
-
now observed
;
in thee, that I
pm^
-,
est
pay
me homage
for
it
if therefore thou
wilt but fall
down and worship me, upon thy
this little acknowledgment to me all these things shall be thine. 8 And esn 3 an Then * Jesus, moved with indignation at so 8 \ ." i i , swered and said un, blaspnemous and horrid a suggestion, aiuwered i0 nim r Get tnec and said unto him-, with becoming resentment hence] Gettheebe-
making
'
and abhorrence, Get thee hence, Salanf and behind me gone out of my sight for I will no longer endure thee near me for it is written^ as a fun- Lord thy
>
:
Satan
for
^t'SS^
God, and
-
damental precept of the law, (Deut. vi. 13) him only shaltthou e iv " Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him C Mat only shalt thou serve." It would therefore be unlawful thus to worship thee, who art no other than a mere creature, even though thou wast indeed his deputy on earth ; and how much more then must it be so, as thou art in reality the great avowed enemy of God and man ? for such, under all thy disguise, I well know thee to be. Luke And xvhen the devil had ended all the tempta- 13 And when the Iv 13 tion we have given an account of, being so baf- d vil had ended all ^ fled and confounded as not to be able to present depaitSPfroraT'hiin any others which seemedmore likely to succeed, for a season. he departedfrom him for a season; yet secretly
^7
'
of the primitive Christians, this was one j q The great avowed enemy of God and to represent evil spirits as tempting- men man.] This odious character is intimated from their duty by views of worldly riches in the name Satan, which our Lord gives and grandeur ; over which, Porphyry in him, by which he made it to appear he particular says, they often would pretend knew him, however he might seek to be If we suppose him now to have to much more power than they really disguised. have. See Eisner. Observ. Vol. I. p. 18, worn the form of an angel of light (as 2 Cor. xi. 14,) it will make both this and 19. which the former temptation look more plausible : o I am so charmed with that 1 have now observed in thee.] This for thus he might pretend, in the former, seems the most plausible view in which to take the charge of Christ in hU fall, as the temptation could bfe introduced. It one of his celestial guards and in this, to is plain from the next verse that this was resign him a province which God hadcomthe last temptation ; but Luke makes it the mitted to his administration and care. second.- whence it evidently appears that And this may be consistent with supposing Luke did pot confine himself exactly to that he first appeared as a man (it may be, observe the order of time in his story ; a as a hungry traveller who pretended to remark of vast importance for settling the ask the miracle of turning stones into loaves Harmony. See note 8 on Luke i. 3. p. 22. for his own supply,) for angels under the The word Old Testament had often worn a human V Get thee hence, Satan.'] Compare Gen. xviii. 2 xix. 1, 10, v~r*.yt plainly expresses his authority over form. Satan, as well as his detestation of so vile 16; Josh. v. 13, 14 Judg. vi. 11, 12; a suggestion. and xiii. 3, 8, 10.
Refections on the temptation of Christ.
121
meditating some future assault.
(Compare 5?y*
*
John
Mat.
Then
leaveth IV. 11. the devil
xiv. 30.) And, then the devil having

*
left
him, behold, a Mat

IV. 11
detachment of angels came and waited upon

furn ishing
him
him. [Mark 113-3 victory
SftSSaS >W' < congratulating so over the prince ol darkness.

IMPROVEMENT.
and h\ m
him with proper
supplies for
illustrious
Who can read this account without amazement, when he Mat. compares the insolence and malice of the prince of darkness with IV. I VTseg. the condescension and grace of the Son of God. it that animated and emboldened Satan to underWhat was take such a work ? Was it the easy victory he had obtained over the first Adam in Paradise ? or was it the remembrance of his oivn fall, from whence he arrogantly concluded that no heart could stand against the temptations of pride and ambition ? Could he, who afterwards proclaimed Christ to be the Son of the Most High God, and had perhaps but lately heard him owned as such by a voice from heaven, make any doubt of his Divinity ? Or, if he actually believed it, could he expect to vanquish him? We may rather conclude that he did not expect it but, mad with rage and despair, he was determined at least to worry that Lamb of God which he knew he could not devour; and to vex with his hellish suggestions that innocent and holy soul which he knew he could never seduce. Wretched degeneracy How art thou fallen, O Lucifer, son of the morning ! to be thus eagerly driving on thine own repulse and disgrace But, on the other hand, how highly are we obliged to our Great Deliverer, who hath brought forth meat out of the eater y and sweetness out of the strong ? who can sufficiently adore thy
;
! !
condescension, blessed jfesus ! who wouldest permit thyself to Vers,e be thus assaulted and led from place to place by an infernal spir- 5 it, whom thou couldest in a moment have remanded back to heH to be bound in chains of darkness and overwhelmed with
flaming ruin
why he permitted this: it was that, having himself suffered, being tempted, he might by this experience that he had ot Satan's subtilty, and of the strength of his temptations, contract an additional tenderness, and be the more inclined, as well as better able, to succour us when we are tempted. (Heb. ii.
apostle tells us
The
came and '-waited upon him.'] & itnovnv does often signify to wait at table; see Mat. viii. 15 Luke
r
it is reasonable to suppose that the appearance of a number of them upon this occasion was to do him the more illusxvii. 8; xxii. 27; and John xii. 2. As trious honour, after this horrible combat one celestial spirit might have been abund- with Satan, to which, for wise and gracious antly sufficient for the relief of our Lord'* reasojfs, he was pleased to condescend.
Angtls
necessities,
The word
122
sect, is.)
'
Reflections on the victory of Christ over Satan.
Let
this
obtain mercy,
16.)
embolden us to come unto the throne ofgrace, andfind grace to help in the time of need. (Heb.
to
iv.
Let us remember and imitate the conduct of the Great Capf olir salvation; and, like him, let us learn to resist Satan, Verse Like Christ, let us maintain such an 3 that he may fee from us. humble dependance on the Divine blessing as never to venture g out of the way of it, be the necessity ever so urgent ; nor let us
ever expose ourselves to unnecessary danger, in expectation of g g extraordinary deliverance. Like him let us learn to overcome the world, and to despise all its pomps and vanities when offered at the price of our innocence. To furnish us for such a combat, let us take the sword of the 47 10 Spirit, which is the word of God. Let us not only make ourselves familiarly acquainted with the words of scripture, but let us study to enter into the true design and meaning of it that so, if Satan should attempt to draw his artillery from thence, we maybe able 6 to guard against that most dangerous stratagem, and to answer perverted passages of holy writ by others more justly applied. Once more ; when the suggestions of Satan grow most horri9 ble, let us not conclude that we are utterly abandoned by God, because we are proved by such a trial ; since Christ himself was But in such cases tempted even to worship the infernal tyrant. let us resolutely repel the solicitation, rather than parley with it, and say, in imitation of our hordes example, and with a depend10 ance on his grace, Get thee behind me, Satan. If our conflict be thus maintained, the struggle will ere long be over ; and angels, who are now the spectators of the combat, 1 will at length congratulate our victory.
;
ta " 1
SECT.
John
XX.
the Baptist being examined by the great men among the Jews acknowledges that he was not the Christ; and refers them to one among them whom he confesses to be vastly his superior. John
I.
1928.
John
sect. "\ li
I. 19.
'
John I. 19. have alreadv taken notice of the honXX. ourable testimonies that were given by IfjZ John in a more general way to the Messiah in wUen the Jews sent o] J }g his discourses to the people, before Jesus was baptized. We shall proceed to others that were more particular, which followed after that event, and this which we shall now produce is the testimony of John, when the sanhedrim, or grand
VV
TE
A Sw
council of the
Jews
at Jerusalem, sent
some who
were reckoned among the most venerable and
The Jews inquire

priests
into the character
of John.
12i>
s *""-
of the nation, even some of the priests '_ and Levites i to <!re of him, saying, Tell us Skhim*' Who 'art plainly who art thou that drawest such a crowd j olm tll0U of people after thee, and pretendest to some- 1. 19 thing so uncommon ? 20 And he conAnd John, according to the natural plainness 20 fessed, and denied f n i s temper, presently replied to their inquimost;"* Vr and with the utmost freedom he dily acknoxvledged,and did not at all aflect either to deny or to disguise his real character ; but in the strongest terms he solemnly protested*
and Levites holy
'
)
men
TL \SZxSk
not the Messiah, nor would I in the least pretend to arrogate to myself the honours which are due to none but him. And, upon this, they farther asked him, What 21 21 And they asked him, What then art thou then if thou art not the promised MesArt thou Elias? And skh ? the ce i ebrated Elijah? come A) f fh he saith I am not. v c i Art thou that proph- down irom that abode in heaven to which he ct? And he answer- was miraculously translated (2 Kings ii. 11,) ed> No to introduce the great and terrible day of the Lord ? (Mai. iv. 5.) And in reply to this he said, with the same plainness as before, Though
?
.
I am
true that I am come in the spirit and powAnd they again er of Elijah, yet I am not he. inquired of him, Art thou a prophet of the former generation raised from the dead? c And he directly answered, No.
it is
a Solemnly pretested."] The word *//the same which is rendered acknowledged in the former clause ; but being thus repeated, its signification seems to be heightened, especially by its opposition to ax. )igv<r*Tc, he denied not. b Art thou the celebrated Elijah ?~\ It is plain by this question, that they were b1 rangers to the parentage of Johnthe Baptist. And with regard to the reply he makes to this inquiry, there is no scruple to be made, but that the Baptist might justly deny that he was Elijah, as he indeed was not that prophet, though he came in his spirit. See Luke i. 17, p. 33. c Art thou a prophet of the former gen'ration raised from the dead?] It is nee<*s.s:iry that this question should be understood with such a limitation, because John ihe Baptist was really a very illustrious propliet, as we may plainly see from what is said by Christ himself, Matth. si. 9. Andthis interpretation (which is largely vindicated by Castalio) seems much preferable to that of Theophylact and Erasfljus, who. because of the art kle. * w^tflne,
oxs^xs-ev is
would render it as we do, that prophet y concluding without any proof, that the Jews understood Deut. xviii. 18, not of the Messiah himself, but of some prophet of considerable note, who was to introduce him and Grotius has supposed the question that they ofier to refer to Jeremiah, of
:
whose return to life there was a mighty rumour that prevailed among the Jews. (Compare Matt, xvi 14.) But I can see no reason to restrain it to a particular prophet; and since (as Limborch well observes in his dispute with Orobio the Jew) that text in Deuteronomy was the clearest and strongest in all the Mosaic writings
to enforce the
the Messiah
necessity of submitting to is probable John would have corrected so great a mistake if the) had put the question to him upon this presumption. The best French versions ren;
it
der
to
it
as
have done
and indeed
it
seem*
that the word prophet, in the evar.gelists, generally signifies one of those holy men who were the messengers of God to Israel of old which especially appears from Mark vi 15, wWare f he a prophet, and te;
me
124
sfccr.
John plainly
tells
them who he xvas i

'
.
hitherto replied, they said unto him therefore yet tn0 u> that we may John 0nce more, Tell us then plainly who art thou P give an answer to /za 7U<? maw in a more direct and satisfactory them tnat sent us I. 22
1
aX.
now as
,
.
jt ..
on jy was
j-'.,
^ r hen d m negatives that he had unto him, Who s *!

.
ttieyl
art
,. manner give an ansxver to them that sent its: What dost thou say concerning thyselfP And,
_.
What sayest thou
of
t h yse if>
might not be mistaken in his characand might be wholly left without excuse if they regarded not the end for which he came, 23 he said, lam (what I have frequently before declared, myself to be) the voice of one crying here in the xvildernessf and saying, Make the way of the Lord clear and straight, by removing every obstruction for he is now appearing tor such gracious purposes as demand the most
that they
ter,
;
23
He
said, I
<m
^ tthf waS Make

ness,
straight
the
way of the Lord;

P ro P het
as said the
cheerful reception
in a passage
as Isaiah the prophet said,
which you cannot but be acquaint-
ed with.
'4
(Isa. 3d. 3.)
And they 24 were of the sect of the Pharisees ; who, as on whlch }vcre * tn t were ot the Pharil i î. r j j r the one hand they protessed a great regard lor sees the prophets, and believed their existence in a future state, so on the other hand they strenuously opposed any innovations in religion which were not warranted by the tradition of the el25 ders. And therefore, upon hearing this ac25 And they askgave them of him- ^/wh/bapUz'count that John the Baptist self, they asked him again, and said unto him with some warmth, Why then dost thou take upon thee
i
.
Now the messengers that came on this errand
thus to baptize^
be as one
all
that appear to be
awakened
.
of the prophets, are spoken of as thus to baptize

:
distinct,
which they could not be but on determined from

the
and if the alternative a be left out, and it be read as it is in some manuscripts and printed copies, He isa prophet like one of'the prophets, there will be a foundation for the same remark, and one of the prophets must signify one of the anthis interpretation
licnt prophets.
It is not to be certainly this text whether the baptism ofproselytes was then in use among
]
Jews or not. The words indeed will make a very strong and well adapted sense,
should they be understood, as if it had said, Why is it then that thou dost institute such a nev> rite as this But sure ly too they will be very proper in the other sense, if we should take them to imply, Why is it then that thou dost take upon thee, without any commission from the sanhedrim, to administer baptism? and that, not only (as is usual) unto those who before this were heathens, but even to the yews? And this (for reasons which it would not be proper here to enter upon at large) I take to be the more probable sense, and so suppose John's use of this ceremony in such a manner to be a strong intimution that JewSj as well as Gentiles.
been
lam
the voice
of one crying
in the voil-
derness.~\
The
late
Archbishop of Cam-
bray beautifully illustrates the humility of

this reply, as if this illustrious prophet had said, "Far from being the Messiah, or
Elias, or one of the old prophets, I am nothing but a voice ; a sound that, as soon as it has expressed the thought of which
it is
the sign, dies into
air,
and
is
known
Philos.
no more."
v\'l. II. p.
e
See
Fer.cl.
Oeuvres
193.
thtn
d-crst
Jfhy-
thou take
upon thee
drfl refers them to Jesus as the Messiah*

thou then
if thou
125
be
EHa^neither
prophet
?
Uiat
26 John answered them, saving-, I baptize with water;

but there standeth
one
among
you
;
whom ye know not
coming
after
me,
is
prefen-edbeforeme,
whose shoes latchet

wortl,y t0
LXo"?
Dv thy preaching, in token of the forgiveness of sinCe b >* thme OWn ^fession, thou _ S 5nS art neither the Messiah, nor Elijah, nor even a ()lm j prophet of lower rank raised from the dead ? I. 25. And John answered them, by repeating the 26 testimony he had formerly borne to the people '. ../ -_ : ,_ 1 _^ N i / (Luke^n. 16. p. lOfl,) saying, I indeed baptize you with water ; bnt there is one that for some ti me has stood in the midst of you, and is now coming to be daily conversant among you, whom as yet yon know not to be so eminent a person, who will administer a much more noble baptism, attended with such miraculous efêcts as Mfltt abundantly justify mine. And this 27 is he that cometh after me, as to the time of his appearance in the world, whom yet I have declared to have existed lon g befor e me and xvho is therefore upon all accounts deservedly preferred before me, as being one whose glorious dignity is such as that I freely own him to be
tneir
' ^
.
"
vastly
to be
my
superior; of whom
in
lam
not
worthy
employed
any
office as his
menial ser-
vant, not even to unloose the latchet of his shoe, or to untie the string with which his sandals are
These things passed on the other side Jordan, were domain Betha*bara beyond Jordan, at a place called Bethabara, or the house of where John was passage ; which lay near that part of the river
ap izing.
28
Th
th
bound on.
28
_
which was miraculously dried up that the Israelites under the command of Joshua might pass over into Canaan (See Josh. iii. 16, and Judges xii. 6,) which was the place where
John
xvas
now
baptizing.
IMPROVEMENT.
How
fulfilled
remarkably were the words of our blessed Redeemer
xviii. 14.)
that humbleth himself shall be exalted! (Luke v erse declined assuming the name of any of the serv- 20 2* ants of God among the prophets ; and yet our Lord bore testimony to him as of a higher rank than any of the prophets, than whom there was none greater among those that had in a natural way been born of -women. (Luke vii. 28.) Did John, this great and illustrious saint, speak of himself as
mjohn, He
He
must become proselytes to the new dispen- need of being- washed from their sins ap sation that was then opening- to the world; he before had most emphatically declared, and howsoever holy they imag-ined them- Mat. iii. 8, 9. p. 104,
;
selves to be, yet they all stood in absolute
Vol.
I.
Q,
J#>
sbct.
'
John
deetares
Jesus
to be the
Lamb of God*
unworthy to untie even the sandals of Christ; what reverence then do we owe him ? and what reason have we to admire his condescension, that he should honour us, who are so much more
Verse unworthy, with the title of his servants P ~ Let not any, the most distinguished of that
happy number,
19,&c.
they be unknown by the world, and perhaps too since it appears that even Jesus himslighted and despised self, not only at his first appearance stood unknown among the Jews, but afterwards was rejected by them, when his claim was solemnly entered, and his miracles most publicly wrought. Vain, and worse than vain, was this message and inquiry which, when answered, was so soon overlooked and forgot. May Divine grace teach us to inquire as those that are in earnand then shall we know to saving purposes, if est in our search xve thus follow on to know the Lord. (Hos. vi. 3.)
wonder
if
SECT.
John
XXI.
the Baptist bears a repeated testimony to Jesus as the LamB of God ; Which proves an occasion of introducing some of his disciples into an acquaintance with him. John I. 29 42.
John
sect.
I.
29.
next day, after John had returned this XXI. *- answer to the priests and Levites who were " sent to inquire into his character and mission, John h e seeth Jesus (who was now returned from his 1 29 temptation in the desart) coming towards him; and says to them that were near him, Behold, with the strictest attention and regard, that innocent and holy Person, who may properly be called the Lamb of God; as it is he that is the great atoning sacrifice, of which the lambs that by Divine command are daily offered in the temple were intended to be types ; which expiates and takes away the sin* of the whole world, and
a
?T*HE
J HN
L 29
'
j[
sus
johnTeeth Je^
unto cominghim, and saith, Behold
theâmb^
sin of
awaythe
world,
the
{fries
The Lamb of God, which expiates and lives of men, to which Christ did nnt away sin.'] It is well observed by the only press them by the doctrine that he author of that excellent treatise, called taught, but gave them an example of it
Christ the Mediator, that this is the only in his death, redeeming them, (as it is said) sense in which a lamb can be said to take from their vain conversation with his <jwii away sin. Many suppose this refers to precious blood. (1 Pet. i. 18, 19) Whereas the paschal lamb; but that was not in its there is not any tiling- more evident, than chief intention so much an expiatory, as that the gTeat design for which he diedi an eucharistical sacrifice. Grotius strangely was to atone for sin, and to exempt us enervates theforce of this text, by chusing" from the punishment thuE our iniquities
to-
explain it of thai refonaauaa of Uie
deserved
that, having- put
away
sin
by, the.
77ie testimony that the Baptist

is set
gave
to Christ.
127
Jews, for
forth to be a propitiation, not only for the sect. whom alone the sacrifices of the law
Toh
i
were offered, but for the Gentiles too, that through his name whosoever believeth in him
30 This
is
29
he of
may receive remission of sins. And
him out, and tell you, which? preferred mer1 }' have said^ at before me for lie w ^ ** to he preferred abundantly before me, as was before me being one that is incomparably greater and
I
whom
said, After
now point 30 This is he of whom I fora ter nte there comes a man f
I
excellent than I ;for he existed long before (Compare John i. 15, 27. p. 110, 125.) 31 And I knew j ncj till the time of his appearance in a public 31 ' l him not; but that he 'f .. , should be made waV, 1 was a stranger to him, and did not permanifest to Israel, sonally ^/zow him, for it was ordered so by Pro vtherefore amrt come idencethat, notwithstanding the relation which 1Z E wa " there ^ Wl was between us, we were not brought tjfy
more
me>
'
any intimacy of acquaintance with each yet in the general I was aware of his intended approach and it was chiefly for this end, with a particular regard to him, that I came (as you see) baptizing with water, that he might thus be more remarkably made manifest to Israel, and might be introduced with greater so*
in
up
other
lemnity.
j[ n j hn proceeded at the same time, while 32 sus vvas before him, and bore his testimony to 5h?SpiriTdScendU Jp ing from heaven like him, saying, this must be certainly the Son of a dove, and it abode God; for I declare, that when he was baptized upon him /plainly saw the Holy Spirit, in a surprizing token of his presence, descending, with a hovering
32
And John bare
motion
sacrifice
like
a dove, from heaven, and
it
abode
c were not brought up in any iueven the forgiveness of timacy of acquaintance with each other. ~] Eph. i. This was very surprising, considering how our sins. Compare Heb. ix. 26, 28 nearly related they were to each other, 7 and Col. i. 14. b For he existed before me.'] Dr. Ham- and how remarkable the conception and mond abundantly vindicates this interpret- birth of both of them had been, as well as ation. Had mpm' here, as in some other what frequent interviews they might have places, signified chief, trh not v, would had at the yearly feasts at Jerusalem, have been joined with it, and yohn the There seems to have been a particular Baptist would have said he is, and not he hand of Providence in tkue preventing that was my chief, which would apparently have acquaintance that might otherwise have been a very flat tautology, instead of a rea- grown up to an intimacy and tenderness .son whereas Christ's having existed before of friendship, which in the eyes of a prcjJohn, though he was born after him, was a udiced and censorious world might have most convincing proof that he was a very rendered Jolia's testimony to Christ someextraordinary person, and was the strong- thing suspected. It is probable that both est reason that could well have been as- Zacharias and Elizabeth died while John signed to shew that he was worthy of their was very young, and then he might soon superior regard. Compare note b on John forget Jesus, though he had seen, him in
of himself,
we might ha\e redemfi;
We
tion through his blood,
if
15. p. lift
his infancy.
128
John
testifies
that Jesus is the
Son of God.
'
33 And I knew hi '" e that confederacy between us, I repeat the assurance him not but lie lhat J ' r sent me to baptize T wnich A but just now gave you, that I dtd not lh water,thesame Jonn personally know him : but as he was approach- said unto me, Upon I. 33 ing to me, I had a secret intimation given mc d who !S t h ? u ? halt see tlle Spirit descerd.\~. T. jT1 ,, tnat it was he whom 1 should see to 7 be distm- ; anfj remaining guished by this sign for he that sent me to bap- on him, the same is tize with water, as an earnest of that nobler he which b;i Pêth with the Holy Ghost, ^ j ' b n ,' aptism which is now soon to be expected, even that God whose messenger I am, he said unto me, by an unquestionable revelation, This is the sign that I will give thee, that upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending in a corporeal and miraculous appearance, and remaining upon him, this is he that baptizeth with 34 the Holy Spirit. And I saxv this sign with my 34 And I saw and own eyes and upon this convincing evidence .*? record,thatthis
;
E v v 7" upon him. And that you may not suspect anv XXI
i
..
..
^t
i
and still goon to testify, that this is really the Son of God, who is come into the world in a human form to accomplish the great work of redemption and salvation who is therefore most reverently and affectionately to be received by us, as we regard his Father's protection and favour. Again it came to pass on the next day, that 35
it is
,
;
r ..,-,. testified already r that I have

;
.
mi
is
the Son of God.
A S*m the next
same place, ff</ s t od, and' two of two of his disciples at that time were with him, c his disciples And looking 35 And loo/iing tdedfastly on Jesusf as he was 36 walking at some little distance, he takes occa- "Jaikedhe âitlT sion to repeat his former declaration, and says Behold the Lamb of to his disciples, that he might lead them to a God. due regard to Christ, Behold the Lamb of God,
John was standing near
the
I before have represented as the great expiatory sacrifice for the sins of men. And when the two disciples thatwere with him 37 And the two 37 1 h heard him speak such high and honourable things ^JP fJ notice oi it that they i owe d Jesus, of Christ, they took such
whom
^^
immediately went on and followed

a
Jet,us,
who
I had a secret intimation given me.] was one of these ; and perhaps John, the supposition of this, which is so per- beloved apostle, might be the other ; who fectly agreeable to John's prophetic char- being the penman of this gospel, does freacter, easily reconciles this text with quently conceal his name. Compare John John's respectful speech to Christ when xiii. 23 and xx 2.
The
Looting steadfastly on Jesus'] This seems he came to be baptized (Mat. iii. 14. p. 113,) as J.insenius, and before him, Chry- the most exact signification of the word sostom, observed. t/*x4** and I have thus translated it
e 7Y.o if his disciples were with him. j It plainly appears by yer. 40, that Andrew
again in ver. 42.
Two
38 Then Jesus tamedandsawthem
of John's disciples folloxv Jems,
* 123
then returning to a lodging which he had ??? *" iforf ?<?place.* smaU distance from . t h a t./ "> , following, and saith . . . unto them, What * turning back, and seeing them intent onô/- Johll seek ye They said lowing and coming after [Aim,] .<w/.9 ta ?/?wj, not i. 38 to him, Rabbi, to discountenance and turn them back, but to y encourage and envite them to a free converse
wa s
t
hJiite^t5 M:
ter,)
thou.
?
where dwellest with him, What do you seek f and what may be the business that you have with me ? And they said to him, with the greatest reverence and respect, Rabbi, (which being translated from the S\ riac, which was the language that was then
spoken by the Jews, is the same with master, raw we have leave to ask thee zuhere dost thou
dwell P for
visit, that
we are desirous of making thee a we miy enter into some conversation
with thee, which would not be so proper or conAnd, pleased to venient in this public way. 39 He saith unto hear of the inquirv thev made, he says unto them. 39 J * "! .. them, Come and see. ~ , , t i j Thev came and saw Come with me now, and see where it is 1 lodge ; where he dwelt, and for you shall both be welcome to attend me abode with him that home. And they most readily complied with f t 3 b Ut his kind invitation, and came and saw where he the te nth hou r! dwelt, taking particular notice of the place ; and they went in, and continued with him all the remainder of that day ; it being then about the so that tenth hour, or four in the afternoon they had an opportunity of spending the whole evening in conversation with him, abundantly
;
to their delight
,.
and
satisfaction.
40 One of the two , 11 *L" u* in this hisheard John W1U make so considerable a figure speak, and followed tory, was one of the two disciples that heard John him, was Andrew, [speak Jesus'] in the manner we have before
Now Andrew, the brother of'Simon Peter, who . -j r

of
4f>
which
Simon Peter's broth.

41
related) aildfoll(rwed him.
He
first
findeth
was he transported with the pleasure
exceedingly 41 that he found in his acquaintance with him, that he was ready to impart the joyful news to others, to whom he knew it would be welcome and hastening to communicate it to his friends, as the most acceptable tidings he could bring them,
;
And so
% A lodging at a small distance from that place.] As Jesus was a person who had no attendants, and was a stranger in this country, we may conclude that lie had only some obscure and private lodging here ;
from the place where John baptized, as may be gathered from his appearing there from day to day. And by this means he did an honour to John's ministry, and
had an opportunity of receiving
his testi-
which must have been
at
no great distance mony.
Peter first brought

first fmdeth his oxvn brother
to
Christ.
his
*;" he
Simon, h and tells with the greatest joy, We certainly have John found the promised Messiah; (winch being transJ. 14 lated from the Hebrew or the Svriac tongue, is
own
brother
S.i-
l__Am
^We^t'Cnd
the Messias, (which is. being interpret
42
Anointed One.) v4^, that his brother Simon might be satisfied of the truth of what he told him, he brought him Wits Jesus : and Jesus looking stedfastlu upon j 17,;v,, o ',f u~ j uftim, as if he had read in his countenance the traces of his character and of his future service in the church, said, at his coming to him, Thou art Simon the son of Jonas * and thou shalt also be called Cephas ; (which in the Greek may be expressed by Peter, and signifies a rock ;) a name well adapted to his character upon account of that resolute and patient firmness with which he should maintain the cause of the gospel and Avhich also expressed the use which should afterwards be made of him, as he should prove in subordination to Christ one of the great
the Christ, or the
l
****** Christ)
42 And he brought him to Jesus: and
when J esu.s beheld him, he said, Thou art simon the son of Jona thou shalt be
;
called
Cephas
^ônXônlT
foundations of the church.
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
Let eur faith dailv behold Jesus under the character of the %9 Lamb of God, a Lamb indeed -without blemish, and without spot by whose precious blood we are redeemed, as by an infinitely more
valuable ransom than silver and gold, (l Pet. i. 18, 19.) As let us humbly apply to him to take away our sins, and rejoice that (as the apostle John elsewhere expresses it) he is the propitiation, not for our sins only, but also for the sins of the whole world ; all ages and nations being interested in the benefit of his
such
atonement,
h
(l
John
ii.
2.)
observe here by the way, that Peter not the Jirst of Christ's disciples, (in which the Papists would have been ready to have gloried,) but that another was the jneans of bringing him to an acquaintance with Jesus. i Thou art Simon."] Some have thought that Christ intended an allusion here to his name Simon, which may signify a tearer, intimating the candour and impartiality with which he was willing to hear (see Dr. Clark's Christ's instructions ; note.) But 1 did not express this in the paraphrase, because it is not certain. Perhaps ggr X,ord only meant to shew that, though he had never seen him before, he
his
;
This
He first findeth his own brother Simon.'] may is a much more literal translation of was
tov tftcv XifJtavit,
P.up/s-jcs/ s7ot <we,aQos *<Ts\<f ov
than that of the new translation in 1727, which renders it, The Jirst that he found, He or happened to meet with, <w as Peter. may perhaps be called his own brother 0 distinguish him from some other that belonged to the family, who possibly might
he
his brother in law, or was related to Peter was so rer only in half blood. markabie a person that it might be proper
him
to
tell
us
who was
the
first
means of bring-
ing him acquainted with Christ; and if Jo'hn was the other disciple that is here referred to, he might mean this as an
humble intimation that Andrew's zeal e this respect greater *han his own.
was knew
Wc
vcr.
48
name and his family. and John iy. 16> 19.
Compare
kefleciions on the character
and conduct of Jems,
13.f.
Let. ills consider him as anointed by the Holy Spirit, and as baptizing his church with it and learn, after the example of yohn the Baptist, to bear our testimony to him again and again, with continued steadiness and growing zeal. Our satisfaction in him as the great and only Saviour will surelv grow in proportion to our acquaintance with him. If Divine grace hath discovered him to us,. and taught us to repose the confidence of our souls upon him, let us, like Andrew in the passage before us, be concerned to make him known to others ; and especially to lead our nearest relatives and our most intimate friends into that acquaintance with him which is so absolutelv necessary to their eternal happiness Let the condescending readiness with which our blessed Redeemer accepted and even invited the visit of these two disciples, engage every preacher of righteousness most willingly to give his private as well as his public labours and his time (valuable as that treasure is) to the service of those who are seriouslv af; !
sect.
'
Verse
33
isfsef;.
39
41
39"
fected with the concerns of their souls, and are inquiring after are sufficiently honoured if, by anv the way to salvation.
We
means, and by all, we may be instrumental in promoting that cause which employed the daily labours of God's incarnate Son, and at length cost him his very blood
SECT.
The
calling
XXII.
of Philip, and the interview; of Christ with Nathaniel* John 1. 43, to the end.
WIHlllL
U g
1WIIII IIUU WUtc(.(.f

;
aiiu U1V1V
K\J
II11L1
VJll
lllO LIIUJIIC
11111113-
Galileo, and findeth try
and at
*vBtSES.
&> ^ ho mate companions, and says unto him, Follow me;
thither he findeth Philhe intended for one of his most intihis
coming
143
which, being secretly influenced by his grace, b

a
Determined
to
nbtKyiTiv ttth'jiiv.']
The
depart from thence force of the word
CeA .seems to be something' greater than our translation expresses and there are several other texts which may suggest the
;
remark. (Compare Mat. xiv. 5 Xix. 17; xx. 14; Luke iv. 6; xxiii. 20; John ill- 8 v. 21, 40 vii. 17 viii. 44 ; xvii. 24; xxL 22; and 2 Tim. Hi. 12.) Perhaps it may here intimate that our I.prdonMa occasion broke through the
;
; ;
same
importunity of some who would rather have persuaded him to continue at Betha* barafor the advantage of farther testimo nies from the Baptist, or to have gone to Jerusalem, where they might imagine that his ministry would have been opened more honourably than in Galilee. Cornpare John vii. 3, 4. b Being secretly influenced by his grace.1 When we consider how suddenly some of Christ's disciples-left thta- stated emplov-
132
-
Philip
tells
Nathaniel of his finding Christ*
XXI
SECT he accordingly did.

! itan * ofBethsaida,
Now Philip was an inhab- 44 Now Philip 8 * which was a town of GaliJ JJEg* John * ee on tne sea f Tiberias, and was also M? city an d peter. J. 44 of Andrexv and Peter, who have already been particularly mentioned and by his calling
:
these
disciples he
gave an intimation of his
purpose of making some longer stay

country.
m that
And Philip, after he was thus become a fol- 45 Philip findeth lower of Christ, findeth his pious friend Nathan- Nathanael, and saith unto mill, We have V . ,./ who was also of Galilee, and lived in a found him of whom ?el, town of it which was called Cana (John xxi. 2,) Moses in the law and says unto him, We have found him who has *? the P r phets ~ did write, Jesus of \ j so long been earnestly expected by us, even Nazareth, the son that illustrious and extraordinary Person whom of Joseph. Moses gave us an account of in the law, and whom the prophets also have described* in such a strong and lively manner and with the greatest joy I am come to tell thee I know him who he is, [even] Jesus the son of Joseph, who comes from Nazareth, and is undoubtedly the promised Messiah. 46 And when Nathaniel heard that he was one 46 And Nathanof Nazareth, his prejudice against the place * el *? ld unt0 hinV , Can there anv trood was such that he was ready to conclude that thine- come out of Philip was mistaken and he therefore said Nazareth Philip sait!l unt0 nim unto him, Can ami 'S y pood thinp at all, and espe- Coma and see. 5 cially any such great and glorious Li blessing as this, come out of a place so infamous as Naza45
. ,
ill-
it
111
' ,
1J
ill
reth ? d
And
Philip says unto him,
Do
not suf-
,47
away by a vain popular prejudice, but come and see ; converse with him yourself, and you will soon be satisfied. Now when Jesus saw Nathaniel coming- totvards him (though there was no personal acfer yourself to be borne
47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming; to
quaintance between them,)
him he
>;nents to follow
at the first sight of presently discerns what was his real
him (according as we read sense elsewhere, and in particular is justLuke v. 27, 28 and xix. ly lendered thus, Rom. x. 5. (Compare Judg. viii. 14 and Ezra 5, 6,) it seems reasonable to allow some Josh, xviii. 9 singular kind of impression on their mind vii. 22. Septuag.J d A place so infamous as Nazareth."] (as there was in the calling; of Elisha, 1 Kings xix. 19 21,) which though for As Nathaniel was a native of Galilee, it
Mat,
iv.
18-^22
appears from hence that the Galileans themselves had but an ill opinion of Nazareth, as worse than the rest of that country and indeed, by the figure its inhabitants make in the evangelists, they seem to See Luke iv. 1,6,28, described: tv yga4 Mft)!ri| f *"i rgs<pii7(.] have deserved it. se<?. This is a very literal translation/ for 29; and Mat xiii. 54, ye-ift* frequently is used in the same
superseded the necessity of arguments, yet did not exclude their attending to that afterwards which might be necessary to defend their conduct to others, c V/hom Moses and the prophets have
the present
it
&
The interview of Christ with Nathaniel

ch aracter, and says concerning him, so loud that 5. ., v r he mi S ht easily hear it, Behold, here cometh whom is no guile, one [that is~\ truly an Israelite (compare Rev. iii. 9 and John viii. 39,) a person that indeed deserves the honourable title of one of God's people, and is worthy of his descent from Jacob his pious ancestor, as being a plain and upright man in whom there is no deceit either towards God or man. (See Gen. xxv. 27.) 48 Nathanael saith Nathaniel, perfectly surprised at such an unex P ectfd testimony, presently *iy*, with all the knoweTlho^mT? Jesus answered and natural frankness of his temper, to him, Whence said unto him, Be- dost thou know me, or how canst thou at once thus dertake to ans r for the most secret
KUI' Behold an Is- v lum, i2.m^? i
indeed,
in
33
sect,
raelite
yvti AAil
1.4?
48
Sfl?3KsK
wast under the
tree, I
fig-
, P art * a stranger s character ? Jesus replied, saw thee. and said unto him, I am not so entirely a stranger to thy character as thou art ready to suppose, nOr do I take it merely from uncertain report; for before Philip called thee, I saw thee when thou wast alone under the fig tree , e and as I was present in Spirit to observe what passed in that secret retirement, I know how well thou deservest the testimony which I have now borne to thine integrity. ._ , , 49 Nathanael an./ .,< ... . r */ ^- ; Nathaniel was so struck with this express swered and saith 49 unto him, Rabbi, reference to what he knew none could be witthou art the Son of ness to but God and his own conscience, that rt *" a11 his P reJ udice s were at once removed; and KbôfIsraei
.
he immediately replied to Christ, and says, with all that openness and candour that was so natural to him, Rabbi, from this one circumstance I cannot but believe all that nrtj friend hath told me concerning thee and therefore I not only honour thee as a wise and holy teacher, but am convinced that thou art the Son of
;
yea, that thou art the promised Messiah, so earnestly have been expecting as the King of Israel ; for surely such Divine
God ;
whom we
knowledge can be lodged son/

c
in
no meaner per-
When
see no reason at all to think, with Heinsius, that the conviction produced by these
thou <wast under the Jig tree.]
saying- that
words m the mind of Nathaniel proceeded irom the allusion he perceived them to bear
111.
to Zech.
every
there, that struck so powerful a manner and it is very probable that he was then employed in some secret devout meditations, See* Dr. Evans's Christian Temper, Vol. II,
he taw him
his
mind
in
man
*nd under
Vol.
In that day yc shall call p. 343. Such under the vine, Divine knowledg-e can be lodged the Jig tree. It was Christ's in no meaner person.] Ji9t thus the w,10.
his neighbour,
I.
134
sect.
Christ''s interview
with Nathaniel,
XXH
,
Tohn I. 50
And Jesus upon this replied and said unto 50 Jesus answerhim, Dost thou believe rat to be the promised ? d a "d said T un ^ r nun xjCcs.usg I smcl Messiah, and the Son of God, merely because unt o thee, I saw
*
thee that / saxv thee under the fig tree f thee under the fig Thou, who discoverest so honest and teachable tree, behevest thou? thou shalt see great .,. ., u a temper, shalt see much greater things than er things than these 51 these to prove it. And he accordingly proceeds 51 And he saith and says, not only unto him, but unto all that unto ,lIm Verily, were then present with him, Verily, verily, J ^kereafL' say unto you,% and solemnly declare it as a most s hail see heaven certain truth, to be regarded with the most dil- open, and the angels ascending igent attention, and received as coming from of ^ the mouth of one who is truth itself, That from tlie So n of manT this time you shall see such a surprising train of miracles wrought by me in the v/hole course of my succeeding ministry, that it shall seem as if heaven was opened, and all the angels of God were continually (as they appeared in vision to Jacob, Gen. xxviii. 12) ascending and descending* [to xvait\ upon the Son of man, and to receive and execute his orders and thus you will be furnished with a most convincingproof that, humble as the form of my present
i
I told
>
11
of Samaria argued, John v. 23, Come, but that we should regard it as proceedman which told me all things that ever ing from the true andfaithful Witness. See I did is not this the Christ ? which plainly Dr. Lightfoot's Harmony, and Hor. Hebra. intimates that they supposed the Messiah in loc. h From this time you shall see a train of would be endowed with the most perfect knowledge, and have the gift of prophecy miracles ~\ Accordingly within three days in the highest degree. There was a great one glorious miracle was performed by deal of courage in Nathaniel's making Christ at Cana of Galilee which being the such a declaration if it was before a mixed town to which Nathaniel belonged, there company for Christ's assuming the title is great reason to believe he was present of the Son of God was afterwards interpret- with the rest of Christ's disciples at it. Corned to be no less than blasphemy. John x. pare John ii. 2, 11. sect. 23. The angels of God ascending and de36 and xix. 7. i S Verily, verily, I say unto you: *./*> scendi>:g.~] If Nathaniel was, as some have There is no doubt but thought, the person afterwards called Bartt/uhv, Kiym v/u.iy.'] that these words are to be taken for a sol- tholomew, and made an apostle (see Lightemn affirmation in which it is observable foot's Hot. Hebra. on Matth. x. 3,) he must that John has constantly repeated the amen, regard the vision of angels attending Christ's while it is only mentioned once by the ascension as a glorious accomplishment of And this we may sup- these words, as his final appearance at the other evangelists. pose him to have done, either to excite the day ofjudgment, when the Son of man shall greater attention, or in a more emphatical come in his glory, and all the holy angels and stronger manner to assert the truth, with him, will yet more eminently be. not only of the thing affirmed, but of the Compare Matth. xxvi. 64, where a.7r'a.(lt person that affirms it. For as amen in He- so plainly signifies hereafter, that I much 16,) so question whether it might not justly have brew signifies truth (Isa. Ix but where I am Christ, as being the true an faithful witness, been rendered so here is called the Amen. (Rev. iii. 14.) This re- dubious I always chuse the more extenpeated asseveration therefore may be con- s'.ve sense, in which (as here) the more sidered as an intimation to us, not only that limited is generally comprehendedthe saying unto which it is prefixed u true,
man
see a
Reflections on the interview of Christ with Nathaniel.

is, k
135
appearance I am indeed the illustrious sect. Person foretold under that title, and am in- XXI1 tended for that glorious throne around which 7~ the highest angels shall account it their hon- \, 51 our to appear as humble attendants when the whole world shall be convened before it.
IMPROVEMENT.
How cautiously should we guard against popular prejudices, Verse which possessed so honest a heart as that of Nathaniel, and led 46 him to suspect that the blessed Jesus himself was an impostor, and that no good could be expected from him because he had been brought up at Nazareth ! But his integrity prevailed over that foolish bias, and laid him open to the conviction of evidence, which a candid inquirer will always be glad to admit even when it brings the most unexpected discovery. How amiable is the character here given of Nathaniel ! An Is- 47
raelite indeed, in
whom there is no guile ! May the attainment of so excellent a character, and a resemblance to him in it, be the daily aim and emulation of all who have the honour to be called
into the Israel of God!
A constant intercourse with God in secret devotion will be a 48 happy expression of one branch of this sincerity, and an effectual means of promoting the rest. Let it therefore be our care that
the eye of him that seeth in secret may often behold us in religious retirement, pouring out our souls before God, and humbly consecrating them to his service. The day will come when those scenes of duty which were most cautiously concealed shall be commemorated with public honour ; and when he who now discerns them, and is a constant witness to the most private exercises of the closet, will
reward them
!
openly.
(Matth.
vi. 6.)
Happy were those who saw the miracles performed by the Son 51 of man while he was here on earth and happy those favourite
spirits
of heaven which were ascending arid descending as ministers his to do his pleasure ! But in some degree yet happier are they of who, having not seen, have believed; John xx. 29. As their faithis peculiarly acceptable, it shall ere long be turned into sight*
k Humble as the form of my present appearance is.] Though it be very true, as Dr. Sykes has excellently proved at large, that the phrase Son of man does generally refer to the glorious kingdom over which Chriat was to preside, according to the prophecies of Daniel, yet I think it equally evident that it is originally used in the
xxv. 6 ; Psal. viii. 4 ; cxliv. 5 ; Isa. li. 12 ; and especially Psal. lxii. 9 ; where we justly translate benei men of /mv multitude of texts, as well as degree. this before us, appear with great advan-
Adam
when this remark is attended to ; though Le Clerc cannot by any means br

tage
vindicated in confining his interpretation so entirely U> this latter view.
Old Testament
a sense that carries something of humiliation in it. See Job

in
136
sect.
Christ goes
to
a marriage feast at Cana.
xxn
They shall behold much greater things than ever were seen below, and more extraordinary manifestations of his glory than ~ they can now conceive ; and, being brought with all his people to surround his throne, shall join in those nobler services which attendant angels render him above.
SECT.
XXIII.
Christ attends a marriage feast at Cana in Galilee, John II. 1 lously changes water into wine.
and miracu11
3ECT
XXIII,
ohn
II. 1.
" 1 , the third there wa6 have related above, ua.;rriage in Cana Nathaniel in the manner there was a marriage at Cana, a town in Gali- of Galilee ; and the
A TO W iV * * into
John
II.
1.
the third day after Christ's coming r^ i t vl Galilee, and discoursing there with
"" AND J\ d
.
we
which originally belonged to the tribe of ^g re Asher (Josh. xix. 28,) and Mary the mother of Jesus was there ; b it being the marriage of a near relation or an antimate friend of hers. 2 And both Jesus 2 And Jesus, and those of his disciples that were was called, and his the t0 with him, (namely the two disciples that had ^'P 168 followed him from the banks of Jordan, with Peter, Philip, and Nathaniel,) being known to be in the neighbourhood, were invited to the marriage : and Jesus, not affecting the austerities which became the character and ministry of John the Baptist, freely accepted of the invitation, and favoured them with his instructlee?
'
ei
ive presence.
Now, as it was known that Jesus would be present at the feast, this, in conjunction with the events which had lately arisen, occasioned a
And when they
probable, as Mary was not only present at the feast, but was concerned about supplying them with wine ; and when the feast was over, we are told at ver. 12, that Jesus was attended at his leaving Cana, not only with his own disciples, but with his brethren, or his nearest kinsmen, whoprob(al. 6) sect. 1. p. 751. Havercamp. b The mother of Jesus was there.] Some ably came thither as relations, to bepreshave supposed this marriage to be cele- ent at the marriage. As Mary here is brated at the house of Cleopas or Alpheus, spoken of alone, it may be reasonable to whose wife was sister to the mother of our conclude that Joseph was now dead, and Lord (John xix. 25,) and one of whose that he lived not to the time when Jesus sons was Simon the Canaanite, whom some entered on his public ministry, especially have thought to be so called from his being as he is no where mentioned in the goepel (Mark iii. 18.) afterwards. See Dr. Lightfoot's Harmony, an inhabitant of this Cana. And this may be considered as the more in Ioq.
a Cana, a town in Galilee.] It lay toward *he southern part of the land of Asher ( Josh. xix. 28,) and might be called Cana in Galilee, to distinguish it from another town of that name in Celosyria mentioned by Josephus. Antic/. Jud. lib. xv. cap. 5.
His mother
tells
him of their wanting' wine.

;
\^7
-
wanted wine, the greater resort of mother of Jesus fhe

saith
unto
him,
They have no
wine,
company than was expected sect. xxnr when wing prov ided for the entertain., _, }, r~ ment of the guests fell short, the mother of Je- J()hn sus, who either had seen some of his miracles n. 3 in private, or received from him some hint of
rf
,
now, c thought proper to inform and says unto him, Son, dost thou observe they have no xvine to carry on the feast ? 4 Jesus saith ung ut yesus not approving it that she should 4 take u P on her to direct him m the exercise of whaUiwe YtTdo mine his miraculous power, says freely to her, with with thee hour is not yet come. an air of serious rebuke, and in a plainness of language suited to the simplicity of those ages wovian, d what hast thou to do and countries, with me, e thus to direct me how and when my miracles are to be wrought ? Let me now say
his intention
him of
it,
once for all, this is a thing that does not lie and in particular, within thy proper sphere for what is now proposed my time of doing it is not yet come / but it is best to wait a little
it
;
iy.01 xat <rot, might be renEither had seen some of his miracles have thought, some hint, Ifc] dered, What is that to me and thee ? Without supposing the one or the other of " What does it signify to us, or what conthese, one can hardly imagine why she cern is it of ours, if they want wine ?" But should thus apply to him on this occasion. Jesus was of so benevolent a temper, and For she could scarce suppose he had mo- Mary seems to be so far concerned as are ney to buy any large quantity nor would lation, that it does not in this sense appear It seems rather it have been so proper to have done it if he to be so proper a reply. had, lest it should have been interpreted to be intended as a rebuke to Mary and as an affront to the bridegroom. But the it was surely expedient she should know supply that she expected from him was by that Jesus was not upon such occasions to his working of a miracle ; and it is plain be directed by her. And nothing is more that, notwithstanding the rebuke she just- evident than that the phrase in other plaly met with, yet she had still a view to this ces has the meaning that our version gives by her direction to the servants afterwards, it. See Matth. viii. 29; and Judges xi. ver.5, to do whatever he should order them. 12; 2 Sam. xvi. 10; 1 Kings xvii. 18; d O Woman.'] have no reason to 2 Kings iii. 13 and ix. 19. Sefitua. f My time is not yet come.] conclude that there was any rudeness in Sonic are his addressing to his mother thus. For for adding a note of interrogation here (as though indeed it is a manner of expression Gregory Nyssen does,) and so would renthat is very unusual among us, to call a per- der it, is not my time yet come? As if he son luoman, when we are speaking to her, had said, " I not old enough to know if she be one to whom w e think that any when to work miracles? and now that respect is due yet some of the politest I have entered on my public ministry, writers of antiquity make the most well- is it not time that I should be exempt bred and accomplished princes use it in from thine authority, and should be left their addressing unto ladies of the highest to govern my own actions without any quality and even servants too are some- direction." But I conceive the sensu times represented as speaking to their in which it is generally taken to be mistresses in the same language. There more natural and easy and I would rathare some instances of this referred to in er chuse to understand it of the time when BlachvaWs Sacred Classics, Vol. I. p. 206 he intended to perform this miracle, for to which many more might easily he added, which the proper moment, though very e What hast thou to do v>ithme.?~\ Some near, was not yet quite come; than to
in private, or received
We
Am
138
sect, longer,
She charges the servants
to
obey his orders.
and leave it to my conduct to determine when it will be the fittest and the most
John convenient season for me to interpose. s ^ 13 II. 4 mother In this his mother readily acquiesced, as con5 scious to herself that she had been over hasty saitth un thte ser * vants, ^, Whatsoever , r i r the proposal ; but yet, as she interred trom h e saith unto vou, his answer that he intended them some extra- doit. ordinary supply, she says unto the servants, with some degree of authority, as being in part concerned in managing the feast, Whatev-
it; for
er he shall order you, see that you carefully do he may have reasons for it beyond what
you imagine.
6
were set there, near the room in 6 And there were set was kept, six water /pots or potsthe re SIX Wi er ot stone filter jars of stone, from whence the water might be the manner of the taken that was made use of by the guests to purifying of the containing wash their hands and feet, and that was neces- J ews two or three firkina i .i r ^l c i 1. sary tor the washing ot the cups and other ves- a ece p sels that were used at table, according to the Jexvish custom ofpurifying, which in some instances was grown to such a superstitious
there
Now
which the
feast
'
nicety? as to require a considerable quantity of water to be ready upon such occasions these jars were therefore of a considerable bigness, 7 containing each of them two or three measures, h And Jesus chusing, for wise reasons, to make use of these rather than the vessels in which
:
,
7 Jesus
saith
unto
probable that, as the Jewish bath was the most common measure that was used in liquids, this is the quantity designed where measures are expressed without any limitation. And as the Jewish bath is reekoned to contain Jour gallons and a half, the content of these vessels, if they are coinputed only at Hvo measures each, will amount to no less than fifty four gallons, which may be reckoned a sufficient quantity. See Dr. Lightfoot's Harmony, in loc. 11. 4. b Twoor three measures. J The measures and Godwin's Moses and Aaron, lib. vi. cap. of the ancients are so very uncertain that 9. ad fin. Chusing to make use of these.] Jesus it is hardly possible to determine the exact content of these vessels. Some have com- might rather chuse to make use of these
'
a more general way to the time of his doing miracles in public, or more particularly to restrain it to the time of his sufferings, which Christ indeed has elsewhere called his hour, and which Mr. L 'Enfant supposes him here to intimate that he would not anticipate by provoking* the Jews too soon for thus it would have implied a denial of his mother's request, which it. is plain from ver. 5 she did not apprehend, and which the event shews that Christ did not design. % Wa6 grown to such a superstitious Besides the purifications that nicety.j were appointed by the law of God, there was a multitude of others that were then practised in compliance with the tradition of the elders. Compare Mai kvii. 3, 4; and see Godwin's Moses and Aaron, lib. iii. cap.
refe** it in
;
puted them to contain about two or three hogsheads ; and it is rendered so in ourtranslation as to make them contain above a hundred gallons. But it is hardly probable the vessels were so large and as the word yMSTg7*c signifies no more than measures, it
;
is
much
it,
find
better we should leave it as we unless the quantity could be detercertainty. It
mined with more
seems most
Christ turns the water into wine.

them,
Fill
39
wine had before been contained, after some sect. convenient pause ' that lhe sallQ of the WUM ~, And they hlledtliem , [ might be the more observed, goes to the ser- j m to the brim. vants tliat were waiting, and says to than, Fill II. 7 up those jars with rooter. And they Jilted them And having presently 8 8 And he saith un- up to the very brim. to them, Draw out transformed the water by his Divine power insays unto them, Now draw the%overnor of the to excellent wine, he feast. And they some of it out, and carry it to the president of bare it. And, in obedience to the orders Jethe feast. sus gave them, they carried \it~\ to him. Now xvhen the president of the feast had fast- 9 9 When the ruler of the feast had tast- e( the water that was made wine, and knew not j
the wa- the
.
lerpots with water.
^^
i
ed the water that /ience ft came (though the servants that drew was made wine, ana n i i knew not whence it the water very well knew, J observing that it had (but the ser- a finer flavour than any they had drank before, was vants which drcv^ the president ofthe feast calls for the bridegroom,
>
expense he reckoned that this wine provided, And says unto him, thou 10 bridegroom, h as t ac ted today in a very uncommon manner, ^ l ^ at makes a feast first sets out him Everyman" at or ever y man the 'beginning doth the good wine, and when they have drank plentisetforth good wine fully, k so that their taste is not so delicate as and when men have be fore then brings out that which is zuorse ;
feast
-,
the governor of^the at wnose the had been called
well
drunk,
men
;
r,
that
which is worse
Ybut] thou hast kept the
good wine until now, and
>
but thou hast kept the good wine until
towards the conclusion of the feast surprisest us w i tn w hat is much better than we have yet tastThis naturally gave the bridegroom an ed. opportunity of declaring that he knew nothing of this new supply ; which occasioned an examination of the servants, and so a discovery of what Christ had done in it.
excess, yet it would be very unjust and absurd to suppose that it implies here that these guests had already transgressed the None can seriously rules of temperance. imagine the evangelist so destitute of common sense as to represent Christ as displaying his glory by miraculously furnishing the company with mine to prolong a. drunken
revel.
It is
it
large vessels, thus to add to the dignity of the miracle by the liberal quantity of wine produced ; which we have no reason to beIf the feast, lieve was all drank that day. as was usual, lasted several days (Gen. xxix. 27, 28 and Judg. xiv. 12 17,) a considerable expense might by this means be saved, and an equivalent given for the additional charge of entertaining so many of his disciples. Not to say that this would prevent any suspicion that the tincture, or taste, of the %uater might be derived from any remainder of wine in the vessels for indeed the goodness of the wine thus made would be sufficient to obviate such a thought. k When have drank plentifully.'} they Though ^ct&sjjy oftua signifies tv drtk fa
;
much more
signifies
;
reasonable to con;
elude that
Gen.
xliii.
34
here (as it does in and Hag. 1. 6. Cant. v. 1
Septuag.) only to drink so freely as innoAnd even cently to exhilerate the spirits. this perhaps might only be the case of some of them, and particularly not of those who, drawn by a desire to converse with Jesus, might he hut lately-
cohjq
in.
140
sect.
Reflections 6n the miracle of fuming water into wine.

1
_
'
This was the beginning of his public miracles? H Tbis beginning of miracles did Jewhich J Jesus wrought (as we have now related) sus in Cana of Gah/> n r r> i-i j .i_ t_ jiJohn in Cana oj Galilee, and thereby manifested Ins i ee and manifested II 1A gl r y > an(l that in such an illustrious manner forth his glory and that his disciples believed on him more stedfastly his disciples believJ ed on him. J c c than before, as the tact was so certain and so
.,
remarkable.
IMPROVEMENT.
We have here the first of Christ

Was not wrought
till
's public
miracles,
which we
find
about his thirtieth year.
How much sooner
could he have glorified himself, and amazed the world by the display of his divine power ? But he waited his Father's call, and the delay added at length to the lustre of his works. ^ t was P er f rme d to grace a nuptial solemnity : and who doth Verse j not see that it was in effect a testimony borne to the honour and purity of that happv state on which so much of the comfort of the present generation, and the existence of the future, regularly
depends ? How happv were these gtiests while Jesus was among them and how condescending did he appear in making one on the occasion His social and obliging temper should sweeten ours, and be a lesson to his followers that they avoid everything sour and morose, and do not censure others for innocent liberties at proper seasons of festivity and joy. If his mother met with so just a rebuke for attempting to direct g 4 his administrations in. the days of his flesh, how absurd is it for any to address her as if she had a right to command him on the
o
!
!
throne of his glory
And how
indecent for us to direct his suin
preme wisdom
as to the time
and manner
which he
shall ap-
pear for us in any of the exigencies of life ? Her submission and faith manifested on this occasion are truly and with this we have surely reason to admire the beamiable who nignity and generosity of Christ in this miracle before us consulted the pleasure and entertainment as well as the necessity of his followers ; and by this abundant supply amply repaid any extraordinary expense which he might have occasioned to the
:
family.
Y s
How easily could he, who thus turned water into wine, have transformed every entertainment of a common table into the
which doth not at all appear to have been the case. It rather seems to be here represented only as the first of'bis public miraeta ; for it seems probable that the necessities of the family might sometimes have
1 This beginning nf his public miracles.] This interpretation seems much preferable to that of Grotius, who only supposes that this was the first miracle wrought at Cana, unother being afterwards mentioned (Jo.
iv.
46, sect. 31,) for it is plain there must engaged him to have done something mihave been a long series of miracles wrought raculous for its relief in private- See note-, here to justify such a manner of speaking, n, 13?.
Jesus goes
io
keep the passover at Jerusalem,
141
-
SECT greatest delicacies, and have regaled himself dailv with roval dainties? But, far superior to such animal gratifications, he chose the severities of a much plainer life. Blessed Jesus ! who can sav whether thou art greater in what thou didst or in what thou didst not do ? May none of U9 thv followers be too intent
'
but, pursutaste, or any of our other senses ing those intellectual and devotional pleasures which were thy meat and thy drink on earth, may we wait for that good wine 10 which thou reservest for thy people to the last, and for those richer dainties with which thou wilt feast those who shall drink it with thee in thy Father's kingdom ! (Mat. xxvi. 29.)
on indulging our
SECT.
Our Lord
XXIV.
celebrates the first passover of his public ministry at Jerusalem; and vindicates the outer court of the templefrom the profanation of those that bought and sold there. John II. 12,
to the
end,
John
John
II.
II. 12.
>
12.
A FTER this, -TV went down
he
to
Capernaum, he and his mother, and his brethren, and his disciples and they
;
continued there not
many
days.
"\TOW- fter J esus had attended at this mar- SECT XXIV J->l r a g e? where he miraculously turned the water mto w ne he and his mother, and his T ohn ' ,,.,, J N brethren (or his near relations) and lus disciples, n. 12 who were now ready to attend him wheresoever he should jro, went doxvn from Cana to . r Capernaum, a city x that lay near the north part
"
of the sea of Galilee, on the south border of the land of Naphtali and at this time the stav
:
they
13 And the Jews' thete passover was at leaving
reason of their 13 so soon was that the passover of the Jexvs drew near,* when it was ordered by the
it
made was but not many days.
short,
for they continued
And the
The passover of the yews drew ncar.~] the evangelists have not expressly deterniined the number of passovcrs which
As
happened between the baptism and death of Christ, or during' the course of his publie ministry, so it is well known that learned men have been much divided in their opinions about them. By far the greater part have supposed there were fours reckoning this the firsts the feast mentioned, John v. 1, the second ; the passover spoken of, John vi. 4, as the third; and that at which Christ suffered the fourth. But there are others of a different opinion, The celebrated Sir Isaac Newton reckons five; the first, this which is now before
the second, according to him, happenafter Christ's discourse with the woman of Samaria, John iv. 35 ; the third, a few days before the story of the disciples rubbing the ears of corn, Luke vi. 1 Ihcfourth, a little after the feeding of the five thousand and the last, at tho time of our Lord's crucifixion. The reasons for this the reader will find at largo Sir Isaac Newton's Observat. on Pro'ph. Part I. chap. 11 and the most considerable of them will be touched upon in their proper places. Mr. Manne has with great learning and ingenuity attempted to revive along exploded notion, that Christ's ministry continued but sixteen month* ; (see
us
;
ed four months
Vol.
I.
242
?ect.
Arid drives the traders there out of the temple.
Jesus ] aw f Moses that all the males should appear hand, and tu P t0 J erusa' before the Lord (Exod. xxiii. 17; and Deut. T/ xvi. 16 :) and therefore Jesus, who maintained in j II. 13 a religious regard to the ceremonial as well as the moral part of the law, went up to ferusalehi to worship at the temple. And, at his coming thither, he found in the 14 a l f 14 1 outer court and cloysters of the temple those that, the temple those under a pretence of accommodating such as that sold oxen, and came to worship there with proper sacrifices, sne e P and doves, and the chancers Qi * ,, , f r ? 1 t sold oxen, ana sheep, and adves ; and he also monev sitting saw there the money changers sitting at their tables, who, for a certain profit, changed anv foreign coin into that which was current, and larger pieces of monev into half shekels, which were on some occasions to be paid into the -15 sacred treasury. (Exod. xxx. 15.) Now, at 15 And when lie the sight of this, Jesus was moved with a just had made a scourge indignation to think that so sacred a place, f small cords, he honoured with such peculiar tokens of the Di- of tne temije anci vine presence, should be profaned in this au- the sheep, and the and poured dacious manner, and so great an affront be put oxen hc ch a,1 Sers ' on the devout Gentiles, in whose court this ^J ' monev, and overr market was kept: and therefore, having made threw the tables a rvhip of the small cords (with which they were used to tie the beasts to some rings fixed in the pavement for that purpose) he drove them all out
() ]
,-
>
of the
temple,
and
the sheep,
and
the oxen,
which
.
they had brought into it: and he also poured out the money of the exchangers, and overturned the ., 15 And said unto 1. *! -jj ^ + 11 A ju tables at which they were sitting. And'he said to them that sold doves, them that sold doves, Take all these things away Take these things [and] do not, for shame, hence make not m Y from hence directly t< i l u scandalous Father's house an ii by make my Father 1s house, u such house of mcrchan _ practices as these, an house o/'public traffic, and dize.
,
.
*.t.
fflanne's second Dissertation,^. 146, $jf scq.J so that there were but two pasiovers during
only purged the temple at his last passover,
the whole course of it. Mr. Whiston's reasoning against this hypothesis, in the .sixth of his late dissertations, appears to ine unanswerable. For he there shews til at, if this was true, Christ must have travelled on an average near ten miles a day during the course of his ministry. Besides, the transpositions in scripture which this would introduce, seem very unwarrantable and dangerous and, among other diffaculties, it is none of the least that Mr. Maune. is. obliged to suppose that CUi-ist
;
and consequently that St. John has misplaced this story though ver. 24 of this chapter, and ver. 22, 23, 24, of the next (sect. 27,) afford such strong arguments to the contrary. Compare note c and note m of this section. b Sold oxen, and sheep, and doves.'] There must have been a grand market for these animals at such times for Josephus tells us that no less than 256,500 victims were
;
;
offered at one passover , see Joseph, de Bell. jfud lib. vi cap. 9. (al. vii, 17 3. p. 399-)
;
Edit,
Hqvercamp.
His
17
disciples
admire his
zeal.
\^
-
or exchange. SECT a xxiv. he P enl v Proclaimed S that it whs written, The zeal of thine that God was his Father, and made such a j ()lin house hath eaten me declaration of his Divine mission as could not n. ip but be greatly observed, by the multitude. And 17 his disciples, when they saw so meek a person in such an unusual transport of just displeasure, remembered that it was written of David, d in words which well expressed the character ot Christ on this occasion (Psal. lxix. 9.) " Thg zeal of thine house hath eaten me up ,-" as if it regard for the honour of thy were said, sanctuary, like a secret flame glowing in my bosom, preys upon my spirits, and would have consumed me had I not given it vent. A8 Then answered fact so public and remarkable as this could 18 not but immediately come to the knowledge of the priests and rulers of the Jexvsf whose
And
his dis-
ciples
remembered
turn
-vr
it
to a
i
-
common market place,
Now r v b
.1
h,s
s 'lvin
thls
He openly proclaimed that God was might be inclinable for a while to wait the Father.] The most considerable argu- issue of Christ's pretensions, and so much ment which Mr. Manne has brought to the rather, as he now wrought some wonprove that this expulsion of the merchants derful miracles. 'Compare ver. 23, ami chap, from the fe?n/>/ehappened only in our Lord's iii. 2.) Accordingly we find in the beginlast passo-jer, and consequently that it is nine of the next chapter one of the chiel here transposed, is, that such an open de- among the Pharisees conies privately to elaration that the Temple was his Father''s confer with Christ in a very respectable house would have put him too much into the manner. It seems necessary to acquiesce -power of bis enemies, and would have in these solutions, because the conference been inconsistent with the prudent reserve which refers to the miracles wrought at which Christ kept on tins head (see thisfeast is expressly said to have been Manners Dissert, p. 179, 180, and compare before John the Baptist was imprisoned' sect. 27. J. ode's Reasonableness of Christianity, p. 91, Compare John iii. 22 44 iSf seq.J as well as with the reflection of d Remembered that it ivas written of David.] That these words were originally his brethren , John vii. 3, seq. the notes on which place in sect. 98, may be consulted spoken of David, and not of Christ, is plain here.) But, in reply to this objection, I from the fj'th verse of the lxixth. Psalm ; would beg leave to observe, (1) That for Q God, thou kneivest my foolishness, ana mv Jesus to call the temple his Father's house sins are not hid from thee which cannot be did not amount to an express declaration applied to Christ. Abundance of other that he was the Messiah ; since the Jews scriptures are quoted, with such a beautiful in general spake of God as their Father, accommodation as this. e Rulers of the yews.'] John viii. 41. (See John x. 24, 25, with the It seems most note there, sect. 134.) And (2) That though probable that the Jews here mentioned in the circumstances that here attended it were rw/cr,because we know that the great there was an oblique intimation of some- assembly of Jewish rulers (that is, the santhing extraordinary, it might not be so fiedrimj sate in the temple, and that tin: dangerous now as afterwards because our chief of them often attended public worship Lord' not having opened the spirt tual nature there. This action of Christ (in driving out pf his kingdom, or as yet rendered himself the buyers and sellers J must undoubtedly obnoxious to the Pharisees by such just come to their knowledge ; and as tlieir ol* inveetives as be afterwards used, they lice would seem to authorize them to call jyho expected the Messiah to appear about him toan account, we are sure their prejuMiis time, and longed for his appearance, dices against him would incline them tO,<3
c
-his
&
,-
144
sect,
'
Christ's saying
of the temple of his body.
sate in a magnificent chamber the Jews, and said belonging to the temple f some of them therefore unto him, What sign shewest thou when they heard of it, answered and said unto unto us, seeingthat j j!r) djest these II, 18 him, Bv what authority dost thou thus take up- thou on thee to reform what is amiss here, tindrvhat tilings sign dost thou shew us, seeing that thou dost these things, to prove thy having a divine commission, since it is certain thou hast none from the
supreme council
* XIV
19 government? esus amxvered and mid unto them, You shall not want convincing evidence that 1 have an authority far superior to what man can give me for if you demolish this temple, I prom20 ise and assure vou 1'will raise it up again in three days.% The Jews then said unto him, in proud derision and contempt of what they did not understand, This temple hath been no less than six andforty years building* (for it is now so long since Herod began to repair it,) and notwithstanding many thousand men have been employ-
19 Jesus answered and said unto them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I
will raise
it
up.
20 Then said the Jews, Forty and six years was this temple in building-, and
f A magnificent chamber belonging- to also very unnecessary for the words refer the temple.] This fine rotundo was called, to the time since Herod began to rebuild from its beautiful pavement, Lishcath it, which he first proposed to the people in iggazith, and stood on the wall of the the eighteenth year of his reign (Joseph. temple, part of it within and part of it Antiq/jud. lib. xv. cap. 11 (al. 14) 1. without its sacred precincts. See Calmet's Havercamp ; ) and though he finished wliat Dictionary at the word Sanhedrim; Light- he proposed in eight or nine years, it foot's Description of the Temple, chap. 9 ; seems (as Dr. Lightfoot and Dr. Lardner and Witsii. Miscell. Sacr. lib. i. Diss. iii. have judiciously observed) that the Jews still went on improving and adorning it 66. under the governs Demolish this temple, and I will raise for long after this, It is most evident that ment of Florus (about the year of Christ it up in three days.'] Christ intended nothing- more in these 65,) Josephus speaks of the temple's being words than the paraphrase expresses, and finished, and the workmen dismissed so did not mean to command them to demolish that it seems they were at work upon it the temple,- though his enemies indeed did, all the time of Christ's ministry and some years after, misrepresent this saying, life. (Compare John viii. 59; sect. 105; sect. 134 ; and see Joseph. as if he had intimated a purpose of doing it John x. 31 himself. Compare Mark xiv. 58 sect. 185. Antiq. Jud. lib. xx. cap. 9. (al. 8) 7. p. and Lardner 's Credib. Part I. Vol. I. h This temple hath been six andforty years 978 building.] Mr. Whlston (in his View of the p. 534539 ; and Vol. II. p. 856860.) Harmony, p. 143) would render it, Forty Now, as the eighteenth year of Herod's and six years hath this temple been built : reign from the death of Antigonus began 734, and his proposal but, as it would have been absurd to argue some time in A. U. from the time since the temple was built to rebuild the temple might then be made to the time it would require to rebuild it, to the Jews at the feast of tabernacles, it and will from thence be but a few months more this sense must certainly be wrong Dr. Lightfoot has well shewn that the word Xh^n forty six years to the passover, A. U. may signify (as we render it) 781. Or, since a year or more might probfi'K.oJ'iUiiSii Hor. Hcbr. ably be spent in preparing for the work it hath been so long building. Mr. Fleming's calculation (in his before he actually began it, it may thus be in loc. Christology, Vol. II. p. 366 371) to prove brought down to A. U. 782 or 783, which that the second temple was forty six years is the lowest time to which this passovc building, is not only very precarious, but can be referred.
;
He foretells his
will
in three
resurrection in three days..

;
145
thou rear days
it
up ed upon it, it is not yet entirely finished andwilt sect XXIV f/wu un( iertake to ra j se ft up \ n t flree (Jai S f j None certainly will be foolish enough to pull 7*7"
"
But they were n. oq lt down to try the experiment. 21 But lie spake of the temple of his quite mistaken in the sense of what he said ; 21 body, for what they understood him to have spoken
of the temple at Jerusalem, he spake of the much more sacred temple of his own body, in which the Deity dwelt in a far nobler manner than in their holy place (Col. ii. 9,) and he might give some intimation of it in the gesture 22 "When there- that he used in speaking. When therefore he 22 * , fore he was risen t Qn tng lnir(j c| ^ j J from the dead, Ins .... / j disriplesremember- alter his crucihxion, his disciples remembered ed that lu- had said that he had said this to them ; and they yet more this unto them: and fi rm l v believed the scripture in all its propheE * - TJ , thev believed the , , concerning the Messiah s kingdom, and scripture, and the Cles word which Jesus their faith in him was confirmed by the word had said. which Jesus had spoken: for such a wonderful event as the resurrection of Christ, consider-
w^
.
ed
in its
tion, 1 justly
connection with this solemn predicappeared as the fullest conceivable
23
Now when
in
he
was
Jerusalem at
the passover,
feast dav, manv believed in his name,
m the were ^^ ....

'
-
proof of his Divine mission. And while he was at the passover in Jerusa- 23 lem on the feast day, many of the Jews who
,
present there, seeinsr the miracles

'
,
when
dl
they saw the miracles which he
which he wrought* believed in him, and were inwardly persuaded that he was the Messiah
i, >.
i 1
so far as to acknowledge it expressly that he was actually the promised Messiah j and, by confessing who he was, to put himself into And 25 their power, because he knew them all nailed not that any should had no need that any one should testify or tell for jimi an testify of man y thing of the character of any man, he knew what was tnoU p-h e ver so much a stranger to him for "' m man. ,~ ,. , P he himself, by an immediate and unerring penetration, knew xvhat xvas in the heart of every
24 But Jesus did not commit himself unto them, because
g ut y e ms did not care
to trust himself to
them 24
*****
in its connection
resurrection of Christ considered with this solemn predicThis important thought is set in a tion.] very strong- lighl by Dr. Jenkins, in his Keasonablcness of Christianity, Vol. I. p. 25, 26. k Seeing the miracles ixhich he wrought.'] These words, as also those in John iii. 2, and iv. 45, plainly refer to some miracles wrought by Christ, the particulars of Which are not transmitted to us. i It is in the original, Believed in him.]
The
did not seem necessary to retain. Nothingis more common than to put the name of a person for the person himself. Compare John i. 12 xx. 31 Psal. lxxv. 1 Acts l. 15 and Rev. iii. 4.
;
I look himself to them.'] demonstration that the passveer here spoken of was not that at which Christ suffered,- for then there had been no need of such a precaution, and indeed no
m Did not
trust
upon
this as a
believed in his
name ;
a Hebraism,
which
it
room
lor.it.
545
sect, XXIV
Refections on Christ* s purging the temple, &c,
man; and consequently knew that those people had such gross notions of the Messiah's kingdom, juhn tnat tnere was no room for him to confide in II. 25 them, or to expect them to be faithful to him.
"
IMPROVEMENT.
How powerful is the love of this world, when it could engage !4 even the priests and the Pharisees to let out the temple itself for a market place ! though a professed zeal for the honour of it made so great a part of the righteousness of which thev boasted before But our Lordbeheld the scene With Just indignation ; as 15,16 God.
Verse
is indeed^:/.?? which arises from a sense of dishonour done to God and contempt poured on the institutions of his worship. Happy shall we be in the warmest emotions of zeal which do not transport us beyond the rules of prudence and love, and make us forget those stations in life which require the same principles to shew themselves in widely different effects Me thinks the state of the temple, when these traders had erected their seats and their stalls in it, and turned the courts of
that displeasure
1G God's house into a market, is too just an emblem of the state of our hearts when we appear in the sanctuarv distracted with ivorldly cares to the neglect of that one thing needful which then demands our most attentive regards. Would to God that in this sense our Father's house were not often made a house of inerchandize ! Let us pray that Jesus, by his good Spirit, would assert it to himself, and drive out those intruders which break in upon our truest enjoyments, in proportion to that degree in which they intrench in our devotion Adter a thousand proofs of his Divine mission, the Jexvs were 19 wicked and desperate enough, with sacrilegious hands to destroy the temple of Christ s body : but let us be thankful for the unr doubted evidence we have that, as an everlasting monument of his power and truth, he raised it again in three days ! Happy will it be for us if we cordially believe a gospel so glo23 25 riously attested but most vain will that belief be which doth not penetrate and influence the heart. Let us remember that we have to do with him that formed our nature, and is most intimately acquainted with all its recesses. He knows xvhat is in man : may he see nothing in us which shall not be thoroughly agreeable to the profession we make of being his faithful dis!
>
ciples
24
conclude let us learn from the caution which y^ms used, not rashly to put ourselves and our usefulness into the power of others but to study a wise and happv medium between that universal prejudice and suspicion which, while it wrongs the best and the most worthy characters, would deprive us of all the pleasures of an inundate friendship, and that undistinguishing
; ;
To
Nicodemus comes
easiness
to
Jesus by night
147
and openness of temper which might make us the property of every hypocritical pretender to kindness and respect.
SECT.
XXV.
The former part of our Lord's conference with Nicodemus, in which he 10. John III. 1 states the nature and necessity of regeneration.
John
' I
III. 1.
John III. 1. -"HERE was
"XT OW, while our Lord was

a
thus attending at
PlKu-iseTs,
named
Nicodemus, a ruler 'jf the Jews
"J
The same came
to Jesus by night, and said unto him,
Rabbi,
we
know
that thou art a teacher come from God for no man <-an do these miractes that thou doest except God be with
;
Jerusalem to keep the passover there was a certJlin mnn f the sect of th(r P^risees whose name was Nicodemus, a magistrate of the yews, ui. and a member of the great sanhedrim, (John vii. 50,) who being alarmed, as many of his brethren were, and filled with wonder at the miracles that Jesus wrought, made him a visit in person, that he might more distinctly be informed of the nature of his doctrine, and of the true intent and purpose of his coming. But, 2 j { ffence should be taken at his conversJ ln g openly with him, he secretly came to Jesus by night, in order to a private conference with hj m at n i s own lodgings aiid with the greatest , reverence and respect, he said unto him, m his own name as well as in the name of several of his brethren, Rabbi* the wonders thou hast done have been related to us and, having seriously considered the account that has been given us, we knoxu and cannot but allow that thou art a teacher come with a commissionyronz. God: for we are thoroughly convinced that none can ever do these wondrous miracles that are in all respects so beneficial and Divine, which we perceive thou doest, unless he be invested with a power from on high, and God himself be with him in an extraordinary manner. (See John
J^j
~
1
sect*.
, .
ix. JO, 33.)
am come
u more
3
particular
therefore to desire accountb from thine own
SiuJ untohim, Rabbi.~] This title can- intended, such an inquiry; and it is iuf"but appear very remarkable, as given possible to enter into the beauty of this by a person qf-so great dignity to one who, discourse without considering it in this with regard to his education and rank in view. Our Lord touches on the following Becular life, made so low an appearance as grand points, in which it was of the utmost importance that Nicodc mus and his our blessed Lord did. b I am come to desire a more particular brethren should be informed That no account, &c. 3 thtrLord's answer intimates externa profession, nor a| that he cither expressly made, or secretly observances, or privileges of birth, cauW
fiot
148
sect,
Jesus informs htm of the necessity of the new birth y
xx
,
'
mouth, both of the doctrine which thou teach* est and of the kingdom which thou declarest
is about to erect. Jesus, knowing the prejudices he laboured under both as a Jew and a Pharisee, judged it necessary immediately to acquaint him with the absolute necessity of a thorough change, by Divine grace, both in heart and life; a ... i change so great as might appear like coming into a new world, and would bring the greatest and most learned men to the simplicity of lit.
God
Ill 3
unto thee, Except a man be born again, cannot see the
^f^ ^
of
3 Jesus answered
J? kingdom
God.
children. (Compare Mat. xviii. 3.) He therefore ansxvered and said unto him, Verily^ verily, I say unto thee, and declare it with the utmost solemnity as a truth of the highest importance, That whatever great privileges any may inherit by his natural birth, or how exact and strict soever he may be in ceremonial observances, unless a man be born again c he cannot possibly see the kingdom ofGod such a manner as to secure an interest in its invaluable blessings. Now, as this form of speech was figurative 4 Nicodemus saitU 4 and concise, Nicodemus did not understand what "ntohun, How can a it meant ; and therefore says unto him, How can a
tle
any to the blessing's of the Messiah's kingdom; that an entire change of heart and life was necessary to that purpose that this must be accomplished bv a Divine influence on the mind that mankind was in a state of condemnation and misery
entitle
;
;
that the free mercy of God had given his Son to deliver them from it, and to raise them to a blessed immortality, which was the great design and purpose of his coming that all mankind, that is, Gentiles as well as Jews, were to share in the benefits of his undertaking; that they were to be procured by his being lifted up on the cross, and to be received by faith in him but that if they rejected him there was no other remedy, and their eternal aggravated condemnation would be the certain consequence of it. Our Lord might enlarge more copiously on these heads , which it might be the more proper to do, as some of them were directly contrary to the notions commonly entertained by the Jews concerning the Messiah's kingdom.
; ;
Nicodemus did not take it so for he thought that, without entering a second timr into his mother's womb, there was no being born in the manner Christ spoke of, avaêv, that is, again. What is added at ver. 5 explains what was before undetermined as to the original of this birth. Dr. Oweil with great propriety observes " That if regeneration here mean only reformation of life, our Lord, instead of making any new discovery, has only thrown a great deal of obscurity on what was before plain and obvious, and known not only to the Jews but the wiser heathens. And indeed (says he immediately after) this is the main
;
article in
dispute
between many.
Some
things in scripture r.re expressed in condescension to our capacities, so that there is still to be conceived in many of them an inexpressible grandeur; while, on the other hand, others suppose that, under the pomp and grander,? of the most hyperbolical expressions, th'ngs of a low and ordinary sense are to be understood." See Dr. Own on the Spirit, r>. 175. For c Unless a man be born again; *v jutn the full import of the phrases used in this Some would render verse see my Sermons on Regeneration, No. T/f ytvvnQn a.va"3sv.] but it is plain that IV. and V, awefljjr, from above-
think
all
and of the operation of

man
be
is
the Spirit in
it,
149
-
be born
?
when
second time into bis mother's womb and be
old enter tbe
Can be
hom
5 Jesus answered,
Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a
man be
ter
born of wa-
Spirit he cannot enter into
and o/the
the kingdom of God.
when he is old, as I now am ? SECT possibly enter a second time into his ., 1 > j i l t* mother s womb and so be born over again? It John would be perfectly absurd to think that thou in- m. 4 tendest this should be taken in a literal sense ; and I confess I am at a loss to know what figurative interpretation is to be put upon it. Then Jesus, to explain his former meaning, 5 answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, and again repeat it, That unless a man be born of ' . n , 7vater am< the opint, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God ; or, in plain terms, whosoever W ould become a regular member of it, he must not only be baptized, but as ever he desires to share in its spiritual and eternal blessings, he must experience the renewing and sanctifying influences of the Holy Spirit on his soul, to cleanse it from the power of corruption, and to
man
be born again
}le
-,
(]an
'
'
6 That which >ornof the flesh,
is
is
which
is
bom of the
Spirit, is spirit.
animate it to a Divine and spiritual life. For 6 were jt possible for a man to be born again, in tne ^ tera ^ sense that you have mentioned, by entering a second time into his mother's womb, such a second birth would do no more to qualithe first born of the fesh, is only fesh; and what proceeds and is produced from parfy
for the
him
kingdom of God than
for that which
is
ents that are sinful and corrupt,
is
sinful
and
but that which is born of the Spirit is formed to a resemblance of that blessed Spirit whose office it is to infuse a Divine life into the soul. Wonder not, therefore, that I said unto thee^ 7 Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye and have declared it as a truth that you are all must be born again, concerned in, That you yourselves, even though you are Jews, and Pharisees, and rulers of the people, yet must be born again; since the degeneracy of the human nature is of so universal an extent as to be common to you all. Nor have you any cause to be surprised if there be some things in this doctrine of regeneration which are of an obscure and unsearchable nature ; for
corrupt as they are
;
J Is sinful
and corrupt
many passages in which
as they are ] The flesh is put for a
viii.
vindicate it 8 Gal.
;
corrupt degenerate nature, enslaved to animal appetites and pursuits, seemed to me to justify this interpretation: and would to
Indeed it up either the beauty of the antithesis, or even the truth of the assertion, on any
(Compare Gen. vi. 3 Rom 17 24; and Jude ver. 23.) seems to ine impossible to clear
!
v.
God
fact
and experience did not so plainly other interpretation.
Vol.
150
jot v
Nicodemus knows not how

even
to conceive
ofit.
8
m tne
y
nat ural world,
many
things are so
John
III.
The wind for instance, bloxveth where it will, sometimes one way and sometimes another, and is not subject to the direction or command of man; and though thou hear est the sound thereof, and feelest its sensible and powerful r effects, yet thou canst not exactly tell from whence it cometh, and whither it goeth ; for
whatever general principles may be laid down concerning it, when you come to account for
its
The
wmu blow-
2K2^
sound thereof, but canstnottell whence
itc<>meth,andwhithci*
it
iroctn.
so
is is
every one that born of the Spirit,
particular variations, the greatest philoso;
phers often find themselves at a loss and in like manner so it is with every one that is bom
of the Spirit: and you are so
far
from
being-
capable of accounting for it, that it is easy to be 'seen there is a sovereign freedom in that Divine agency, which makes it oftentimes impossible to say why it is imparted to one rather than to another and there is a secret in the manner of its operation on the mind which it is neither necessary to know nor possible to
;
explain.
the
But Nicodemus, who had been accustomed to 9 Nicodemus anpomp and ceremony of an external religion, swered and said unto answered and said unto him, How can these V' H w can these
;
things be f for, after all this explication, I am still at a loss to understand what this being born of the Spirit means, and therefore cannot conceive how it should be so absolutely necessary.
10
Jesus then answered and said unto him, How 10 Jesus answered art thou a teacher of Israel, of so and said unto him, distinguished a rank and character, and dost thou Avt thou a master oi Israel, and knowest 7 .l +lif u u not know these things : e when so much is every not these tnulo s where said in the scripture of the purifying and quickening operations of the Divine Spirit on men's hearts ? (Compare Jer. xxxi. 33, 34 and Ezek. xxxvi. 26, 27.) It is high time thou shouldest be better informed concerning them.
Nicodemus!
.
mitted into the Jewish church by baptism.,, be proved that is, by washing when it is plain from that the Jewish Rabbis, so early as Christ's express passages in the Jewish law, that time, called a baptized person one born again, no Jew who had lived like a Gentile for one. or born of water, that would strongly illus- single day, could be restored to the comBut though munion of their church without it. Comtrate the passage before us. Dr. Claget and Mr. Locke, and after them pare Numb. xix. 19,20, and many other Dr. Clarke give the words this turn, the precepts relating to ceremonial pollutions fact did not appear to me so evident as to by which the Jews were rendered incaallow of my inserting it in the paraphrase, pable of appearing before God in the taberHowever, it is strange to me that any naclc or temple, till they were washed should d'vubt whether proselytes were ad- either by bathing or sprinkling.
e
Art thou a teacher of Israel, and dost thou

these things ? ]
.
not
know
Could
it
Refections on the nature and necessity of the
new
birth.
131
SECT.
XXV
IMPROVEMENT.
him hear with attention what the It is surely a said on this great occasion. matter of universal concern for who would not desire to enter into the kingdom of God? to he an acceptable member of Christ's church now, and an heir of glory beyond the grave ? But how is this blessing to be expected and secured ? Thus saith the Lord Verse himself, Unless a man be born again he cannot see the kingdom of 3
He
that hath ears to hear, let
blessed
Redeemer
new name
it is not enough that a it profession be assumed is not enough that we are descended from the most pious ancestors, that we have been externally devoted to God by the early seal of his covenant, or that we openly have made a solemn and express profession of our own faith and obedience, and have been born of baptismal water in our riper years There must be a nexv nature implanted, a new creation formed in our souls
God.
Let us remember therefore that

be given us, or that a
new
by the almighty energy of the eternal Spirit, or it had been better for us that we had never been born at all. That which is born ofthefesh, is flesh ; and as we all proceed 6 from a corrupt original, we do not more evidently bear the image of the earthly Adam in the infirmities of a mortal body than in the degeneracy of a corrupted mind. Oh, let us earnestly entreat that, being
we may
born of the sanctifying influences of the Spirit, 8 bear the image of the heavenly ! And to these influences let us with all humility and thankfulness be ready to yield up our souls, as remembering that they are of a free and sovereign nature, like the ivindxhdX bloweth where it xvill, and does not stay
for the command of the children of men. Let none of us indulge a vain and useless curiosity with respect to the
7^
manner of the Spirit's operations, or wonder that we meet with some things that are secret and unknown in matters
of a spiritual nature,
when we
see daily there are so
many
things
unknown
appearances of the natural world, and indeed so few that we can perfectly understand. May the pride of a falsely pretended reason be subdued to the 10 authority offaith J And more especially, may such as are teachers in Israel, or who are designed for that important office, take their instructions with all humility from this teacher sent from God ! For it must surely be not only their calamity, but that too 2 of the church in general, if its guides continue ignorant of those sublime and spiritual truths which Christ came down from heaven to reveal, or are so biassed by the carnal reasonings of a depraved mind as to be indisposed and backward to receive them*
in the
common
52
Jesus goes on in his conference
xvith Nicodemvs.,
SECT.
The
XXVI.
latter part of our Lord's conference with Nicodemus, in which he opens the design of his coming into the world, and shervs the absolute necessity offaith in him. John III. 11 21.
'
'
John
sect. CVI
"
III. 11.
"\
TESUS, pursuing his discourse with Nicodeyou J mus, said, I find that j are stumbled at
7
7
John III. U. 7 ER1LY, verily,

I snv unto tlicc* that we speJ
John
III. 11
tn is doctrine of regeneration
which I have now been opening to you: but howsoever it may and strange, yet still appear to be obscure labour to subdue the prejudices that arise
against
thee,
it
;
We
*
r
do know, and testify that we have seen ;
Tjfa^f
for,
verily,
verily,
say
unto
That
delivered
tainly
which
surest
and
to
the doctrine we have now speak nothing but -what we cerknow, 3 and testify no other than that we have seen, h and can declare upon the grounds to be a most important truth, be perfectly agreeable to what we have
in
we
received in commission from God himself and yet the disposition of the Jewish rulers and people is generally such, that ije receive notour testii2 mony, and are likely still to reject it For these things which I have already told you are but the first principles to make way for what is yet more marvellous. Now, if I hitherto have told you things which have been capable of being represented to you in a familiar way, and being
; :
12
if I have told
We speak what we know.~\ Some have no necessity we

that,
as Christ speaks here in the plural number, he may refer not only to the doctrine that was delivered by himself, but to the testimony that was given to the truth of it by John the Baptist, and to the
bUpposed
should suppose him to refer to any other than himself: since nothing is more usual than for a person of authoiityto speak of himself in the plural number, as Christ may be observed to have done elsewhere (Markiv. 30 ;) and in the next verse he appears to have restrained it to himself, where he says only in the singular number, If I have told you earthly things, &x. See Lightfoot's Harmony in loc. b And testify that which we have seen.~\ Christ seems here to allude to what was mentioned in the law as qualifying a man to be a. witness, that he was able to declare of
testified, that he had seen or known (Levit. v. 1.) And as he therefore had a clear perception, and a certain knowledge of the truth of what he said, there was the highest reason to receive his testimony, and to regard him as a true and faithful
preaching also of his own disciples, who all concurred in testifying the same things the certainly of which they were assured of by the teachings of the Spirit, and by
;
their own experience, while it was known to Christ by his omniscience, and by the intimate acquaintance that he had with all the councils of the Father. And others have supposed that he includes here, with himself the Father and the Spirit, who are expressly spoken of in other passages as bearing witness to the truth of what he said, and as agreeing with him in the testimony that he gave. (Compare John viii. 18 xiv.
;
what he
it.
20
26
and
John
v.
8)
But there
is
witness.
to declare
the certain/// of what he revealed.
iS3
sect. XXVI
'
you earthly things, illustrated

ye believe not, how shall ye believe
unci
if
;
u 11 von ofhcav?
enly tilings
13 And no man hath ascended up to licaven, but be that
came down
from heaven, even the Son of man winch is in
by obvious and well known similitudes so that bv reason of their plainness, and frequent references to them in the Old f h ^ .. .. , ,, Testament, they may be called earthly things ; and ye believe not even these how then would you believe if I should yet go on to tell you other doctrines which are not capable of being thus explained and which indeed are so much more mvsterious and sublime that, in comparison of what has been already told you, they may be (Compare Heb. vi. called heavenly things ? c and Isa. lv. 9.) Yet l, 2; Psal. ciii. 11 cven these vou will have no just reason to sus, , P cct when vou consider whence they come, and who it is that reveals them to you for no Qne ever }ms ascended up to heaven to search into the secret counsels and to obtain an intimate and perfect knowledge of the truths of God (l unless, as you will see hereafter, he has done it who is really descendedfrom heaven; \_even\thc Son of man who is in heaven, as there is the place of his stated abode, whither he shortly will return, and as he now is present there by his Divine nature, which fills both heaven
,
77"
Jm>
\\\.\?
13
*,
and earth.
14
And as Moses
I mention the Son of man, let me 14 grand mistake of yours concerning his kingdom, which otherwise maybe attended with such fatal consequences. You expect to see him raised on a magnificent throne, and not only breaking oft' the yoke from the Jewish nation, but leading them on to conquer and
And now
rectify that
c Heavenly tilings'] This has been understood by some, of those sublime and heavenly doctrines that were afterwards revealed, of the eternal generation of the Son, and of the fuhiess of the Godhead dwelling in him bodily, and of those other mysteries of godliness that are above the reach of human reason, and cannot be illustrated by
the cross, that he might save us from our sins; of everlasting life and happiness to be obtained by faith in his death and of the condemnation of all those that should reject him which may be counted as the deep things of God, which lie reveals unto
;
:
us by his Spirit,
and which
the natural
man
who
disregards that spirit receiveth

,-
not, for
Lightfoot's Harmony they are foolishness unto him neither can he would rather seem inoiv them, because they are spiritually disthat our Lord does more immediately refer ccrned , 1 Cor. ii. 10, 14. to the doctrines which he mentions in the d Ascended up to heaven to search into remaining part of his discourse to Nicodcmus, of his descent from heaven to instruct the truths of God.] The phrase of ascendus in the things of God, and be united to ing into heaven is plainly used in this sense, the human nature here below, while by his Deut. xxx. 12; Rom. x. 6, and Prov. divine nature he still continued to be pres- xxx. 4. As for the turn here given to the eat above of the design for which he partkle u /j., sec the note on John xvii, came into the world to be lifted up upon 12 sect, clxxix.
earthly things
in loc.J
;
(see
Though
it
154
!5ect.
God
sent his
Son not
to
condemn but
I
to
save the world.

lifted
destroy the Gentiles: but

that as
i '
must assure you
up the serpent
on a in the wilderness, even so must the S .. ii.i -J/ e m the wilderness, to heal those that were S on of man be lifted John P! 111.14 dying by the venom of the fiery serpents there Up: (see Numb. xxi. 8, 9,) so also must the Son of man be first lifted up on a cross (compare John viii. 28 xii. 32, 34,) and then publicly exhibited in the preaching of the gospel, that sinners may by him receive a far more noble and im15 portant cure e Even that whoever believeth on 15 T nat whosohim may not perish, as all in their natural state ever believeth in
'
XXVI
Moses Ifted up r
the brasen serpent

.
would otherwise do, f but mau obrain so perfect him, should not perish, but have eter/ r î 7 7 16 a recovery as certainly to have eternal lije. '.^ For this is indeed the summary of that import16 For God so ant message which I bring to the children of loved the world that
L
._
that God so loved the world,* apostate and jjgj* ^j^Jjj miserable as it was yea, to such an amazing wn0 soever believand unutterable degree did he love it that he eth in him should save even his onlu begotten Son from his em- not perish, but have o ^vcrliistiiitr life braces, that zvhoever believeth on him, whatever be the nation he belongs to, or whatever his guilt be, he may not perish under the sentence of Divine justice, but may have everlasting life
men,
*-'
7 and glory. For God sent not his Son into the 17 For God sent xvorldto condemn the xvorld, and to execute that not his Son into the vengeance upon them which their guilt might world to condemn
1
nor did he send the wor ci through. to destroy the Gentile nations, as your Jewish him might be saved, prejudices are ready to represent it but that the xvorld of mankind, whether Jews or Gentiles, might be saved by him, even all without exception who will listen to the overtures of
;
have taught them to tear
11
i"ii_
ii-*
mm
trie
world
i
dul
tiiii*
A far more noble and important cure.] may indeed be their amusement,
but
see
point of similitude here is in the manner of pei-forming the cure, that is, by believing regards to something lifted up for that purpose by a Divine appointment, It would be blasphemy to run a parallel between Christ and that which gave us the deadly wound and to talk, as Grotius and Dr. Clarke here do, of the resemblance between him and the image of the
The grand
nothow it is like to be their joy or their cure, It is not only S God so loved the world.]
a very arbitrary criticism by which Erasmus makes these the words of the evangelist rather than of Christ, but if it were admitted, it would destroy much of the beauty and energy of that awful admonition which our Lord gives to Nicodemus, and by him to his brethren, in this his first entrance on his ministry. No doubt many of them attended him to learn the result of this conference, which to the best of his understanding we may conclude he honestly reported and it is sad to think what an aggravation it was of the unbelief and impenitence of that grand council who afterwards treated Christ with 30 much con:
terpent, as he was made in the likeness of sinful flesh, seems in this connection to be foreign to the purpose. f As all in their natural state would
otherwise do.] This is strongly implied here, and yet more strongly in ver. 18, where all that do not believe are said to be condemned already: and till men enter deeply into this important truth the gospel tempt and malignity.
He
eth
that believeth not
is
condemned already
15;>
And therefore, on the one hand, SECT 18Hethatbeliev- his gospel. on him is not he that believeth on him, how great soever his XXVI condemned but he ^ s j nS been, an(j however urtpardona- John T ' J .. that believeth not _ _ * . r . is condemned alrea- ble according to the tenor ot the Mosaic law, m.ig dy, because he hath yet shall not be finally condemned, but shall ob:
not believed in the and on the other hand, ta j n a complete pardon ' l . name or the only be- , ,} M , , , " e at believeth not, whatever his external prorotten Son of God.
: , ,
.
fession and privileges may be, is condemned already, remaining under the sentence of his former guilt, yea, and subjecting himself by his refusal of the only remedy to greater and
more aggravated wo
lieved in the illustrious
nameh of the only
because he hath not bebegot-
ten
him on
C into the world, and
19 And this is the condemnation, kind, I certainly foresee that this will
*
Son of God, though expressly revealed to so glorious and important an occasion. Noxv, through the great perverseness of man- 19
be the case with multitudes ^v this is the great conmen loved darkness demnation, the crime that fills up the measure rather than light, of men's iniquities, and proves the surest cause
because their deeds
were
evil.
and speedy rum that a Divine and yet men haveloved darkness rather than light and have chosen to remain ignorant rather than to submit
of their
,.
,
final
tight is
come
l ,
into the rvorld,
themselves to the teachings of this heavenly revelation and the reason is plainly this, because their deeds xvere evil, and they have not virtue enough to resolve on a thorough refor20 For every one mation. For every one who is conscious to 20 that doeth evil hat- himself that he doeth evil, and will persist in n s wickedness, hateth the light, as the cause ther comcth 'to'thc and light, lest his deeds of anguish and shame to his guilty mind should be reproved, he cometh not to the light lest his actions should be reproved by it, and so his character exposed,
;
'
and his conscience disquieted, (Compare Eph. But he that practises truth and virtue, 21 But he that v 13.) 21 sincerely endeavouring to adjust his actions
1
'
Believed
the
in
the
illustrious
name.~\
1
is is
often put For the person himself, yet I think it is farther intimated in that expression, that the person spoken of is great and magnificent; and therefore it is generally used to express either God the Father or our Lordjfe'
Though
name of a person he
John i. 6; and 2 John, ver. 4.) And it used with great propriety, since there
as really a truth or falsehood in actions a* words : as Mr. Wollaston in particular
;
in
has shewn at large see Relig. of Nature, chap. i. Of the same kind is the phrase >wt>inv -\.ou6 (r , used more than once by St. John, perhaps in a beautiful opposition. sus Christ. He that practises truth: o tzotuv rv to this before us and should it be renderThis phrase often occurs as ed practiseth a lie, that opposition would be .x(>eix.)/.~\ the character of a good man: (compare more apparent; see Rev. xxi. 27; xxi" 15. Psal. cxis. 30 ; Isa. Javi. 2 1 Pet i. 22
;
156
sect, according to
Reflections on the design.

doeth truth cometh
to the light, th.this
the eternal law of righteousness or the nature and obligation of things, .. ; ;.v r i ii ; John comes to the light with confidence and pleasure, 111.21 and takes all opportunities of improving his
XXVI
deeds may be made
man ifest
\\ vSi
thev
are wrought in God.
knowledge, that
his actions
;
may
be
made mani-
knowing it will appear fest as in open day that they are -wrought in God*- that is, that they are agreeable to the Divine nature and will, and the consequence of that union of soul with him which is the highest dignity and happiBe it therefore ness of a rational creature. known unto you all that this gospel which I preach is the great touchstone of men's true and, as nothing but a corruption of characters heart can oppose it, so I faithfully warn you that if you reject it it is at the peril of your souls. This was the purport of our Lord's discourse
;
with Nicodemus and it appears by some following circumstances of the story, that it made a deep and lasting impression on his mind. See John vii. 50; and xix. 39.
;
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
How happy is it for us that, since none of the children of men 13 ever ascended up into heaven to learn the mysteries of Divine knowledge there, the only begotten Son of God has been pleased might instruct us He spake 1 1 to come down from thence that he what he knew, and testified what he had seen : Oh that men were so wise as to receive his testimony, be the discoveries ever so new or the doctrines ever so sublime ! Let us with peculiar pleasure attend unto that abstract of the gospel which he exhibited in this profitable and comprehensive It presents to our view Christ, and discourse with Nicodemus. him crucifed. It opens the treasures of Divine beneficence and 16 compassion, and shews us the Father of mercies so loving a world, which he might justly have abhorred and destroyed as to give his onhj begotten Son to be a ransom for it. Let us behold him lifted'up on the cross as the great attractive 14 to whom all were to be drcrwn ! In him shall we find the Divine cure for our souls, infected as they are with the poison of sin, if we behold him not merely with a curious but a believing eye.
!
k That they are wrought in God: ei> sai Grotius thinks that sv is here smao-jutva-] used for xstTst, and that it only sig-nifies agreeable to the Divine nature: this is ci?rtamlv comprehended, but it is not all
it
of
His instance of the like use particle in 1 Cor. vii. 39, seems infor to marry ev tu> Ki/g/a in the sufficient
expresses.
tiie
;
is in Christ, that is
Lord, signifies there the marrying one a Christian.
\vh<?
of
Christ's coming.
17
sect.
Whatever our wounds be, if in the exercise of faith we look to him, we shall not die of them but it is owing to our own obstinacv and impenitence if we yet perish. He might justly have appeared in a different form for the condamnation of sinners, rather than their salvation. The Son of God might have come into an apostate world armed with thunderbolts of flaming vengeance, to punish the violation of his Father's law; but his hands are filled with eternal blessings. As we love our own souls, let us apply to him in time for this salvation Let us dread the aggravated condemnation of those who, when I'ght is come into the world, prefer darkness to it, and obstinately shut their eyes against it, though it be the dawnings of an eternal day. May integrity and'an uprightness preserve us ! (Psal. xxv. 21.) And, conscious of a real desire to govern ourselves according to
;
XKV1
Vera
17
19
the light we have, may we cheerfully lay ourselves in the way of more that in the last awful day, when the sentence of Divine wrath shall be executed on all the servants of sin, and their character shall stand disclosed in the most odious colours, ours may
;
20 21
shine out beautiful and fair, and the good deeds that we have done, being now wrought in God, may then not only be accepted and applauded, but through the grace of the Redeemer abundantly
rewarded by him
SECT.
John
XXVII.
the Baptist's last testimony to Christ on occasion of a dispute concerning his baptism, and that administered by our Lord's disciples.
John
thin< came Jesus and his disci- the passover together, into a part of the land of pies into the land of Judea, at some distance from the capital citv ; Judea, and there he and there he continued with them, and bv their /* tamed with them, ,,. r i , ^ ministry, though not in uhis own person, bapand baptized.
John
F
III.
22.
AFTER these things,
John
III.
22.
Jesus and his disciples sect. Came from J erusale , where they had kept xxv "
tT?
in 2^
tized.
(See John
iv. 2.)
23
And John
also
in
And John was
also at that
was baptizing
time baptizing at 23
E- Enon,
G^SfS:** chose much

water there
i
which was a nlace near Salhn, a town on west side Jordan; and he particularly
that place because there
was a great quanit
tity
a At quantity
of water there* which

was a great
made
very con-
Enon, because there
of water
I.
there.'}
It is
difficult to determine the true situation of exceeding' this place, about which geojrrafihital'ttrirri-,
Vol.
15j8
Joh?i s disciples
>
tell
him
that
Jesus
also baptized,
sect, venient for his purpose : * xvu parts, andxvere baptized
John
111.24
and they came from all and they came, and; by him. For the read- we Jjfj^J- wa5 er wil1 ODserve tnat y /m tne Baptist Wfli wf not yet cast into priyet throivn into prison ; b as he was a few months son. after, by the injustice of Herod, in whose territories that place lay.
25
And there was about this time a warm dis- 25 Then there a. se a question be. pute [between some] of the disciples of John and r r t we en someot John's --icv iT i ii i*la [c<?rta?/i] y<?w, c who had been baptized by disciples atul the Christ, about this right ofpurifying, or baptism, jews about purify. which was administered in different parts by i"gthese two Divine teachers for notwithstanding their commissions and administrations were so harmonious, yet some, through ignorance
ju
to oppose them to each other. 26 And such was the concern of John's disciples upon this occasion, that they came to John,and J 7 t\ n ,',. r c *., said unto him, Rabbi, we are solicitous tor tny affairs honour in the present conjuncture of for he that zvas lately with thee on the other side ' v ~, j M Jordan, and to whom thou gavest such an honourable testimony there, behold, he now baptizeth, and people from all parts, yea even such as have before received thy baptism, come unto him ; which, as we fear, may cause thy baptism to be neglected, and tend to the injury of thy character, since some are already making very invidious comparisons between him and thee. But John replied to his disciples, with an hu27 mility and integrity agreeable to the rest of his
and weakness, were ready
...
26 And they came unto John, and said unto him, Rabbi, ho thatwas with thee beyond Jordan, to whom thou barest witness, behold, the same baptizeth> and all men come to him:
27 John answered
ver. 26, that it was on the vest side of Jordan, as Bethabara, where John had baptized before, was on the other But nothing surely can be more eviside.
known, and yet says nothing- of his martyrdom, though he had given so large an account of his ministry. We cannot suppose he would have omitted so material a fact, had he not known that the other dent than that moxxa. vfuHx, many waters, evangelists had recorded it at large as signifies a large quantity of water, it being will be seen in the next section, and in sect, sometimes used for the Euphrates, Jer. Ii. lxxvii. The many copies To which I suppose there 13. Septuag. c A certain Jew."] may also be an allusion, Rev. xvii. 1. which read it thus, as well as the authoriand Rev. i. 15 ty of the Syriac version, and the citations of Compare Ezek. xliii. 2 where the voice of many some of thefathers, determine me to prexix. 6 xiv. 2 waters does plainly signify the roaring of a fer this reading, which I think gives rather an easier sense as a single Jew might high sea, b John was not yet thrown into prison."] most properly be opposed to John's disciand as well as pies, who were Jews themselves I tliink it probable from hence, as from tradition, and many other passages in a considerable part of the nation had enthii gospel itself, that St. John wrote it as tered themselves into that number, at least a supplement to the rest. For he speaks so far as receiving his baptism was a token of the Baptist's imprisonment as a thing gen- of it.
are not at
all
agreed.
We
may conclude
erally
however from
and he again acknowledges

and
said,
his superior dignity.
159
xxv receive nothing exfart her of the superior honours due to the bles" cent it be given him i * T r u vain parnot give to such sed Jesus, from heaven. John for a : can in- m.27 tiality and fondness for
Amancan character, and said,
in
order to convince them sect.
"
Do
way
me
man
bear
I
me witness that said I am not the

o
.
Christ, but that I am sent before him.
and therefore ought to assume, riothing to himself unless it be given him from heaven ; but we are just what God is pleased to make us, and must stand in that rank which his infinite wisdom has seen fit to assign us. Nor have you any reason to be surprised at the 28 report you bring me, or to imagine I shall regard it as a matter of complaint for you yoursc ives in what vou now have said, bear witness H u +1 & and cannot Dut remember that, even to me, from the very first of my appearance, /expressly said, and was on all occasions ready to
deed
receive,
si
*.
*.
repeat
it, that I am not the Christ ; but that I am sent as a harbinger before him; and therefore am so far from being in any opposite and sepa-
rate interest, that his success is my greatest joy. It is the bridegroom only that hath the 29 the bride is the bride ; and it is his peculiar right to enjov her bridegroom: but the as h j s Qwn bu( as fa fhe mt i mate *^ friend of the *^ lrK'Hd ot the orielsgToom, which stand- bridegroom, who standeth near him, and heareth ethandhearethhim, him express his delight and complacencv in rejoiceth greatly be- her, e he is so far from envying and repining at ne real"y deserves the name of a n lnat > groom's voice this* my joy therefore is friend, he rather rejoices with exceeding great (iiiiiilcd. j y on account of the bridegroom's voice. Such therefore is the friendship and the high regard I have for Jesus, that this that you have told
29
He
that hath
is so far from being at all heightened and completed on this happy occasion, which you should rather have been ready to congratulate than to have made it matter of complaint.
is
me
my joy ; which
it
impaired, that
is
A Vou yourselves bear witness

vfAti;
to
me
tfJloi
pressions of joy on such an occasion. I pretend not to determine how far Bishop Jesus by the character of him to whom Patrick may be right, in supposing "that this is an allusion to ihe cabalistic doctrinet Ifohn had borne witness. that Tipherct, the Great Adam, or the e Heareth him express his delight and Messiah, is married to Malcuth, the con. complacency in her.] Some have supposed gregation of Israel, as the terrestrial Adam that this alludes to a peculiar ceremony was tO'Evc" See his 1'rtfacc to Canticlesattending the marriages among the Jews 4.
;
There seems to be an intimation in these words, that what they themselves had just been saying was a sumcient proof of what the Baptist was going to declare for they had described
[xu
fjutglu^tflt.']
vutnd
which the reader may find in Dr. Hamin loc. and Selden. Uxor. Jleb. lib. ii. cap. 16. But perhaps it may be a more general reference to any of the natural cx-
160
sect.
-
He testifies
his joy in Christ's success,
I know that as to him he daily must increase, 30 He lfiust $h, and, like the growing moon, appear continually crease, but I mitst more an<i more glorious ; but I must gradually decrease John 111.30 wane and decline till I entirely disappear from hence (for the end of my ministry is now in a great measure answered, and therefore I 31 He that com31 quickly expect to be dismissed from it.) And it is fit it should be so for he that comethfrom eth from above, is e a11 h that > s above, as J f Jesus did, is far above all the children ab y :, t of the earth, is earth ,1 r , 1 01 men, and so undoubtedly is above me i aIKi S peuketh of y> while, on the other hand, he that originally was the earth he that of the earth /being born like me in a natural comcth from heav.Mi en, is above alK w r r ., way, is still oj the earth, mean and imperfect, and can never hope, by any refinements and improvements, to equal what is heavenly and Divine ; but what he says will correspond with his original, and, being earthly in his rise, he speaketh of the earth; the subjects of his discourse are comparatively low, or howsoever noble and sublime they be, there is a mixture of infirmity and weakness in his way of treating them whereas he who originally cometh from heaven, and who has shewn so wonderful a condescension in his visiting this lower world, is still, in the midst of all his voluntary abasement, incornparably above all that dwell upon earth, not only in the dignity and glory of his person, but in the spiritual and heavenly nature And I declare it to you with 32 And what he ,32 of his doctrine. the greatest confidence, that what he hath seen hath seen and heard, " and heard, or what he knows to the utmost de- !i?!!Jf receiv' and no man gree 01 certainty, that does he testify and pub- e th his testimony. lish to the world j and I exceedingly lament it, that, notwithstanding all that eagerness of curiosity with which the multitudes are flocking now about him, yet no man cordially receives his testimony ; and among all that hear him, there are very few who are duly affected with what he delivers, and yield as they ought to But he 33 He that hatk 33 its Divine evidence and importance. xvho hath indeed received his testimony acts a received his testimost wise and happy part, and hath as it were,
-
^2?
set his seal [to
true; acknowledging his hand in these credentials given to his Son, and his veracity in sending him thus
it]
that
God is
Kal^tGodS
true,
f
e
the appearance of a tautology in the following words,
w ** txc }m? thus, prevents
He that was of
the earth."]
To render
ik
seem
t? yt *<ri, which uiiavoidahle*
would othefwfs
who had the

34 For he
Spirit given not by measure to him.

to fulfil his ancient
161
whom furnished
sent people.
promises to his sect.

"
God
hath
Ca hth W of God fbr God
giveth not the Spirit
sent into the world as the P romised Messiah, speaking the words of God, and all that he reveals should be
For he whom God hath
J^~
m.34
by
measure
unto
regarded as Divine oracles

the
'.for
God giveth
not
jP*-
powers and the inspiration of his Spirit [to him] by measure, under such limitations and with such interruptions as he gives it to his other messengers g but it dwells in him by a constant presence, and operates by a perpetual For the Almighty Father loveth the 35 35 The Father ener gy* lovcth the Son, and Son incomparably beyond the most faithful of hath given all things lu a servants; and hath not only established into his hand. h}m ag the great Teacher f his church, but hath given the government of all things into his hand, that he may be regarded as the universal
;
Lord.
So that instead of repining at his growing 3 g 36Hethatbelieveth on the Son hath glories, you should rather be solicitous to seeverlastmg hfe and cure an mt erest in his favour: for this is the he that behevcth , , , , r , , whole testinot the Son shall substance, and this the end 01 not see life but the mony, h that he who believeth on the Son, hath a wrath of God abid- sure title to eternal life, and hath already the
;
my
beginnings of it wrought in his soul but he that disobedient to the Son, and obstinately persists in his unbelief and impenitence, shall not see and enjoy that life; but, on the contrary, is so far from it, that the wrath of God, and the unpardoned aggravated guilt of all his sins, abidcth even now upon him, and will quickly
;
is
sink
him into final condemnation and ruin. Thus did that holy man John the Baptist
conclude those testimonies to Christ which are recorded in the gospel, and was quickly after
K Under such limitations and with such interruptions as he gives it to his other messengers.] With what limitations and interruptions the extraordinary gifts of the Spirit were given, even to the greatest of the children of men, we shall have repeated occasion to observe in the process of
this
supposed change of the person speaking
begins.
i
He
that
is
disobedient to the Son."]
think it is of great importance to preserve a difference in the translation, correspondent to that in the original, between vistvmi
; tcv viov, and 5r6a>v ra> via and because the latter phrase explains the former, and she ws ihatthefaith to which the promise of life is annexed is an effectual principle of sincere and unreserved obedience and it is impossible to make one part of scripture consistent with another, unless this be taken into our idea of saving faith as I have shewn at large in the first of my Sermons on Salvation by Grace t/irottgft
;
work. h This is the substance, and this the end of my whole testimony.'} Erasmus here destroys (as he had done before at ver. 16) the beauty of this discourse by supposing that the latter part of it is to be considered as the reflection and attestation oftheevangdittt upon occasion of the testimony that was given by the Baptist; though he seems himself At a loss to fix the clause at which
this
Faith.
162
sect,
Refections on the Baptist's joy in Christ's success.
XXVII
imprisoned by Herod the tetrarch; as the course of this history will presently shew.
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
It is indeed too true that the spirit immch naturally dzvelleth 26 in vs all lusteth to envy. (Jam. iv. 5.) and it is far from being a low attainment in religion to look with complacency and thankfulness on the superior abilities and acceptance of others, especially of those who once appeared in an inferior rank. But for the cure of this unreasonable and restless passion, so contrary 27 to the true spirit of the gospel, let us remember that a man can receive nothing at all except it be given him from heaven. It is God that makes one man to differ from another; and surely nothing can be more unreasonable than that, when we ourselves have received all from his bounty, our eye should be evil because he is good. (Mat. xx. 15.) If we are indeed the friends of Christ we shall rejoice to see 29 his interest advance, and especially to see souls espoused to him as the great Bridegroom of the church, whoever are the instruments of promoting so happy a work. Would to God that in this sense all the hordes people ivere even as the greatest of the prop hets, or as the very chief of the apostles ! (Numb. xi. 29.) But if indeed they were so, yet, like those brightest luminaries 30 of the church, they must in time have their change and their wane. If God does not darken their glories by a sudden eclipse^ yet they who are now, like the Baptists, burning- and shining lights, must like him gradually decrease, while others are increasing about them as they, in their turns, grew up amidst the decays of the former generation. Let us know how to set as well as to rise; and let it comfort our declining days to trace in those that are like to succeed us in our work, the openings of yet greater usefulness. So shall we grow in our meetness for that
;
.;3
world, where all the righteous shall shine forth together, as the sun, in the kingdom of their Father, in a bright resemblance of him xvith whom there is no variableness nor shadow of turning, As the surest means of guiding us to that happy world, let us make it our great care, by receiving the testimony of Christ, to set our seal to the truth of God, engaged in his cause. With how
pleasure should we do it, and with what joy should we reFather so loveth the Son that he has not only given him the rich and immeasurable communications of the Spirit^ but has committed also into his hand the reins of government ! Let his faithful servants remember it with joy, and cheerfully commit their concerns to him who is made head over all things for the (Eph. i. 22.) benefit of his church, And to conclude ; let it engage us to see to the sincerity of our
much
4,
35 fleet that the
j'ohn had reproved
Herodfor
;
his marriage.
163
since it is not a light matter, jfr faith in him, and subjection to him May God awaken but our life, even the very life of our souls. on whom his wrath now abideth to a sense of their danger Verse those and may he strengthen in each of our souls that faith which is 36
,
the pledge of a
happy immortality
SECT.
John
the Baptist
is
XXVIII.
Luke
III.
imprisoned by Herod.
19
20.
Mark VI. 1720.

Luke
.
Mat. XIV. 35.
Luke
III. 19.
III. 19.
reproved by him, the way for the reception ot Jesus: Out much for Herodias' [sake] about this time it pleased God to permit the his brother Philip's course f ft i s ministry to be interrupted, and
i
B U T H Ti
'THHUS
.
the
. tetrarch, being
John went on to prosecute the great sect xxviii design of his appearance, and to prepare ll 6
j.
r T
m,ig
quickly after brought to its he had man-red her] his life itself to be For Herod Antipas, the tetrarch ot and for all the evils period. which Herod had Galilee, having out of curiosity sent for him to
sTmaSl^vl ih
his court this hol y man thou g ht il his dut y to admonish him in regard to the public scandals Now Herod being- thus of his life and reign. plainly and faithfully reproved by kbit, both on
'
account of Herodias his brother Philip's wife, (for, to the infamy and scandal of his character, he had ungenerously taken her from her husband, and publicly married her, 3 in contempt of all laws human and Divine, b ) and&lso for all the other evils that Herod had done, which were many and great, that haughty prince was
-
On
account of Herodias, for he
Josephus gives us an account rled her."] of this incestuous marriage, which proved
the occasion of the and death, ( Ant in. lib.
1, 4,
had -mar- make way for his marriage with Herodias, divorced his former wife, the daughter of Aretas; which made this commerce a Baptist's imprisonment kind of double adultery, and was the occa-
xviii. cap. 5, (al. 7) sion of a war between those two princes, Havercamp.) from whence it ap- in which Herod's forces were defeated, pears that this Herodias was daughter to b In contempt of all laws human and Aristobulus, one of the sons of Herod the Grrat, and consequently was niece both to Divine.] The only case in which the Ian Philip her former husband, and to Herod allowed of marrying one who had been a Antipas the tetrarch, her latter. By Phil- brother's wife was when the brother died (Lev. xviii. 16; xx. 21; and Jp, whom Josephus also calls Herod (as childless. princes had often several names,) she had Dent. xxv. 5,) whereas in this instance one daughter, whose name was Salome, Philip was yet living, and had a daughter ( ihi d. p* 8S5) who probably was the young by Herodias. It was also in violation of
lady afterwards mentioned, sect, Ixxvii. as instructed by her mother to ask the. head of John the Baptist. And that historian informs us that Herod the tetrarch, to
the rites of hospitality that Herod, while a guest in his brother's house, seduced his wife as Josephus expressly observes, A>:tin. lib. xviii. cap. 5. 1. p. 883all
,
164
Herod apprehends and imprisons Johfr;

2 Added yet this
C
sect, so exasperated, that, instead of falling under sxvm the admonition, he meditated revenge And j^~ though for the present he dismissed him,e it 111.20 was not long before he prosecuted his design, and added yet this act of wickedness to all [the
:
J ht
Up
'
John
to
prison.
rest] of his enormous crimes, that he confined Mark and shut up John in prison. For Herod himMark VI. 17V1 17 selfd sent officers after him, and seized John, For Herod himself who had returned to prosecute his ministry in laid ^ old upon j hn a place which lay within the territories of Gal- and bound him [and and having thus got him into his power, P ut **'**] in prison. ilee J he bound him with chains, e and put him in pris- - AT on; though his confinement there was not so close but that his disciples were sometimes (compare Mat. suffered to converse with him xi. 2, 4; and Luke vii. 19, 22; sect, lvii.) And though he might assign other political is For John hafl 18 reasons to excuse his conduct, as if his grow- said unto Herod, It is not lawful for thee inp; popularity rendered him dangerous to the J 1 F1 to have thv brother s ^- j i-ii r state, 1 yet the true reason/or which he did it wi fe [Mat. XIV. was this, that John had treated him with such 4.] a freedom as he knew not how to bear, and had told Herod to his very face, It is not laxvful for thee that thou shouldest take upon thee as thou doest to have thy brother's rvife, nor canst thou ever have any solid peace of conscience while 19 Therefore He19 thou continuest to retain her. And for this ">dias had a quarrel cause Herodias also was yet more furiously inagainst him, and , i-i censed against mm, and with an unrelenting cruelty still hung upon him ; and not contented with
'
"
for the present he dismissed Else there would have been no need for his sending to seize him, as we are presently told he did. d Herod himself.~\ There seems to be a peculiar emphasis in this expression, which probably may be designed to intimate that his seizing John was not merely the effect qf Herodias's solicitations, but of his own resentment. The place where he seized him might probably be Enon, where John had lately baptized, and where he again might return to his work and if so, Enon
c
Though
and
xxviii.
him. ]
which consider
20) so that those versions tSno-iv as an expletive, lose
part of the sense,
f Dangerous to the state.] Josephua expressly says that Herod was afraid the authority of so great a man should occasion a revolt among his subjects and that he thought it better to take him off, than to venture the danger of such a revolution as he might have occasioned Antiq. lib. xviii. He there adds that lie cap. 5. 2. p. 884. first confined him in the castle of Machseris. S Herodias hung upon hi ))i.~\ This seems must have been in Herod's jurisdiction, to me the import of the phrase mi^t* avrre, which is with peculiar propriety apCompare note a on John iii. 23. p. 157. e Bound him with chains.] It is plain plied to a dog's fastening his teeth into from Matthew's mannerofexpressingthis, his prey, and holding it down. See De that he hound him, and put him in prison, Dieu in Ice. and compare Luke xi. 53. that chains were added to his confinement, There seems an opposition seldom remark (compare Acts xii, cd between this and veJr. 17. Herod himself a ttstial in such cases
;
; ;
but declines putting him to death, forfear of the people.
165
would have killed what he suffered in his imprisonment, would 3EC J; him, but she could fa j n have put him to death, but she could not im- xxvm
medi atel y compass that design For Herod, notwithstanding all his resentment, still reverenced fohn h in his heart; knoxving- that hexvas a righteous and hob i man, of which the fidelity * edhim- and when of his reproofs was a very convincing evidence, he heard him, he And therefore calling him to frequent audidid numy tilings, and ences /ie heard him discourse with attention and ^ urn jr at y. pleasure; andw&s so far influenced by it that he did many things according to his exhortations. k But as John was still pressing him to disMat. XIV. 5. And when he would m iss Herodias, and telling him the insufficienhave put him to r c other reformation while he continued death, he feared < _ J , his infamous commerce with her and she in the multitude, because they counted the mean time wearied Herod with her imporlum as a prophet. tunity zvhen he at length was so far wrought upon that he xvould gladly have consented to put him to death, he was so apprehensive of the consequences of it that he durst not do it, since he feared the multitude ; because he knew that theij respected John, and looked upon him as a prophet} and he did not think it safe to provoke such a factious people by an action so extremely unpopular.
"20
For
Herod
Mark
vi.20
feared John, knowhe was ing that a just man nn liolv lLHiI ol)scrv-
Mar _ XIV<5
IMPROVEMENT.
dangerous things are grandeur and power, if Divine Luke grace does not secure the hearts of those who possess them How unhappy are they whose fatal prerogative it is to be able 20
seized him, but Herodias went still farther, Josephus gives a very bad character of this Herodias, and assures us that her ambitious and envious spirit was at last the cause of Herod's ruin and her own. Antiq.
cap. 7- (al. 9.) ' ' ,> -i h d h Reverenced John, eôSe/ro.] tm The same ,.,,.,i ; ..i i i x? u oa word is justly so i translated, Eph. v. 33, J
lib. xviii.
What
forgiven, since it makes not the least al' teration in the sense, and suits best with
the genius of our language. Such little lib erties elsewhere seem not so considerable as to need a more particular apology.
,
,. t ,-.. ,, , * Did many things. -, n 6 J Grotius would have , e , rendered, { that he had heard hun formerly J ' . pleasure, and had done many things ; _ .i ..,1 4.i, ami there are many other passages where with r \ ,,' -, ? ûpposmg tins refers to what had passed it bus the same sense. See Luke xii. 5 before Iils imprisonment but such a and Rev. xi. 18- xiv 7 ';''. chanire doth not appear necessary, as the ix, _/iHeard him viith attention, i o t chuse So I u J, paraphrase plainly shews. A ^ ,,, ___j__ r to render a-vvtrnpu xutov, rather than/ire- f served or protected him, (compare Luke ii. Looked upon him as a prophet.] Accord1'.). Gr.) though I know that the word ingly Josephus says (in the place quoted sometimes signifies to preserve. (Mat. ix. above in notei) that the Jews in general Our English version of this passage looked on the succeeding calamities of 17.) appears to be improper; and I hope the Herod's reign as a judgment from God fenlittle transposition I have made here will be his injustice to this holy man
iJ,
..
..
_.
it
'
' ;
'
',
"
..l
Vol.
I.
166
Reflections on Herod's patting
John
in prison.
and to render it hazardous even to reprove them ! John well deserved the veneration and esteem of Herod when Mark VI. 18 he thus took the freedom to perform this dangerous office of friendship, and to manifest a fidelity so seldom to be found in courts, and indeed so often wanting elsewhere. wise prince would have courted his friendship, and sought his advice ; but he is at length rewarded with imprisonment and death. Mark This good man was taken from his work, and laid aside in the ' midst of his days and usefulness ; but he calmly acquiesced in the disposals of Providence, and no doubt carried along with him to his prison incomparably more happiness than his persecutors could find on the throne. In this confinement the prophet was not forgotten; but as if Herod had studied to increase his own torment, he must be sent 20 for again and again to discourse before him. That he reverenced a man of such approved integrity none can wonder but while he would not be entirely reformed by his remonstrances, that he should hear him with pleasure, and do many things, is very surprising. Delusive pleasure ! unprofitable reformation while, whatsoever instances he gave of his regarding him, Herodias was yet retained. May Divine grace preserve us from such fatal partiality since, did we keep the -whole law, and offend allowedly but in one point, we should become guilty of all ; Jam. ii. 10. cannot wonder if a reformation thus insincere and partial was but short lived, and was followed at length by a grosser apostacy. More bitter than death is the -woman zvhose heart is snares and nets, and her hands bands ; (Eccles. vii. 26.) To what may not the artifices of such an abandoned creature work up the wretch that is entangled with her charms Such was the influence of Herodias over him, that at her instigation Herod is prevailed upon to seek the death of that righteous and holy man, whose virtues he revered, and whose preaching he had attended with pleasure. But the fear of the people restrained him, though he was destiMat. XIV. tute of the fear of God, and had not any generous regard to men. 5 Thus does God govern the world, and thus does he protect his church, by often making it the interest even of the worst of men to forbear those injuries and cruelties which the malignity of their natures might otherwise dictate. Let us courageously com~ mit the keeping of our souls to him in well doing, as firmly believing that, whatever hazards we may be exposed to, the wrath of man shall on the Avhole be found to praise him, and the remainder e/*that wrath shall he restrain ! Psal. lxxvi. 10.
XXV11!
sect, to oppress with impunity,
We
The Pharisees are alarmed at
Christ's success.
167
SECT.
Christ goingfrom
XXIX.
in tvhich
1
Judea
to
Gah lee meets xv'ith a -woman of Samaria,

John IV.
and
John
enters into a conference xvith her,
himself to her as the Messiah.

therefore the Lord knew how the Phurisees had heard that Jtsus made and hap18011
he discovers
26.
WHEN
IV.
1.
thTn^Jolm/
John IV. 1. "' testimony which the Baptist had given AX1 * v J >. <-, .V si i to Christ, together with the miracles he fhimseli had wrought at Jerusalem during the John passover (see John ii. 23 andiii. 2,) impressed IV * the minds of the P e P le tG SUch a de S ree ' tnat > during his long abode in those parts, vast num-
rnp H E
(2 Though Jesus himself haptizednot,

iscip
es
He
left
Judea,
bers were continually flocking around him ; which gave great umbrage to the Jewish rulers. When therefore the Lord kneiv that the Pharisees, whose interest in the sanhedrim was so considerable, had heard with great concern what began to be so much talked of abroad, that Jesus made and baptized more disciples than John the Baptist himself had done a ( Though indeed 2 Jesus himself, for wise reasons, did not chuse tQ ajjfj ze anv w jth his own hands, b but left some of his disciples to do it in the name of a Messiah shortly to be manifested;) In 3 order to avoid both their envy and their
;
f,
curiosity, he
tinued
there
having conleft Judea, after about eight months, and deWinston's Harmony, p. 135 139, and p. 227 compared with p. 242.) The interpretation given ahove of Mat. iii. 14 and Luke iii. 21. (p. 113, 114) may solve some of the chief arguments on which he builds this
;
singular hypothesis. > Jesus himself did not chuse to baptize inimediateryafterhislast'.estimony,though any with his own hands.] This might be some other facts might possibly intervene par f ly to avoid importunate inquiries wheth but if (which seems most probable) Mat. er he was the Messiah, and partly to prevent those prejudices which might have iv. 12 and Mark i. 14, (sect, xxjx ink. refer to this journey, they both in plain arisen against the more perfect form of words assert it was after John's imprison- baptism afterwards instituted, if any had orient. I cannot forbear saying it is aston- received this less perfect baptism "from isliing that a person of Mr. Winston's Christ himse'f c After having continued there learning and sagacity should place all these about vents before tlie baptism and temptation of eight months.] This appears from ver. 35, Christ. Were his arguments to confirm his for harvest began quickly after the passover ; eighthproposition far more speciouBthantiiey Lev. xxiii. 10, 15. Christ therefore staid are, they would neversolvc or balance the in Judea from one passover till within four flagrant absurdity ef making John declare months of the other; that is near eight (John i. 32,34) that he saw the Spirit des- months; so that this journey into Galilee. pending on Christ above a year before it did must be made near the middle of winter descend; yet this ingenious writer has for- probably about the beginning of our Begotten himself so far as to represent the cember. Sec Sir Isaac Newton on Prophecy matter in this contradictory view ; (see p. 147, 148
: ;
a More disciples than John the Baptist himself had done.] I am not certain whether this happened before John's imprisonmentor after; but if I had been sure it happened before, I should still have thought it proper to add the account of that event (as I have done in the preceding section J
168
;
Jesus discourses with a

*
'
woman of
Samaria.
E
l
5,
"
T parted again into Galilee, his former abode, and departed again where the influence and power of the council int0 Galilee. were not so great.
Norv, unless he would have taken such a 4 And he must John IV. 4 circuit through Judea and the neighbouring needs go through
parts as in his present circumstances was very Samana< inconvenient, he ivas obliged to go through the
country of Samaria. He Cometh therefore, in 5 T ien cometn ne way, to a city of Samaria, originally called to a city of Samaria, Sichem,butnow, especially by the Jews, Sichar ; which is called Syhar n< t0 tb which name they used as a term of reproach, d ^, t parcel of ground / r intimating thereby that it was the seat 01 drunk- that Jacob gave tp ards (see Isa. xxviii. 1,) and it was near that his son Joseph. piece ofground which Jacob (having purchased it of the children of Hamor, Gen. xxxiii. 19) by a particular grant gave to Joseph his beloved Son ; (compare Gen. xlviii. 22 and Josh. xxiv. 6 6 32.) And there was a well belonging to it, callNow Jacob's ed Jacob's well ; it having been used by him well was there. and his familv while they dwelt in these parts J esus thf refore beJ ... J mg weaned with hi? ^ * , / 7 (see Gen. xxxin. 18 xxxv. 4.) Jsow Jesus journev, sat thus on being wearied with his journey, sat down imme- the well and\t was diatehf by the side of the well ; [and] it was a kout the sixth hour, then about the sixth hour, or just high noon; so that the heat joined with the fatigue of the journey to increase both his thirst andiaintness. f And at this very juncture of time there 7 There cometh a 7 coynes a certain woman of Samaria to draw xva- woman of Samaria to draw water ;jeter: and ~J Jesus (on purpose to introduce a dis- sus saith r r unto her, \ eourse by which he graciously intended her Give me to drink, conversion and salvation) says unto her, I de8 For his disciples [some rvaterl to drink. sire you would J ',.,.., srive me L were arone awav un8 tor his disciples zvere not near to assist him, t0 c ty t0 b uv but were gone to the nejghbquring city tobuyfood. meat. 9 Tnen saiUl t5 e Then says the woman of Samaria to him, Hoxv f) -^ a habit woman x that thou a it *i x j.i who art, as appears by thy r . untohimjof Samaria How is it, and dialect, a Jew, askest drink of me, who thatthoubeingajew,
.1
j
his
'
t-,
'
term of reproach.] It is remarkable, it, Acts xx. 11, and may often be rendered U as Mr. L'Enfant observes, that Sichar in accordinglv, upon that, or after which ; see the Syriac language signifies a drunkard Acts vii. 8 xvii. 33 ; xxvii. 44 and John Compare Eisner. Observ. Vol. I. viii, 59. and a liar. Hx*6igi!o p. 403. e Sate </pww immediately.*] as he ivas, says Dr. *7S, that is, weary f The heat joined with the fatigue, 'Jfc.'} AVhitby. I think Mr. Black wall has not sufficiently proved that s^wc sometimes sig- It is well known that in the latitude in which Jerusalem lies, the weather someTiifies therefore, or for this cause, though he has attempted it in his Sacred Classics, times in December is exceeding hot at The particle seems noon, even on days when the cold has been Vol. I. p. 143,144. to have much the sense I have here given very severe in the morning.
; ;
Having askedfor
drink, he offer a her living water.
169
askest drink of me, am a woman of Samaria ? for the reader must which am a woman observe that the Jews have no friendly intercourse wltfl the Samaritans* nor so much as
^
j
i,
Jewsave nodeaK
"ings
with the Sa- care to receive any favour from them, looking IV. 9 maritans. upon them as an impure and accursed nation.
fd and
Jesus, to convince her that he was not under 10 Jesus answer. said unto the power of such common prejudices, and to her, It thou knewest awa k en ner farther inquiries, answered and said
that 'saith
\q
whcSth
unto hcr J
->
to thee Give
me
to
God which he
dren of
ff
drink, thou wouldest have asked of
now bestowing upon the chilmen by his Son, and who it is that says
is
f tho11
q-
hadst
know
[
the
S reat k\f{ f
f y ' him, and he would . . . ., r have riven thee liv- only have complied with his request, but wouldh and he, ing- water. est ere this time surely have asked him,
.
drink, thou wouldest not
without objecting to thee on account of the people to whom thou belongest, would readily have given thee living waterj far better than what thou' art now drawing. By which our Lord intimated his ability and readiness to communicate those influences of God's Holy Spirit
11
which afford the noblest refreshments the soul,, and therefore are often described by water. But the woman, who understood him only in 11 The woman
a
saith unto him, Sir,
common
friendly
sense, of fresh spring water, says to

passages in Whitby and Lightfoot's Har. Heb. in loc. that express the mutual aver-sion of the two nations to each other. h Thou wouldest surely have asked him.'] This seems exactly to express the force of
the phrase,
1
The Jews have no
i?itercourse
This must be the import of <njyxi m^ dil here for it is evident from ver. 8 that the Jews had some dealings with them. It has been frequently observed that many causes concurred to
iviththe Samaritans.']
;
crv ttv
W*c
o-vlov.
occasion this inveterate hatred of the Jews to the Samaritans; such as not only their foreign extract, and the early mixture of superstition and idolatry in their religion (2 Kings xvii. 24 33 41,) but also the injurious manner in which they treated the Jews after their return from the captivity (Ezra iv. 1 6; Neh. vi. 1 14) and especially their building a temple on mount Gcrizim, which they made the center of their worship in opposition to that at Jerusalem Joseph. Antic/, lib. xi. cap. 8. And perhaps nothing contributed more to expose them to the contempt and abhorpence of the Jews than that infamous offer they made to Antiochus of dedicating that temple to Jupiter, and admitting the rites of his idolatrous worship, at a time when the Jews were suffering the utmost exsec tremities in defence of their religion Joseph. Antiq, lib. xii. cap. 5. (al. 7.) 5. Havtrcamp. The reader may find several
have given thee living water.] It is certain that the phrase living water does in many good authbrs signify spring irater, or running water, in opposition to that which stagnates and so quickly grows not only fiat, or, as we commonly express. it, dead, but at length corrupt; (see Elsn, in loc. and compare Gen. xxvi. 19; Lev. xiv. 6; Jer. ii. 13.) Yet, as our Lord else where in a remarkable passage recorded
He would
by
this evangelist (John vi. 51,) calls self Living Bread, because by feeding
himupon
life is to be obtained, it seemed convenient literally to adhere to the original
him
; though I own it is very probable this woman understood our Lord of some fine spring water which flowed so easily as not to need the pains of drawing, and was, on this account at least, prefersAnd our Lord's ble to that of Jacob's well. reply, ver. 13, 14, shews that the simile would hold in that respect
in this version
170
*
He
-
acquaints her xvith the excellency of it.
!^1
Az'mwith greater respect than before (as being thou hast nothing to struck both with the piety and kindness of his John former reply,) Sir, thou hast no bucket?- nor any whence then hast IV. 11 thing else to draw with, and the well before thee, thou that living wawhich is the only spring hereabouts, is very ter deep ; "whence hast thou then this living xvater of which thou speakest ? or what is the extraordinary supply which thou declarest may be had 12 Artthougreal12 from thee ? Art thou greater and wiser than our pave us this well, leaving it to er than oul * atner father facobxvho -f , Jacob which gave <_. , , rhis descendants as a legacy ol importance ; and us the well and while he lived he drank of it himself xvith his drank thereof him" children and his cattle, as the best water in these sel f> and llis cml
ECT
JXTd^fiSn
>
parts
dren, and his cattle '
13
j4
13 Jesus answerWhoever Jesus answered and ed^d said unto her, much soever it drinketh of this water, J , , '. Whosoever drink, r i i i i r be esteemed, though it reiresh the body lor a etn f tn s water But shall thirst again: little while, rvill quickly thirst again: 1 he that drinketh of the water which J shall give Jr?ketiJ ofE will find it so reviving to the soul that he water tnat I shall him, will never thirst} or be in danger any more of give him shall never perishing for want ; but the water which I shall thirst; but the war ter that I shall give / mi i r ! x' u* * give htm will be a never failing source for his
said unto her,
how
may
h[m ghaU be in im supply, and rvill be in him as a fountain ofwater & we n water f that will continuallv be springing up and flow- springing up into everlasting life, ing on to everlasting life: for that which I shall will bring him to evercommunicate to him lasting composure and satisfaction of mind
now, and
15
will be the earnest
and principle of
eternal happiness.
15 The woman The woman, still ignorant of his spiritual understanding him only of natmeaning, and ";.^; Jg* J^"^ ural water, says unto him, Sir, I claim thy prom- that j u urst no t, jse, and desire thou woxA&zsX give me this extraordinary water, that I may not thirst any more,
1
* Thou hast no bucket.'] This, as it is the most material instrument for drawing -mater, answers the Greek *v7*//* better than any single English word I recollect, And we find* afterwards, upon the woman's returning in haste to the city, that she left her water pot or flail behind her, vest, 28, which was the vessel she had brought to draw with. Mr. Maundrell tells us that the well now shewn as Jacob's is thirtyfive yards deep: Maund. Journey to Jerus.'y. 63. Some would renWill never thirst"]
1
forever: but not to urge
how much
this
spoils the antithesis, the expression
used
ii\* -JM^TS, 18 not fit) any such ambiguity. The torce and truth of our Lord's assertion seems to lie in this, that the most impatient and restless desires of the soul being satisfied, when it is fixed on God as was its supreme happiness, other thirst not worth being mentioned see JMVi. John xi. 26. sect. 140; 51, 52. sect. 105 with the notes on those places ; and John
John
vi.
35, *
liable to
dera
/a JYJMini
ws tcv <tim&, shall not tlurst
xiii. 10.
sect, clxix.
He convinces
neither
to
her of his being" a prophet.
ft
come hither nor have the trouble to come hither daily
to SECn
draw.
^raw
^ as
now d 0#
Jesus perceiving her ignorance, and willing j hn 16 Jesus saithunGo, call thy to discover himself to her in a manner that IV. 16 husband, and come
to her,
17
The woman an-
jght more immediately touch her conscience, says unto her, Go home, and call thy husband to me, and then come hither again. The woman,
|jr
have no husband
/lafi f
answered
xvcll, in
j;ve husbands, and that lawfully nothastTisTot^hy with thee, as thou hast never been husband: in that married to him, is not thy husband:" in tins saidst thou truly. respect thou hast spoken truly and properly. The woman, surprised at such an extraordi- J9 19 The woman said unto him, Sir, I narv instance of his knowledge, (yet desirous , perceive that thou A rr î i c . at " e same time to turn oil the discourse trond art a prophet a subject so much to her confusion,) says to him, Sir, I perceive, by thy discovering the circumstances of my life so truly, though I am a perfect stranger to thee, that thou art a prophet and therefore I would gladly take this opportunity of being informed concerning that great question which divides the Jewish and Sama1 .
18 For thou hast had five husbands,
have no husband: For
that thou hast said, I know that thoit hast had jg he whom thou hast now
ritan nations."
It ls we ^ known from the Mosaic writings 20 Our fathers worshipped in this that our fathers worshipped on this mountain,
oQ
m Is not thy husband.] This can imply no less than that she was nut married to the man she lived with now at all for Christ seems to allow the other^Te to have been hits bawls, though her separation from some of the former, and her marriage with the rest, had been unlawful which quite ovcrthrows that argument which Jerom would draw from hence against the lawfulness of marrying more than once. See
; ;
worship
in opposition to
Jerusalem
and
it,
was so near Sichcm, the scene of
this
story, that a man's voice might be heard from the one to the other ; Judg. ix. 7. o Ourfathers worshipped on this mountain.] As the Samaritans pretended to deduce their genealogy from Jacob, so it is evident thatthis refers to Abraham and to Jacob, who erected altars in this place, (Gen. and xxxiii. 18, 20 ;) and possibly xii. 6, 7 Heinsius in loc. to the whole congregation, who were directThat great question which divides the ed, when they came into the land of CaJewish and Samaritan nations,] It is well naan, to put the blessing upon mount Geriknown, and necessary to be recollected zim, Deut. xi. 29. And though Hyrcanus here, that Sanballat, by the permission of the son of Simon, who succeeded his father Alexander the Great, had built a temple as high priest and prince of the Jews, had upon mount Gerizimfor Manasseh his son long- ago destroyed the temple which .Sailin law, who, for marrying Sanballat's ballat built here, (Joseph. Antiq.W'u. \\\\ daughter, was expelled from the priesthood, cap. 9. [al. 17] 1) yet it is plain that theand from Jerusalem (see Neh. xiii. 28; Samaritans still resorted thither, having, and Joseph. Antiq. lib. xi. cap. 8.) This was no doubt, rebuilt it, though probably in a the pUc* where the SuuaritaiK used to meaner manner.
;
ii
\7&
sect,
God must
be
worshipped in spirit and in truth.

mountain
a f >
i
r
which we think a circumstance of considerable weio-ht in our favour whereas you Tews sau
and ye
-
John
IV.
temple at Jerusalem is the great place w iere men ou^htto that where roe should all present our sacrifices unto worship. God, and ought to attend upon the duties of his worship, and whither all the tribes are to resort three times a year. I would beg therefore to be informed by thee in this important case, which of the two I should believe, and which is really the place most acceptable unto God. In answer to this case of conscience, Jesus 21 Jesus saithun^j sar/s to her, Woman, believe me, and attend to to her, Woman, heThe what I say, The hour is now coming when this lieve me wlicn hour o cometn yc controversy shall be entirely over, and neither s la u ne'ither in ibis
20
> *
,, the
'
c^
lem
Y1 ^
is
? J erusa the place
on this mountain, nor at Jerusalem, shall ye xvor- mountain, nor yet at ship the Father m. the same manner as you now Jerusalem, worship do for God is going now to introduce such a pure and spiritual dispensation as will remove all manner of distinctions as to the place in which he would be worshipped, and supersede 22 Ye worship ye 32 the ceremonies practised here or there. But as to this dispute which has so long been carried know not what we , i know what we wor.1 T on between the Jews and you, it is apparent, ship for salvation on the principles of the Mosaic religion, that i s f the Jews, you Samaritans are in a gross mistake and with respect not only to the place, but in a great measure to the object also, and the manner of your services, you xvorship you know not xv hat : whereas roe Jews are much better in* structed in these things, and know whom, and on what authority, xve worship ; for truly the salvation God has promised to his people is to arise from the Jexvs, and the way of obtaining it is with the greatest advantage to be learnt 23 among them. Nevertheless, as I said before, I 2 3 But the hour assure you again, the hour approaches, and now cometh, and now is, when the true woiv is just arrived, when the true and acceptable
;
:
worshippers shall xvorship the great Father of all, not with these external rites on which you lay so much stress, but in spirit and in truths
Worship the Father in spirit and in Truth is elsewhere opposed to types and ceremonies, John i. 14, 17 Heb. viii. 2 ix. 24. This important sentiment, as likewise what is said in ver. 24, is well ilP
truth.']
;
P ship the
spirit
VatherTn
in truth
:
and
lustrated by many cient writers by Grotius, in loc. And all that know any thing- of that learned com-
mentator, know that he has a thousand rich collections of this kind which do a great honour to scripture by illustrating" its superior beauties but it would be quite f'oreign to the design of this work either to fine quotations from an- transcribe such collections, or to attempt
;
any supplement to them.
Jesus expressly
for the
tells
her he
is
the Messiah.
173
more devotional and rational manner, sect. &XIX which these corporeal and typical ordinances him must soon give way for the Father seeketh j ohn such to worship him, as that kind of homage is IV.2 most suited to his own nature, as well as pe24 God U a Spirit culiarly delightful and useful to the pious mind. 24 and they thai wor- For God is himself a pure Spirit; and thereship him, must worfore f tkafworship him, oiiP-ht to worship him 1 snip him in spirit ..-'.. r 2n spirit and in truth : and as some degree ot spirand in truth. ituality and sincerity is necessary under every dispensation, you need not wonder if at length he set aside those external rites which were never principally regarded by him. 25 The woman The woman saith unto him, I know that the 25 taith unto him, I Messiah, xvho is called Christ, is coming, and ' ,, know that Messias .,, , n , r \find\ when he is actually which is W1 " soon a PP e;ir cometh called Christ when come, he xvill undoubtedly teach us all these he is come, he will sublime truths at which you have been hinting, l us nngs. anj whatever other things- it is necessary for
SUCht WOr>hiP
to
;
;
Father seek- or in a
26 Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee, am he.
us to know.** Upon her mentioning this, as Jesus was not 20 apprehensive of those inconveniencies here w hich might have attended such an open acknowledgment among the Jews,r he plainly and directly tells her in so many words, I that am now speaking to thee, am he : a declaration which, no doubt, she heard with great amazement but before she could answer him the disciples appeared, which for the present put an end to the conference.
;
q Teach its all things it is necessary for us to know.] This (as well as ver. 29, 42) plainly proves both that the Samaritans expectfed the Messiah, and that they coneluded he would be a prophet. \ r Not apprehensive of those inconveniencies here which might bave attended such an open acknowledgment among the Jews.J That Christ was very cautious of acknowledging himself to he the promised Messiah, i:i his conversing with the Jews, s very apparent (compare Mat. xvi. 20; Mark viii. 29, 30; Luke xxii. 67; and John x. 24;) and the reason was, that the Jews had such notions of the temporaltingdom of the Messiah, that they would have construed an open declaration of himself under that character as a claim to the throne
would have taken up arms in the cause (John vi. 15,) and others would have aecused him to the Roman governor as a
rebel against Csesar
(Luke
ix. 20,) as thej
of David ,
in
consequence of which many
afterwards did, Luke xxiii. 2. This Mr. Locke has stated at large in his Reasonable77. Yet I think ness of Christianity, p. 59 there was a nicety in Christ's conduct beyond what is there represented: for our Lord in effect declared the thing while lie declined that particular title s and in amultitude of places represents himself as the Son of mm:, and the Son of God, which were both equivalent phrases, and generally undcrst.ood by the Jews, though a Roman would not so easily have entered into he Accordingl) we find this force of them. " interpretation was in fact given te Johnvii. 31 41 and ix. 22s
t
Vol.
I.
74
Reflections on Christ's discourse with the Samaritan.
IMPROVEMENT.
sect.
'
Verse 6,9
10
15
13
14
23
24
20, 21
Condescending and compassionate Redeemer! who would thus graciously converse with a Samaritan, with a woman of an infamous reputation too, from whom, on various accounts, a haughty Pharisee would have turned away in proud disdain and could forget this thirst, pressing as that appetite is, that he might instruct and lead her to the waters of life ! Gracious gift of God to the children of men! how noble and how lasting a delight does it administer Let it be our language, Lord, evermore give us this living xuater ! Oh, pour out this enlivening spirit on us, which alone can allay the thirst of our souls, and give us that lasting satisfaction which we in vain would seek from these broken cisterns, from these precarious streams till at length the fountain springs up in Paradise, and flows on to life everlasting f May this good spirit anticipate those immortal delights to our souls by leading us into that spirituality of worship which the nature of God demands, and which the gospel dispensation is so eminently calculated to promote Let it be inscribed on our hearts that God is a Spirit; and let it teach us to worship him in spirit and in truth. Such worshippers the Father seeks; such may he ever find in us May all intemperate zeal for matters of doubtful disputation, all sentiments of bigotry and severity against our brethren, be happily swallowed up in this infinitely greater concern! and while others contend about places and forms of worship, may we
!
pour out our hearts before him, and

shed abroad
in
feel the love

!
them by his Spirit given unto us
of God arid man (Rom. v. 5.)
SECT.
the Samaritans,
XXX.
his visit to
Christ's discourse zvith his disciples at Jacob's well:
and
their regards to him.
John IV. 27
"
42.
SfJ' XXXJohn IV. 27
bamaria that he was the Messiah and immediately upon this his disciples (vvho, as was said before, were gone into the city to buy food) came to this well, where Jesus had appointed them to meet him and they wondered that he was thus talking in so friendly a manner xvith the woman,* whom they knew to
JL
oi
; ;
T^HUS expressly did Jesus ro -i

woman
i
John IV.
27.
declare to the
itt
/\
tlaat
A A N
Jo "* IV 2r ;.. ) upon this
came
his disci-
pies,
and marvelled Jie talked with
a With the 'woman, [xno. yvvmx.<!$r.~) As li^ article is wanting', the Prussian Testa-
ment, and many others, render it woman; and Dr. Lightfout, in his
with a
note
on
His
the
disciples return,
and the xvoman goes
into the city.
75
woman; yetnobe one of that nation so peculiarly obnoxious to said, What t he Jews. But though it p-ave them some un seekest thou? or, ? j. f Why talkest thou easiness, yet they had such a reverence tor him of them said, What dost thou seek from that none with her this Samaritan ? or -why dost thou talk with her P 28 The woman Then the woman, seeing other company comman
.
sect.
xxx
'
j onn iv.27
28
then
pot,
mterrup t t he discourse, immediately J ' . , way into the city, '?Jt her waterpot, or pail, behind her, as her and saith to the men, thoughts were taken up with matters of far and wentatvay'in haste to greater importance the neighbouring city, andsai/s to the men of her
and went her
left
her water-
29 Come,
see a
man which
told
me we j^ anci vou
I did" is not This the Christ
30
Then
they
went out of the city, and came unto him.
31 In the mean while his disciples

Sayin
Ster!"Tt.
"'
32 But he said unto them, I have meat to eat that ye
khow
not
or.
acquaintance there, Come directly to Jacob's may there see a wonderful man, w ^ îas to me a manner a ^ tnat ever I did, even some of the most secret circumstances of my past life is not this the expected Messiah ? I assure you it seems exceeding probable to me that he is ; and he himself has told me so in so many words. They therefore, struck wkh so great a name, in concurrence with so strange an event, went n grea t numbers out of the city, and came to him, who still continued where the woman left him. In the mean time the disciples entreated hint to re fres h himself, saying, Rabbi, eat of the proBut he, revisions we have brought thee. b ferring to the conversation he had idtely had w ith the woman, and to the preparation making convers i on f the Samaritans, aid unto Qr . r r t them with an air ol great satisiaction, 1 have meat to eat that ye know not of, which gives me a much better entertainment than you can bring
29
30
31
32
'
33 Therefore said the disciples one to
me. The disciples therefore, not understanding 33 n s wor d s in that spiritual sense in which he intended them, said one to another with some surj
has produced a great many unand some of them very stupid, passages from thfe Talmud and other Rabbinical writers, to prove that it was reckoned scandalous for a man of distinction to talk publicly with a woman; (see LightBut the ami'foot's Hr. Hebra. in loc.J plea surely knew that Jacob and Moses, and others of their greatest and holiest and some of them in prophets, had done it cir Umstances remarkably resembling this in which the woman came to draw water compare Gen. xxix. 9 12s Exod. ii. 1j (See also 1 Sain. ix. 11 14.) It 17.
this place,
..'countable,
plain the wonder here was that he talked with a Samaritan. As for the omission of the article, see note*> on John i. 1. p. 24, and the end of note d in this section, on John
is
iv.
36.
b
Eat of the provisions we hare brought Their bringing back the provithee.] sions to him here makes it probable that lie did not intend, had it not been on this occasion, to have gone into the town and so (as was said in the paraphrase, v< -r. CD ordered his disciples to meet him al this place, which was undoubtedly well known to travellers.
:
76
Jesus reckons
it
his
meat
to
do his Father's will.
tcct. prise, considering
where he was, Has any one another, Hath any our absence, and brought him mai brought him J r ood t0 eat here ? Jesus, who knew the ^yjesufsaith unJohn an > IV. 33 loss they were at to understand his meaning, to them, My meat is
xxx been with him
in
~\
34 says, to explain it to them, My most refreshing and delightful/*^ i.v to do the -will of him that
sent
to
do the
will of him
1
me
into the world,
and
to finish his
work
as
J^^ "^
t0
conversion of souls, and and I with in the propagation of his kingdom pleasure can assure you that it is now going on 35 successfully. Do not you say, that there are 35 say not ye, c Nay but There are yet four yet four months, and harvest cometh? month s> and tAen behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes even J ^ * covnctn n&rvcst benow, and survey the fields round about you for jîd, \ say unto you, they are already laden with a plentiful crop, and Lift up your eyes, appear white unto the harvest : alluding to the ^"d lo k on the ,r r for they are fields , r disposition 01 the people in general, and more w h; te ai rea dy to particularly to the multitude of Samaritans, harvest, who, struck with the report of the woman,
fast as possible, in the
;
**
were coming to inquire after him as the Mesand unto whom he pointed, and directed them to look, as being then within their view. 06 And he yet farther added, It is your happi- 36 And he that receiveth ness to be employed in such a work as this for reapeth he that faithfully reaps the harvest of which I ^b^fhJTunto life now speak, receiveth far more valuable wages than men can give, and has the great additional
siah
; ;
satisfaction of thinking that he gathers in the fruit unto eternal Ife : A so that, on this account,
There arc yet four month-;, and harvest was not speaking of the period of time beDr. Whitby and Grotius, and tween the prophets sowing and the apostles many others, understand this as if ew Lord reaping (to which four months has no analliad said, " It is a proverbial expression, ogy ;) but only means to tell them, that for the encouragement of husbandmen, though they reckoned yet four months to that there are but four months between the earthly harvest, the spiritual harvest was And the author now rip?. So that I chuse, as Sir Isaac seed time and harvest." of the late English translation therefore Newton does, to take the words in their venders it (in his paraphrastic manner) plainest sense, as an intimation that it Vote commonly sav, T'other four months, and was then /our months to the beginning of the harvest will come. But I cannot acqui- harvest; see note c on ver. 3. p. 167. And esce in this interpretation (1) Because I take this passage to be of very great none of the learned writers mentioned importance for settling the chronology of above, nor Dr. Lightfoot, who is large on Christ's ministry. d Gathers in the fruit unto eternal life-"] this text, could produce any such proverb. (2) Because indeed there coidd be no I apprehend our Lord's thought here to foundation for it, since the distance behave been more comprehensive than comtween seed time and harvest must differ ac- mentators have been aware. He seems to fording to the different-kinds of grain in compare the case of a Christian minister to question. And (3) Because if there had that of a considerate reaper, who is suphe en such a proverb, it would have been ported in his fatigue, not only by a reimproper to apply it here since our Lord gard to his own wages, but to the advantage
c
cometh."]
Many
eternal: that both he both that sowcth and he
**'
raiofr together!^
of the Samaritans
believe in Christ.
177
37
that
And
herein is saying true,
80 ajwtberrearotb.
he that soxvs and he that reaps may rejoice sect. ; and those souls to whose salvation XXX. tne Y nave different ways contributed, will" be to both a crown of honour, and objects of {^36 everlasting complacency and delight. For in this sense it may be justly said, that 37" herein is that proverbial saying remarkably true One soxveth and another reapeth ; for after he has sown his field, it often happens that a
together
->
38 I sent you to reaptl.at whereon ye
bestowed nolabour
other men laboured and ye are entered

into their labours,
dies before he gathers in the harvest, and so leaves it to another who enjoys the advantage of his pains. And thus it is that / have 38 forth tQ } &af} the fmit of y Qn u ,/lic/t J ... ,1 V 011 have not laboured either to till or sow the ground the prophets, and other holy men of former ages, having toiled as it were to cultivate the field, and thereby made your work a great deal easier than it would otherwise have been. So that the success of my preaching this
man
in your absence is an emblem of what God has wisely ordered in the course of his Providence others have laboured, and you are entered into the field on which their labour has been
day
carefully employed. e Let this engage you therefore to apply yourselves in earnest to
your work with a becoming

cheerfulness.
39
spirit
and a ready
Now when the woman had informed the 39 people of the discourse which she had had with r that city believed on p e Samar}t(ms f that cif J J f/ him, for the say- J \ Ybelieved on him as some extraordinary person, of the woman inwhich testified, He bi/ reason of that saying oj the woman who testold nie all that ever ^-^ concerning him, He told me all that ever I l 40 So when the Sa- ^' When therefore the Samaritans had heard 40 marituns were come the wonderful account the woman gave of Jeunto him, they be- SUSi ancj %vere come with her to the well to see **> the >- were so taken whh the manne r of his deportment, and the strain of his discourses, that they entreated him to tarry with them for some time, as being desirous of a farther acquaintance with him, and of receiving farther
And many
the
Samaritans
of of
,-
3d *m*J&
benefit
from
his instructions
and, ready to lay
which the public receives by the harvest he gather b in. This the expression <ruv-j.-)it **p>T8 w. fii *tmno* seems plainly to import, and so is nearly parallel to Jam. v. 20, and suggests a most forcible consideration to diligence and zeal. Ksutcv here
seems
that
is,
to be put for tov xapw, the fruit, the souls he gathers in.
e The field on which their labourhos been employed.] This seems the signification of
KMreyhere, as Grotius well proves. pare ?_ Cor. x. 1J.
Com-
178
He
-
tarries there
two days, and many more
believe.
xxx went
sect, hold of
every opportunity of doing good, he them: and he abode with them to their city, and continued there two days.
J~ wno l
IV.41
many more 41 And many more on him,s on account of believed, because of his own discourse, which they might also see his own word 42 confirmed by some extraordinary works. And 40 And said unto they said to the woman, Now we believe, and the woman, Now that not merely nor yet chiefly on account of we beh ve n t be> what thou hast spoken of him for we ourselves f Twe have^heard have heard him teach, and have examined his him ourselves, and credentials and, by the most convincing evi- know that this is in.
th rt\**>oday*.* in
And
there were
tms time
believed
>
the Christ, the dence, we know that this is reallu the Christ, J ' ., ? Saviour of the won* r -l world, h iju the Saviour oj the even the expected Messiah, and are determined to regard him as such.
.
ee d
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
Let us behold with pleasure the glorious example of our bles34 sed Redeemer, and learn to imitate his zeal. It was his meat and drink to pursue his Father's work, to glorify God, and to do good to souls and ought it not to be ours? Let us bless God for every opportunity of applying to it, and every field of service which Providence opens to us. Let gospel ministers especially be thankful for all that hath 38 been done to introduce their services, not only by the ministrations of the prophets under the Old Testament, but by the apostles also under the New , and by succeeding servants of Christ in
:
ever}7 age of the church. In this sense, with regard to us, is 37 that proverb true, One soweth and another reapeth. have entered into the labours ofothers : may others in time enter into our3 May the work be delivered over from one faithful hand to another, and be carried on by each with growing zeal and success 36 Blessed time, when all the workmen shall meet and join their songs and each of the souls gathered into eternal life shall be,
We
.'
This was a f Continued there two days."] proper medium between entirely neglecting them and giving them so much of his time and company as would have broken in upon the design of his journey into Galilee, or might have given umbrage to the Jews, % Many more believed on him.] This was the more extraordinary, as they not only
ill
usage that Christ afterwards met with
in this country.
Luke
ix.
52, 53.
had a national prejudice against him as a Jew, but, living near mount Gerizim,had a
particular interest in maintaining the usual
worship 'there, which must be very advantageoustothe neighbourhood. Perhaps on this account they would no longer worship there, which might irritate the rest of the Samaritans, and might in part provoke the
h The Saviour of the world."] They might probably collect from what was prophesied by Jacob of the Messiah, Gen. xlix. 10, To him shall the gathering of the people he, that the Gentile nations were to receive some benefitbythe Messiah's coming, and one way or another to be subjected to him; and Christ's discourse might confirm that apprehension: but there is no reason at all to believe they perfectly understood the doctrine of the calling of the idolatrous Gentiles, which was so long a mystery even to the apostles themselves.
Reflections on a zeal for doing
good
to soids.
1?9
sect.
lo all concerned in their conversion or edification, an ornament of glory and a source of pleasure Surely, if we know Christ ourselves, we shall, like this woman of Samaria, be solicitous to communicate the knowledge to others, and shall sometimes forget our little worldly interests to May we believe in him, not attend to this vast superior care. merely on the report and testimony of others, but on our own experience; that, having tasted that the Lord is gracious, we may bear a more lively and effectual testimony to him Let us watchfully observe the leadings of Providence, and whatever our own schemes may have been, let us still adjust our conduct by the intimations of present duty; and, especially where we have reason to believe that God is by his Spirit beginning to work on men's hearts, let us be ambitious of being workers together with him. A word spoken in such a season is remarkably good, and it is a great part of Christian and ministerial prudence to observe and improve those tender times.
!
XXX.
~~
11C
<~
.
41,
42
40
SECT.
Christ comes
XXXI.
from Samaria into Galilee; and while at Cana cures a nobleman's son, who lay at the point of death in Capernaum, Mark I. 14, 15. Mat. IV. 12. John IV. 43, to the end.
Mark
I.
14.
departed, aw/] came sect. 29,) being willing to take the advantage into Galdee, preachthose impressions which the ministry of
S
of
John
kmdom o/ God
[Mat.
IV. 12]
n^gh* have made on the minds of the people there, who had so signal an esteem for him; an esteem which would be heightened rather than abated by the injurious things which they saw him suffer. Jesus came therefore into that country, b preaching the good ?iews of the kingdom of God, which was speedily to be erected
;
a After y<jlui was cast into prison jfesus seized John when two of the evangelist* withdrew and came into Galilee.'] It is assured us this was the very reason of lii a strange that Mr. Whiston and some others journey. 1'he cause of John's imprisonment should represent it as an argument against was particular; and tlie reasons assig-ned the order we have followed here, that it in the paraphrase seem considerable, bewould have been imprudent and income- sides that already mentioned, John iv. 1 nicnt for Christ to have gone immediately 3. See notc'A p. 167. b int.. Herod's territorii just after lie had Jcsns cam-; therefore- mtothatconntw.''
,
,
ISO
sect,
Jesus proceeds on his journey
to Galilee.
whom God had appointed to and govern it; And saying, Behold, the 15 And toying, Mark time fixed by the ancient prophets is now fid- The time is fulfilled, e I. 15 filled, and the kingdom of God is near; see to it ôA ^ at U^Ja^. therefore that you cordially repent of all your pent ye, and believe sins, and believe the gospel which I publish to the gospel. you, that you may secure an interest in the
XXXI
by the Messiah,
raise
blessings of it. John And having been prevailed upon (as we have John IV. 43. Now 1V 43 seen before) to stop at Sichar in his wav, fter u d ?-vs he after * '. ', departed , , thence, , i , t i o ? r he had continued there two days with the Sa- r t f iat rom Sim maritans, he departed from thence, andxvent (as char,'] and went into
-
has been just now said) into Galilee. And he Galilee, chose to make a journey through a considerable part of it before he returned to Nazareth, that the reputation he gained elsewhere might be some balance to those prejudices which the inhabitants of that place would naturally enter44 tain against him: for Jesas himself testified, 44 For Jesus himthat a Jprophet has no honour in his oxvn coim- sel * testified, that a ' prophet hath nohon i -i try; c where those that knew him in his child- ur inhis own counhood and youth can hardly be persuaded to try. look upon him with the reverence due to a
, , , .
4,5
messenger from God. When therefore he came into Galilee, the Gali- 45 Then when he leans received and entertained him with a great was co me "J?*?..""" Galileans tlie lee r i deal of pleasure / (compare Luke iv.1 a 4 * \ received him, hav14, 15,) lor many of them had been witnesses to his sur- ing seen all the prising miracles, having seen all the wonderful things that he did at U Sa things that he did at Jerusalem during the feast f" t for'thev also of the passover (for they also came to thefeast,) wen t unto the feast. and they had now an expectation of seeing some of them renewed. Jesus, therefore, en46 couraged by this readiness of theirs to attend his 46 So Jesus came
jiri
>
c For yesus himself testified, that a prophet has no honour in his oivn country.] There is And no manner of occasion here to render yap, compared with Luke iv. 14 16. though we cannot positively say whether although ; for it is plain that this is spoken the visit to Cana was made in thisfirst jour- as the reason why he rather chose to travel vey, or in the other winch is mentioned af- into those parts of Galilee, and not to go
Mr. Le Clerc supposes (inhis Harmony, p. 75) that Jesus went from Sichar directly to Nazareth, and that this visit which he made to Cana (at ver. 46) was some time after he was expelled from Nazareth, and had dwelt at Capernaum. But that he took h circuit elsewhere befcre lie went to
Nazareth,
is
and
it
has been a
all
maxim with me
in this
the stories and discourses in the order they lie, if there be not (from other evangelists J a plain reason for transposing them,
work to take
certain from John
iv.
43, 44,
terwards (Luke
23 and directly to Nazareth which is particularly have intro- called his own cowitry, in distinction from duced it here, because John mentions it Galilee, and even from Capernaum. Luke iv. 23. immediately after Ids coming from Sicb:ir
iv.
44; Mat.
iv.
Mark
i.
38, 39, sect. 36,) yet
He
Galilee,
is
applied
to
by a nobleman
to
come ana* cure his son.
181
again into Cana of ministry,
where he again
the
made
wine.
water
pursued his journey till he came sect. XXXI Cana of Galilee, which was the place wnere /^before had made the water ivine.
to
while he stayed at Cana, there was a cer- j hh And there was a nobleman, tain nobleman belonging to king Herod's court, d IV.46 certain whose son was sick rv jl0se son 7VOS dangerously ill at Capernaum ;
And
Whenhe heard [Who] when he heard that Jesus was come out of 47 come Judea into Galilee, went in person at least a day's into journey cross the country to him, and earnestly Stimlnd brought entrea*ed him that he would come down to Caperhim that he would naum and cure his son, for he was given over bycome down and heal the physicians, and seemed just ready to die. his son; for he was thercf ore vnt0 him ancJ t hem that 48 y atthepomtofdeath. J r l l o 48 Then said Je- were about him, 1 perceive that, though the basus unto him, Ex- maritans shewed so great a regard to my word
47
Jesus was out of Judea
tli:it
'
i_
cept ye see signs ancj and wonders, ye ,

.
will not believe.
49 The nobleman smth unto him, Sir,
come down ere my

child die.
to
50 Jesus saith unhim, Go thy way y son ive . n
miracles, unless you see t ^ e re p or t of mv J u With your own eyes some remarkable and repeated signs and -wonders, you xvill not believe ; thereby justly reproving him and them for that mixture of suspicion and slowness of faith which he discerned in their minds. f The noble- 49 man wea k as his faith was, determined never. ., , , theless to urge the matter to the utmost and therefore, without any explication or apology on that head, says to him, Sir, I beseech thee to come down before my child die ; for the case is so extreme that a delay may be attended with the most fatal consequences. Upon which, Jesus, SO to shew that it was not necessary for him to go .^ person to accomplish the cure, says to him, Go thy way home, for I assure thee that thy son is living, and at this instant, while I am
' i
d A certain nobleman belonging to king Herod's court.] Though Herod was only tetrarch of Galilee, yet he was commonly distinguished by the title of king (see Mat, xiv. 9 and Mark vi. 14 ; sect. 77,) and as Capernaum lay in his dominions, it is probable that this was one belonging
1
as from the accounts the best geographers give of the situation of Cana and Caper-
naum. f Reproving him and them

ture of suspicion,
i!fc.~]
for that
mix-
It is
necessary to
a noblem an of some distinction. For this is properly the signification of ySaa-jx/xoc, which the Syriac and Arabic versions render a minister, or ser<vant of the king ; and many have conjectured that the person who is here spoken of was Cliuza, Herod's steward, whose ivife is thought to have been converted on this occasion, and became afterwards an atten- Christ might
to his com;?,
who was
suppose some such reference to illustrate the justice of this reproof for in the general it was very reasonable to expect that Christ should work miracles in proof of his Divine mission, as he himself does plainly intimate elsewhere see John xv. 24. can tell but the very person now applying to him might have made some such declaration, that he would never believe such things till he saw them with his own eyes ?
; ;
Who
dant on Christ.
Luke
viii. 3.
humble him, and
mean by this reflection to to shew him a specimen
At least a day's journey] This may be of his extraordinary knowledge as weJJ as very fairly inferred from ver. 52> as well power,
Vol.
I.
182
sict.
Jesus miraculously cures him at a distance.

speaking to thee,
j[ n(i
sxxr.
Tn1in
the
is recovered from his illness, the man believed the man, though he had never seen or word that Jesus had
ke n heard of a parallel case,s believed the -word that sp spoke unto him, and -went axvay without way. IV. 50 Jesus
,
unto
**>
any farther importunity. Now the day after he had taken his leave of 51 And as he was* oin & down, Tesus, as he was o p-oin? doxvn to Capernaum, "? w S o rns scrv&nt s met some of his servants met him on the road, eager \îm ancj ^d /lim to bring him such acceptable news, and told saying', Thy son liv[him,~\ saying, Thy son who was so dangerously etn 52 ill is now recovered. And therefore, to com52 Then inquired
51
'
pare it with the account that Jesus gave, he he of them the hour when he began to apresently inquired of them what was the hour r mend; and they said , -7 7.7 7 they said unto him, untohim, Yesterday when he began to mend: and77 Yesterday at the seventh hour, or at one in the at the seventh hour afternoon, thefever left him at once, and he grew tne fever left him. 53 well on a sudden. The father therefore knew 53 So tlie fa th e r that [it was~\ at the very hour in which Jesus knew that it was at said to him, Thy son is recovered: and when he the same hour in the came to reflect on the astonishing circumstances ^him^hv son Xvl of the case, he and his wholefamily believed that e th and himself be the person by whom so convincing and benefi- Heved, and his whole cent a miracle was wrought must be, not only house. as he before supposed, some great prophet, but
:
54
even the Messiah himself. This is again the second miracle which jfesus 54 This is again performed at Cana and he wrought it xvhen he tne second miracle r ' that Jesus did when r <v t n vi came out of Judea into Galilee; a circumstance he wJas cotT)e out of h in which it agreed with the former. Judea into Galilee.
;
.
IMPROVEMENT.
John
rV-44
How unreasonable are the passions and prejudices of mankind,

and
this in particular, that a
prophet should have no honour inhis

as
own country ! One would have imagined that Jesus at least, free
;
he was from all the follies of childhood and youth, should have been an exception nay, indeed, that he should have been peculiarly honoured there, where his early wisdom and piety could
not but be observed*
Our Lord however intended them a visit, even at Nazareth; and it is the duty of his ministers to bear their testimony, xvhether
Compare John t. 43, and g Though he had never seen or heard of the former.] That the words must be taken aparallel case.] It is plain he had heard of ii. 1. Christ's miracles, but this is the first re- with such a limitation, evidently appears corded in which he evired the patient at a from what John had before said of the distance, and probably was hitherto in this many miracles which Christ had already
respect unequalled.
fa
wrought elsewhere
agTeed with and
iii.
see John
ii.
25/
Aj;kQuift>t{gice in which it
2.
Reflections on the cure of the noblemarts son.
$S
rvill hear, or whether they will forbear. Yet should they sect. XXXI learn of their Great Master to study as much as thev can to ohviate those prejudices which might prevent their usefulness, and should use the most prudent and gentle methods to vanquish
men
them.
Such was this beneficial miracle of our Lord; which may afford many particulars worthy of our notice. With what affection y et.~ and zeal does this tender parent apply to Christ on the sickness 4,7
us
less importunate when soliciting spirof our dear offspring: and so much the rather as their lives are so precarious, and we know not how soon these lovely flowers may be cut down, and all farther petitions for them be for ever superseded. Our Lord, while at a distance from the patient, wrought and And has he not still the same Divine powperfected the cure. er, though he does not exert it in the same miraculous way? Let not his bodily absence abate our faith while praying for others or for ourselves.
of his
child.'
Let us not be
itual blessings in behalf
4,9
50, 61
Salvation now came to this house, and blessings infinitely more 53 valuable than noble blood, or ample possessions, or royal favour, or recovered health could give for the cure wrought on the body of one was a means of producingy^/zV/i in the hearts of all. Blessed Jesus! thy power was no less employed in the latter than in Oh may that power work in such a manner on our the former. souls as that we all may be disposed cordially to receive thee, and cheerfully to venture our eternal all upon thee May we and our houses concur in so wise and happy a resolution and not insisting upon evidence beyond what thy gracious wisdom has 4$" thought fit to give us, may we candidly receive the light we have > and faithfully improve it so as to be at length entitled to the blessedness of those who have not seen and yet have believed! (John
;
!
xx. 29.)
SECT. XXXIL
Christ preaching at Nazareth is at first admired, but immediately after rejected: the people there making an attempt upon his life,
he leaves them and comes
to
Capernaum.
Luke IV. 1430.

14.
sect.
/
AND
Luke
IV. 14. Jesus rein
turned
the
\\\n was imprisoned and cv Jesus was ***** acquainted with it, he left Judea and returned into Galilee; and from what follows it will be V 41 j plainly seen that he went thither under the
I
^T has already been observed that after John

the Baptist
.1
LUKE IV.

t,
'
184/
Jesus comes
to
Nazareth, and preaches there.
sect, guidance and in the xxxii as a mighty impulse

.
.
power of the
on his own ***e mined him to undertake the journey, so an fame rifYf^t*i ut t of him through . Luke j u: progress i a ll the region round IV J4 amazing Divine energy attended his through it; and his renown was spread abroad about. as soon as he arrived in Galilee, and went And, 15 And he taught 15 through all the neighbouring region. ready to embrace all opportunities that offered in their synagogues, being glonfied of all. to instruct the people, he went from place to place, and taught in their synagogues with universal admiration and applause.^ And having thus prepared his way, he came iq And he came J6 at length to Nazareth, where it has been observ- to Nazareth, where ed before (Mat. ii. 23, and Luke ii. 51,) that he had been brought " > . up: andj as his cus, .. .. he was educated; and according to his custom, t m wa ^ he went which he constantly observed there and else- into the synagogue where, he entered into the synagogue on the on the sabbath day, toodup for to sabbath day; and out of regard to the high repdesired by utation he had lately gained, being the ruler of it to officiate, he stood up to read \j And there was the scriptures, which made a constant part of delivered unto him book f the the their public worship; (see Acts xv. 21.) 17 And the book of Isaiah the prophet was deliv- An d when he had eredto him, a paragraph of the law having been opened the book, read before ; and unrolling the volume of the lle foun(i the place * re lt was wnt " book* he found that place of it (Isa. xli. 1, 2, 3) n e " The 18 The Spirit of 18 where it was zvritten to this effect ;
, >
,.
.
Spirit; 3 for power of the Spirit mind deter- in*o Galilee, and
-
a Lithe power of the Spirit.'] they were, It seems used may thus be recollected a very wild thought of Mr. Fleming's that as the copies of the Old Testament in the synagogues now are, long scrolls of this intimates Christ was transported Jewish through the air hither, afier his temptation parchment, that were rolled upon two in the wilderness see Flem. Christol. Vol. sticks. The reader may see an excellent account of them in Mr. Jer. Jones's VindiII. p. 315. b With universal applause f'.gxZcjuivos vrra cation of St. Matthew's Gospel, chap. xv. p. Our translation, which has rcn- 151 170. And this form of their books -Brav7a>v.J dered it being glorified of all, is indeed shews, in the most convincing manner, more literal but to glorify a preacher is an how improbable such transpositions are as uncommon phrase in English and that I those learned harmonizers, Mr Whiston have used is so plainly equivalent to the and Mr. Manne, make the foundation of other in signification, that I hope it may their respective hypothesis. e It was written to this effect.] It is be allowed as very just. that the quotation, as it stands P Being desired by the ruler of it to of- evident One cannot but be amazed at the here, does neither exactly agree with the fieiate.] ignorance of Suidas, in arguing from hence Hebrew nor the Septuagint. The many It is well known old copies in which that clause, t<t<Tc/.7$-*( that Christ was a priest. that any man of gravity and reputation vac avîrî/^/utvy-f thv kx-îclv, to heal the.
: ;
might, at the request of the ruler, officiate on such occasions compare Acts xiii. 15, d Unrolling the volume of the book."] So v*7r/uSstc properly signifies; and I chuse to retain it, that theform of the books then
;
wanting, has inclined with Grotius, to suppose it added from the Hebrew; but one would rather conclude that Christ read the passage as it was, and that these words
broken hearted,
is
many learned
critics,
He
reads a passage of Isaiah to them.
185
of the Lord is upon me in an abundant sect. because he hath a- degree, for the important purpose to which he xxxir nointednu topreach hath an nted f ancl so lemnly set apart; * I . , ' the gospel to the Luke poor, he liath sent ancl important indeed it is, [Jorj he hath sent Iv jg me to heal the me ta preach good nexus to the poor and afflictbroken hearted, to e(jR to heal those /l0Se hearts are broken with preach deliverance , ,. , r to the captives, and sorrow, to proclaim tree dismission to wretched
the Lord/* uponme, Spirit
;
me
TT
recovering of sight captives, even the recovery of sight to them that to the blind, to set are p r i SO n; [and] to set those at libertij
are bruised with the heavy load of their In a word, to proclaim, as by the 19 acceptable year of sound of a trumpet, that welcome year of the the Lord. Lord, which the year of jubilee, pleasing and grateful as it is, can but imperfectly represent, though debts are then forgiven, and slaves released, and inheritances restored to their
^ are bruised 19 To preach the fetters: 1*

1
Cm
/^ m
at
original owners."
20
the
And he closed
synagogue whose proper office it down; and the eves was to ta ^ e care of it; and then, according to of all them that the custom of the Jewish rabbies, sat down to were in the syna- rea ch (see Mat. V. 1; xxiii. 2, 3; XXV'i. 55; p faStCn * and J hn viii ' 2 and the eyes of all in the synS^nhTin? agogue -were attentively fixed upon him, as they were very curious to know what he would say
might accidentally be dropped by some dock
early transcriber. For the purpose to which he hath anointed me- a tvixtv ix% 1 * 1 /" S J ** ' s VC-1T difficuh to explain the connection of the two
clauses in this passage, if
ists,
book, and lie long scroll of gave it again to the servan f of the
-And having rolled up the book, which was a parchment, he delivered it to the
20
in his excellent book on the Evangel* that the former clause seems an allusion to the wretched state of those prisoners who, according to the inhuman custom
still
retained in the eastern countries, had
we render a
tttxitt
cither because, or therefore; and I cannot recollect that it ever signifies because, But the translation I propose seems to remove the difficulty ; see Acts xix. 32. Grotius wellob8 Poor and afflicted.] serves that it is probable some copies might read HHA.NJIM, the poor, instead of hhanawim, the meek, which is the word made use of in Isaiah. And as to that clause of
: and with regard to such as these, this Great Deliverer is represented as restoring them, a work far beyond
their eyes put out
human power. See CradocPs Harm.\>. I take them to be the same with those who are spoken of in the next clause as
all
69
weight of theiryeKer,? ; even blind captives were sometimes loaded with them as was the case with Samson, Judges xvi. 21 ; and restoring sight to the blind, which is omitted with Zedekiah, 2 Kings xxv. 7. in Isaiah, I am not able to determine > whether our Lord in his discourse borrowThat welcome year of the Lord."] It is ed this clause from Isa. xlii. 7, by way of strange that any ancient or modem writers or whether (as Dr. Prideaux should argue from hence that Christ's min' illustration supposes in his Connection, Vol. II. p. 547) istry lasted but one year, or a little more. it was taken from some Chaldee Targum, One might as well plead, from 2 Cor. vi. which is now lost. 2, that the day of salvation included but one ' Sight to them, that are blind, and to set natural day. Here is a plain allusion to the those at liberty who are bruised.'] It is beau- yubilee ; compare Lev. xxv. 9, 10; and rifuily observed by the judicious Mr. Cra- i'sal. lxxxix. 15.
bruised with the for it is plain that
;
;
180
He shows
that passage to be
now fulfilled in
him*
sect, on a scripture which xxxii to the Messiah. k
seemed so
plainly to refer
21
Jf*
.
IV.21
And he began to speak at large from this exce ^ ent ancl suitable passage and the main ten;
And he began
unt0 the"?
.
sa y
dency and purport of his discourse was to say sc riptUre?ulfiQed in to them, To day this scripture I have now been your ears, reading is remarkably fulfilled in your hearing; for I am the person foretold under this character, and sent with such ample powers to fulfil these purposes of the Divine mercy. And, strong as their prejudices were against 22 And all bare 22 him, they all (by their very countenances (see llim witness, and Job xxix. 11) bore their testimony to him as a "?%**&& most excellent preacher, and were astonished at proceeded out of his those graceful as well as comfortable words\ mouth. And they this Jo which proceeded out of his mouth; so that they jS^JJJJ could not forbear saying to each other, even while he spoke, Is not this he that was brought up among us, the son of jfoseph the carpenter?
"
is it possible that a man of so education should be able to discourse 23 And he said 23 thus excellently well? And he said to them farther, Tou will undoubtedly say to me in the words nrii0 them Ye will of that common proverb, Physician, cure thyself; t[l s pôverb^Phvsd\and\ for the satisfaction of thy own relations cian, heal thyself; and neighbours, if thou art really so extraordi- whatsoever we have one in narv a person, do also here at home, in thine own ~?f? , , ' r pernaum, do also i i country, thosemira.cu\oi\szvorkswhich,a.swehave here in thy country. 24 heard, were done at Capernaum, and elsewhere.
And if it be, how
mean an
K scripture which seemed so plainly io refer to the Messiah.] Though many commentators of note apply Isa. lxi. 1, to
the good news of the dismission of the Jews from Babylon, I refer it to the impartial reader to judge whether it be not much more probable that ver. 4, 5, 6, (where the prophet speaks of repairing the waste cities, planting vineyards, &c.) may be either meant in a spiritual sense, or literally preflict the temporal prosperity of the church after the conversion of the Jews, than that Christ should mistake the true sense of the text, or build his argument on a mere allitsion; see Dr. Sykes's Vindication of Chrisrianity, p. 259, and Jcffery's True Grounds,
p. 120.
the matter of it and as they could not but take notice of the majesty and grace with which he spoke, so it must naturally fill them with astonishment, considering the meanness of his birth and education ; see
:
Eisner, in
loc.
At Capernaum, and elsewhere.] It is strange that Dr. Clarke and many others should lay so much stress as they do on. this, as an argument to prove that this visit
Nazareth was made after that to Capernaum, in which those miracles were wrought which are recorded Mark i. 21 34; and Luke iv. 33 41, (sect. xxxv.
to
xxxvi.) that he
when Luke himself so plainly says came down from Nazareth to Caper-
Astonished at those graceful words.~] The phrase in the original toyoic tc x*$n<$r, literally signifies words of grace ; which, it is probable, may refer to the agreeable inanner of Christ's discourse, as well as to
1
naum, and then gives an account of those miracles (Luke iv. 30, isf seq.J and Ma:-
thew
also introduces the history of them,
We
with saying (Mat. iv. 13,) that leaving Nazareth he came and dwelt at Capernaum, are expressly told by John that Jesus
He
24
is
rejected by his
own countrymen.
18?
But to expose the vanity of this suggestion, he sect. went on, and said, Verily I say unto you, that XXXI1 no prophet is acceptable in his own country (comaccepted in his own Luke pare John iv. 44, page 180,) and therefore I IV. 24 country. know that you who have been acquainted with me from my infancy will, through envy and prejudice, refuse me an opportunity of working such miracles, and would indeed be still as obstinate and unbelieving as before, if you should But let it be remembered by you 25 25 Rut I tell you of see them. & truth, Many wid- that God sometimes punishes men for this unows were in Israel reasonable temper, by directing his prophets in the days of Elias, when the heaven to confer those favours on strangers, of which was shut up three their countrymen and neighbours have rendsix and years ered themselves so unworthy. For thrs / tell months, when great famine was through- you as a certain truth, which well deserves your out all the land consideration, That there xvere many poor widows in Israel in the dai/s of Elijah, when the heaven was, as it were, shut up for three years n 26 But unto none and six months, so that there was no rain, and of them was Elias a great famine prevailed in all the land: And yet 26 sent, save unto Sa- Elijah was sent to none of them with a miracurepta, a aYyof Sidon, lous supply of meal and oil, but to a widow unto a woman that
And
lie
said,
Verily, I say unto you, No prophet is
was a widow.
woman
at Sarepta, [a city] of the Gentiles, in

sonableness of which was greatly aggravated by the credihle report of what he had
after the miracle which he wrought at Cana in Galilee, went with his mother and his hrethren and disciples to Caper-
done in the neighbourhood, and by the naum, and continued some time, though knowledge they had of his early piety and not very long there (John ii. 12, sect, xxiv ;) exemplary behaviour. and it is very possible he might visit it again in his passing through Galilee (John n The heave/i was shut up for three years iv. 43, 44, sect, xxxi,) which if he did after and six months."] This is again asserted by the cure wrought on the nobleman's son\\\cre the apostle James (chap. v. 17,) either as (which undoubtedly preceded tins visit to grounded on our Lord's authority here, or Nazareth,) he would certainly meet with as a circumstance established by tradition ; some extraordinary regard, as the cure was for in both places it is spoken of as a thingperformed at a distance, and many other well known: nor can we doubt but the acmiracles might then be wrought there: so count is very exact, though the particular that this passage may refer to these and time is not determined in the Old Testaother miracles not particularly recorded by ment, nor is it certainly deducible from it.
Luke as we have seen before that John refers to others (John ii. 23 and iii. 2) which neither he himself had mentioned, nor indeed any of the rest of the evangelists. If it lie asked why Christ did not perform such miracles here as elsewhere ? we answer, that this whole discourse is intended to prove that God might dispense these extraordinary favours as he pleased and they do not appear to have brought their
; ; ;
sici to
him, and seem power (compare Mat.
Lightfoot and others have observed that there is somewhat here remarkable in this circumstance of time, as it agrees with the continuance of Christ's public ministry ; that as Elijah shut up heaven by Ids prayers, so that it rained not on the earth for the space of three years and six months, so from the baptism to the death of Chi ist the heavens were opened for the like space of time, and hit doctrine dropped as the rain, and his speech have suspected his distilled as the dew. to (Ueut. xxxii. 2 .)
xiii.
58
and Mark See Lightfooi's Jfoiviony* and

Iocs
Gratiue^
i'.t,
vi. 5, sect. lxxiii ;)
a suspicion, the unrea-
188
And miraculously
there
i
escapes from their fury.
the country of Sulon. (1 Kings xvii. 9.)
were
t
also
;
many
7
And 27 And many lep^ lepers in Israel in the time ers were in Israel in
i
ofElisha the prophet; yet none ofthemxvas mir Luke '' r 27 rac uuHisly cleansed, but that singular favour was IV bestowed on Naaman the Syrian, a Gentile, and one of a hostile nation. (2 Kings v. 14.) Presume not therefore on your being my countrymen and neighbours, so as on that account to reject my message, lest you provoke God to send those blessings to strangers, and even to Gentiles, of which such infidelity and ingratitude would render you unworthy. Nothing could be more disagreeable to them 28 than such an intimation, and all that were in the synagogue, when theu heard these things, were ^~ rn r a 29 filed with the most outrageous jury: And rising- up at once, in a tumultuous manner, without any reverence to the place or day, or !' any sense of justice or common humanity, 2i they violently cast him out of the synagogue, and out of the city too; and brought him to the very brow of the mountain on which their city was built, that they might cast him down headlong, and But Jesus, when he had 30 dash him to pieces. permitted their madness to go thus far, confounded their sight in such a miraculous manner, that he passed through the midst of them unknown^ andzvent away to the neighbouring city of Capernaum, where he abode for some time.
i
i
ê the
ti;Iie
f Eliseu ;* prophet; and

f
t jlem
none
was
cleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian.
*.
all they synagogue, ev nearothese tl thing's, were* fiêd with wrath, 29 And rose up, and thrust him out of the citv, and led ' îm unt0 t ie brow
28
And
.
m the nen
of the
hill
their city
(whereon was built,)
{^ do^TiSdlon^
30 But he passingthrough the midst of them ' went his way.
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
see that it was the custom of our blessed Saviour to fre16 quent the synagogues every sabbath day : how well therefore does it become his servants to be constant in their attendance on public ordinances, especially since those of the gospel are in many respects so much nobler than any which the Mosaic institution
We
would admit
17
In the synagogues the scriptures were constantly read; and it is matter of pleasing reflection that,, in all ages of the Christian
but Naaman ering himself entirely invisible, or in putthe force of the particle ting- on some otherform, or in affecting their eyes or minds in such a manner that they it ,u here, and in some other remarkable places, see the note on John xvii. 12. Vol. should not know him, we cannot certainly determine but it seems evident that there II. sect, clxxix. was something miraculous in the case. V Passed through the midst of them, un- Compare John viii. 59 ; Luke xxiv. 16-; ftnown. j Whethe-r tjie miracle Jay in rend- and 2 Kings yj- 1830.
o
None of them was cleansed
the Syrian. ~]
Of
Refections on his treatment at Nazareth.
183
church, the reading- them hath usually been made a part of the ser- sect. Let it still be so with us XXX11 vice in most of its solemn assemblies. for this reason, among others, that so glorious a testimony to the genuineness of scripture mav not be impaired in our hands, but transmitted to those that shall arise after us. And surely the Old Testament, as well as the Nero , deserves our attentive perusal in which, if we are not strangely negligent,
;
or strangely prejudiced, we must often meet with remarkable prophecies of Christ shining with a pleasing lustre, like light? in a dark place. (2 Pet. i. 19.) How amiable a view of him is given Verse 18 19 in that which he now opened! Let us seriously attend to it. It is deplorable state a moving representation that is here made of the in which the gospel finds us! The helpless prisoners of Divine justice, the wretched captives of Satan, stripped and xvounded, the eyes of our understanding blinded, and the powers of our souls enfeebled, and, as it were, bruised with those chains which prejudice and vice have fastened upon them! But in these miserable circumstances Jesus appears to open the doors of our prison, to strike off our fetters, and even to restore our sight. He comes to enrich our impoverished souls, and to preach a far better jubilee than Moses could proclaim ; the free forgiveness of all our sins, and the recovery of an inheritance of eternal glory. Surely it should be to us a most acceptable time. Blessed are the people that Lord, in the light of thy know this joyful sound; they shall xvalk,
countenance ! (Psal. lxxxix. 15.) In some sense this instructive and comfortable scripture is this 21, 22 day fulfilled in our ears likewise. Let us also bear our testimony to the gracious words of this welcome messenger whom God hath anointed for such happy purposes One would have imagined that while the eyes of his auditors 20 were fixed'upon him, their souls should have drank in his doctrine as the thirsty earth sucks up the rain, and that every heart should blessed Jesus, while have been open to embrace him. But, thou art preaching these glad tidings of great joy, what a return dost thou find! Thou art ungratefully rejected, thou art impi- 28,29 ously assaulted; and had their rage and malice been able to prevail, the joyful sound would have died into empty air as soon as it began, and this thy first sermon at Nazareth had been thy last. Thus disdainfully art thou still rejected by multitudes who still hear the same message echoing from thy word. And is there not a malignity in the hearts of sinners which might lead those of of our own days to the outrageous wickedness of these Nazarenes f were their opportunities the same, rather than they would bow their stubborn hearts to the obedience of faith ? But while they are crucifying thee afresh by their sins, and putting thee to open shame, may we honour thee as the Son of God, the Saviour of men; and. labour by the ardour of our love, and the steadiness of our!
Vol.
I.
90
On
leaving Nazareth Christ goes
to
Capernaum,
obedience, in some measure to balance the ingratitude of those who, while they are opposing thee, are destroying themselves?
SECT.
XXXIII.
Christ goes to Capernaum, and teaches in the syrtagogue there with great acceptance; and calls Peter and Andrew, and James and
John,
to
a more stated attendance upon him. Mat. IV. 13

31, 32.
22.
Luke IV.
Mark
IV.
I.
1620.
Mat.
IV. 13.
ND leavin ' Jesus leaving Nazareth, from whence xxxiii - he was expelled and driven ont in the unc ia rate * u manner that was before described, came Capernaum [a city Mat. g f Galilee,] which 1V.13 and dwelt for a while at Capernaum, which was a considerable city of Galilee, that lay on the sea- s upon the sea coast ,/ j j in the borders ot coast, even on the northern shore of the lake of zabulon and NephGennesareth,z'/2 the confines of Zebulon and Naph- thalim: [Luke IV. tali; and from thence he made several small 31 J excursions to visit the neighbouring places. 14 And this was ordered by a special Divine 14 That it might Providence, that what was said by the prophet be fulfilled which might he fulfilled * When 15 henah (chap, ix 1, J) speaking 01 the land of Zebulon, and the land o/ing, Naphtali, by the rvay of the sea, and the countrv 15 The land of about those parts of Jordan* which is called bv Zab ul " n 'T cl ,- 1,c 1 J land 01 Nephthahm, x , ,1 ,. ., ^, the general name ol Galilee of the Ge?ittles c (be- / tne wav f tne )y cause so many Gentiles were early settled there, sea, beyond Jordan, and had filled it with a variety of superstitions,) Galilee of the Genhe says, " That though God had once made U es these nations vile, yet he would hereafter render them glorious d since even there, by the
sec T-
ND
l
MAT.
13.'
_^
A ^
"jS^
'
iZEggEt
' 1 ,
,.
"r
whereas the lower lay in Zebulon, and Capernaum was situated on the confines of original: but the sense, as itstands here, is both. Grotius traces the name up to Gen. SO entirely the same, that I was unwilling xiv. 1, but most commentators refer it to 1 to spoil the structure of the paraphrase by Kings ix. 11 13, supposing that Solomon's crowding in the word saying; nor do I giving a tract of land here to Hiram octhink such an exactness necessary in order casioned it to be filled with foreigners, and
is
* Thai what was said by the prophet Isaiah ytight be fulfilled. ] The common translation
the upper Galilee in the land of Naphtali.
word
for
word correspondent
to the
to render a version perfectly faithful. k About those parts of Jordan.']

<?irs*v
That Egyptians, and Arabians according

;
sometimes has this signification will appear by comparing Josh. xii. 1, 7; and
to be peopled with a mixture of Phoenicians, to the account that Strabo gives, Geograph. lib. xvi. p. 523.
Numb,
c
xxxii. 19. Scptuag. Galilee of the Gentiles.']
d Though God had made them vile, yet. The learned he would hereafter render them glorious.]
Drusius has given a large account of the I follow Mr. Mede's just aiul beautiful reason of this name, and concludes it was version and interpretation of Isa. ix. 1,
where they are much enlightened by
his preaching.
191
16 The people settlement and preaching of the Messiah among sect. which sat in clmk- them, The people that sat in darkness saw XXX1 " ~~~"~ nesssawgreatlight; / s houkl surely see) a threat and glorit j iat y J ' Mat. and to them which v ? , ,. ignorance and vice 1V 1G sat in the region ous kghtt to disperse that and shadow of death which before clouded them ; and even to them light is sprung* up. in the dark ret /mt S(lt miserable and helpless
gion and gloomy shadow of death itself, in the most melancholy and the most dangerous cone to dition, light has remarkably sprung- vp and guide them into the cheer their hearts, ways of peace and happiness." And from that time of his departure into Gal- 17 17 From that time Jesus began to ilee, f Jesus began to preach in all the places that t0 say he came to in a more public manner, and to l'/^'Lt'r" <lom of heaven is at say, Repent, and turn unto the Lord, for he is hand. now fulfilling his ancient promises, and the Lu*j? LuKElV.31.And kingdom of heaven is at hand.% And this was ' pie] taught them on the doctrine which he was teaching them during the sabbath days. t h e time of his abode at Capernaum, and this he made the subject of his preaching in their synagogue on the sabbath days ; not being discouraged by the ill usage that he met with at 32 And they were Nazareth upon his preaching of the same docastonished at 1> trine there. And they were powerfully struck*- 32 much affected with his doctrine ; for win- dwas with pow- and vei7 his zvord xvas attended with an air of authority cr.
1
',!
'
See Mede's Works, p. 101, 102; and JefJerjfs Review, p. 125, 126; where that inter-
and cm
tive
sect. xxxi. p. 179, 180.
The
attenI
reader will easily perceive that
sup-
in tat ion is both vindicated and improved: pose our Lord made only one tour about and 1 see no reason to doubt that it is orig- Galilee in the four or five last months preinally meant of the illumination and honour ceding- his second passover, of which Maf-** these afflicted countries should receive by thew gives a general account below, Mat. the presence and preaching of Christ. iv. 23 25. sect, xxxvi. Nor can I see that e Light has sprung up.~] The heathen Sir Isaac Newton had any just reason to writers represented the arrival of some conclude it a second circuit quite distinct
great public benefactor in a place as a new light sprung up in the midst of darkness; see Eisner, Ohscrv. Vol. I. p. 19. f From that time of his departure into Galilee.] It is but just before that Matthew speaks of Christ's departure into Gaitlee (ver. 12,) and it is much more probable that he refers in general to this, than to the time of his leaving Nazareth (which he has mentioned in ver. 18,) as it is evident from Luke iv. 14, 15, and John iv. 43 45, that Christ began to preach in the synagogues of Galilee before he went to Nazareth. And tlffis I might have introduced this text as parallel to Mark i. 15, but that I would avoid as much as possible breaking the thread of the narration; compare notes*
from the former. It is true indeed that our Lord is said, Mat. iv. 13, after leaving Nazareth, to have come and dwelt at Capernaum: but if that should be allowed tr imply his making this the place of his more stated residence so as to call it hi* home, it is evidently intimated that he did not stay long in it at first and shortly after it is spoken of only as one of the cities in which he was sent to preach; Mark i. 38. Nor can I find that, after he began to preach, he ever continued long in any one place. g The kingdom of heaven is at hand.~\
;
See
h
note >> on Mat. iii. 2, p. 99. Powerfully i truck. ~\ Sec Luke
\\,
47, 4&,
notc e , p. 94.
192
SECT.
xxxiii
He
calls
Peter and
Andrew
and majesty, which incomparably exceeded

that low and servile manner of preaching which the Scribes and Pharisees commonly used in
Luke
IV.32 retailing their precarious traditions comments to the people.
and insipid
Mark
1.16
and Andrew his brethren,] Simon brother, casting a net into the sea ; for by their [called Peter] and 17 occupation they were fishers. And after some Andrew his brother, castings a net into circumstances, an account of which will pres- the sea (for they
also called
who was
And it was about this time that as Jesus was Mark I. 16. Now walking by the sea of Galilee, he saw two breth- as [Jesus] walked by the sea of Galiren, that have been already mentioned, Simon, lee, lie saw [two
1
Peter,
ently be given (sect, xxxiv,) Jesus said to them, were fishers: )[M at.
Come after me, and from henceforth attend me IV. 18.] 17 And Jesus said constantly in the course of my ministry, and / unto them, Come will make you to become fishers of men, and give ye after me, and I you such abundant success in your ministry, will make you to become fishers of men. that the number of souls converted by you shall [Mat. IV. 19.] be greater than that of the fish you have been 18 used to catch. And they being struck with a very 18 And straightwonderful miracle, k the particulars of which way they forsook
have been already off from any further regard to their worldJohn gives us an account ly business, and were particularly called by 42, sect, xxi) that Andrew Christ to a constant and stated attendance and Simon had before been called to the upon him see Lighfoot's Harmony on knowledge of Christ upon the banks of Jor- Luke v. 3. dan, and that the name of Peter had been k Being struck with a very wonderful then given to Simon and it is probable that, from their first acquaintance with miracle.] The account of this miracle him, theyfollowed Jesus for some time, and (which is recorded by Luke, chap. v. 1 went with him to Cana and Capernaum 11) I shall consider in the next section, and (John ii- 2, 12, sect, xxiii. xxiv,) and after- shall there give my reasons, in note-*, for wards to Jerusalem (John ii. 13, 17, sect, supposing it happened at this time, and xxiv,) and tarried with him while he con- was not, as Mr. Whiston would have it, tinued in Judea, (John iii. 22, sect, xxvii.) the occasion of another call to these disciBut when the Pharisees grew jealous of files. But I would here observe, that the number of his followers, and Herod besides him, some who agree with me in was offended at the popularity of John, this particular, yet, out of regard to the we may suppose that Jesus at his return supposed regularity of St. Luke's narration, to Galilee might think it prudent to dis- place this call of the four disciples after the miss kit disciples for a time, till he himself ejection of the devil, and the cure of Peter's had gone about from place to place to mother in law at Capernaum, and Christ's preach the gospel, and had informed the travels through Galilee, which are repeople more particularly of the character of corded, Mat. viii. 14, 15 iv. 23 25; and his person and the nature of his doctrine Mark i. 21 39. (Sect. xxxv. xxxvi.) or possibly they might leave him at the time See Cradock, Le Clerc, Wells, Clarke, and when the Samaritans prevailed upon him Enfant, in their Harmonies. But they to go with them to their city, (John iv. 40, seem to have forgot that St. Mark exsect, xxx,) for after this we read no more pressly asserts (chap. i. 21) that after of his disciples being with him, till he now the calling of these four disciples they found them at the sea of Galilee. For they went into Capernaum, and straightviay on no sooner were gone home but they return- the ensuing sabbath he entered into the synaed again to their old employment, and gogue, and there cast out the devil, &.c. and continued in it till they were now taken then (verse 29) forthwith when they were
i
Two
brethren, that
mentioned.] (chap. i. 40
and immediately
their nets,
after
James and John.
193
and fol- will presently be related, immediately forsook sect. lowed him. [Mat. their nets, though the fishing trade was all they xxxul 1V 2 ] had to depend upon in life, andfolhived him. And going- a little way from thence he saw j 19 19 And when he had g-one a little far- two other brethren, James the son of Zebedee,
-
ther thence, he saw [other two brethren] James the son and of Zebedee, John his brother,
dJ h y
by the sea
Ms
u brother; and the J xvere in a ship J * - . . , , side, xvith Zebedee their Jather, em,
ployed in mending their nets, which had been broken by the vast draught of fishes they had 8 And he immediately applied 20 before. theshlp [>itih Zeb- taken just edce their father] to them as he had done before to Peter and mendinfc their, nets. Andrew, and called them to follow him and *** no sooner nac^ received his orders, but 120 And" straightway he called them: presently they left their father Zebedee xvith the and they [immedi- hired servants in the ship ; and, in consequence T-z^l^fnthe" of tne secret energy which attended that call, ship with the hired they joined with Peter and Andrew, and with
:
servants, and went after him. [Mat. IV 21 ^2 I ~

'
the greatest cheerfulness and readiness xvent
determined to continue with and they were all afterwards honoured with extraordinary favours from their Master especially John, who was his bosom friend, and came to be called, by way of eminence, The disciple whom Jesus
a ftcr
/,
*
him
beinec
as his stated attendants
loved.
IMPROVEMENT.
Such was the zeal and courage of our blessed Redeemer, that he no sooner had been persecuted and assaulted at Nazareth, but he went and preached in the synagogue at Capernaum. Thus may all the opposition that we meet with in the course of our duty, animate, rather than overbear, our resolution in performing
it
gj
happy was the land of Zebulon and Naphtali in the visits Mat of such a guest! And may we not add too, how happy is our oxvn IVl-5 land in being visited by the everlasting gospel, which is now much more clearly discovered to us than it was to these coasts while Christ began to open his ministry among their inhabitants. In us is this prophecy of Isaiah eminently fulfilled: but a 16 few ages ago sat in darkness; and behold we see a great light.
How
We
out of the synagogue, they entered into the who do not assert equal exactness in tint house of Simon ana Andrew with James and particular ; (see Jones's Vindication of Mat ^"John, and Simon's mother was cured. Now theiu, p. Ill, 112.) This is the case here ; ~it seems one of the most important rulet For and therefore I have here transposed not settling the harmony of the evangetists, that only Luke, but also Matthew, who uses where any one of them has expressly assert- notes of time much more frequently, and cd that lie follows the order of time, we stems to me in the main more exact in the should, in regard to him, transpose others scries of his story than Luke.
come
194
sect. xxxui
Reflections on the regard due to the
word of Christ*
~"^~
Luke
IV. 32
Mark
I.
17
country, amidst all the advantages of its soil and situation, a spiritual sense, the region and the shadow of death ; but the Sun of Righteousness is risen upon us, nor do we only behold May we not be so his rising beams, but his meridian lustre. ungrateful as obstinately to shut our eyes against it, lest the valley of vision, and EmanuePs land, should on the whole prove to us the land of destruction, and the valley of death itself! That this may never be our case, let us diligently attend to this Divine Teacher, who speaks with such authority, and whose words are so weighty and powerful. May we feel the energy and authority of them May they call us off from every undue attachment to the business or the pleasures of life ! And if he should ever see fit to try us, as he did these his servants, with a command to forsake our nearest relations, and our earthly all, for his service, let us do it with pleasure ; remembering on the one hand, that he xvho loves father or mother, wife or children, houses or haids, more than Christ, is not worthy of him; and on the other hand, that he who abandons these engagements/or his sake, shall
Our
^
was
receive
life
everlasting.
an hundredfold now in this (Mat. x. 37, and
time,
and
in the
world
to
come
Mark
x. 29, 30.)
SECT.
St.
XXXIV.
Luke gives a more particular account of a miraculous draught of fishes, by which Peter and his three partners were prevailed 11. upon statedly to follow Christ. Luke V. 1
LUKE V.
SECT.
1.
Luke
V.
1.
V.
Peter and Andrew, and James and but, considJohn, was briefly related above ering the important part which most of them bear in the following history, we shall here give a more particular account of it. a Now it came to
ties,
;
THE
calling of those four celebrated apos-
A^s'thataTthe l>asSj
shall here give a more particular account of it.] Mr. IVhiston (in his liariiionv, p. 251 and 254) supposes, with .some others, that this is a distinct story from that of the calling of these disciples which we have in the preceding section, and that they were then called only to an occasional, but now to a stated, attendance on Christ. But I could not acquiesce in
We
as Luke expresses it, left alt, to follow Christ, on his promise that he would
make them
is
Jishers
of men.
(2)
There
no circumstance of the story we have now before us which may not be reconwith the other as the attentive reader will perceive by my paraphrase, especially on vcr. 11 where (as in many other cases) I have chosen in a few words to suggest the solution of seeming inconsistencies, rather than to state the difficujties and answers at large. (3) If this interpretation be not allowed, then neither Matthew nor Mark have given us any
ciled
;
;
this for the following reasons: (1) There are many leading circumstances the same as, for instance, in the narrations of both that Peter, Andrew, James and John, left their ships, their nets, and their father; or,
;
Christ conies
to
the lake
of Gennesaretlu
195
people pressed upon pass, that while Jesus continued to reside at sect. him to hear the word Capernaum, xvhen the multitude pressed upon***"' Of God, he stood by fhc / j^ ss tQ fd f God ; as the lake ot GennesL"ke p he stood by the lake oj Gennesareth* on the banks ttreth. j
hmr
w tt/îii 77"
y
(Mark
i.
of which he had been walking,

2
16,
<j>
And saw two sect xxxiii.)

;
.fe
amy two
little vessels
standing
ships standingbythe // the side of the lake, but with no person in lake but the fisherthem ; for the fishermen, after the labour of a men were {rone out i. r i r., r
of them, and were
washing
3
their nets,
And be
entered
into one of'tbe ships,
which was Simon's and praved him that be would thrust out a little from the land; and be sat down and taught the
people out
ship.
of the
Now when
he
he said unto Simon,'
Launch out
into the
ver > unsuccessful night, were gone out oj them, zvere -washing their nets in the sea as the v stood on the shore. And entering into one of the 3 vessels, which belonged to Simon Peter, with whom as well as with his brother Andrew* , we have already seen that he had formed some acquaintance on the banks of Jordan, d while 42, j ohn was baptizing there, (Tohn i. 37 J -\ ' j lJ ,j. \ u j. , 1 sect xx v ,ie desired him that he woidd put out a little xv ay from land, that he might thus avoid the crowd, and at the same time be more conveniently heard and at a proper distance he sat down, and taught the multitude out of the vessel. And when he had made an end of speaking to 4 the people, he said to Simon, Put out yet farther
and
,.
account of Christ's calling these four illustrious persons and intimate friends of Matthew to a stated attendance on him. And
(4) There seems no reason to believe, that these four disciples forsook Christ again within a few days, or even a few hours,
after that call
which Matthew and Mark have recorded. Yet this Mr. Whiston must
suppose
;
plain Christ left Caperbis progress the Very next day after those cures which so directly followed that call of these disciples
for it
is
naum and proceeded on
which is related by those two evangelists; see 7!cifek on Mark i. 18, p. 19?; and compare Mark i. 35 39 ; and Luke iv. 42 44,
sect. xxxvi.
l>
gardens of princes ; it to be only a corruption of the word Cinnereth, or Cinneroth, which is the name by which the sea was called in the Old Testament, (Numb, xxxiv. 11 and Josh. xii. 0.) It was a large collection of waters, through which the river Jordan passed, and was continually supplying it with a fresh quantity of water, Josephus tells us it was an hundred and forty furlongs long, and forty broad (Joseph. de Bell. fud. lib. iii. cap. 10 (al. 18,) 7, p. 257. Havercamp.J And it was usual with the Jews to call such places seas where there was such a large extent of water see Lightfoofs Harmony, and Druthe
Genei Sarum,
though others rather think
The lake of Gennesaretli.~\ This is the sius in loc. c His brother Andrew.] same with what is elsewhere called the sea The name of if Galilee, (Mark i. 16,) and the sea <f Ti- Andrew is omitted by St. Luke in the reberias (John vi. 1,) being distinguished by lation that he gives us of this story but these names, as it was situated on the it is plain from the account of it that we borders of Galilee, and the city of Tiberias have just now bad from Matthew and lay on the western shore of it. And for its Mark-in the foregoing section, that Andrew other name Gennesareth, as Herod had a was then present with Simon, and that palace near Tiberias, there were delightful they both were called at the same time. J He had formed some acquaintance on gardens on the banks of it, which possibly might be the reason of this name, which the banks of Jordan.] See note I on Mat, it, Some would have to be derived from 18, p, 192;
196
The miraculous draught of fishes.

and then let doxvn your nets deep, and let down* nto the lake for a draught of fishes. And Simon our nets for J. answering, said unto him, Master, toe have been Ând Simon an5 labouring a U night and have caught nothing ; swering, said unto nevertheless I will let down the net, and make him Master, we
i
sect, into the deep water,
xxxiv
thy word, both in obedience to dependence on it. And accordingly nothing; neverthewhen they had done it, they enclosed a great mill- less, at thy word I let down Uie titude of fishes; so that their net brake in several J 7 places as they were drawing them up. And they 6 And when they beckoned to their partners James and John, who had this done, they were at some distance from them in the other enclosed a great multitude of fishes .i j ., j vessel, to come and assist them; and they came anci their net brake. andfilled both the vessels, so that they xvere over- 7 And they beckloaden, and drew so much water that they one d unto their parttrial at
it,
another
and
^^^^Lken
l
in
seemed ready V
8 the knees
to sink. it nr> r 1 r 17 JSIoxv bimonFeter seeing [this] jell
doxvn before
amazement, and, covered with confusion, said, Lord, what am I, that

of Jesus
, ,
in
thou shouldest come into
my vessel to me
,
> r
let
me entreat thee now to go

such a sinful man,
outfrom
me; for
lam
unworthy
dare
I to
to receive
Lord* that I am utterly and entertain thee, nor j^s, saying.Depart from me,' for
I
" ers hich wer other ship, ^ that they should come and help them. And they came, and filled both the ships sothat the began to sink. 8 When Simon Peter saw /the fell
.
tlle
continue in the presence of so great
9 and holy a prophet. For this amazing proof am a sinful man, O L ~ that Testis had now O triven of his power was r " r Or llC WS that astonishment seized him and all that astonished, and all such, xvere xviih him on account of the vast draught of that were with him, JO fishes which they had taken: And in like manner at the draught of the nshes which they cv j of l r T l j also fames and John, the sons of Zebedee, xvlio had taken: xvere partners in the trade with Simon, were 10 And so was alstruck with wonder and amazement at the s James and John, the sons of Zebedee, of 1-^ 7 r a sight of î_* this surprising miracle. And Jesus whidi were part> of ner s with Simon, said to Simon, Do not fear ; for, instead doing thee any harm, I from this time de- And Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not sign to employ thee in much nobler work, in which I will give thee such happy success t 10U shiUt catch
,
"i
that
e
thou
shalt
captivate
mcn, {
in
greater men.
me, for I am a sinful man, Peter could not but conclude there was some peculiar presence of God with a person who could perform such a miracle ; and a consciousness of sin made him afraid to appear in the presence of such an one, lest some infirmity or offence should expo'je him to some more than ordinary punishment. (Compare Jud. vi. 22; and 1 Kings xvii. 18.) It is also xiii. 22 well known that the ancients thought it
Go
out from
Lord.~]
improper and unsafe (where it could be avoided) for good men to be in the same ship with persons of an infamous character nor would the heathens sometimes permit the very images of their deities to be carried in the vessel with such, or even with those concerning whom there was any strong suspicion. See Eisner. Observ. Vol.
I.
p. 202, 203.
f
Thou shah captivate
men."}
This
is
is
the exact English of
<fa>a>v,
which
so
Reflections on the call of Peter
and his partners,

which thou now
to
197
sect.
xxxiv -
abundance than those

hast caught.
11
fishes
And when they

l
And when
they had brought their vessels

is,
had brought
their ian
airi
lowed him*
S <* P-^n.ly were mending

followed him
;
they, (that
first
Peter and Andrew,
Luke
after
them James and John who
their broken nets with Z,ebedee their father) upon Christ's repeating the call, left their vessels and nets, with the fish they
all they had in the world, and being now determined to attend statedly upon his ministry, that they might thus be fitted for the great work in which heintended to employ them.
had taken, even
IMPROVEMENT.
wonderful a choice does Jesus make of those who were Verse kingdom! Surely the same Divine 11 prevailed on these honest fishermen to leave their power which little all to follow him, could with equal ease have subdued the hearts of the greatest and wisest of the nation, and have engaged them to have attended him in all his progress through the country, with the exactest observance and the humblest reverence : but he chose rather to preserve the humble form in which he at first appeared, that thus he might answer the schemes of Providence, and by the weak things of the -world confound them that are mighty. (1 Cor. i. 27.) Yet we may observe that he does not go to call them that stood 4,5 all the day idle ; but, on the contrary, confers this honour upon honest industry on them that had been toiling all the night in the proper duties of their station and profession in life. Let us pursue our business with vigilance and resolution assuring
How
to be the chief ministers in his
ourselves that, however mean it be, Christ will graciously accept us in it and let us fix our dependence on his blessings, as absolutely necessary to our success. These pious fishermen let down their nets at Christ's word, and it was not in vain. How vast was that power which brought such a multitude of fishes into it but how much greater and more 6 apparently Divine was the energy which, by the ministration of one of these illiterate men, converted at once a much greater number of souls, and turned the despisers and murderers of Christ into his adorers (See Acts ii. 41.) Blessed Jesus, we would humbly bow ourselves before thee as the Lord of nature and of grace j and, instead of saying with
;
!
!
translated, 2
plies
Tim. ii. 26. To catch im- word carries something more of art if ce than the to require.
I.
in
it,
or
tire
occasion pg $ttt>
*
Vol.
2a
198
Christ preaches at
Capernaum on
the sabbath day,
sect. Peter,
xxxiv.
~
g
Depart from us, for we are sinful men, we would rather say^ Lord, for that very reason, while we own ourselves most unworthy of thy presence, we most importunately entreat it
Lord, for lam a sinful man, and if thou stand I perish Come, and recover my heart from the tyranny of sin ; come, and possess and fix it for
Come
unto me,
at a distance
from me,
thyself!"
9,
10
That secret power which these good men felt on their souls while the words of Christ were sounding in their ears would be to them a token for good as to the success of their ministry upon others. Surely we cannot wish any thing of greater importance for the edification of the church, than that the persons who are employed in its public offices may themselves experimentally know the power of Divine grace, and be brought to a determination to follow Christ whithersoever he goeth, before they undertake to invite and persuade others to do it.
SECT. XXXV.
Christ entering into Capernaum, teaches in the synagogue, and casts out a devil; and coming into Peter's house, cures his mother in law of a fever. Mark I. 21 31. Mat. VIII. 14, 15. Luke
IV. 33
39.
$ECT xxxv.
ND they went our Lord had thus called Peter into Caperand ^drew, and James and John, they a^ kft tne s de f tne l aKe > an d entered with him way on the sabbath Mark into the city of Capernaum; and immediately on day he entered into I. 21 and the sabbath day* going, according to his custom, jy^ Jjj into the synagogue, he taught [them] the important truths which he was in so extraordinary a
'
^^7" HEN
Mark
j.t m.
j\
t\ rs.
I. x.
21. X.L.
Mark MARK
I.
21.
yy
jj*^
manner commissioned to vindicate, or to reveal.

22
And they were again struck with amazementh 22 And they were at the sublimity and excellency of his doctrine, astonished at his
immediately on the sabbath
day."]
*And
It is in
the original to/c a-a.CCa.aiv, in the plural number; and it is frequently expressed in the same manner where it is plainly to be understood of a particular day, as Mat. xii. 1 xxviii. 1 Acts xiii. 14; and elsewhere. There is no doubt but it is spoken here of the next sabbath, and probably of the very next day after his coming back with his disciples to Capernaum see note*- on Mark i. 18, p. 192.
;
It has already been observed that they were thus amazed at his first coming to preach amongthem (Luke iv. 32, sect, xxxiii,) and there seems also to have been something- in the discourses, as well as in the miracles, of this last sabbath that he spent among them at this time, which raised their wonder, and affected them in a peculiar manner as appears from the multitude of sick people which were brought to him that evening see Mark i. 32, 33 Luke iv. 40 ; and Mat. viii- 16, in the
merit. "]
,-
b They were again struck with
amaze* next
section.
and publicly
;
casts out a devil in the synagogue.
199
for he for he was continually teaching them in such a sect. doctrine taught them as one anner as one who had an immediate authority xxxv.
and 'not
scribes.
â^the
fr
m G d t0
dictate t0
them
''
and n0t aS
t,ie
scribes, their established teachers,
who
dealt in
JZI a
j
22
precarious traditions, and fanciful allegories ; the amusement of light minds, but utterly unfit to alarm the conscience and to captivate the
Luke
there
IV. 33.
And heart,
_ , , r n IV had the spirit of an unclean demon* or fallen anwhich he was miserably gel, possessing him, by distorted and agitated and he, either compelled
, ,
. .
in [their]
synagogue
was a man which had a spirit of

an
And thefe WQS
fa thgir suna!r
,
rr
ue a
man
that Luke
13
unwilling testimony to Christ, or desirous by malicious praises to bring him into . suspicion as a confederate with those infernal i. Let us Saying, T o4 c _ , alone what have spirits, cried out with a loud voice, oaying, in o4< we to do with thee, the name of the rest, Let us alone ; what hast tho f Naz:i " thou to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth ? art thou veth M* T.? Art thou come 1 r come to destroy us, by driving us out or our to destroy us I know thee who thou abodes on earth to the regions of darkness ? / art the Holy One of we u / inQW fa^ anc^ unci er all the disadvantages o ark I. 24- J [ Q f t j y. p resent appearance, can sufficiently discern who thou art ; and therefore dread thee as the Holy One of God, whom he hath sanctified and sent into the world for the destruction of my kingdom in it ; but take notice that I do not begin the quarrel by offering thee any injury or affront. ^ ut Jûs, scorning praises from so impure a 35 35 And Jeus rebuked him, saying, mouth, rebuked him, saying, Be silent, and come Hold thy peace, and out an U p Q n this, the demon having ft i m : thrown him violently from his seat into the midst AinTwhcn the devil had thrown him in of the assembly, [and] having terribly convulsed the midst, [an^tom him*- cried with a loud voice [and] came out qf
tQ bear
.
.
unclean devil; and cried out with a Imul voice, [Mark
^
.
'!
1[
The
spirit
of an unclean demon.']
It is
well known that a late learned and ingenious writer hath revived the notion long since maintained by Mr. Joseph Mede and Dr. Bckkcr, that these supposed demoniacs were only lunatics or epileptics : but on the most impartial perusal of what has passed between him and his learned antagonists, I am fully convinced that there is no sumcient reason for departingfrom the received interpretation; and I should think this story alone a convincing proof on the side of it. It is most incredible that an evangelist should have been left to ascribe this man's disorder to the spirit of an unciean de-
lunacy or the falling or that a physician of common sense should speak of it as a memorable circumstance that such a distemper did not /wrtaman by leaving him: see ver. 35. I retain the word demon, as the epithet
mon,
if it
;
were only
sickness
unclean
seems
it.
to
joined with
plied in
J
devil,
have little force when being necessarily im-
This Having terribly convulsed him.] seemsto be the proper meaning of the word cr-nragotôiv that is used by Mark here, which signifies to shake or move with vioand to this purpose Grotius has lence observed that r,T*5*>,Moj is sometimes
;
'^0
sect,
-
Peter's wife's mother is cured of a fever.
* xxv and mercy that he did him no farther harm ; e a lo ud voice, and] and the man immediatelv recovered, and was camL ^llt T.-of him , J Luke and hurt him not, r IV.35 perfectly well. [Mark 1 25) 26 -And they were all exceedingly amazed at so " Mark m ^ rkI And 1 27 miraculous a cure, so that they inquired of each they were all amazed > insomuch that other, and said) What an extraordinary evenfis they uestl ed <l this P [and] what a new and unexampled doc+ r among themselves, . ,, r , *r*7ze zs razs ? yor behold, he does not only saying, What thing distinguish himself by his incomparable man- is this what new ner of teaching, but with majestic authority, doctrine m this for and efficacious power, he commandeth even the power^commLdTth unclean spirits, and they instantly obey him, and he even the unclean come out of the possessed, shewing thereby that s P irits and they do 28 they are subject to him. And his fame was
'
,
him; but was so restrained by the Divine power him] he
[cried with
-j
-i
>
o5t?][L
28
so raised by this signal miracle, that it xvent forth immediately through all the region of Gal-
And
Kv.36 ] mm edii
ately his
ilee, and made way for his reception in the ab ad progress he afterwards took into every place the neighbouring country. every place of the 29 And presently after this miraculous cure, country round aJesus going out of the synagogue with his dis- ^2^"J [Luke IV. ciples, they came, -with fames and John in their or ,, .,, 1 J j a j J r o29 And c forthwith, / x .7 company, into the house oj oimon and Andrerv, -when thev were who being brothers, did then live together : come out of the syn30 And Simon's wife's mother was dangerously ill, a gSue > they entereel into the house of , if r j l i x r _/u and aept her bed* of a violent fever ; and having simonand Andrew, seen the miracle which he had wrought but just with James and before in the synagogue, they presently tell him J^ n 8 ofher, and entreated him that he would be pleas- wi f, s ^^jfe' 31 ed to interposed/or her recovery. And coming s c k of a [great] feinto the room where she lay, and standing near ver, and anon they * him of her, [and her, he took her bu the hand, and raised her up in el1 * besought nim tor her bed ; and with an air of majesty rebuked her.][LuKElv.38.] the fever ^ and immediately the fever left her at 31 And he came once and she was instantly restored to such a C and st 0ii over degree of strength that she arose and w^^ by the hand,and lift^ upon them; being so far from needing the assist- e d her up, [and re-
fame spread throughout
^ôSSS,^
.
**
power of Christ prevented. f Kept her bed.] than to suppose the devil to have torn him, This seems the proper (according to the common translation J meaning of the word iceerststfo. which leads the reader to imagine that he s Rebuked the fever.] There could be no grievously wounded him, when Luke ex- inconvenience in the evangelist's using this pressly says that lie hurt him not. phrase, more than in saying he rebuked the
used to signify a
convulsion.
it
And
is
restraining and healing
much more
natural to understand
it
thus
e Bid him no farther harm.'] This is probably the sense of /unJ'tv y2x*4* *"tov ^ for while the convulsion continued it must have given some pain, and might have been attended with lasting disorder, had not the
1'
wind and sea (see Mat. viii. 26,) for it is hardly to be thought the Jews would imagine the fever a real person , but it was quite otherwise as to their notion of Ue-
mew.
Reflections on Christ's healing the possessed, &c.
201
she [arose, und] ministered unto them.
fouked the fever ;] ance of Others, as she had done before, that she sect. and immediately the l )eC ame capable of taking her part in the busi- xxxv > fever left her, and r a r ness of the ianuly.
'
"
[Luke
IV. 39.
Mat.
VIII. 14,
\5.~\
IMPROVEMENT.
Justly may we join our astonishment with that of the inhab- Mark Capernaum, and say, What manner of teaching is this ? * 27 and with what regard should it be received, when the devils themselves, and the most desperate diseases, are thus apparently subject to him who uses it?
itants of
We
umph
bodies of
see the malice of Satan in possessing and tormenting the Luke men. God then permitted it, to render Chrisfs tri- IV.33 over him so much the more illustrious, and the appearance
11
Such diaof that great Deliverer so much the more welcome. bolical operations as these are now restrained ; and it is matter But would to God that of great thankfulness that they are. malignant enemy did not, in a yet more fatal manner, possess Yet the souls of men, and work in the children of disobedience I there can the power of Jesus prevail, to bind the strong man and
spoil his goods.
spirit;
Wisely did Christ silence the suspicious praises of an unclean 34,35 and vain is all the hope which men build merely on those orthodox professions of the most important truths, in wbich Satan
is just; and it was certainly on this account a most wise and gracious dispensation to permit the devil about this time to give some unusual proofs of his existence, power, and malice, in thus attacking men's bodies; which would naturally convince them what a dangerous enemy he was to their souls, and what need they had of the patronage of Christ as the sensible victory of Christ in these dispossessions would be a proof and specimen of that illustrious and complete triumph over him and his confederate powers in which our Lord's mediatorial kingdom is to end. No kind of miracles therefore could be more fit to
;
himself could vie with them.

h The appearance of that great Deliverer so much the more welcome.] It would be very foolish to imagine that God suffered these unhappy persons to be possessed merely that Christ might have the honour of curing them but it is to be considered that the view under which Christ is most frequently represented is as the great antagonist to the prince of darkness, and the %ospel has its foundation in the victory which Satan has gained over mankind compare Gen. iii. 15 Mat. xii. 28, 29 1 John iii. Heb. ii. 14 and Rom. xvi. 20 8 (as also Mat. vi. 13; John xvii. 15 Eph. vi. 16; and 1 John ii. 13, 14; iii. 12; v.
: ; ; ;
promote his h\and hence it is that whose powerful influence over men is hardly any are more frequently and cirintiraatedor expressed in each of them :)"cumstantially described. This seems a and it appears from TVisd. ii. 24, that sufficient answer to the difficulty proposed the Jews before Christ's time had some- by Mr. Mede (sec his Works, p. 28,) and a thing of this notion, and considered the clear proof that we shall do no service to wicked in general as taking part with the Christianity by endeavouring to disapprove devil: the words are, Through envy of the the reality of these possessions, or by drop. devil came death into the world, and they ping the mention of the infernal powers in that do hold of his sidedojind it. The in- our preaching, how fashionable soever spired texts above shew that the expression such omissions may grow.
18,19;
in all
which places
o -nrovifgo?
seems
attest his mission, send to

terest
to signify the wicked one, that
is,
the devil,
among men
202
sect. xxxv.
Reflections on Christ's curing Peter's mother in lazv.
Christ, returning from the synagogue, finds the mother in law cf pe te r detained from the solemn assemblies, a prisoner at home under an afflictive providence, which that circumstance of connement probably rendered yet more afflictive to her. But the I. 29 .fi 30 mercy which the evening brought with it was a rich equivalent for all the sorrows of the day. Jesus, their welcome guest, appears as the great Physician both of soul and body; a touch of 3j his hand assuages the tumult in her veins, and at his voice the distemper leaves her. Surely, as the great Lord in the kingdom of Providence, he performs those cures which are now wrought Luke by natural means, and is to be owned in them. Must not each IV. 39 of us thankfully acknowledge how often he hath rebuked fevers and other distempers by the skill of physicians, and the efficacy of medicines that they have departed from us perhaps s^> when we esteemed them desperate, and had received the sentence of death in ourselves. Let us learn to imitate the pious gratitude of this goodwoman, Luke 1V.39 who, when recovered, immediately arose and ministered unto Christ. Thus let it be our care that those lives which are spared by his goodness, and that strength which is renewed by his power, may be faithfully and affectionately devoted to his ser;
vice.
SECT.
XXXVI.
Christ having performed several cures on the evening of the sabbath day, retires early the next morning to his devotions; anddeclining a longer abode at Capernaum, takes a circuit about Galilee, preaching and "working miracles. Mark I. 32 39. Luke IV. Mat. VIII. 16, 17. and IY. 23, to the end. 40, to the end.
IV. 40
remainder of the day Jesus spent in Peter's house; and in the evening, zv hen " the sun was set, and consequently the sabbath ' S if 132 was ended,* they brought unto 'him, on their beds and couches, which they scrupled before to carry b all that xvere ill, and many that were Luke possessed with devils: Yea, all that had any perr
iEcr.
THE
Mark
I.
32.
32
'
A^â*'
A^hen^theYun
did set,thev brought unto him all that ere dise ed > a " d [many J that were possessed with dev-
>
ils.
[Mat.Vt I1I.16.
. IV. 40. L uk e ;1L All r i r r . , their houses sick oj various distempers, th sons in 4.u tl t h d &ny
Llike IV
b Which they scrupled before to carry.} a Whenihe sabbath was ended.] It is have a memorable instance of this well known that the Jews reckoned their Jay from evening to evening-, and that the scruple in John verse 10 16; section
We
sabbath begun and Lev. xxiii. 32.
ended
at sunset.
See
xlvi.
Many
sick with divers diseases, brought them
cures are wrought in the evening.
2(33
unto lnm: and he [cast out the spirits with his word, and laid] his hands on every one ot
Tall that
were sick]
VIII.
16.
[Mat.
Mark
That
I.
34.]
Mat.
it
VIII.
17.
fulfilled
spoken
might be which was by Esaias
hS3& % mmities, and bare

cur sicknesses.
Mark
all
I.
33.
And
was
the
city
gathered
together
brought them unto him for relief: and he sent none f them away with a denial, but with a sovere j aut hority cast out the [evil] spirits L J t o J with a word; and treating those that were cmseased in the roost gracious and compassionate manneri he laid his hands on every one of them, cmd healed all that were sick, without the use of any means, how inveterate and desperate soever their distemper was : That thus it might appear , / I /,. to <* accomplished in some measure which was spoken of him in a more noble and important sense by the prophet Isaiah, saying (chap. liii. 4 " ^se/f graciously took our infrmities upon him, and with incredible labour, self denial, and compassion, bore \away\ the burden of our diseases,^ and happily delivered us from those miseries which our corruption and depravity had introduced." And this occasioned such a concourse of people, that in a manner tjw xvfl0 ie c ity of Capernaum was gathered together at the door of the house in which Jesus
,
sect.
xxxvi.
t,\e
iv 4q
Mat.
iV >"*/
,.;;;
Mark
I-
33
was
some coming
as
humble
petitioners for
themselves or their friends, and others as curious spectators of the surprising miracles he wrought. And there were devils also that came out o/*Luke Luke IV. 41. And devds also came out many, crying out with great violence (as that IV- 4 * <,f many, crying out, be fore had done which had been cast out by J and saving-, Thou / \ art Christ the Son " in the synagogue,) and saying, as that other know thee who thou art, the promised ofGod. And he re- did, buking them, suf- Messiah, and the Son But he severely of God. chid them, and did not suffer them to speak these
,
. .
We
by the prophet Isaiah.'] It seems evident that Isaiah, in the place here referred to,
;
applies them to the crucifixion of he evidently does, 1 Pet. ii. 24. Such instances are frequent in the sacred speaks of the sufferings which Christ en- writers and they arc elegancies and beaudured for us for on account of these only ties rather than imperfections. Had it been could he be esteemed (as it is added in the argued from tins text that the Messiah end of the verse) stricken, smitten of God, must have healed the sick, there had been and afflicted. So that the evangelist lias only then indeed some room for an objection, introduced it as an allusion to those words, as being- capable of the sense here given a Bore avjay the burden of our diseases.'} in themselves though we are certainly to Grotius has well observed the emphasis of understand them in a more exalted sense the word e*r*o-<v, which sig-nifies to carry
Christ, as
;
In a more noble and important sense
when he
consider them in their connec- a heavy load (Rom. xv. 1 Gal. vi. 2,) anil they should be understood by so does well express the indefatigable any as if it had been said, " Though he labours of Christ, spending- the evening in miraculously cured our diseases, yet he healing the sick, probably with many interwas thus ungratefully censured ;" it must mingled discourses, after he had employed be then allowed on this less natural inter- the day in preaching. I have endeavoured prctation, that Peter uses them allusively to suggest this idea in the paraplirasv.
;
when we Or tion.
if
204
Jesus
retires in the
morning
into a desert place.
and largely as they would speak; for they otherwise have done ; for they well knew that knew tnat he was ~~~~" t MAnK L he was the Messiah: but as wise reasons made 34 nist
sect, things so frequently
xxxvi.
"
IV.41 him,
discourses, often to decline the opportunities he had of expressly avowing that title and character, so they engaged him in a much stronger manner to be more particularly cautious with respect to evil spirits, of receiving
in his
it
own
from them. e Thus was it that the day was spent in preach- Mark 1. 35. And Mark J. 35 ing and the evening in working miracles and m the morning, risafter all this labour and fatigue, Testis allowed jngup a greafwhile
:
before day when it , ri > himseli but a very short repose tor in the morn- was day] he went ing he rose before it was light f and as the day out, and departed was coming on he -went out of the house where int? a solitary place, an d there prayed. 'j^-l r.i e had lodged, to avoid the concourse ol the [LukeIV. 42.] people, or any interruption from the family, and privately departed to a desert place in the neigh,
.
hij-iij
bourhood
;
and there prayed to his heavenly Father in secret, pouring out his soul in the most copious and affectionate manner. And when the day was something advanced 36 / nd Simon, 36 and crowds of people came to inquire after him, and they that were followed Simon Peter, and they that tvere with him (who Jj have been already mentioned as his partners and companions,) guessing where Jesus was, went 37 out and followed after him. And when they had 37 And when they found him at his private devotions, they said unto had found him, they 7m, Master, the providence of God calls thee said unto mnn AU
now
to
more
public service
lor all the people 01
/;
^7
men seek
for thee.
Cautious of receiving it from them.] probable that if it was not by mere Constraint that these evil spirits made this confession, it was (as was hinted before on Luke iv. 33, p. 199) with an artful design to bring our Lord into suspicion as acting in Confederacy with them and the perverse Pharisees might perhaps lay hold of this occasion of fixing on Christ that impious and senseless calumny, that he did not cast out devils but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils, Mat. xii. 24.
e
1
It is
the dawning of the day was near at hand. And thus it may be easily reconciled with
Luke
for
common
ytvopevus y.ii>*s, which translation renders, when it
the
day, might as as the day was coming on : for ytvc,f*ivs may be understood (as Grotius has ob-
was well have been rendered
served) not only as expressive of the time that is already come, but as implying what is near at hand, or what is forming now,
;
and ready to approach (compare John and the note there, sect.clxix.) Some have indeed maintained that different facts f In the morning before it was light: 'nr^cet are referred to in the texts of Mark and This does sufficiently ex- Luke before us si'Vi/ôv Ktctv.] the former referring
xiii. 2,
press the sense of the original for evvwôy A/*r does properly signify when the night was very Jar advanced, or when it was yet deep night; and either of these interprerations, in this connection, implies that
.
to Christ's rising, the latter to his going
but it seems that Mark connects going out so immediately with his rising, that no stress can be laid on sail) a distinction.
out:
his
He goes
about all Galilee preaching
and working
miracles,
205
sect. XXXVI
~"~
the city are assembled yonder,

after thee.%
and are seeking
-And what they said was immediately conIV. 42. And the people sought firmed ; for the multitude sought after him with him and came unto s0 much dilip-ence, that they traced the steps him, and staved him, r r . j j lm they " eter an d ihis companions, and while î_ that he should not * place in which depart from them, were speaking came even to the
Luke
jy 42
Mark
I.
38.
he said unto Let us go into the
they had found him ; and they woidd fain have And detained him awhile, and pleaded in a very imthem, portnnate manner that he shouldHot depart from
next towns, that I M mav preach there al- to so for [I must us preach the kingdom I ofGod to other cities t0 for therefore
;
.
also;
I
am
sent] therefore
I forth.
came
[Luke
IV 21 a d Jesus went about all Galilee [and cast out devils] teaching
their
synaerojrues,
and preaching the

gospel of the king-
dom, andhealingall
k e
nenu g u t they could not prevail and he said Mark J , t oq ., \ T them that were his constant attendants, Let 1,0 go directly into the neighbouring towns, that m au preach there also, without returning back r* * a r though we have Capernaum at present for, *u many friends and well wishers there, Imustby ali means preach the kingdom of God to other as for that purpose I am sent into c ^ iies IS0 tne world by my Father, with the most extensive designs of usefulness, [and] therefore I came forth from his more immediate presence, ; 1 cv i t % And thus Jesns took a circuit with his disciples Mat. through all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, 1V 23 wherever he had an opportunitv, and preaching
*
:
,
uu
>'
TdTu maTn er
disease people.
f the **<* which God was about to erect and he confirmed and illustrated [Mark I. what he said, h by casting out devils, and healing every disease, and every malady of the people 94 a*i f went throughout"^! among whom he came. Syria; and they And his fame went through all the neighbour- 24 brought unto him all n g country of Syria; and they brought to him were taken with dl- from thence, as well as from nearer places, ally vers diseases and that is, great numbers of sick people' that were
"f
*' S d "*
;
among
the
g All the people are seeking after thee."] It very likely l\\&t Peter, and they that were with him, warm as they were with the exis
was
men
to heal their souls, and was a speci of his authority to forgive sin, as it was in part an actual removal of its punishhis casting out devils was an emblem final victory over Satan,- and hi9
pectations of a temporal kingdom, might think this a very favourable opportunity of increasing Christ's popularity, on which those hopes were built. Confirmed and illustrated what he said.] It is justly and beautifully observed by the author of a late Discourse on the Miracles of Christ, that they were not only a proof, but a specimen of the power he claimed as tin- Messiah. Thus his giving sight to the blind illustrated his power of enlightening the prejudiced minds of men
!,
ment;
of his
raising
particular persons from the dead a convincing display ot his power to accomplish a general resurrection.
was
All, that is, great numbers of sici people ] It would be endless to enumerate the texts where common sense requires 119. to take the word all in this general man-
ner see Mark i. 37; Luke iii. 21 John iv. 29 ; xiv. 2$ ; 1 Cor. ix. 32 ; and. Phjfc
;
his healing their bodies
shewed how
able
h<j
k. 21.
Vol.
I.
2 b
206
Reflections on the diligence of Christ in his xvork^
sect, seized with a variety of distempers xxxvi menting a nd incurable pains, even
Mat.
IY 24 25
and most tor- torments; and these demoniacs, and which were possessami lunatics, and paralytics ; k and he healed them, not f^T^fe?*' those which were i excepting those whose cases were the mostde- lunatic, and those pi ("Table and helpless. And these miraculous that had the palsy; andhe healed them. cures, together with his excellent manner of 25 And there folpreaching, rendered him so popular, that great multitudes of people followed him from all the multitudes of people towns of Galilee, and from the region of Decap- from Gahlee, and olis, 1 and even from Jerusalem, and the rest of ff om Decapohs, and fudea, and all [the country] about JorehnfJ^ 1 both on its eastern and western banks. /rom beyond Jordan.
*^'^
IMPROVEMENT.
How delightfully were the sabbaths of Christ spent in the midst of all his fatigues How pleasantly did the sun go doxvn o2, 33 U p 0n him, when he had been imitating that heavenly luminary scattering a brighter light, in his steady and constant course and more beneficial influences, upon all about him And when the sabbath had been spent in these labours of piety 35
Mark
I.
!
and
love,
how
happily were the fruits of
it
carried into the
ensuing week ? The first morning of it, that it might be most pleasantly and most profitablv begun, Jesus rose before it rvas lighty that he might enjoy God and himself in religious retirement. It
surely becomes us sometimes willingly to deny ourselves the we may have the better opportunity And it should be the peculiar care of those who for devotion. are employed in God's public service, to cultivate communion
gratifications of sleep, that
months, and probably took up most of that but Matthew might have used tliis expression, if persons who came from Jerusalem followed Christ here, though he himself had never been there at all. On the whole, however ingenious and probable the hypothesis of this learned author is, it is liable to so many objections that, on the maturest deliberation, I durst not venture to build upon it the structure of an harmony entirely different from that of all other commentators, except Osiander, which (if I mistake not) in most places agrees with his into a distinct district. It formerly belonged maxims. I rather chuse to add an appendix representing the order in which the sections. to the half tribe of Manasseh. m From Jerusalem, and Judea.~\ Hence are to be read according to him which Sir Isaac Newton concludes that Christ had will, to the more curious part of my readers, been at Jerusalem at bis second passover be sufficient, and will excuse me from the and that these people had attended him necessity of swelling these notes in such a from thence : (see Newton on Prophecy, p. manner as I must otherwise have done. n About Jordan.~\ 151.) The circuit described above might See note b at Mat, iv. iftdee^ hare Jxjeu the. emnloymeut of four 15. p. 190.
iytics.l
k Even demoniacs, and lunatics, and paraPossession, madness, and the palsy, are justly reckoned as cases of great the evangelist misery and little hope therefore properly instanced in these It is an evident proof that these were thought distinct cases; for the different readings are so ill supported as not to deserve a particular mention. 1 From Decapolis.~\ This is well known to have been a tract of land on the east side of the sea of Galilee, in which ten cities were situated near each other, and formed
;
time
and on
the miracles that confirmed his mission.

;
207
with him in private lest, while they keep the vineyard of others, sect. xxxvi own be neglected and impoverished. (Cant. i. G.J Our Lord's retirement is interrupted by the people who came to inquire after him, and desired to have detained him longer IV ~2r> among them and who that has ever known the pleasure of conversing with him, would not desire that it might be longer continued and frequently renewed ? But in this instance, their M request must be denied ; the great purposes of his ministry requir- j. 33 ed his presence elsewhere, and he breaks through all that importunity which would have broken in upon his schemes of usefulness a resolution which we must learn in some cases to imitate if we would prosecute the business of life with vigour and success. Let us often reflect wherefore we were sent ; and Luke judge by that where God would have us to be that by the inti- IV. 43 mations of his pleasure every motion may be regulated, and every abode determined. Wherever Christ removes he still goes about doing good, publishing the gospel, and confirming it by the most amazing works jyô"' How well were these miracles suited 25 of power and of mercy. to awaken men's attention, and to convince their consciences of his Divine mission Well might his fame go over the "whole country : may it extend itself now to the remotest regions, that all the ends of the earth may look unto him and be saved ( Isa. xlv. 22,) while he displays a healing power over their spirits proportionable to that which he here exerted on their bodies !
their
'
SECT.
XXXVII.
Christ begins his sermons on the mount with the beatitudes and general exhortations to exemplary piety. Mat. V. 1 16.
A^^ ND. seeing the Jl see j Hg the vast multitudes which flocked wentîntoamouT- around him from all parts, thought it proper to intorm them more largely than he had hitherto done concerning the nature of his doctrine and the design of his appearance that he
V.
1.
Mat.
\.j?
esusr\
n * s circuit through Galilee, sect.

* xxvu
Mat>
v. 1
might correct those false notions of the Messiah's kingdom* which so generally prevailed,
might correct those false no- disciples in general, and to vast numbers of kingdom. In order people who, affected with the sight olio enter into the beauty of'this discourse it fame of Aw miracles, were now assembled is necessary to consider it as addressed not around him probably expecting that he merely to the apostles (who are not yet would immediately declare himself the chosen under that character,) but to his Messiah, and full of those false notions of
lie
That
lions of the Messiah's
~j
208
sect,
'
Christ begins his sermon on the mount.
*xxv
and which would prove so pernicious to those tain; and when hs there- as set his disc were " who went up governed bv kthem. i. He -iî- P les came unto r b j. that he might be n m tore to a mountain, Mat V. 1 the better heard by the cro -vds which surrounded him and when, according to the custom of the Jewish rabbies in their sermons, he was set down to teach them, they that were already his disciples, and others that were disposed to And receive information, came near to him. 2 And he opened 2 opening his month f with an air of great solemnity, to intimate the importance of what hismouth,andtaught them savin g> he was going to deliver, he taught them the most suitable and excellent lessons. And as happiness was the great end to which the wisest philosophers undertook to conduct their hearers, our Lord began his discourse with several weighty, though uncommon, remarks as to the surest method of obtaining
i"
>
.1
>
saying, 3 Blessed are the naturally congratulate the rich and the great; and expect, under the reign of" the Mes- P oor in "P"** for siah, to be advanced to wealth, and dignity, and power : but happy 6 are the poor in spirit ,e
it
:
You
his kingdom, which so generally prevailed, Mr. Blair, in his excellent discourses on this chapter, has shewn (I think beyond all others) how directly the beginning of this sermon is levelled against these prejuclices. He has also observed (as it is very necessary to do) what a beautiful correspondence there is between the characters blessings
ver. 20
note
c
a
seq. though many of the ; ments and expressions are the same
&
senti;
^see
on Luke
vi.
20. sect,
liii.)
Opening his motith.'] I do not take the expression of opening his mouth to be always a pleonasm; the manner in which it is used elsewhere may sufficiently prove the contrary; compare Judg. xi. 35,36;
;
;
described in these beatitudes, and the Job iii. 1 xxxiii. 2 and Acts viii. 35 x. 34. And thus the ancient Greek and Roconnected with them. b Went tip to a mountain.] It does not man writers used it, as Eisner proves, Obappear in what part of Galilee this moun- serv. Vol. I. p. 20, 21. d Happy.'] I have here used the word tain was situated and (if the cure of the leper, which Christ performed at his de- happy rather than blessed, as more exactly scending from it, was wrought in the con- answeringto /u*.x.x%tci, as the other does to fines of some other city, and not of Caper- iu\oy/u.ivot ; and I the rather chose to rendnaum) there is no reason to suppose, as er it thus because our Lord seems to inmost expositors do, that it was in the neigh- timate by it, not only that the dispositions bourhood of Capernaum ( see Mat. viii. here recommended would be the way to sect, xliv,) future blessedness, but that they would 1, 2 and note b on Luke v. 12 Mr. Maundrel says, that what is now call- immediately be attended with the truest ed The Mount of the Beatitudes is a little to happiness, and the most noble pleasures, e The poor in spirit.] the north of mount Tabor ( '/raw. p. 115 \) Though I cannot and if this be its true situation it must be think, with Mr. Joseph Mede (p. 25,) at some considerable distance from Caper- that this chiefly refers to a disposition to naum. I shall elsewhere give some hints part with their possessions for charitable purof the reasons which have led me to con- poses or confine it, with Grotius andBaxclude that this discourse was different from, ter, to a disposition to bear poverty with and previous to, that which Luke has resolution, submission, and cheerfulness -given us in the sixth chapter of his gospel, yet I doubt not but the latter of these is
; ; ;
; ;
Happy
theirs
is
are the penitent, the meek,
and the
righteous.
206
the
king-
douiuf heaven.
those humble souls that, deeply conscious of sect. their ignorance and guilt, can quietly resign to Divine teachings and Divine disposals, and ac- Mat
commodate themselves
to the loAvest circum- v. o stances which Providence shall appoint them ;
for howsoever they may be despised and trampled on bv men, theirs is the kingdom of heaven ; they will be most likely to embrace the gospel, and they alone will be entitled to its most important blessings for time and eternity. You admire the gay and jovial part of man- 4 4 Blessed are they that mourn for they kind, and please yourselves with the hopes of shall be comforted. oy and festivity but i say unto you, Happy are the men of a more serious temper, and especially they that now mourn under a penitent sense of their sins f for they shall ere long be comforted with the discoveries of God's forgiving love, and be cheered with the reviving rays of his everlasting favour. 5 Blessed are the You imagine that military courage and mar- 5
i
-
meek;
for they ahall
t ; ai
inherit the earth.
tQ be erecte(^ anci to ra i se stations in

it
:
exploits are to introduce the kingdom now men to distinguished
men who are
but I rather say, Happy are the meek and gentle under injuries and provocations, and are cautious in offering but patient in bearing them for they shall weather many a storm which would bear down the rugged and obstinate, and at length (as the Psalmist
;
expresses
earth,
it,
Psal. xxxvii. 11)
" shall inherit the
and delight themselves in the abundance of peace," which can only have its seat in such gentle bosoms.
Happy are they that, instead of desiring insa- 6 6 Blessed are they which do hunger and tiably the possessions of others, and endeavourthirst after rightg to obtain them by violence or deceit, eagerly hanger and thirst after righteousness,* and make
comprehended
in
that humility
which
is
here expressed by poverty of spirit; which is a temper that indeed is absolutely neeessary in order to our being cordially reconciled to the gospel method of salvation. 71&e?tAa*4Acur7!underapenitentsense of their sins, 3 It seems proper to restrain it within these limits, since there is a sorro-jo of the world which ends in death, 2 Cor. vii. 10; and though mournntg for the the calamities of life be often allowable aiul commendable, yet it is so natural an
and sometimes in its degree sn one can hardly suppose our Lord here pronounced a blessing upon it in such trcneral terms. B That hunger and thirst after righteousvcss.~] The very pious and judicious writer 1 mentioned above, in note a has taken
affection,
sinful, that
,
a great deal of pains to prove that these words are chiefly designed to recommend a /ore of justice toward:; our fellow creatures and is for rendering yo(\a.vSwiilitf, they shall be fed to </; full, while
;
210
SECT r
XXXV ;
:
Happy
it
are the merciful
and the pure
in heart.
all
Mat.
the delightful business of life to improve in eousness for they the branches of virtue and goodness ; for s,iau be filled. they shall never be disappointed in these pious
;
pursuits, but be abundantly satisfied with the righteousness they seek (compare Prov. xxi. 21,) and be competently supplied with every necessary inferior good. (See Mat. vi. 33.) 7 Far from training you up to delight in scenes of desolation and slaughter, I rather declare, Happy are the merciful and compassionate, that feel the sorrows of others as their own, and with tender sympathy hasten to relieve them for they shall obtain that mercy from God which the best and happiest of mankind need, and on which they continuallv and entirely depend. 8 Indulge not a thought of those licentious
gratifications
.
.
7 Blessed are the

for
"Jfljf'v!
'.
^
3
'
8 Blessed are tje

'
which are often mingled with ?? re n nheart ?* they s laH Se Gou.

J
'
victory and are accounted as the pleasures or happy are the men that not only the great abstain from these gross enormities, but are concerned that they may be pure in heart too, h avoiding every irregular desire and mortifying every unruly passion this resolute selfdenial shall be the source of nobler and more lasting pleasure for they shall see God/ and thus purified and refined shall enjoy him in his ordinances now, and dwell with him for ever in
: :
1
heaven.
are violent and rapacious as they had of possessing themselves of beauPsal. tiful captives in those wars by which they xxxiv. 10. But the phrase of hungering fancied that the Messiahs kingdom would and thirsting after righteousness must surely be raised and established. The large sebe expressive of much more then merely raglios of eastern princes and great men a steady care to treat all mankind equita- which, by a very mistaken taste, were rebly, and to avoid what would be injurious garded as matters of state and grandeur, and oppressive and we may rather under- gave too much countenance to such a wild standitas ajust and beautiful description of and extravagant notion but as the hint is a holy ardour of soul, in pursuit of the most at most but obliquely intimated, I thought eminent attainments in universal goodness, it convenient to touch upon it only in a very which will end in complete satisfaction, as transient and general manner, the necessary consequence of perfect hoFor they shall see God..] Eisner has illusliness in a future state. These different tr&tecl this text by shewing, that the Pagans views of the future blessedness sufficiently thought a good man might see their deities vindicate our Lord from the charge of tau- in some circumstances, when to the wicktology, though we should suppose (as, after ed they were invisible. ( Elsn. Observ. Vol. nil that Mr. Blair lias said to the contrary, I. p. 22, 23.) But this, in their theology, I think we must) that our Lord leads the might be intended to subserve some fraudminds of hisdisciplos upwards in almost ulent views from which the nature of Christcach of these beatitudes. ianityh most abhorrent. The remark, howh Happy air the pure in heart."] Mr. Blair ever, may in some degree shew how natusupposes thii may refer to the expectation ral the thought is in the words before us.
those
who
young lions,
may lad and suffer hunger;
Happy
9 Blessed are the
;
are the persecuted for righteousness sake.
211
I come not, as you may fondly suppose, to sect. XXXVI1 ca j y OU forward to the field of battle, or to teach l religion by the sword; but, on Mat to propagate !h7ehi\dre!rofGod y ou the contrary, I declare unto you, Happy are the v. 9 peacemakers, who not only avoid contention, but labour to extinguish it wherever it prevails for though mistaken men may ascribe such a
peacemakers
for
gentle disposition to cowardice and meanness of spirit, they shall have the honour to be called k the children o/the God of peace, and be owned
dear relation, as they resemble benevolence of their characters. 10 Blessed are they Instead of these pomps and pleasures, these which arepersecut- victories and triumphs (in expectation of which now be crowding around me,) my foiness sSeffoJSr's y ou ma Y ls the kingdom of lowers must prepare themselves for the severity heaven. of suffering but happy are they that are persecutedfor the sake of righteousness, and courageously endure the greatest extremities for the testimony of their consciences their richest treasure is beyond the reach of their most
by him
in that
him
in the
l(y
inveterate enemies for theirs is the kingdom of heaven, and they shall reign with God in everlasting glory. And, on these principles, happy are ye, my It Blessed are ye, when men shall "re- sincere disciples and faithful friends, when men vile you and perses /ia // injuriously reproach you, and persecute you+ J - , i ' cute you, and shall > ..* , , Ji i that is evil and aavalimannerofevil and shall falsely say every thing
;
scandalous of you for my sake, and because of your professed relation to me. Benotdiscour- 12 k exceeding glad; aged under all this load of infamy and oppresJSKSrfS p be 1 for great is your re- sion but rather rejoice, and triumphantly exult; ward in heaven for because your reward in heaven [will be~\ proporsp persecuted they tionably great and distinguished for this has in all ages been the portion and the proof of the
against you falsely, lor my sake.
most eminent saints and you particularly know from the sacred records, that it was thus they
;
persecuted the prophets of their
own
nation, "
1
of the God of peace.] So signification of the word r^^.xw^S-f, see Rom. xvi. 20 2 Cor. note f on Luke i. 14. p. 33. xiii. 11; Phil. iv. 9; and Heb. xiii. 20. m Thus they persecuted the prophets of their (Compare Ecclus. iv. 10.) To be called own nation.] This is abundantly evident God's children, signifies to be really so, and from the known histories of Moses, to have a right to that name conferred upon Samuel, David, Elijah. ELlisha, Jeremiah, See 2 Chron. xxxvi. us !>v a Divine adoption sec 1 John iii. 1 Ezekicl, Amos, t?c. AcTs vft 51, did John i. 12. 15,16; Mat. xxiii. 2935 Triuviphantly ejcult,'} Of the erophaUcaJ 5%> UsUau, 36, 37.
k
The
is
children
God
often called,
wd
212
sect,
* xxvii
Christ's disciples are the salt of the earth
and light of the world.
who
God to them and
rvere long before you the ambassadors from the prophets which ; as you nows hare in the trib- were before vou
-
Mat
13
ulation of those holy
men, you
shall ere
long
V. 12 share in their glory.
Let it be, in the meantime, your care to 13 Ye are the salt imitate their piety and zeal, as remembering of t,ie earth but *" a th 0St that you, mv disciples, are to be, as it were, the ?!^? J *ii! J ' savour, wherewith r salt oj the earth, the means of preventing or shall it be salted? It curing the growth of that corruption which >s thenceforth good
>
.
,1
TJ
prevails in it, and of seasoning men's minds for nothing but to be r ., ... cast out, and to be . with wisdom and grace but it would be most trodden under foot unhappy for yourselves, as well as for them, if of men. you should be destitute of those blessed principles for if the salt be grown insipid? with what can it possibly be seasoned? It is no farther of any avail or significancv at all but, as an useless thing, is left to be thrown out of doors and to be trampled on by men as the common dirt of the streets thus worthless and contemptible will you, mv disciples, be, even in the most eminent stations, if you lose your
.
'.
character for real and vital religion. And therefore, that this may not be the case 14 Ye are the light with you, consider the distinguished circumof the world. A city stances in which you are placed you are, like that ,s set on an hiu cannotbe hld the sun, to be the light of the world; and how conspicuous and bright should you appearunder that character Even a city that, like yonder town, is situated on a mountain, cannot be hid, but will attract men's eyes from a considerable Neither do men light so much as a 15 distance. Neither do men
14>
:
-
Mr. Le imitation, as we call a flat lifeless discourse n If the salt be grown insipid.] Clerc sinks the meaning of this noble pas- insipid. Compare Job vi. 6, and Col. iv. 6. o A city that, like yonder town, is situated sage very low, when he supposes our Lord only intends 1o compare his disciples to salt on a mountain."] Mr. Maundrel tells us ashes used in manuring the ground, (see that there is a city called Saphet, supposed Luke xiv. 34, 35.) That passage, in which to be the ancient Bethulia, which, standLivy calls Greece Sal Gentium, the salt of ing on a high hill, might easily be seen all the nations, on account of those intel- from the mountain on which Christ made and probably supposes he lectual improvements they learned from this discourse thence, might easily have suggested a might point to that here, as afterwards he much nobler sense, which the paraphrase did to the birds and the lilies: Mat. vi. 26 28. ( Maundr. Travels, p. 115.) Many expresses. The word /uuozyS-H has a peculiar beauty and strength here, and might writers have justly observed, thatow Lord, literally be rendered, if it be infatuated, or like Socrates, takes his similies from the grown foolish, alluding to the common fgure most obvious things, familiarly known to in which sense and spirit are expressed by his hearers, and often before their eyes, salt,- but I thought the metaphor too strong even while he was speaking; a thought to be literally retained in the version, and most largely illustrated by Sir Isaac Navtherefore contented myself with a distant ton on the Prophecies, p. 148, 149.
;
'
Reflections on the beatitudes pronounced by Christ,

light a candle,
213
put
it
sticWnd
and common lamp, and put it under a bushel, and sect. under a bush- conceal it there ; but they rather set it on a * "^ lveth light to all that are in the Mat stand and lt g'
5
fc
th
->
light' unto all that are in the house.

.
house.
How much
less
will
it
become you,
V. 15
have compared to the sun, p to hide or your rays ? On the contrary, let to suppress J j_ ,. ll 16 Let vour light / / i* i that hght rxay so slune be be your care j. * ?/ so shine before men, that they may see fore men, that they may continually see your your good works, good works in every circumstance and relation F of life ' and ma y thef eby be engaged to glorify ?n your Father who is in heaven; not only praising heaven. him for sending such a religion into the world, but also themselves embracing your faith, and imitating your holy example.
,
.
whom I
,
\ct
u^wMdfT
IMPROVEMENT.
What abundant reason have we to bless God that this large and edifying discourse of our blessed Redeemer is thus particularly recorded by the sacred historian. Let every one that hath
ears to hear attend to
it
;
Verse.
*
man spake as our Lord a posture of humble attention, that we may receive the law from his mouth. He opened it with blessings, repeated and most important 3-12 blessings. But on whom are they pronounced ? and whom are we taught to think the happiest of mankind ? The meek and the humble, the penitent and the merciful, the peaceful and the purey those that hunger and thirst after righteousness, those that labour, but faint not, under persecution I Blessed Jesus ! how different are thy maxims from those of the children of this world They call the proud happy, and admire the gay, the rich, the powerful, and the victorious. But let a vain world take its gaudy trifles, and dress up the foolish creatures that pursue them. May our souls share in that happiness which the Son of God came to recommend and to procure May we obtain mercy of the Lord ; may we be owned as his children; may we see his face ; and may we inherit his kingdom I With these enjoyments, and these hopes, we will cheerfully welcome the lowest or the most painful circumstances. Let us awaken and stir up our souls to the cultivation of those amiable virtues which are here recommended to our pursuit ; this humility and meekness, this penitent sense of sin, this ardent desire after righteousness, this compassion and purity, this
for surely never
in
here doth.
Let us
fix
our souls
How much
I
less will
it
become you,
beautiful
passage Mr.
Pierce has
weS
have compared to the sun, fcT'c.} shewn That this is the sense and spirit of this
whom
inliis fourth DisssrtatioJh
Vol. L
2 c
214
* xxv "
Christ proceeds, in his sermon on the mount,
sect, peacefulness
and fortitude of soul, and, in a word, this universal goodness which becomes us as we sustain the character of the
Verse sa ^ f the earth and the light of the world. Is there not reason to lament it, that we answer the character 13, 14 no more ? Is there not reason to cry out, with a good man in
former times,* u Blessed Jesus

or
either these are not thy words,

effec!
we
are not Christians
.'"
Oh, season our hearts more

;
tually with thy grace!
Pour
;
forth that Divine oil on our lamps
then shall the ancient honours of thy religion be revived and multitudes be awakened and animated by the lustre of it to glorify our Father in heaven*
shall the flame brighten
Then
Amen.
* Linacer.
SECT.
Our Lord
17
XXXVIII.
declares his purpose of establishing and vindicating the moral law, and enters on his divine exposition of it. Mat. V.
26.
SECT t.
xxx v,ii
JL ance might be more fully understood by -* l am come to e st y the multitudes that were now assembled around th e p hets ^Tam V. 17 him, he proceeded in his discourse and said, not come to destroy, Suppose not that I am come to dissolve that good- but to fulfil. lv fabric of holy precepts contained in the sacred writings of the laws, or the prophets ; for I solemnly assure you, That lam not come to dissolve, but rather to vindicate and illustrate, to
Mat. V. 17. nr^HATthe great design of ourLord's appear-
Mat. V. 17. r"pHINK not that
complete and adorn [them, 3 both by my example and discourses, as well as to answer the highest 18 ends of the ceremonial institutions. For verily 18 For verily I I say unto you, That as their original is Divine, say unto you, Till so that their honours shall be perpetual ;
-']
vindicate and illustrate, to complete all the heart, &c. and our neighbour as ourthem.~\ I was willing- to take the self (Mat. xxii. 37,) must surely compreword most extensive sense, hend all this. I shall only add, that Vitas comprehending- what Christ has done ring-a's interpretation of <nrxgo&', who supto answer the end of the ceremonial law, as poses it here to answer to the Chaldee well as to vindicate and enforce the moral.- Gemar, which signifies to paraphrase, yet by the connection it seems that the lat- illustrate, open, or explain, seems tome worand this phrase, thy of consideration. (Compare Rom. xv. ker was chiefly intended rarssrâixev*/ to iva.-)JiXtov, / have fully the law and the prophets, is used in this 19 sense, Mat. xxii. 40. It is strang-e that any explained the gospel; and Col. iv. 12; should have questioned whether the pre- 'Wi7r\>ipce/uivoi ev SiMi/ualt tk Qas, completely cepts of Moses required such spirituality of instructed in the will of God. J See Vitring, obedience as Christ here demands. That Observ. S(KT. lib. i, dissert, iii. cap. 5. 3. great command of loving the Lord Cod with
*
To
and adorn
<TO-A&><r*/ in its
to vindicate
and explain
the moral law,
215
heaven and earth till heaven and earth pass away, and the whole sect. *' pass, one jot or one visible frame of nature be disjointed, not one
tittle shall in no wise f /f/ s hall pass or perish from the lt pas3 from the law,-/ ,.,,,,,. i i r n h laxv, till all things which it requires or foretells v. 18 till all be fulfilled. Whoever therefore shullhim- 19 Whosoever shall be effected." 19
therefore shall break self transgress one of these least commandments

,
.
or violate one of the least of these which are contained therein ; commandments, and .1 ,, , , an(l especially, whoever shall teach other men shall teach men so, his licentious principles he shall be called the' so to do, whether by least in the kingdom or irregular example, he shall be accounted [one
.
of heaven: but who,, f leas t and. unworthiest members in the soever shall do, and J J , , c kingdom of heaven, or in the church ot the teach them, the same shall be called great Messiah; and shall soon be entirely cut off kinsd m f from it as unfit for so holy a society but whoheaven soever shall do them, and teach [them] with that
.
:"
advantage which nothing but the authority of a good example can give, he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven, and be treated with distinguished honour and favour in proportion
20 For
you,
shall
I
say unto to his zeal in so
That
except fore be tne care
Let this there- 20 good a cause. f a n t h a t hear me this day

*
->
righteousness of
êxceed^ thlfor ^ sa y unt0 V ou w * tn au tne solemnity that the so important an affair requires, That unless your scribes and Phari- righteousness abound far more than [that] which sees, ye shall in no apparent m the lives, or even required in the n * * r case enter into the kingdom of heaven, precepts, oj the scribes and rharisees, as highly as they are generally esteemed, ye shall be so far from making any illustrious figure, that ye shall not by any means enter into the kingdom of heaven? or be owned by the Son of man as
truly his subjects.
The word iuQ<t, when its sanctions are executed, as well as undoubtedly an- when its precepts are obeyed, d Apparent in the lives, or even required svvers to the Hebrew letter jod, whence the English word here used seems to be in the precepts (if the scribes and Pharisees."] derived, and which, being the teast letter As our Lord levels his following discourse, of their alphabet, might properly be used not so much against the corrupt lives of proverbially on this occasion. Kt^xix, which these Jewish teachers, as against their docwe render tittle, properly signifies one of trines, I conclude that the text chiefiy rethose little ornamental curvatures, or Jiour- ferstothe latter : yet since their lives were ishes, which, when Hebrew is elegantly yet worse than their maxims, it must cornwritten, are generally used at the begin- prchend the former. They seem, (so far ning and end of a letter, and sometimes at as we can judge by this sermon, ami other the corners too. 1 think it might well have scriptures J to have taught, that the precepts been rendered, not the least letter, or stroke, of the law extended only to the outward fcc. and so much the rather, as jot and tittle, actions that a zeal in the cerenwnial parts in English, signify much the same. of religion would excuse moral defects and c Till all things which it requires or fore- irregularities, and that some important tells shall he effected: a>c sty **/?* ynnTai.'] privileges were inseparably connected with The translation here given is most literal a descent from Abraham, is'c. e Ye shall not by any means enter into the and comprehensive. The law has its effect
b
One jot or one
tittle.']
which we render
jot,
216
sect.
l
Christ's exposition
of the sixth commandment.
to ex21 Ye have heard the law which that it was said by <* Mat these Pharisaical teachers have by their per^tlSf! V. 21 verse glosses, enervated and dishonoured; and and whosoever shall I will begin with the sixth commandment, kill, shall be in danTou have heard that it was said to the ancients* gerof the judgment: and particularly to your fathers at mount Sinai,
illustrate this, I will
" plain
To
now proceed
some of those precepts of
Thou shalt not kill.-z and you have been taught that the only design of it was to restrain men
from actual murder; and accordingly it has been added, That -whosoever shall unlawfully kill
another, shall be obnoxious
to
the judgment , h
and
be capitally punished in the common courts of 22 judicature. But I say unto you, That it was 22 But I say unto the design of God in this precept to prohibit you, That whosoextravagant passions and abusive language, as ? ver 1S an gry with well as the most fatal effects of them in destroy- a cause shall be in ing the lives of each other: so that whosoever danger of the judgand whososhall, xvithout just cause* be angry with his ment brother, so as secretly to wish him evil, shall be brother* Raca, shall obnoxious to the judgment, or shall be liable to a worse punishment from God than any that your common courts of judicature can inflict k and whosoever to his secret anger shall add oppro,
-'
brious
and
contemptuous
words;
or,
for
kingdom of
surprise
heaven."]
This must greatly beheaded;

if
this
was called
the
judgment
the proverb which has since prevailed were of so ancient a date-, for it has been commonly said by the Jews, that "if but two men were to enter into the kingdom of heaven one of them would be a Pharisee and the other
Christ's
hearers,
council, was the supreme Jewish court, consisting of seventy two, in which the highest crimes were tried, which they, and they alone, punished with stoning, which was thought a more terrible death than the former. See
but the sanhedrim, or
a scribe." You have heard that

t'
Grotius's excellent note

it
on this text, of
was said to the which the best commentaries upon it since ancients.] Thus are the words gg9;i tois him are little more than transcripts. (See unction, to be rendered see Grotius, and Bishop Hopkins's Works, p. 65, 66.) As murWhitby, in loc. der was undoubtedly a capital crime, Dr. s Thou shah not kill.] I might have rend- Lightfoot, and after him, Dr. Whitby ,must ered, Ov tpoviva-u^, Thou shalt not commit be mistaken in supposing that judgment
;
murder, as Dr.Scotthasveryproperlydone; but I chose to retain the words of the commandments as they are usually expressed among us, that it might at first hearing be more apparent to every reader, that what follows each is our Lord's commentary
npon
it.
h Shall be obnoxious to the judgment.]
To
understand this, and the following verse, it is necessary to observe, that the Jews had a common court of twenty three men, wherein capital sentences might be passed, on which a malefactor might be strangled or
here signifies punishment from Me immediate hand of God, as in a case which human laws would not reach. See Lightf. Hor. Hebr. and Whitby, on Mat. v. 22. l Without just cause.] Though ukh, without cause, be wanting in some old versiotis and manuscripts, the sense plainly implies it. See Dr. Whitby, in loc. k To a worse punishment from God, ijfc] That judgment must here signify punishmentfrom God, is plain, because this causeless anger might be so concealed in the heart as not to admit of conviction before men.
"
The punishment of causeless anger and reproach.
217
is, sect. be in danger of the instance, shall say to his brother, Raca, that xxxv " t but Thou worthless empty fellow, 1 shall be exposed the council
:
whosoever shall say,
Thou tool, shall be in clanger of hell lire,
toyet more terrible effects of the Divine resent- Mat J i.TL. ment, and be obnoxious to a yet severer punish- v. 2% ment, that will as far exceed the former as that inflicted by the sanhedrim^ which extends to stoning, does that which follows on the judgment of the inferior courts, which only have
, ,
power of the sword, but xvhosoever, in his unreasonable passion, shall presume to say unto
the
his brother,
Thou fool,
that
is,
Thou
graceless
wicked
impeaching his moral character, as well as reflecting on his intellecvillain, thereby
tual, shall be obnoxious to the
fre of hell, or to a future punishment more dreadful even than that of being burnt alive in the valley of Hinnom," from whence you borrow the name of
23
those infernal regions. Remember therefore to lay aside all your 23 Therefore, if thou bring thy gift animosities, and to live in peace and love, as
ever you would escape God's wrath and secure Without this your most expensive sacrifices would be so vain, that I must inculcate it on every one of you as a most necessary caution, If thou art bringing thy gift, however
his favour.
Raca, that is, thou worthless empty Drusius gives the most learned and accurate account of the etymology and import of this word, which seems
pretty exactly to answer to coxcomb in in our language. m Thou fool, that is, thou graceless wicked villain.] Mr. Blair thinks that
yuags,
sacrifices in
fellow.]
to
which children were burnt alive Molech (compare 2 Kings xxiii. 10 2

;
thou fool,
answers to
rakehell;
but that being only applied to a debauchee, seems too contracted. Wicked men axe. so often called fools in the Old Testament, especially in the writings of David and Solomon, that the appellation in the Jewish language, signifies not so much a weak thoughtless creature, as a man deliberately guilty of some heinous crime, or, in one word, a villain. On this account I cannot but think it wrong that avoOoi, Luke
xxiv. 25, or clqôv, 1 Cor. xv. 36, should, by so harsh a translation as ours, have been
confounded with such an infamous word

as this.
n
Chron. xxviii. 3 and Jer. xix. 2 5 xxxii. 35,) and was afterwards denied by Josiah, 2 Kings xxiii. 10, and made a receptacle for the filth of the city, where fires were kept continually burning to consume it: and it is probable that if any criminals were executed on the statute, Lev. xx. 14, or xxi. 9, this accursed and horrible place might be the spot of ground on which they were consumed. However that were, it seemed, both with regard to its former and latter state, a fit emblem of hell itself (see Isa. xxx. 33, and Jer. xix. 11 13,) which, in the Syriac language, takes its name from thence, and was commonly (see Lightf called Gehenna by tbc Jews Hor. Hebr. in loc. and Preface to his Harm. of the New Test. J It must here signify a degree offuture punishment, as much more dreadful than that incurred in the former
;
case, as burning alive was more terrible Hinnom.] than stoning for I apprehend tlie punishThough it is so well known to the learned, ment of each degree of anger and fury here I must beg leave to remind my English mentioned is to be referred to the invisible reader that the valley of Hinnom or Tuphet world, or else our Lord's words would not had been the scene of those detestable be generally true.
Burnt
alive in the valley of
.-
218
sect, costly
* XXV1 "
.
An
and
exhortation
to
peace and reconciliation,
free,
even
to
the very altar,
and there
to
the
altar,
and
has any just cause there remembcrest of [complaint] against thee, do not content thyMat V. 23 self with a secret, and it may be a treacherous purpose, that thou wilt hereafter accommodate the affair, but bring it to an immediate issue 24 And, leaving- thy gift there, in the hand of 24 Leave there those that are ministering before the altar, go thy gift before the away, and first make it thy care to be recon- altar ' and S j j *l l -./ ii r way, first be reconcilea to thy brother, by an acknowledgment of ciledtotby brother fault, and by a readiness to make him anv and then come and thy reasonable satisfaction; and then come and offer offer thy gift. thy gift,? which thou mayest then cheerfully hope God will accept at thine hands. And it will be prudence as well as humanity 25 Agree with 25 adversary to apply this advice to suits at law, if you are so thine whlist Ul0 unhappy as to be engaged in them: my counsel l" ? * P art in the way with ,i r then to each of you is, That thou shouldest hi m i est at any make it thine endeavour to come to a friendly time the adversaagreement xvith thine adversary* quickly, while T (! elivcr thee to J U thou art in the way going xvith him to a magise Oliver' the* ju lest the adversary should deliver thee to to the officer, and trate be tried before the judge ; and the judge decid- thou be cast int ing the cause against thee, deliver thee to the Pnson>
recollectest that thy brother
SSSSSSIl?
officer
of the court, to keep thee in custody
till
payment be made; and thou not having enough by thee to discharge an account inflamed with
26 be cast
so many additional articles of expense, shouldest into prison: Verily I say unto thee, Thy 2 6 Verily I sar antagonist, when he has got thee at such an ad- unto thee", Thou vantage, will be more rigorous in his demands shalt by no means than before and thou shalt not by any means come out thence, till come out from thence, till thou hast discharged
;
natural account of the matter, and adds a great illustration to this text; especially it was a. free will offering, which adds great when it is considered tli at our Lord supstrength to the sentence, beyond what it poses in this case not a trespass offer i?ig but would have had if the word~ had been a voluntary gift presented before the altar ; Sw<*is sacrifice. and yet declares that this will not be acV First be reconciled to thy brother, and cepted while there is a consciousness of then come and offer thy gift.] It is observ- having wronged a brother and not made him. able that Philo (de Sacrif p. 844,) explain- reparation. ing the law of the trespass offering, tells us, " That when a man had injured his brother, <J Come to a friendly agreement with thine
;
o If thou art bringing thy gift, however eostly and free.] A&>gov, a gift, implies that
and repenting of
acknowledged
it
his
fault,
voluntarily
adversary.']
The word
a.vlifix'
properly
which case both resti- signifies a person who is going to law with tution and sacrifice were required,) he was another. I have rendered irbt ivyomv, first to make restitution, and then to come come to a friendly agreement, because the into the temple presenting his sacrifice, and original seems to imply not only peace but asking pardon." This is a very just and a benevolence.
(in
Reflections on the strict regard due to the law.

thou hast paid the the very last farthing- of thy debt. uttermost farthing, if by impenitent wickedness thou
219
sect.
xxxviii
And surely,
makest thy-
self the prisoner of the will be yet
Divine justice, r thy case Mat

hopeless.
v. 26
more deplorable and
IMPROVEMENT.
Let us seriously consider and often recollect the purposes of 17 he came not to destroy the laxv and the Chrisfs appearance prophets, or to dissolve men's obligation to observe them but rather to enforce as well as to fulfil them. How fatally shall we pervert the purposes of his coming, if we regard him as the minister of sin ? How ungratefully shall we abuse the merciful constitution of his gospel should we take encouragement from thence to violate his law? Dangerous as well as ungrateful abuse For God's eye will be watchful over its honours, and indeed so that heaven and earth his hand exerted to maintain them shall pass away before it shall fail of its accomplishment in being 18 either obeyed or avenged on the impenitent sinner. May it be our constant care to keep it ourselves, and to teach others to observe it May we teach it by our lives as well as our lips ; and let our daily conversation demonstrate how practicable and 19 how amiable its precepts are So shall we be great in the kingdom of heaven, in the pursuit of which we may give full scope to the noblest ambition of which human nature is capable. Let our hearts own and feel the spiritual sense of God's law, 20 that we may rise to a more sincere and more extensive righteousness than that of the scribes and Pharisees. May we delight in it after the inward man, and learn to regulate our thoughts and our passions, as well as our external behaviour, by it Especially let us avoid all the malignant and ill natured 21,22 passions, all thoughts of rash and immoderate anger, all words of contumely and reproach. If we would maintain communion with the God of love, let love govern in our hearts ; and when we come to present our devotions to him, let us lift up Iwly hands 23 without wrath, as well as rvithout doubting (1 Tim. ii. 8,) so may we promise ourselves a gracious welcome so shall we carry
:
away
the most valuable blessings But are none of us strangers to this blessed state ? are none of us obnoxious to the Divine displeasure ? If we are so, with what
Popish manner of managing controversies, might seem surprising they should ever be urged in favour of purgatory. The vanity and inconsistency of it is well exposed by Bishop Burnet on the Articles, p. 169, and Limborch, Theolog. lib. vi.
it
* If thou makest thyself the prisoner of the Divine justice.] This thought is a natural reflection on what was said before; but it is rather intimated than expressed in ur Lord's words, which so naturally lead to the sense given in the paraphrase, that to those who are unacquainted with the
cap. 10. 22.
220
yxxvl "
Christ's exposition
of the seventh commandment.
should we labour to make up the con* an agreement, while we are yet in the way this awful adversary ! lest we be immediately hurried Verse Wl 25 before the tribunal of the righteous Judge of all the world, and be delivered into the hands of justice, to be reserved in everlasting chains beyond the possibility of redemption. Lord, we were all the debtors, and, in one sense, the prisoners 26 of thy justice and of ourselves we are most incapable, not only of paying the uttermost farthing, but even of discharging the least part of the debt We bless thee for that generous Surety who has undertaken and discharged it for us and by the price of whose atoning blood we are delivered from the chains of darkness y and are translated into the glorious liberty of thy children.
sect, a holy solicitude of soul
troversy and come
to
SECT.
Our Lord proceeds
contrary virtues.
XXXIX.
in his exposition of the laxv, strictly prohibiting unclcanness, divorce, contention, and revenge ; and urging the
Mat. V.
27, to the end.
Mat. V. 27. Mat. V. 27. proceeded in his sermon to the *V E liave beard X that 8 Yj time, J seventh commandment, and observed, Tou bv f them ot old !r Mat have otten heard that it was said to the ancients, Thou shalt not comV. 27 Thou shalt not commit adultery ; and that law mit adultery. has been explained as if it related only to the
SEC T 1X xxxix
-
TESUS
\-
But I say unto 28 But I say unto 28 grossest acts of uncleanness you, That it extends not only to unchaste actions you, That whosoand words, but even to looks and the very ever looketn " a woman to lust after , c r a thoughts ot the heart tor rvhosoever shall gaze her, hath committed on a zvoman* to lust after her, and thus cherish adultery with her and indulge the secret workings of irregular already in his heart, desire in his mind, has already committed that adultery xvith her in his heart h which this commandment was designed to forbid, and thereby rendered himself, in the sight of God, guilty of the breach of it.
: ,
.
Whosoever shall gaze on a
e flKtwuiv ywitLu.!L.~]
woman : iy.oiy?j<rw must extend to single as well a9 There are several other married persons but, on the animadver;
places
where the word
fixture*
signifies to
look on an object wit h great attention, or to Jix the eye upon it. See Mat. vii. 3 ; xviii. 10; Luke vii. 44; viii. 18 Acts i. 9; iii. 4 ; 1 Cor. iii. 10 ; x. 12 ; Phil. iii. 2 ; and
;
Rev.
b
xvii. 8.
Committed
it
heart.']
ered
adultery with her in his In the first edition I had rend- married woman, woidd be a limitation, I debauched her, because it is plain think, not to be justified,
sion of a learned friend, I am convinced that the spirit of our Lord's meaning 13 best expressed by retaining the word used in the seventh cow mandment, and giving the passage such a turn as I have now given it in the paraphrase, which does not at all limit the sense. But to render yuvnixa. a
The most
29 And if thy right
offend
thee,
beloved lusts are to be mortified.

will think
221
me severe in requiring you sect. mortify all the irregular propen- xxxix. >W of nature but you will find it, on the is profitable for thee, whole, as much for your interest as it is to part v 2 g that one of thy mem- with a gangrened member to prevent the death bers should perish, f the whole body ; yea indeed it is infinitely J J './ , . and not that thy . And if therefore, thy right eye more so. whole body should c be cast into hell. offend or ensnare thee, or any thing dear as thy right eye would be the necessary occasion of leading thee into sin, pluck it out with inexorable resolution, and cast it fax from thee with abhorrence \for it is advantageous to thee, that one ofthy members shouldperish, rather than thy whole body should be thrown into hell; which yet must be the fatal consequence of indulging the most Tea, if thy right hand offend 30 30 And ifthy right favourite lust. hand offend thee, cut or insnare thee,^ though it be so useful and cast it it off, and necessarv a part, do not spare it, but immedi1 . fromthee: for it is /. Kr> +- t r , +u c r ately cut it off, and cast ztjrom thee; tor I renew profitable for thee, bat one of thy mem- the declaration, That it is highly advantageous bers should perish, to thee, that any one of thy members should perish, raf her than thy whole body should be throxvn into wholebody should hell, e to be the companion of thy guilty soul be cast into hell. there in everlasting horror and misery. It has been said, (Deut. xxiv. 1,) Whoever 31 31 It hath been Whosoever xvou ld dismiss his wife, let him give her a writing said,
You
tet*
*ye
so
s trictly to
wife, let* h^rfve her a writing of di-
^ divorce: and
this precept,
which was indeed
intended to prevent the frequency of such dismissions, by making it so solemn and irrevocable a thing, has perversely been interpreted as a warrant for having recourse to it upon every
is
vorcement.
."52
you,
But such a practice But I say unto trifling occasion. That whoso- rectly contrary to the original design of
riage,
di- 32-
mar-
and highly injurious to the common good of mankind: / therefore think it necessary to restrain so dangerous a liberty, and say unto you,
known
It is well Offend or insnare thee.'] that this is the force of the word
r**i<Ti;(â',
which most
literally signifies
to be a stumbling block in a person's way, or an occasion of his fall; and so implies much
more than merely
to displease.
mention
this remark, obvious as it is, because the tense of so many texts depends on attend-
The greatest part of Christ's auditors were poor people who lived by their dailv lahour; and to these the loss of a right hand would be a much greater calamity thao that of a right eye : so that there is a gradation and force in this passage bejond what has generally been observed.
father than thy whole bodv should bt into hell.'] This plain!} implied the doctrine of a resurrection, though Cluit had not yet cxprcsid) taught it.
e
ing to it. See Rom. xi. 9 xiv. 13 xvi. 17; 1 Cor. viii. 13 Gal. v. 11
; ;
21
;
and thrown
Kev. ii. 14. A Jj thy right
hatid offend or insnare thee]
Vol.
I.
2d
222
Divorces only lawful in the case of whoredom.
sect. That xvhosoever shall dismiss his wife, except it ever shall put away x* xix be on the account of whoredom? causeth her, by h wlfe > saving for _____ y _ the cause ot iorni, -lii. a second carriage, to commit adultery, or at cation> causeth her Mat. V. 32 l east exposeth her to great clanger of doing it; to commit adultery and whoever shall marry her that is thus unlaw- and whosoever shall fully dismissed,* committeth adultery, since the reed, "onuîtteth bond of the former marriage does in the adultery. account of God remain undissolved. Again, you have heard that it was said to the 33 33 Again, ye have ancients (Lev. xix. 12 ; Deut. xxiii. 21,) Thou heard that it hath shalt not l perjure or forswear thyself, but _7j/f been said by them of J . old time, Thou shalt j.,. ,1 .7 j.r r T diligently perform unto the Lord thine oaths and no t forswear thyself, vows and this has been expounded as extend- but shalt perform ing merely to those oaths in which the name ""to the Lord thine s of God is expressly used, and only prohibiting the violation of such, but tolerating the use of them, even on slight occasions, so it be not in But I say unto 34 But I say unto 34 confirmation of a falsehood. Swear not at you, Swear not at all in your common discourse you ^ all neither bv nezivwith each other," even so much as by the e n'for it is' God's creatures either by heaven} for it is the throne throne Or by the 35 Nor bv * h e 35 of the glorious and holy God; __''__'_ _. _ earth, for it is his j j j u* earth, for it is under his dominion, and subject foots t ol neither by to him as his footstool ; or by Jerusalem, for it is Jerusalem, for it is
-
'
On
tlie
evident that
account of whoredom.] It is very tsroeytut, as here used, must
larly levelled at the
the Jews,
common practice of who reckoned swearing by the
have a more ambiguous and larger sense than the English word fornication, which generally answers to it; and must be understood here of adultery. s Shall marrry her that is unlawfully dismissed. ] Mr. Blair (in the third volume of his Sermons, p. Ill, 112,) explains this clause as intended to forbid women divorced for adultery to marry, which he thinks an additional punishment inflicted on persons guilty of so enormous a crime, and a wise provision for preventing bad women from committing adultery in hopes of opening their way to another more agreeable marriage. But I prefer the sense here given, because it makes this latter clause more correspondent to the former, and prevents the necessity of supposing /uoi^tum to be used in two different senses so near together. h Swear not at all in your common discourse with each other.] The opposition between this verse and the 37th limits the prohibition to this sense; and, waving that, it would be necessary to interpret it as a restrictive rather than an universal precept, and to consider it as more particu-
creatures to be far more excusable than swearing by the name of God, and made but little scruple of the frequent use of it. For that all swearing is not here condemned as a thing absolutely evil, is fully evident from other passages of scripture, and of necessity must be allowed to vindicate the conduct of Christ and his apostles. Compare Mark viii. 12 Mat. xxvi. 64 ; Rom. ix. 1 Gal. i. 20 ; 2 Cor. i. 18 ; and i. 9
; ; ;
Heb.
;
vi. 16.
Either by heaven.]
Though
allow,
with the learned Heinsius, that the words [* o/uca-an ga&'c may be rendered By no means swear, either by heaven, earth, or the
like
yet it will not follow that the wr ords only forbid swearing by creatures, since ver. 37 forbids whatever is more than yea So that it is absolutely necessary or nay. to have recourse to some other solution of this prohibition as well as of that in Jam. v. 12, where any other oath is forbidden; and nothing is more natural and easy than to Understand it in both places as a prohibition of the use of oaths in common conversation.
;
Common
swearing' must be carefully avoided.
223
of the Great King of Israel and of the sect. Kin?: universe Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, XXX1X 36 Neither shalt r Qr t/l0Uartso far from having an absolute now" thou swear by thy*' , i~ .. Mat the colour v 36 not make *u head, because thou er over it, that thou canst canst not make one of one hair of it white or black : so that these
the city of the Great the city
:
~~"
-
z.
hair white or black,
oaths by the creatures, if they have any sense at But I 37 37 But let your all, are an implicit appeal to God. communication be charge you to avoid the customary use of all Yea, yea Nay, nay h oaths, as well as of those in which the name tor whatsoever /* , , ,. , , , and let your conot God is directly expressed more than these, cometh of evil. versation be all plain and simple when you af; ;
firm say Yes, yes; and when you deny, No, no: for if you conduct yourselves as you ought, this will be sufficient to gain you credit; and you may be assured that whatever is more than these comethfrom the evil one, k who artfully contrives, by the habitual use of swearing even by the creatures, to lessen your reverence for the solemnity of an oath, and to lead you at length to take the name of God in vain, even by perjury itself. ^ u have heard that it has been said in the law 38 38 Ye have heard that it hath been (Deut. xix. 21,) An eye for an eye, and a tooth said, An eye for any^ or a tQOtn: an d tn is statute, which was only a y intended to direct judges as to the penalties to toot h be inflicted in case of violent and barbarous assaults, has been interpreted as encouraging a rigorous severe revenge of every injury a man But I say unto you, That 39 39 But I say unto might receive. you, That ye resist when you meet with ill usage in the world, you do not immediately set yourselves against the
injurious person 1 in a posture of hostile oppo-
Ek t the evil one.'] properly bear this version ; and some copies read hetCoKx, comethfrom the devil. I would observe that whether this version or the common one be admitted, the clause before us contains ademonstration that ver. 34 is to be explained with the limitation proposed ; for it is evident that oaths were in some cases not only allowed, but required by the Mosaic law ; (see Exod. xxii. 11; Lev. v. 1; Numb, v. 19, 21 and Deut. xxix. 12, 14.) So that if Christ's prohibition had here referred to sxuearing in solemn and judicial cases, he would in these words have charged the Divine tavi with establishing an immorality, which it is most absurd to suppose ; and I cannot but wonder that so obvious and decisive a thought should not
k Cometh
from
have been more insisted upon

troversy.
-
in this con.
rovxgs r/ will
Do
ous person.]
<crov;)ga>
not set yourselves against the injuriSo the phrase *v7/rv*< t
exactly be rendered; (comHad our Lord meant iii. 8.) to intimate that we should rather sutler ourselves to be murdered, and our families to be ruined, than resist the villain that attempts it, he would have laid down so strange a precept in the strongest terms: and it is very unreasonable to infer it from this passage, which speaks of so trifling' an injury as a slap on the face, or suing a man Ii it for the value of a ivaistcoat or cloak. be asked whether we are universally forbidden to resist on these occasions ? I answer we are ; unless we be in our consciences convinced, that in present cir.
may
pare 2 Tim.
224
sect, sition,
xxxix. evil
;
Injuries to be endured without revenge.
o'
and with a resolution to return evil for where the damage is not great, chuse rather to pass it by, though possibly it might on that account be repeated, than to enter into
but,
not evil but whenever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.
:
a rigorous prosecution of the offender. On these principles, if any man strike thee on thy m 40 right cheek, patiently turn the other to himalso. And if any one be resolved to sue thee at law, and take away thy vest, permit him to take thy n mantle too ; for the loss of both would be but a trifle in comparison of those vexations, snares, and expenses, which would probably attend the 41 continuance of the suit. And if any press thee to go with him one mile, obliging thee and thy carriages to attend him on a public account, rather go xvith him two more, than disturb the peace by a forcible opposition ; for in many such cases as these it will be more for your own comfort, as well as the credit of your profession, to submit than contend.
40
And
will
if
any
man
sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak
also.
41
And whosoev-
er shall compel thee to go a mile, g with him twain.
42
to
When thou seest any one in real necessity, and

hast
it
42 Give
that
to
hina
in the
power of thine hand

thee thy charity
to
p
;
him that asketh
do it, give and do not
asketh
thee
eumstances, to stand on our defence will he more for the public good and in those cases this particular precept is superseded by the general law of universal benevolence. But I apprehend these expressions intimate that, on the whole, it will generally be for the best to wave rigorous prosecutions on such slight occasions. m Turn the other to him also.'] This is a proverbial phrase, to express a. nyieek submission to injuries and affronts. See Isa. 1. 6 and Lam. iii. 30. n Thy mantle too."} Vest and mantle
;
;
know
it
has sometimes this
last significa-
tion, as
Lud. Cappellus urges. Press thee to go with him, lstc.~] The word press seems best to answer the original afynûu, which is well known to be derived from the name of those officers
more exactly answer
to
x^ m
an(l
'P^w
who were commissioned for this purpose by the Persian emperors when Judea was one of their provinces. See Drusius, in loc. (Compare Mat. xxvii. 32.) Among the J6ws the disciples of their wise men were excused from such services but Christ advises his disciples not to insist on that exemption. See Lightf. Hor. Hebr. in loc.
;
dress, under different names still retained See in Barbary, Egypt, and the Levant.
than coat and cloak (compare John xix. 23 and see Casaubon, in loc. J and are parts of
Dr. Shaiv's Travels, p. 289-^292. The mantle being much larger than the vest, must probably be more valuable and as it would be natural for a robber on the highway to take the outer garment first, I look on this manner of expressing it as a
;
P
ity,
Give
to
him
that asketh thee thy char-
ttilisvlt trt <T/<fK.]
Mr. Blair would

39.
refer this to
it,
ttrovxâ, in ver.
and render
g-ood
argument
for retaining our translation

it
of xg<9v*/, and rendering

rather than take
it in
sue thee at law,
a more general way as signifying to strive or contend; though I
person what he asketh thee; and has a very beautiful disit in that view course upon but it is plainand I think that, ly unnecessary to limit it on this interpretation, it would too much coincide with verse 44. In whateversense it be taken it must admit of some exceptions, or it will not only be inconsistent with such precepts as require us to take care of our families (as 1 Tim. v. 8,) but with natural justice and common sense. It is
Give
to the injurious
The gospel teaches us

and from him that turn
to love
our enemies.
225
away, with a severe denial, him that would sect. ** borrow of thee ; q for in some cases a seasonathee, gift. Mat> We loan may be as vai ua bl e a kindness as a By such condescensions and favours you v. 43 43 You liave heard that it hath been will generally gain the friendship of those with said, Thou shalt wnom you converse but if any should be so J love thv neighbour, i* u * :. :~ base > *. notwithstanding all, to persist in and haie thine cnesentiments ol using you ill, do not indulge to my revenge. I know you have heard that it was Thou shalt love thy neighsaid to our fathers, bour (Lev. xix. 18 ;) and from thence, though
would
of turn not thou
borrow
in direct contradiction to
many
other scriptures
45; Lev. xix. 17; and Prov. xxv. 21,) some have argued as if it had been added, Thou shalt hate thine enemy ; and the precepts for destroying the Canaanites (Deut. vii. 16, and the like,) have been abused tocounBut instead of 44 44 But I say unto tenance such an addition/ you, Loye your ene- favouring this pernicious maxim, I say unto you, r bless them mies, your enemies, and whatsoever you may do that curse vou, good to them that suffer by them, while you abhor their sinful
(Exod.
xxiii.
^
,
bate you,
and pray practices,
shew a concern for the true welfare of

I
%ZE*2? manner you and

persecute
;
curse you (whether by protane execrations in their common discourse, or by unjust anathemas in their ecclesiastical assem* blies,) be ready to do good to them that hate you ;
'Mr P*
***
<*
**
in the bi
f
""est
45 That ye may you,
and pray for the conversion of them that insult That you may thus 45 and persecute you :
s
amazing, therefore, that any who do not think, themselves obliged by the literal sense of this precept, to^/wor/e/n/tocvery idle importunate creature whatever he asks, should insist on a rigorous interprctation of the preceding passage, from ver. 34 to 41. 1 Do not turn away him that would borrow cf thee..] Tcv d-thovla. euro <rx <T:ty!r*<r9su pn *Tsr,*<pc, is thus most literally rendered. r The precepts for destroying the Canaanites have been abused, i!fc.~] These precepta were of a peculiar nature and that in particular, Deut. xxiii. 6, Thou shalt not
;
braced the Jewish religion (Ruth i. 16,) and the permission given to the Moabites
to live as tributaries tinder David after the conquest of their country (2 Sam. viii. 2,) were not at all inconsistent with this law. s That insult you ; jmg**sv7a>v tûstc-J As this word, according to the judgment of Erasmus, Beza, and several other able critics, is derived from Ague, the name of Mars, it may perhaps strictly answer to dragooning in our modern language but as it is plainly used by St. Peter to express abusive language (1 Pet. iii. 16,) I chose to render it insult, which may be applied either to injurious words or actions. To traduce does by no means express the force of the idea. Nor can I think, with the learncd Eisner (Vol.1, p. 30, 31,) that this clause is to be interpreted chiefly of mali:
for
sect their peace nor their prosperity all thy davs ever, relates to avoiding throughout all
generations any association with the Mowhich was an everlasting brand of abites infamy set upon them for the aflront which, in the matter ofPeor, they hadofleredto God cious prosecutions in judicial courts, himself, under whose conduct the Israel- though that be a sort of insult and pcrsecuites were. But though it forbids any nation, undoubtedly comprehended among tional alliance with them, it seems that the many others, and often expressed by the settlement of Ruth in Israel when she em- Greek words here uecd.
;
226
sect,
xxxix.
Christians are to imitate their heavenly Father.
~7
V. 45
46
47
48
approve yourselves to be the children of your be the children of heavenly Father,- for, with the most diffusive y our Father which kindness and beneficence, he causeth his sun to ke\?Ts%un to anse on the evil and on the good, and shozvereth rise on the evil and down rain on the just and the unjust; so that his on the good and e enemies share in his providential bounties, and ? entde 5 r just and on the unsubsist on his daily care. j us t. Let it be therefore your concern to imitate 46 For if ye love this extensive goodness for if you only love them which love them that love you, what rezvard have ye P or y u what reward what extraordinary praise can ye expect ? Do (^ pSSicS not even the most infamous and scandalous sin- the same ners, such as the very publicans, do the same P And if ye salute and embrace your brethren 47 And if ye saonly, z or those of the same sect, party, and in- lute y ur brethren terest, with yourselves what extraordinary J^f Jg^J thing do you practise more than the rest of man- Do not even tht kind, though your advantages are so much publicans so greater than theirs ? Do not even the heathens and publicans do so P And will not common humanity teach even the very worst of men civility to those that treat them with respect, and excite them to some sentiments of gratitude to their friends and benefactors ? You who stand in so near a relation to God as 48 g e ve there* my professed disciples, should far excel them :f ore perfect, even as be ye therefore, in these instances of undeserved your Father which ve 1S ^ er " and forfeited goodness," and in all other respects, fect as far as frail mortality will admit, perfect, even as your heavenly Father isperfect ;* whose name
>
-
^ ^V" ^
>
on/y.3
and embrace your brethren very imperfect we are to labour after a &a-7r*r>io-Qi alludes to the more complete resemblance to God, in custom of saluting by embracing. And loving enemies. Our l*ord therefore afterwhen Christ cautions against confining' -wards expressed it in a parallel discourse, their regards to brethren, he may perhaps by saying, Be ye merciful, as your Father obliquely glance butitisprobat those prejudices also is merciful, Luke vi. 36 which different sects had against each able he used a greater latitude of elremind us of our obligaother, and intimate that he would not have pression here, to his followers imbibe that narrow spirit, tions to imitate the Divine Being in all his Would to God the hint had been more at- moral perfections. * Perfect, even as your heavenly Father is tended to among the unhappy subdivisions into which his church has been crumbled; perfect.'] Many authorities are produced by and that we might at least advance so far Eisner, in his note on this text, to prove as cordially to embrace our brethren in not only that the heathens gave the epiChrist, of whatever party or denomination thet of tiKuoi, or perfect, to many of their
t
If ye
salute
The word
gods, especially the chief; but that some they are u In these instances of undeserved and of their writers describe clemency andgood* forfeited goodness.] The love to friends, ness to enemies, as a virtue by which mor* enjoined by the scribes and Pharisees, wa6 tals make the nearest approach to Divine
!
Refections on the love
we
should bear
to
our enemies.
227
you
will most effectually honour, and whose sect. favour you will most happily secure, by a care xxxix.
to imitate him to the utmost in all the moral (Compare Eph. iv. perfections of his nature.
31, 32
v. 1.)
IMPROVEMENT.
Alas how may we blush to call God our Father, while we verse resemble him so little And what reason is there, on a survey 43 of these directions of our Lord, to acknowledge our deficiencies and our faults Let us review the many advantages we enjoy as ^g Christians, and the engagements we are under in the particular circumstances in which Divine Providence has placed us and blush to think that we do so little more than others, perhaps, in many instances, falling short even of the virtues of heathens. Let us particularly be instructed by these lessons of our Divine 4345 Master to recompense good for evil: lessons which come with peculiar grace from his mouth, as he was himself the kindest friend to his most inveterate enemies, and bore and forgave more than any but himself could possibly do. Let us, who are his disciples, abhor contention and revenge. Let g g> us not prosecute every little injury to the utmost, nor govern ourselves by those false maxims of prudence and honour, which pride and selflove have introduced on the ruins of real Christ' ianity. Let us not, even in the most legal methods, seek the punishment of those who have wronged us, except in circumstances in which we are in our conscience persuaded it will, on the whole, be greater charity to animadvert on the offence than to pass it by and even then let us act in a calm and dispassionate manner, pitying and loving the persons of the injurious, even
!
! !
while, for the sake of society, we prosecute their crimes. If this be our duty towards our enemies, how inexcusable are ac we if we are cold and insensible to our friends ! And how much worse than publicans themselves, if we do not love them that love vs, and do good to those from whom we have received it. Happy
perfection. These words conclude Christ's excellent vindication of the law from the corrupt glosses of the Jewish teachers. I know it has been objected to it that, consideling the many figurative expressions used in it, we might as easily trace out the duties recommended by the light of reason alonc, as adjust the sense of such obscure and hyperbolical precepts. But if it were really so (which I cannot grant,) it is to be remembered, that the chief design of the
gospel is not to inform us what is justice, humanity, and charity, in particular cases (which a view of present circumstances can alone discover) but to awaken a regard to the known, though neglected.dictates of natural religion on these heads; and this may be most effectually done by such animated and sprightly exhortations as these,
especially whenconsidered as eomingfrom a Person whose authority and love concur to demand our attention and obedience.
228
Reflections on the mortification of oar dearest lusts.
sect, is that Christian to

xxxix.
'
whom the God of nature hath given a heart so turned to sentiments of benevolence that, in all these instances, love is a law unto itselfI Yet let us remember, that the whole of our duty is not comprehended in these social regards. The great Author of our being, who hath endowed us with rational faculties, justly requires that
we
assert their empire over the meaner powers of appetite and see that he forbids not only gross enormities, as passion. adultery (which, though so unaccountably spared by the laws of Christian countries, the heathens themselves have con2j 28 ttisuiy demned as a capital crime, and which some of the most barbarous nations have esteemed infamous,) but the unchastity of the eye, and of the heart. Let us then earnestly pray that God would create in us a clean heart, and renew a right spirit within us
We
29 (Psal. li. 10 ;) and let us maintain a most resolute guard over our senses and our thoughts, remembering that there is no other alternative, but that the dearest of our lusts must be mortified and subdued, or our whole persons be cast into hell. Elevate our affections, O Lord, to nobler objects than those 30 which are suited merely to animal nature Teach us to keep under the body, and bring it into subjection (l Cor. ix. 27,) that we may not finally be cast axvay from thy presence, and fall into that dreadful state where every drop of sinful pleasure will be recompensed with full vials of misery and despair
;
SECT.
Our Lord having
XL.
thus vindicated the Mosaic law, proceeds, in hi* divine discourse on the mount, to caution his disciples against vain, 18. glory in almsdeeds, prayer, andfasting. Mat. VI. 1
, EeT>
Mat. VI.
1.
Mat.
,
.
VI.
1.
xl.
'
Mat.
against vain glory, said unto them, Take heed, in general, that you practise not your righteousness, 9 or perform not any
fl \J
/"~\UR Lord proceeding

l
.
in his discourse to
.
THAKEheedthae
caution
them
A
^ma
ye do not your efore men>
some
As Practise not your righteousness.'} copies, <md very ancient versions read Stx*wruvM, righteousness, instead of tx^s5-uvv, almsdeeds, and several of the
a
;
the remaining' part of the section, in which the caution is branched out into the particular heads of alms, prayer, and fasting. (See Dr. Mill, in loc.J Nevertheless I fathers quote it so, I chuse, with Bezn, to by no means insist on the change but if follow that reading because it prevents it be admitted, I cannot acquiesce in the the appearance of a tautology in the fol- criticism of a learned friend, who would lowing words, and makes this verse a explain righteousness as here signifying general and very proper introduction to charity, ox liberality; because, though I aiy
:
Christ cautions his disciples against vain glory,
229
be seen of them: religious action, in an ostentatious manner be- sect. otherwise ye have foremen, making it your chief end to be viexved XL# no reward of your fhem . or otherxvise, if this d admired b 7 ." Father which is in , , Mat. . , caution be neglected, you will have no reward \\.\ heaven.
~
2
from your heavenly Father, who knows all the secret principles of your heart, and indispensably requires the greatest uprightness and sincerity there.
The caution is so important that I shall illus2 Therefore when thou doest thine trate it in various particulars. When therefore,
a^nfpef before
thee, as the hypocrites do, in the synagogues, and.in
they may have glory of "men: verily I say unto you, They have their reward.
3 But when thou doest alms, let not
what fright
doeth
for instance, thou perform est [thine] almsdeeds, do not, as it were, sound a trumpet before theey an d make proclamation to all around to induce t h em to ta k e no tice of it ; as it is customary for the hypocrites to do in the public assemblies, b and in the streets, that, acting their part as on an open theatre, then mau be applauded of'men who l r !o. l-u u r are the spectators 01 their liberality: verily I say unto you, That in this empty sound of human praise, they have their poor rexvard, d and must expect no acceptance and recompense But xvhen thou art doing [thine] 3 from God. alms, use the utmost privacy; and, if it be possible > not ' har! d kno what hand is doing, e when it is stretched out to these charitable purposes; and far from publishing it with vain affectation, conceal it, as far as
.
&
% *e
well aware it has that signification sometimes (I think not so often as some have supposed,) yet admitting it here would destroy that beantifid variety between this and the following verse, which I have endeavoured to illustrate in the paraphrase, and which makes it so proper an introduction to tins part of our Lord's sermon. b In the public assemblies.] It is certain that the word a-uva.yc^y may be taken in this extent and though it is most probable it may even here refer to religious assemblies, yet wc may recollect on this occasion that it is a known custom in the eastern nations to distribute alms when they are going to enter on public counsels. The phrase of sounding a trumpet before them seems only a figurative expression to represent their doing it in a noisy ostentatious way; as it is certain that to do a thing with the sound of a trumpet is sometimes used proverbially to express a public os;
theatrical
known
word; and vTrcxginti is well to signify players disguised (as the Grecian actors used to be) in masks ; not to
say th at the sounding a trumpet may allude music of the stage. I have endeavoured to express this in the phrases here used in the paraphrase. d They have their reward.] Sir Norton Knatchhull earnestly contends '.hat ann~ %x<n rov /uio-bov avlw ought to be endered they fall short of their reward: but the word nnt^m is plainly vised in the sense in which our translators take it, Luke vi. 24 Philand Philem. ver. 15 and it is ip. iv. 18 with peculiar propriety that human ap' plause is here called their reward, as being that which they chuse and seek. See Beza's elegant note on the words,
to the
'.
Let not thy

is
left
hand know what

is
thy right
said that the poor's chest stood on the right hand as they entertentation. See Eisner, in loc. ed the synagogues, to which some suppose c Acting their part as on an open thea- the words to allude. It is plainly a protre.] Erasmus and Beza very justly ob- verbial expression, of strict care to COiiccaJi serve that 3-fcxS)fet< in the. %xne before is a An action.
doing.]
It
hand
Vol.
I.
230
He
may
alms
ther
directs
them
to be secret in
prayer ,
4 That thine alms be in secret, th y Father , which seeth in se, i
be,
from thy nearest friends
That thine
may be performed in secret; and thy Fa- may who sees in secret, and knows every cir- arl4 J
01
r
1
your most retired actions, will cret 1UTlse if snan. himself be readv to honour and reward thee reward thee openly, another day, and that openly before the assemcumstance
bled world.
.-
...
And, again, when thou prayest (as, if thou my disciple indeed, thou often wilt,) thou J r ,y , ,. u j7 snalt not be as the hypocrites, who discover on all occasions the vanity of their hearts for even when performing their particular, and those that ought to be their secret, devotions, they love to pray standing- in the public assemblies in
art
,
.
5 Pr
And when
est . th u
thou
slialt
^be not u as mS m **
streets,
the k hvpo-
cr it es are , for they love to pray stand-
^
L say Thev
the
SVTia -
in
^
they
that
sight of numbers of people, and fixing them exactly to one constant hour, contrive to be catchJ ' . , ed, as it were, just at that sacred time; 1 not only in the common places of resort, but in the
. .
may be seen
venly
you,
of men: unto
have
I
their reward.
corners of the streets, where several ways meet; that they may thus be sure of being viewed by a great number of beholders but howsoever, upon this account, they may indeed be admired of men, as persons of singular piety, yet verily I say unto you, That in this admiration of those that observe them they have all their re:
ft
my disciple, whoever thou 5 But t^ ou when thou prayest, and dost not intend it as thou prayest,' enter a social exercise of devotion, withdraw from int0 th v c l se t, and hen thou hast sh the sight and intercourse of men, and enter into Y door, pray to tn y 1 i thy closet, or any other retired apartment; and thy Father which is having shut thy door, to prevent interruption, in secret and thy and exclude spectators, pray with a holy freedom of soul to thy Father zvho is with thee in secret; and thy Father, who always sees in secret as distinctly as in the most open scene of action, will regard these addresses with peculiar
ward.
art,
But thou, O
when
.7
it
chamber, wardrobe, warehouse, or any other and Mr. Blair piously separate place conjectures that Christ might use a-word. of such latitude that none might omit secret prayer for want of so convenient an apartment as they could wish to retire It will, I hope, be observed that into. many remarks of this kind proceed on a supposition that the Spirit of God directed the apostles in their writings to chuse /wider, No. 59. such Greek words as most exactly corresE Enter into thy closet, or any other retir- ponded to those in the Jewish language ed. apartment] T*pwv signifies closet, which Chjcist used.
;
f Contrive to be catched at that sacred time.] Thus the late pious and eloquent Mr. Grove explains and finely illustrates this text in his Discourse on Secret Prayer, p. 3, 4. It is plain this custom till prevails among the Mahometans; as Pfeiffer has rbserved, Theolog. Mohamrued. Oper. p. 848, 974; and Bohovius in his Turkish Liturgy, 1. See a remarkable illustration of it in Mr. Addison's Free-
and cautions them against vain

Father which seeth pleasure, as the
in s
repetitions*
231
these duties which were so entirely referred and pleasing him. But when you pray, do not use a vain midti7 But when ye pray, use not vain plicity ofxvords, h as it is usual for the heathens repetitions, as the h invocation G f their deities for they d heathen do; for r VL ,7777 j they think that they foolishly /72A met/ S/W/ 6c heard in their acito the views of honouring
*i .
wa
"^
t>
shall
rej.
h ea rt
pen
emotions of a pious and sincere an d will another day reward thee openly
shall be heard for their much speak-
Be 8 dresses to them for their speaking" much. not y e therefore in this respect like them, since 8 Be not ye there- vou are so much better instructed in the Divine fore like unto them nature than they, and cannot but know that your for your Father ravers are intended to affect your own hearts p
:
things Ve have need thait the y of, before ye ask to inform

,lim '
ma)
or
be
fit
to receive blessings,
and not
:
work upon the heart of God for
your heavenly Father is ready to bestow his blessings on you, and always knows xvhat you really want, even before you ask him ; which therefore should teach you to avoid whatever may look like prescribing to him, by too minute and repeated a detail of particulars.
Thus therefore pray ye, or to this effect at 9 After this manner therefore pray least, and in this plain, concise, and humble Our Father manner , if not in these very words: " Our ve:
iwJd
name
te
'S Father, who
art seated on a throne of glory in the highest heaven; while we bow before thine awful presence with the humblest reverence, we would nevertheless approach thee with a filial confidence, as our bountiful and compassionate Parent; uniting our supplications to thee with hearts full of brotherly love, and asking for each other the blessings we seek for would so remember our relaourselves. tion to thee as to be above all things concerned for thy glory ; and therefore make it our first petition, May thy illustrious name be sanctified! May the whole race of mankind, yea, the whole world of intelligent creatures, pay that dutiful veneration to thy Divine Majesty' which thy matchless perfections so
We
h
Iayi
Do not me a vain multiplicity of words, /W7oxo}.>i<j-7e.]Beza has well explained

word
;
de Syned.
lib.
i.
cap.
xii. p.
467,
& seq.J And
the etymology of the
and Dr.
it
Ham-
mond shews how

Kings
xviii.
applicable devotion of the Gentiles.
was to the (Compare 1
plain that the
26; and Acts xix. 34.) It is Jews were running into the same fault, if we may judge by their oldest Liturgies. (See Le Clerc, in he and Selden,
Dr. Wotton has illustrated the text so well, if it be considered as referring to them, that one could wish he had produced some better authorities than he has done for reading vx-oxe,'!*' rather than dvinoi. See Wot. Misc. Vol. I. p. 186 188. That dutiful veneration to thy Divine Majesty.] The name of God seemi a
232
XL
The prayer Christ taught
his disciples,
sect, justly require

-
And
more
_____
that thy kingdom,

.
Mat
Perfectly more VI. 10 li ^ e established with greater efficacy, be clearly discovered, and more resolutely pur!
!
ng amon S
.
which thou
for this purpose, may art now introducc

,i
10
c me
Thy kingdom
:
.
th y
wil1
,
be
it
m en,
come* may
done
,-,
in earth,
.
as
in
heavcn
sued May thy will, always wise and always gracious, be done, as in heaven, so like-wise upon earth ; and may we mortals be taught to regard it with a resignation, acquiescence, and obedience, 1 resembling that of the heavenly spirits And as for ourselves, Lord, Give us this 11 we would not seek the great things of life, day our daily bread we would not be anxious about its distant futurities, but humbly entreat thou wouldest open that bountiful hand on which we continually depend, and wouldest give us this day our daily bread, providing a competent supply for our present necessities, and teaching us to refer And 12 And forgive us 12 the rest to thy continual paternal care ! though we have in many respects been dis- our debts, as we forobedient and ungrateful children, yet we be- gwe our debtors. seech thee, most compassionate Father, to forgive us our offences, whereby we stand chargeable, as it were, in thy book, with debts which we can never clear yet do thou freely forgive them all, as we also desire to forgive our debtors, even all that have in any respect offended and injured us : yea, such pardon may we receive from thee, our God, as we are
!
phrase nearly answering to that of majesty when applied to an earthly sovereign as Mr. Blair has justly observed, Serin. Vol. IV. p. 42.
;
tainly to
rectly intended.
determine which was most diThere is a great deal of beauty and spirit in the interpretation
reasonable to believe this petition had a sense peculiar to the period in which it was prescribed, and that we under this perfect revelation of the gospel cannot properly use it precisely with the same meaning but so ex,1 S .. n .1 _._ * 7 tensive a phrase may nistly admit of other senses, at least by accommodation, as the Assembly's Catechism, with great proprietv, illustrates it; and I believe there are few who decline the use of this prayer on this account, who do not often use scripphrases with a much greater latitude, ture' r 1 Resignation, acquiescence, and obedience.] I have here joined their several expressions because I am not able cerperfectly come.-] It
is
:
.
More
which Mr. Addison gives of this SPeetat VoL IIL No 207

-
petition
'
'
j m "' da ., bnad ' *#" """- I can see no reason for changour reived *W_fc ,- and cannot l"^ but acquiesce in Mr Mede's remark that i7rns<rt@^ sismines, what is sufficient for ovu* " ^ * ,? P^nUupport and subsistence, as gsignifies aW<m*.- so that this petition is
.-.
,
-'
"^
i_
nearly paraMeltothatof Pjw.ptxx. 8 (S ee ' de This is P- 125.) f f a st excellent lesson to teach us, on the one hand moderation in our desires, and, on the other, an humble dependence on Divine Providence for the most necessary supplies, be our possessions or our abilities ever so great.
"
"^
A^,
The prayer Christ taught
his disciples.
n
23S
do not bring sect. 13 Ami lead us willing to impart to them XL not into temptation, us j n to circumstances of pressing temptation, but deliver us from should be vanqu Ishe(l and our j evil tor thine is the ? Mat. r must i_ y. .3 be kingdom, and the souls endangered by them ; but 11 power, and the glo- thus tried, do thou graciously rescue its from vy, for ever. Amen. not trif the evil one, that he t ^ e p 0wer
!
-
And
'
111
we
may
our sin and ruin These things we know that thou canst do for thy children, and we are humbly bold to hope thou wilt do them for us for thine is the kingdom of universal nature,? and the fulness of almighty power, and and to thee be the glory of infinite perfection
umph
in
the praise of
!
So ascribed for ever. Amen. may it be most sincerely and earnestly desire that thou mayest be glorified, and our petitions heard and accepted." Let this be the model of your prayers, for these are the most important blessings you can
all
We
let me particularly charge you to 14 the view and connection in which I {>asses, your heaven- , , the pardon of your Father will also h ave taught you to ask
14 For
if
ye for- ask.
And
give
men
their tres-
rem ember
.
,-
forgive you.
for if you forgive men their offences, your heavenly Father xvi 11 also forgive you, supposing that forgiveness to proceed from a truly religBut if you do not forgive men 15 But if ye for- ious principle give not men their their offences, but continue to cherish resenttrespasses, neither ment ^ and to see k reV enge, neither will that God whom you call your heavenly Father, own
sins
:
:
15'
n Such pardon as we are willing to imIt is hardly possible to part to them.] imagine a more effectual expedient to promote the forgiveness of injuries than this, of making it a part of our daily prayer to ask such pardon from God as we impart to our offending brother. For in this circumstance every malicious purpose against him would turn this petition into an imprecation, by which we should, as it were, bind down the wrath and vengeance of God upon ourselves. Rescue us from the evil one."] Pva-eti a/xac cfrro ts -arov>igi< may literally be rendered thus. For this signification of ttrovxp', see north, p. 201. P For thine is the kingdom, &c.J Though I am sensible there is some reason to doubt of the genuineness of this doxology, notwithstanding all that Mr. Jones (in his History of the Canon, Vol. I. p. 141, 142) has urged in its defence. (See Dr. Mill, in loc. and Mr. Hallet, in his Notts on Scripturc, Vol. I. p. 133, If seq.J Yet it is
certainly very ancient
and, as Bishop Hopkins, Mr. Blair, and other excellent writers, have well observed, so admirably suits and enforces every preceding petition, that I could not persuade myself to omit it. And I hope the learned reader will excuse me, if, in matters of moment, I sometimes seem over cautious of omitting some passages which are indeed wanting in many ancient manuscripts, and omitted by some celebrated commentators, ancient as well as modern. I apprehend I shall have done my part, in thus hinting at the doubt which learned men have entertained concerning them, where I conceive the reasons for such doubt to be considerable. For the word amen, as it signifies truth, see note K on John i. 51, p. 134. When added to the conclusion of our prayers it is intended to express the sincerity and earnestness with which we desire the blessing we ask, with some cheerfulness of hope, as to the success of our pcti;
tions.
234,
Of the
you
right management of religious fasting,

will your Father for-
sect,
XL
for his genuine offspring, and forgive you your offences; but by using the petition I have now been prescribing, you will in effect bind
give your trespasses.
VI
a curse upon yourselves. also apply the general advice I be- 16 Moreover, when not as the fore gave to fasting as well as to prayer ' and ve fast J ' ._ hypocrites, ot a sad , , f 16 would again exhort you, 1 hat zvhen you keep countenance for
15
down
I
would
'.
a privateâ^
often do,)
(as I conclude
my
disciples will they disfigure their
you be not like the hypocrites, going faces that they may about with a dejected melancholy face, and f^; verily Iây putting on a dismal air ; for upon these occa- unto you, They have
sions they emaciate, contract, and deform, their their reward. countenances? that by their sad and mournful
looks they may appear to men to fast, and may be esteemed as persons of unusual mortification and holiness verily I say unto you, That in this notice that is taken of them by their fellow creatures they have all their reivard, and But thou, V7 But thou, when 17 have not any to expect from God. O my disciple, when thou keepest such a fast, thou fastest, anoint n ,iea an(i and comest from thy devout retirement, dress ? wash ,, face thy r thyself just as thou dost at other times anoint thy head with oil, and wash thy face? instead of 18 That thou apfouling it with ashes That thou mayest not appear not unto men to 18 pear to men as one that fasteth, hut only to thy Father -who is in secret ; and thy Father who father which is in sees in secret, and observes what passes in re- secret, and thy Fatirement, as the surest test of men's true char- ther which seeth in
:
, ,
it
'
acters, will not fail to

.
'
thy genuine and unaffected devotion.
reward
,
thee openly for ff " " thee openly. .

'
,
cret sh a11
reward
IMPROVEMENT.
y er i
15,
Let
^Redeemer what is
us learn from these repeated admonitions of our blessed the only acceptable principle of every religious
1 Emaciate, contract, and deform their rendered it unnecessary for me to add any I know not any word in our tiling more on this or the following verse. language which exactly answers to r Anoint thy head with oil, and wash thy <t>av/is!r/in this connection. It is rendered corrupt in ver. 20 (compare Acts xiii. 41 face.] This was usual among the Jews, Heb. viii. 13; and James iv. 14,) and not only 2X feasts, but at other times cornproperly signifies to change, spoil, and con- pare Rutli iii. 3 2 Sam. xiv. 2 and Judith sume ; and is with peculiar elegance ap- xvi. 8. On the other hand dust and ashet plicable to such an alteration of the natural were often used in times of deep mourning, countenance as proceeded from their ema- or T^vhYic fasting, which must sadly deform dating themselves, and contracting their the countenance ; see 2 Sam. xiii. 19; Esth. faces into a dismal form. The learned iv. 1, 3 ; Isa. bri. 3 Dan. ix. 3; and author of Fortuita Sacra, p, 1322, has Jonah iii. 6.
countenances."]
;
Reflections on the practice
of religious
duties.
235
let
action ; namely, a desire to approve ourselves to God'm it : and sect. us particularly bring it into the instances in which it is here XL
-
recommended. e Our Lord takes it for granted that his disciples would be both both these branches of the ' Let us cultivate charitable and devout. Christian temper and avoid ostentation in both as remembering the day approaches when every one of us must be made manifest And, oh, in his true character before the tribunal of Christ. what discoveries will then be opened upon the world How many specious masks will be plucked off, that the hypocrite's character may appear in its native deformity And, on the other hand, how many secret acts of piety and benevolence, which have been industriously concealed from human observation, will then shine forth in all their glory, celebrated and rewarded by God himself 18 who sees in secret, and whose eye penetrates all the recesses of our houses and our hearts There may our praise and our portion be In the mean time let us with humble pleasure obey the call of our Divine Master, and be often addressing our heavenly Father in such language as
;
! !
e
fi
entering for secret exercise of devotion into ; our closet, and shutting our door, excluding (as far as possible) 6 every thought which would interrupt us in these sacred and happy moments. From thence let our prayers daily come before the throne like incense, and the lifting up of our hands be as the morning and the evening sacrifice. CPsal. cxli. 2. J Christ himself has condescended to teach us to pray. Atten- 9 13 tive to his precepts, animated by his example, and emboldened by his intercession, let us learn and practise the lesson. Shed abroad on our hearts, O Lord, thy Spirit of adoption, which may teach lis to cry, Abba, Father ! to draw nigh to thee with filial reverence and confidence, and with fraternal charity for each other, even for the whole family, to whom thou graciously ownInspire us with that zeal for thy glory which est the relation may render the honour of thy name, the prosperity of thy kingdom, and the accomplishment of thy will, far dearer to us than any interest of our own On thee may we maintain a cheerful dependence for our daily bread, and having food and raiment, be therewith content I (1 Tim. vi. 8,) most solicitously seeking the pardon of our past sins, and the influences of thy grace to preserve us from future temptations, or to secure us in them And may our sense of that need in which we stand of forgiveness 14,15 from thee, dispose us cordially to forgive each other, especially as thou hast wisely and graciously made this the necessary means of receiving our own pardon Our corrupted hearts are too little disposed for these sentiments but may God's almighty power produce and cherish them in us and while the comfort is ours may all the glory be his, through Jesus Christ our Lord !
1
he hath taught us
Amen.
236
Christ exhorts to lay up treasures in heaven.
SECT.
XLI.
Our Lord cautions his disciples against the love of the present xvorld, and urges a variety of lively and convincing arguments to dissuade them from anxiety about the morroxv. Mat. VI. 19,
to
the end.
SECT.
-
Mat.
VI 19
20
21
tioning you, my hearers, against that covet- -LJ yourselves treaous temper which' the Pharisees are so ready su,';!l "?u TSll where moth and rust j 1 / -ri itt to indulge (compare Luke xvi. 14 ; and Mat. doth corrupt, and xxiii. 14), and therefore add, Do not make it where thieves break your great care to lay up for yourselves treasures throu Sh mid steal* here on earth, where so many accidents may deprive you of them xvhere the moth, for instance, may spoil your finest garments, and a devouring canker may consume your corn, or may corrupt the very metals you have hoarded a and xvhere thieves may dig through the strongest walls that you have raised about them, and may steal them away. But build 20 But lay up for your happiness on a nobler and more certain yourselves treasures where foundation, and. store up for yourselves treas- m heaven ures in heaven, where none of these accidents dotf^ corrupt and can happen xvhere neither moth nor canker can where thieves do hot consume them, and xvhere thieves cannot break break through, nor s e in, nor steal them away but the arms of Everlasting Power and Love shall secure you from every calamity and invasion. The influence which this advice will have 21 For where your on your whole conduct should engage you to tleasure ls there attend more diligently to it for xvhere that ^ SQ * which you account your chief treasure is, there will your heart also be, and thither will the tendency and series of your actions be referred.
WOULD also take this opportunity of cau-
Mat. VI.
19.
Mat vl 19> T ay not up for

.
'
>
a Canker may consume your corn, or cormpt the very metals you have hoarded.] The word /2gao-;c is by some translated
thieves ;
rust,
bable, as a different
which may seem the more proword ioc, is used for Jam. v. 3. But as fi^mo-ic properly
smut or iveavel, and is supposed to signify signifies any thing that eats into another any little insect that gets into corn and eats substance, I rather chose to render it canMr. Blair seems to understand it so, ker, which has much the same ambiguity it. and thinks our Lord here refers to clothes, and to paraphrase it in a manner including" grain, and gold, as the chief treasures re- bvtli the jenges, sjpectivety obnoxious %omvth, smut, and
There
22 The light of the body is the eve thine if therefore
:
is
no serving God and
mammon.
237
See therefore that you form a right judgment sect. on s0 important an article, and do not over- XLI *" the ld an d its enjoyments. For as Me eve be single, thy . Mat. / j therejore, whole body; and */ whole body shall be eye is the lamp of the VL22 b and free full of light. on the one hand, if thine eye be dear , from any vitiating humour, thy -whole bodywill be full of light ; But, on the other hand, if thine 23 9 f e distempered, thy whole body will be full of eye be evil, thy whole body shall be darkness : so it is with respect to the practical if full of darkness judgment you form as to the worth of earthly U d ênly enjoyments. If therefore the. Aee darkness, how great light that is in thee be darkness, how great is is that darkness that darkness ! and if the maxims you lay down to yourselves are wrong, how very erroneous must your conduct be And do not impose upon yourselves so far as 24. 24 No man can serve two masters to imagine that your hearts can be equally dijbr either lie will v jd ec| between heaven and earth for as no man,
^
.
117/
^*
"In
t
!
hate the one, and or love the other else he will hold to the one, and despise
;
masters whose interests and cornmands are directly contrary to each other ; but j// quickly appear either comparatively to hate love the other; or, by degrees, at the one not serve' God!! least, will grow weary of so disagreeable a sitmammon. uation, so as to adhere entirely to the one, and
can
se}"ve trcvo
->
will find
quite neglect and abandon the other : so you you cannot at the same time serve God and mammo?i, c that unworthy idol to which so many are devoting their hearts and their pursuits.
25'
25 Therefore I say unto you, lake
'
And I would charge you therefore to take heed that your affections be not engaged in a service so inconsistent with religion and true happiness and in particular, I say unto you, 6
-
If
thine eye be clear, &.c.]
Some com- ous and with more evident

plied to the eye
:
propriety ap-
mentalors have explained this as if our Lord intended here to urge the practice of liberality, as what would have a great infliience on the whole of a man's character and conduct and suppose it illustrated by all those passages where an evil eye signifies a grudging temper, and a good 'eye a bountiful disposition (compare Deut. xv. xxviii. 22 9; Prov. xxiii. 6 and xxii. 9. Hebr.J and also by those texts in which simplicity is put for liberality, (Rom. and 2 Cor. viii. 2 ix. 11 13. Gr.J xii. 8
,
opposed to an eye overgrown with aflm, which would obit
is
struct the sight.

c
God and mammon."]
Mammon
is
See Hammond, Whitby, Enfant, and Beausobre, in loc. But the sense given above appears most natural as well as most extensive. 1 have rendered aTrkx; clear, rather than single, as less ambigu-
Syriac word for riches, which our Lord beautifully represents as a person whom the folly of men had deified. It is well known the Greeks had a fictitious god of wealth ; but I cannot find that he waa ever directly worshipped in Syria under the name of mammon. d Therefore I say unto you, See] A late writer, who takes upon him, by the strength of his own reason, to reject at pleasure what the apostles believed and taught, strangely complains of a want ot connection between this and Uie preceding
Vol.
I.
2 F
238
Anxious care
is
unreasonable and useless.
you shall drink, when your present stock of pro- drink nor yet for v i s ons is gone nor xvith respect to your body, your body, what ye VI.25 what you shall put on when the garments you shall put on. Is not the life more than have are worn out. Is not life a better and meat, and the body more valuable gift than food, and the body than than raiment raifnent ? And if it be, why should you not trust that almighty and gracious Being who formed your bodies and inspired them with life, to maintain the work of his own hands ? You may surely do it when you reflect on 26 Behold the 26 his care of the inferior creatures. Look on the fowls of the air for they sow not, neibirds of the air, for instance, that are now flying ther do they reap, f around you for though they are gay and nor gather into
;
sect. Be not distressed with anxious cares about your no thought for your XLI subsistence in life, what ye shall life? xvhat you shall eat, and what
-
eat, or
what ye
shall
cheerful to a proverb, yet do they neither sow nor reap : nor do they, like some other animals, gather a stock of food into hoards, to lay up for winter ; and yet the rich providence of your heavenly Father plentifully feedeth them ; and are not you, his children, much more valuable in his sight than they ? as well as much better furnished with means of providing for yourselves ?s then should you at any time suspect his care ? And after all, this immoderate 07 carefulness is useless, as well as unnecessary j
barns yet your Father heavenly are feedeth them not ye much better than they ?
;
:
Why
27 Which of yon
But can there be any better reason verse. assigned against immoderate anxiety than this, that such a subjection to mammon as this expresses is utterly inconsistent with the love and service of God e Be not anxious about your subsistence in It is certain that the word /^/^vaa life.~\ generally signifies ah excessive anxiety (see Luke x. 41 xii. 11 and Phil. xxi. 34 iv. 6 and indeed almost every other place where it is used ;) which is agreeable to the derivation of it. There is no need therefore to say (as archbishop Tillotson, Vol. II. p. 255, and Dr. Clarke, in his Servnons, Vol. III. p. 116, 1st seq. do) that our Lord only addresses this to his apostles, who were to cast themselves on an extraordinary Providence, without being- any wise concerned themselves for their support. Mr. Blair has well proved the contrary at large in his excellent Appendix to his fourth Sermon, Vol. I. p. 55, is" seq. and it is easy to observe that the arguments our Lord urges contain nothing peculiar to their case, but are built on considerations
I
; ;
iv.
35, 36
and 1 Pet. v. 7 as also Luke xxii. and Acts xx. 34 from whence it
; ;
;
appears that the apostles themselves were not entirely to neglect a prudent care for their own subsistence in dependence on miraculous provisions.
f
The
birds of the air
now
flying
around
you.] It is not so proper to render <t*rt]uvx fowls, as that word generally signifies the larger kind of birds, and especially those under the care of men. For mentioning the birds, as then in their sight, see the latter part of note on Mat. v. 14. p. 212.
they, as
% Are you not much more valuable than well as much better furnished with
for yourselves ?]
means of providing
v/uu; [aclkkov
<T/=if 5gs7s
Ovx.
Tav, may be renderthe advantage
ed,
them ?
Have not you greatly which may refer
to
of men's being
:
capable of sowing, reaping, and gathering into barns, which the birds are not and. though I rather prefer the former sense, I
Applicable to all Christi-ans
thought it notimproper to liint at the other,as I have done in many other places where compare Phil. such ambiguities have occurred.
and unbecoming
by
the character
of the children of God.
239
talcing thought for which ofyou can, by [all his] anxiety, add to sect. can add one cubit /,f,9 age or vigour so much as one cubit, or even XLT ~~ unto his stature sman est measure or moment beyond what
?
11
Nay, it is much more prob? you should rather impair than strengthen your constitution by indulging such a temper, which sometimes brings on grey hairs and
God
shall appoint
vi.27
able
death before their time.
And as for raiment why are ye anxious [about JS And why take ye thought for rai- that?] Observe not only the animal, but what ment Consider the vegetable part of the
?
28
lilies
ot
the
field,
t
.
mucn
;
lower, the
,
r.
how
they
:
grow
creation
and
particularly, consider there the
they toil hot, neither lilies of the field, how they grow ; they toil not do they spm t0 p re pare the materials of their covering, nor
Tet I say do they spin or weave them into garments 29 unto you, That even / saij un f ijou, That even the magnificent Solo-
And
yet
29
when gfofog on g throne of ivory and gold (l Kings x. 18,) was not arrayed in garments of so pure a white, 1 and of such curious workmanship, as one of And if God 30 30 Wherefore, if these lilies presents to your view. God so clothe the so clothe the grass of the field, and shelters and grass of the field, a( l rns the flower that grows wild amongst it, **** is[flourishing] today and perhaps^,-to the oven, shall he row is throxvn into the jurnace or the still, [will
,
Solomon
in
all
his
clorv wus not nrrjived like one of these,
^^
11
SS^&ttl
he] not
much more
[clothe] you, his servants,
and
h Can add to Jus age.] It is well known that this is frequently the signification of the word k>/x/2 ; there being many places where it is evident that it is used for age (as John ix. 21, 23 ; and Heb. xi. 11,) and certainly it makes the best sense here ; for it is seldom found that persons are solicit-
may refer to the fragraney of those flowers, rather titan their hue. k Shelters and adorns the flower.] The
that text
word
*fA<piirivfiv,
which we render
clothe,
ous about growing a cubit taller. I confess a cubit of age is not a common plirase among us, though an inch qftimebe sometimes used and in this view, bad I rendered cubit by moment, as a learned friend who remarked on this passage advised, it woold have been very justifiable. Was not arrayed in garments of so pure a white.] As the eastern princes were often clothed in white robes, and they. were generally counted a magnificent apparel (compare Esth. viii. 15; and Dan. vii. 9,) I
;
i
think it more natural to explain the words thus (as Calmet does In his Dissert. Vol. II. p. 230,) than to suppose with Ray (on the Creation, P- 107) that xf/v* signified tulips of various colours, or a purptc kind of lily. Some have indeed quoted Cant. v. 13, in support of the last interpretation but context.
;
properly expresses the putting on a com plete dress that surrounds the body on all and is used with peculiar beauty sides for that elegant yet strong external membranc, which (like the skin in the human body) at once adorns the tender structure of the vegetable, and likewise guards it from the injuries of the weather. Every nnicroscope in which a flower is viewed affords a lively comment on this text. 1 Is thrown into the furnace or the still.] I apprehend that this may be as properly the signification of the word xx/*vo as oven, and that the sense will thus appear to be more easy for it can hardly be supposed thatgrass or flowers should be thrown into the oven, the day after they are cut down; unless it was the custom to heat their ovens with neu hay, which seems not very natural. Eisner indeed renders ytfl&i stubble; but that seems not to suit the
; ;
240
sect, his
We
-
should seek first the kingdom of God.

not much more clothe y.u y e of litUe
?
XLI
~~
children, ye of little faith? that you should be so diffident as to distrust his care, or in the least to doubt it
.
VL30
Be not V e therefore any more distracted and 31 The refore take 31 torn in pieces (as it were) with anxious and unno thought, saying-, believing thoughts, saying, What shall roe eat, what sha11 we eat shaU or what shall zve drink P How is it we shall be f, *** drink? or wnere. r provided lor, or what shall rue xuear, the re- w ithall shall we be 32 mainder of our lives? (For it is really be- clothed? 32 ( F or af er al1 neath your character as mv disciples, thus to } J these things do the , , distress yourselves on this account the heathen, Gentiles seek :) for who are strangers to the promises of God's your heavenly Facovenant, and to the hopes of his glory, do ther knqweth that indeed seek after all these things ; and it is no theseTlun^s wonder that their minds are taken up with them but you have greater business to employ you, and higher hopes to animate and encourage you ;) for you may be assured that as your heavenly Father knorvs that you need all these things while you dwell in the body, he will not fail to provide them for you. 33 But I exhort you that you turn your cares 33 But ye into a nobler channel, and seek, in the first first the kingdom of place, and with the greatest earnestness and God > an(1 nis rightconcern, the kingdom of God and his righteousbe ness ; m labouring to secure an interest in the added unto you. promises of the gospel yourselves, and to promote its reception among others, that by submitting to the righteousness of God you maybe thus accepted as righteous before him in that you will be sure of success and as for all these little things of which I have now been speaking, they shall be added to you over and above* and, as it were, thrown in amidst a crowd of far 34 more valuable blessings. And therefore, while 34 Take therefore you faithfully attend to this, be not anxious even no thought for the
?
,
m
.
j.^^
g^
SSgsi
ness.~]
n Added over and above.'] This seems to be The kingdom of God, and his righteousBy righteousness Dr. Sykes here un- the exact import of the word rtz-gos^^Ws?*/* derstands the Messiah; the righteous than which expression nothing could have Branch who was to rule in righteousness, been more proper for these temporal blesand in whose days the righteous ivere to sings are by no means essential to the flourish, (see Dr. Sykes on Christianity, p. stipulations of the covenant of grace, 35,36:) But it seems more natural to in- but are entirely to be referred to the terpret it of that way of becoming righteous Divine g-ood pleasure to add or witliwhich the gospel proposes, and which St. hold as God shall see fit. Compare 1 Paul, by a phrase exactly equivalent to Kings iii. 11 13.
n
;
this,
calls the righteousness
of God.
iii.
Com-
pare
Rom.
x.
and
Phil.
9.
Reflections on the prohibiten of anxiety.
241
morrow;
for
morrow
thought
shall
providence which hath taken care of you sat- . Mat. thinsrs ot itself , ,, new supplies, and sug- VI34| fieient unto the day formerly shall send in the evil tliereof. gest new expedients, as new necessities and
h
:
for
the for the morrow, and much less for future years : sect. take fy r indeed the morrow shall provide for itself; XLI the
require them: and, in the mean for anticipate future trials without such an addition, sufficient for the present day [is] the evil of it, and it is well if you have wisdom and grace proportionable even to
difficulties
time,
you need not
that.
IMPROVEMENT.
kind are these precepts of our blessed Redeemer/ the Verse Let 34 substance of which is indeed but this, Do thyself no harm. us not be so ungrateful to him, and so injurious to ourselves, as to harass and oppress our minds with that burden of anxiety 31, 32 which he has so graciously taken off. Every verse and clause we have been reading speaks at once to the understanding and will not therefore indulge these unnecessary, the heart. these useless, these mischievous cares; we will not borrow the anxieties and distresses of the morrow to aggravate those of the present day: but rather will we cheerfully repose ourselves on 34 that heavenly Father who knoxvs that zve need these things, and has given us life, which is more than meat ; and the body, which is more than raiment; and thus instructed in the philosophy of 25 our heavenly Master will learn a lesson of faith and cheerfulness 26, 28 from every bird of the air; and every flower of the field. Let the Gentiles that know not God perplex their minds with unworthy suspicions, or bow them down to the ignoble servitude of mammon, that base rival of our living Jehovah : but we, 24 far from desiring to share our hearts and our services between txvo such contrary masters, will cheerfully devote them to him whose right to them is so infinitely beyond all room for any contest. Let us take heed and bexvare of covetousness, and make it our business not to hoard up earthly and corruptible treasures, 19, 29 but first seek the kingdom of God, and his righteousness: so shall other things be added for present subsistence ; and so shall we 33 lay up in store an incorruptible treasure in heaven, in which we shall be rich and happy when the riches of this world are consumed with their owners, and the whole fashion of it is passed away. While these divine maxims are spreading their light about us, 22, 23 let our eye be clear to behold them, and our heart open to receive them and let us cautiously guard against those deceitful principles of action which would give a wrong bias to all our pursuits, and turn the light which is in us into a fajal and incurable darkness.
How
We
243
Christ cautions them against rash judgment.
SECT.
Our Lord proceeds
XLII.
in his discourse to caution his disciples against rash judgment, and to exhort them to impartiality, prudence, prayer, and resolution; andxvarns them against seducers. Mat.
VII. 120.
MAT.
sect
VII.
1.
a very censori- JUDGE not, that not J^' ?e be , the scribes and Pharisees, xlh! *who are in the highest esteem for the strictness Mat. of their lives, place a great part of their own VIl.l religion in condemning others a but see to it that you do not judge those about you in this rigorous and severe manner, nor pass such unnecessary or uncharitable censures upon them, that you may not yourselves be judged with the 2 like severity. For in this respect you will find, 2 For witll wnat that according to the judgment xvith which you judgment ye judge, judge others, you shall be judged; and by that y e sha11 be judged very measure that ye mete to them, it shall be rl^l^-?Tn ' > lire \e mete, it shall ... measured back to you : God and man will make be measured to you great allowances to the character of the candid again, and benevolent ; but they must expect "judgment without mercy who have shewed no mercy ;" nor can they deny the equity of such treatment. (Jam. ii. 13.) The caution I have mentioned is more appa- 3 And why be3 rently necessary, considering how prone men holdest thou the th at is in th v are to be partial to themselves but why dost *? brothers eve, but. 1 ., m ithou, whoever thou art, look at that little m- considerest 'not the firmity which is but like a mote in thy brother's beam that is in thine eye, while thou observest not the much greater own e i e fault which is like a beam in thine oxvn eyeP b
live in
"V^^"' m y disciples, ous age, and
Mat.
vii.
l.
a Place a great part of their own religion in condemning others.] Though Christ does not so directly level his discourse against the Pharisees in this chapter as in the two foregoing, lie seems to glance upon them in this and other expressions which he usesin it. That they were very culpable on this head appears from such
that this expression, as well as that in ver. The 2. was a proverb among the Jews. word xft@J , which we render mote, is
passages as Luke xviii. 914. xvi. 14, 15; aid John vau, 47 4-9. (Compare Isa.lxv. 5.) Their unjust censures of Christ are the
strongest instances of it that can be conceived. b Look at a mote in thy brothers eye, while
thou observest not the
beam
in thine
own
eve.]
well explained by Hesychius, who tells us signifies a little splinter of wood (though others understand it of a small seed; ) and tints it is opposed tofoKov, a large beam, witli great propriety. But as it is impossible that such a tiling as a beam of wood should be lodged in the eye, I am ready to imagine that these words might signify different kinds of distempers to which that tender part is subject; the former of which might be no more, in comparison of the latter, than a grain or splinter to a
it
Dr.Liginfwt ( Hor.Ucbr.
in loe.j
has shev 11 beam-
He
4 Or how
exhorts them
to
prudence in giving reproof*,

to
243
wilt
Or
horv canst thou say
thy brother, with any sect.
thou say to thy hro- appearance of justice, or any degree of assur- xttix. thcr, Let mc pull out ance Hold still, [and] J will take the mote out the mote out of thine Mat. /..,. ,-, ^ 1 1 1 j 1 more VII.4 and behold, a f thme e V e i wlule behold, it is much eye beam win thine own visible that [there is] a beam in thine own eye P
< '
e)e
Thou
at
thine
partial hypocrite, begin thy reformation 5

>
BrfJcM^SrAe
beam out of
home and make h &YS rst care to dear out the beam from thine own eye, or to correct the
.
and then errors of thy judgment and the enormities of thou see clearth J lif ' j fken wUt fhm hetter discern [horv] , Iv to cast out the , , j brother s eye, and iitoie out ofthybro- to remove the mote out oj thy
;
own eye
shall
iher's eye.
mayest attempt
it
with more decency, as well
6 Give which is holy unto ceptionable soever your
as greater probability of success. I would farther remind you that not that
how unexown characters may be,
the dogs, neither tnerc j s some caution to be used in attempting i o cast ye your pearls . . r lest to reprove, or even to inlorm others ; or you before swine they trample them expose your admonitions to contempt, and
;
may
under their feet, and yourselves Give not that holy [ food] to abuse. turn again and rend , , r c _j to dogs, or to such protane, furious, and pervou deserve no better a name ; secuting wretches, as
7 Ask, and it
nor cast your precious pearls of heavenly wisdom before such profligate sensualists as resemble swine rather than men ; lest, as those brutal creatures might do if jewels were thrown before them, they trample them under their feet with scorn, and turning [upon you] as if they had received an injury rather than a favour, fasten on you and tear you : d for so extremely sordid and malignant will you find many in these degenerate days. Now, whether you want wisdom to guide 7 shall
you
in these difficulties, or fortitude
to ani-
e Hold still [ami] I will take the mote out Lorifs meaning-, but it did not seem ncccs. This seems to he the exact sary to alter the version, as it is possible vf thine eye.] meaning of oi<p m^%hu, which I chose to that clogs might trample upon jewels, and translate thus literally, as I think it ele- swine might be ready to wound those that That the figure here jointly intimates how ready men are to disturbed them. shrink back from reproof. The simile here supposed is sometimes used does indeed 1 Cor. used implies that it is as absurd for a bad appeal" by comparing Mat. xii. 22 man to set up for a reprover of others, as it xi. 11 2 Cor. ii. 15 and Philem. ver. 5. would be for one that is almost blind him- But I think the order or the words as they self to pretend to perform operations on stand in the original may very well be reotlier men's eyes. tidned in the translation of these places ; < And turning [upon you] tear you.] lean- for the transposition of words, even where not blame the translation of 1727, which there is a trajeetion in the sense, is so danfollows Castalio, and renders it test these gerous a thing' where sacred writers are in (that is, the swine) trample them underfoot, question, that no small advantage gained and those (that is, the dog's) turn upon you in elegance or perspicuity seems sufficient mnd tear yon. This may perhaps be our to counlerbidaucc it1
244
sect,
xlii.
He
encourages them
to fervency hi
prayer.
mate you against such hardships; or, in a word, whatever your exigencies or necessities
be, ask the Divine
VI 7
j
a ^J- mayit shall be and

'
given you ;
be given you : seek, and >' e sllal nno J v. knock 3,nd it sn3.ll assistance in prayer, be op ^ ned unt0 you seek it, and you shall
find it; and if it be a while delayed, knock with repeated importunity at the door of mercy, and 8 For every one it shall at length be graciously opened to you. you are encouraged by the experience that asketh, receiv8 To this J and he that r r i a.1 j +u eth of every praying soul for every one that asketh seeketh> findeth aright receiveth ; and he that diligently seeketh, and to him that findeth; and to him that patiently knocketh, [the knocketh, it shall be P ened door] shall be opened. And indeed^ it is no inconsiderable encourage- 9 Or what man is 9 ment which you mav derive from that natural there of you, whom affection to your offspring which a merciful h God has infused into the hearts of those of you s tone that are parents ; for -what one man is there among you, r in all this numerous assembly, zvho, if his son should ask him for bread, will give him Or if he ask him for afish, will give 10 Or if he ask a 10 a stone ? him a serpent? Can you imagine any father sh, will he give him J r , a serpent , , could be so unnatural as to deny the necessary supplies of life to his hungry child; and instead of these to give him what would starve or poison 11 him ? If therefore you, imperfect and evil as 11 If ye then being you are, and some of you perhaps tenacious, e y iI know Ao-xo to froward, and unkind, yet know how to give good JJJJ ^ndfenf how gifts to your children; if you find your hearts much more shall disposed and ready to communicate the best of your Father which is what you have for their relief and sustenance, how much more willyour almighty and all bountiful Father in heaven, who has a perfect sight of all your wants, and can with perfect ease supply them, and who himself has wrought into your hearts these benevolent affections, be ready
*.
'
^ ^K
\
?
ii
>
e And indeed.'] Dr. Whitby thinks that And as what is added where the particle is placed at the begin- plainly expresses this
in the eleventh verse
sense,
perhaps
it
ning of a sentence it is intended merely for a viark of interrogation ; and in this way it is that he supposes we are to understand it here, and likewise in Mat. xx. 15 and 1 Cor. xiv. 36. But as the sense will very fitly bear it, I conceive that in each of these places it may be rendered indeed.
;
might
force
also be intended here. Toung preachit
hope, observe how much life and adds to these discourses of our Lord that they so closely are directed, through the whole of them, as an immediate address to his hearers; and are not loose and general harangues, in the manner of
ers will, I
one man is there among you?~\ This seems to be the emphasis of t/c sr/v 5 v/mav avflgaiTr' : some think it also to
f
What
those essays which are now fashionable in pulpits. If any are

polite to learn
true oratory
grown so grown too
Imply the same as if it had been said, Which of you is there, though hut a man?
from Christ, I wish they would at least learn it from Demosthenes, who, I doubt not, would have admired, the eloquence of this sermon.
He
in heaven give
teaches them to do as they
would be done
to.
245
things to
them
good to exceed you in expressing his kindness, so as sect. that fre ely to give good things to those that ask them XLI1
-
12 Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to von, do ye even bo to" them for this is the law and the prophets.
i
~~~~" of him by fervent and constant prayer ? Being animated therefore by his goodness,^ VII 12 study to express your gratitude for it by your integrity and kindness to your fellow creatures ; mi .i All things anc* ta ^ e lt as a most sacred rule, which i/e xvould he xvilling that men should do to you, do ye also in like manner to them : treat them in every instance just as you would think it reasonable to be treated by them, if you were in their circumstances, and they in yours: for this is, in effect, a summary and abstract of all the human and social virtues recommended in the moral precepts of the law and the prophets and it was one of the greatest ends of both 11 to bring men to this equitable and amiable
it-
"11
temper.
13 Enter ye in at
It will
indeed be very
difficult
thus to over- 13
to
come
the prejudices of selflove,
and
subdue
those other corruptions of the heart which oppose themselves to the obedience of the Divine laws ; and the persecutions to which good men are often exposed will increase the difficulty :*
Being animated therefore by his good- violent death, which lay at the end of the Some would have us to consider the narrow way, and concluded the injuries particle *v in this passage as a mere cxple- and calamities which persecutors would (See Mr. Halle? tive,- but there is certainly a force in the bring upon Christiana. connection beyond what most have observed. Disc. Vol. III. p. 24 29.) But nothing is See the excellent discourses of Bishop At- more certain than that Christ re quires front terbury and Dr. Evans upon it; which all his disciples, in all ages and places, a Ufa denial ; illustrate the sense, reasonableness, and of mortification and self which, use, of this golden law, in a manner that though it is mingled with and introductory to/)fcsi<re.sabundantlysufficienttocounterdeserves the most attentive perusal. One of the greatest ends of both.] I balance it, yet to corrupt nature is diffisay one of the greatest, that this may be re- cult and painful (see Mat. v. 29, 30 xvi.
R
ness. 3
,l
conciled with our Lord's declaring the love of God to be the first and great commandment (Mat. xxii. 38,) and it is indeed a most absurd and fatal error to imagine that the regulation of social life is the only end of
religion.
1 fear many good natured deists will perish by taking this one principle for
24;
Rom.
17
;
vi,
viii.
13
Col.
iii.
5; Gal,
therefore,
granted, and my heart is wounded with the sad apprehension of it. Persecutions will increase the clifficulty.] In order to reconcile what is here advanced with those passages which assert Christ's yoke to be easy, and the ways of wiscom to be ways of pleasantness, &c. a late learned writer thinks it necessary to suppose that thit text refers entirely to the case of pet sedition j and that the ttrait gate is 9,
i
1 Cor. ix. 26, 27-) However, allow i\iat persecutions are to be included among other difficulties, yet I can. see no reason to believe that martyrdom was so common in the age of those to whom Christ addressed himself, as to be spoken of in sue!) general language as the gate leading to life : not to insist upon it that our Lord now speaks of what then was, and not what would be the case in future years j and that he mentions the gate before the) way ; whereas I think Mr. Hallet's interpretation would have required a different order. When Grotius refers the straitness of the gate to the difficulty of virtue irt itself, and the ruggedtms of the way to
v. 16,
and
I
Vol.
I.
2 G
246
sect, but I
He
-
cautions them against seducing teachers.

:
vii 13
* LI1
lution,
would press you to exert a becoming reso- the strait gate for and courageously to enter in through the wide /* the gate, and strait gate of selfdenial and holiness for wide e \o dStlT** ^le S' ate an(l smootn an<l Spacious the way tion;andmanytliere which leads to destruction ; and there are many be which go in.
;
->
And this ^gâuse strait 14 who enter into destruction by it: they do because they are discouraged by the }s the ?ate> ami nar . hardships which attend the entrance on arelig- row the way which llf e ious life, or must be expected in a progress in c a^ f VThere be as they see that strait is the gate, and rug- tnat filul lt it
-
painful the way xvhich leads to eternal life; and they xvhofind it, and with a holy ardency and resolution press into it, so as to arrive at that blessed end, are comparatively few : see to it, therefore, that you be of that little number. And it concerns you so much the rather to 15 Beware of false 15 * which be careful about it, as the falsehood of many prophets, who set up for religious teachers will in some
ged and
Be inwardly they are degree increase the difficulty and danger. therefore on your guard against those false ravening wolves. prophets, who come to yon indeed in the clothing of sheep ^ in the most specious forms of humilbut inwardly are ity, innocence, and piety ; ravening wolves, which seek nothing but to feed themselves by the destruction of the flock. 16 Ye shall know 16 And you will find on a more accurate observation of their actions, that you may generally them by their fruits, know them by theirfruits, 1 and discover, through
The accidental oppositions, he seems to refine i You may know them by theirfruits.'] Many parallel passages from characters of men are not to be discovered too much. and there ficatlien writers may be seen in him and by the doctrines that they teach
;
S^JtagJ-iS
Dr. Whitby.
some have thought) be the meaning ofhioiving them who were

fore this cannot
(as
It is more their teachers by their fruits. reasonable to explain it of their actions,
k Who come to you in the clothing of sheep."] is a very low thought to suppose that our Lord he e refers to the rough habit worn hy false prophets of old; for which purpose so many critics quote Zech. xiii. 4; and, very unaccountably, Heb. xi. 37. For,
it
,%
which are often called fruits; (compare and John xv. 2, 5 Mat. iii. 8; xxi. 43
;
not" to insist on the probability there
is
that
those rough garments might be made of goats or camels hair rather than wool (comand Mat. iii. 4,) the pare 2 Kings i. 8 beauty of the simile is lost by this interpreA wolf in sheep's clothing is grown, tation.
;
6.) It will be objected \\\aXbad men may teach good doctrines, and even the worst have been known to do it in some instances. But as to this, I answer that our Lord does not exhort his disciples to reject whatever such men taught, but only to be upon their guard against them, that they might not credit any thing merely on
Col.
i.
into a. proverb for a wicked man that makes their authority. I only add that this caution a great profession of religion, yet cannot would, by a parity of reason, extend to all dissemble so well as not to be discovered that set up for teachers, as well as to by attentive observation which was just prophets (not to insist on the latitude in the character of the Pharisees in our Sa- which that word is used ;) so that it would four's days see Mat. xxiii. 23 28 ; ajid at least obliquely glance on the Pharisees, whose ioiiueuce over the people was s 'iûte si. 3942.
; ;
The
tree is
known by
its fruits.
247
which
sect.
-
Do men gather all their disguise, that base character grapes of thorns, or i ur k s beneath, and which may justly
figs of thistles
>
render XLI1
from
y 0u SUS pj c ous as t0 t le r doctrines (2 Tim. For do men look to gather grape* iii. 5 9.) m Or can it thistles ?
i
i i
:
thorns, or figs from be expected by you, in a common way, that you should gather spiritual advantage, or should
obtain religious improvement from the lessons Their influence, on the 17> of wicked men? good tree bringeth whole, will be more likely to debauch than edify forth good fruit but your mmti s for as tne fruit will be agreeable in a corrupt tree brmar- i lts nature and kind to the tree that produces it, etli forth evil fruit! even so, every good tree produces goodfruit, but
17 Even
so, ever}'
;
18 A pood tree cannot bring- forth

neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good
evil
fruit
;
fruit.
19 Every tree that bringeth not forth
good
fruit, is
hewn
clown and cast into the fire.
20 Wherefore by
their fruits yc shall
know them.
a corrupt tree produces bad fruit ; and in like manner will the fruits that men produce be answerable to the habitual frame and disposition of their hearts. Nor can it indeed be 18 otherwise in the usual course of things for as a o- ooci tree cannot bear evil fruit, so neither can , j r . r Mat. a corrupt tree bear good fruit ; (compare i\/r * 33 xii. And therefore, by 19 35, sect, lxii.) the way to prevent such false pretenders to rellglon from being a lasting incumbrance and o , g mischief, they shall assuredly be overtaken by the righteous judgment of God : and as you see that every tree -which, after a competent trial, beareth not goodfruit, how fair and flourishing soever it may seem, is cut doxvn, and cast into the fere ; such too will be the end of hypocritical professors and ungodly men, which it becomes you all seriously to consider. Upon 20, the whole it will be found that there is now a difference in men's characters correspondent to the great difference to be made in their future estate ; so that I had reason to say, that you shall generally hiozv them by their fruits : the disguise will fall off in an unguarded moment, and it will be your wisdom to observe and improve the signal.
;
.
injurious to the gospel, and so exceeding mischievous to those who had a veneration for them, that our Lord found it necessary often to repeat such cautions. Sec Mat. xv.' 12, 13; xvi. 6; xxiii. 2, ijf seq. Mark
v iii-
15
and Luke
xii. 1.
m Do men gather grapes from thorns, or fgsfrom thistles?"} These words suppose
was Anmun to be a thsrn or a and represent the folly of looking for grapes or Jigs from plants that had it not in their nature to bear them, or of expecting good from persons that were* Had Christ meant vicious and corrupt. what has commonly been supposed, he would rather have said, You do not Jind
the plant
thistle,
thorns on a vine, or thistles en a Jig tree.
248
Reflections on the
maxims Christ has taught
us.
IMPROVEMENT.
When will the happy time come in which Christians shall form themselves on these important maxims of their great Master When shall they be known to be his disciples by the candour of their sentiments, the equity of their conduct, and the beneficence of their actions, as well as by the articles of their faith, and the forms of their worship ! Let us all apply these charges to ourselves in the dear and awful name of him that gave them. What can be more dreadful to us than to think of being Verse 1, 2 severely judged by that God, without whose hourly forbearance Let us then exer3, 5 and gracious indulgence we are all undone ? cise that mercy which we need and to form our minds to this most reasonable temper, let us often be thinking of our oxvn many infirmities, and be humbling ourselves before God on account of them. Animated by the gracious invitations and the precious prom7, 8 ises which are here given, with earnest importunity let us make our daily addresses to his throne asking, that we may
sect.
xlii.
:
;
9,
and knocking, that the door of mercy may be opened to us. And while any of us 11 feel in our hearts the workings of parental tenderness towards our infant offspring, let us consider it as a delightful emblem of yet greater readiness in our heavenly Father to pity and relieve
receive;
seeking,
that
we may
find;
his children.
universal righteousness and charity be practised by us in the whole of our behaviour, and may we ahvays exercise ourselves herein to have a conscience, void of offence, both toxvards God
toxvards men! (Acts xxiv. 16.) May we avoid all manner of injustice, and guard against the sallies of a proud and overbearing temper May we be upright and benevolent in all our conduct and make it our constant care to govern our actions 12 by that most equitable rule, Of doing to others as xve would reasonably desire they should do to us, on a change of our circumstances and theirs Happy those generous souls in whom the bias of se Iflove is so rectified that they can, in this instance, hold the balance between themselves and others with an impartial and
May
and
unwavering hand
20
to be tried
17, 18
the whole, let us remember that we ourselves are at last by the rule by which we are here directed to judge of others, even by the fruits which we produce. May God by
On
make the tree good, that the productions of it may be found to his glory and the refreshment of all around us, 19 that we may not be cut doxvn as cumber ers of the ground, and
his grace
cast into the fire!
Christ has no value for mere nominal professors.
249
sect. XLI1
-
blessed Redeemer has marked out may indeed to corrupt nature anpear rugged and. narrow, and the gate strait through which we Imt let us encourage ourselves against all the diffiare to pass culties. by considering that immortal life and glory to which they infallibly lead. Then shall we, doubtless, prefer the most painful piety and virtue, though with yet fewer companions than rue we might reasonably expect, to all those flowery and frequented paths of vice which go down to the chambers of death.
for us in such precepts as these,
:
The way of life, which our
Verse
IV
oy
SECT.
Our Lord
XLIII.
concludes his sermon on the mount with a lively representalion of the absolute necessity of a practical regard to his Mat. VII. 21, to the end. precepts.
VII. 21. AT. VII. 21. every one are the precepts I thought proper sect. that saiUi unto I j J. to give you ; and you must govern your mc, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the lives by them, if ever you hope to find your ac Mat. kingdom of heaven: count in the most diligent attendance on
Mat.
OT
rr^HESE
.
my ^.21
the
ministr y for 5t wMofmy Father mc i Lord, Lord, is in heaven. which

:
is
not every one

is
who
acknowledge me as his with the most passionate and earnest cries entreats mv mercy, that shall enter into the kingdom ofheaven, 3 and be admitted to the complete felicity in which the administration I am now opening shall finally terminate, but he only shall
-
who saithunio ready now in words to Master, or who at last
be entitled to that privilege who conscientiously performs in the main series of his life the holy will of my Father who is in heaven. 22 Many will say It will be your wisdom to attend to these 22 to mc in that day, things for though you now see me in what Lord, Lord, have may seem a mean and despicable c form, the time will certainly come when I shall appear as the Universal Judge and I now forewarn you, that many will say to me in that day, when their eternal state is to be determined, Lord, Lord, have we not been employed in distinguished offices in thy church, and been fur;
Shall enter into the kingdom ofheaven.'] tutes us the subjects of his earthly kingdom, the kingdom ofheaven must signify or members of his visible church- Compare that of glory above i'or calling Christ Lord, Mat. viii. 11; Luke iiii.28; and 1 Cor. i the very circumstance which consti- xv. 50.
Here
250
The
necessity
of doing' his
will.
taught ^prophesied in thy name? andinthe vi 1.22 authority ot thy name have cast out devils ? and thy name done main thy name have done many wonderful works ? ny wonderful works' 23 And nevertheless, I will then openl y declare , 23 And then will I profess unto them, 7 unto them, 1 never knexv you, or never approved i neV er knew you ol your character, b even when you made the depart from me, ye most florid profession ; c and therefore depart that work "Equity. from me, ye xvorkers of iniquity :& and whatever you that hear me may now imagine, that separation from me will be their everlasting
sect, nished for them xliii mcnts ? ant

l
i
even by miraculous endow- we not prophesied in n pursuance of them, have we not th y " a e and in
?
^L^ldt
..it
destruction.
Hear therefore the conclusion of the whole matter, and seriouslv attend to it. Every one, whoever he be, and how great soever his former 7 , ) irregularites may have been, who heareth these my xvords, and doeth them; or in the main course of his life governs his temper and his actions by them, lays a solid foundation for present comfort and everlasting security and ioy: 7" J J .,, / 7will compare him therefore to a prudent man 25 xv ho built his house upon a firm rock ; And the stormy rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat with violence upon that house; and it fell not, for it was founded on a
24
, .
24 Therefore whosoever heareth these
min e ' ?'"}%* I doeth them, T will liken him unto a wise man, which built ds house u P on
"
'
'
"a And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the
w1!k1s
.,
blew
.
and
fell
ho Use
"nd"
it
not, for it
was found-
And thus shall the good man's ed u P on a rock hopes be established, when they come, as all 2 6 th at 26 must come, to the strictest trial. But every sayings of mine, and
solid rock.
f^SHtZ
one that heareth these my sayings, and doeth them not, how constantly soever he may attend J . , , , r r them, ana whatever zeal he may profess for them, may justly be compared to a foolish man, 27 who, without any care to secure the foundation, built his house upon the sand; And the stormy rain descended, and the floods came, and the xvinds blew with a tempestuous violence, and struck directly on that house; and itfell at once, and its ruin xvas great and wide as the building had
,
L ioolish
doeth them not,shall ,e llkenea nn a \.

Dlu i t n ; s house
man, winch upon

tJie
the sand
27
fl
And
ooci s c am e and the
winds
beat
blew,
u P on
and
that
'the
^T^VL
fall
of
it.
b / never /-new yon, or never approved of your character.] The word know is plainly used in this sense, Psal. i. 6 Mat. xxv. 12 2 Tim. ii. 19 John x. 14 Rom. vii. 15; and perhaps 1 Cor. viii. 3. c Even when you made the most florid profession.] This is a very remarkable circumstance that is strongly implied in the words, J NEVER knew you.
;
me, ye workers of iniquity.'} an incomparable dignity in this whole passage, which I have endeavoured a little to illustrate in the paraphrase. The poor despised Jesus not only calls God his Father, but speaks as the Eternal Judge before whom men should beg and plead for their very lives, dreading banisluneut
A Departfrom
is
There
from him us'their
final destruction.
The
excellence
and dignity of Chris? s
discourses.
251
28
pass,
And
it came when
to
}^^ f
been ; a lively emblem. of the ruin which will sect. another day overwhelm the unhappy man who XL1 " trusts to an outward profession and form of godliness, when he does not sincerely and * 2* practically regard it. And it came to pass, that ivhen Jesus had 28 in \ s hed these excellent sayings , e the midtitudes
*ere struck xvith amazement at his sayings, the people tnat neartl l" For in this and his other sermons were astonished at doctrine. ins doctrine. h e was s ^\\\ teaching them* as one that had a Di 29 For he t audit 1 . , , t to X\ aut '7l0rit +, dictate
29
them
own name, and y one having authority, and not as not as the scribes, their established teachers; the scribes. ho generally contented themselves with quot.
as
vmc
m his
ing the name and authority of some celebrated doctors of the former age, and that frequently to confirm some trifling remark or useless ceremony of human device :& whereas the discourses of Christ were weighty and convincing, and always delivered with an air of seriousness, dignity, and majesty, becoming the great Prophet and King of his church, and the im-
mediate Delegate from
God
to
men.
IMPROVEMENT.
our admiration concur with theirs that heard Verse we have the honour and pleasure 28 of attending these discourses as the inspired penmen have recorded them, by the assistance of that Spirit who was to bring all things to their remembrance ! Are we not struck with the authority of this Divine Teacher, so as to bear our witness to the gracious and edifving rvord-> that proceeded out of his mouth?
justly
these sayings of our Lord, while
'How
may
(Luke
*
iv.
22.)
When Jesus hadfinished these excellent

This plainly intimates that
all
sayings.'}
a noble specimen indeed so glorious a one, that I persuade myself the

discourse is
;
was delivered at once, and consequently that several passages related by Luke, as spoken at different times, are repetitions of it; compare Mat. v. 3, iSTseq. with Luke vi. 20, { sey. Mat. v. 13, with Luke xiv. 34, 35. Mat. v. 25, with Luke xii. 58. Mat. vi. 9, c5* seq. with Luke xi. 2, &ser/. Mat. vi. 20, 21 Luke adi. 33, 34. Mat. vi. 24, with Luke xvi. 13. Mat. vii. 1, seq. whh Luke vi. 37, lit seq. and Mat. Vii. 12 14, with Luke xiii. 24. Be nods still teaching them.} Beâ has Well observed, that these words nrftf&mm refer to the continued course and general character of his teaching, of which this
this discourse
;
it in
reader will pardon my having paraphrased so copious a manner,

1
g To confirm some trifling remark, or useless ceremony of human device.] If we may judge of the teachings of the scribes in Christ's days, by the Jewish Taltnuds, or even by their Mishnah, this was so enrineatly "the character of it, that nothing
could be more justly contemptible; and

their frigid
lessons
and
insipid
comments and
'
could no more be compared with those strains of Divine eloquence w h, which our Lord's discourses ab mm :,:tri a glovi worm can be compared to the sun.
,
252
Multitudes follow Christ as he came from the mount.
Let us not content ourselves with applauding what we have sect. xliix heard, but let us go away and practise it. Shortly will that
24-27'
stormy day arise which must try the foundation of our hopes. ôd Wl ^ â y judgment to the line, and righteousness to the plummet ; and the hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding place. How thankful should we be that God has laid in Zionfor a foundation, a chief Corner stoney elect and precious ; with an assurance that he that believeth on him shall not be confounded7 (Compare Isa. xxviii. 16, &? seq. and 1 Peter ii. 6.) But let every man take heed how he builds thereupon ; lest the weight of his ruin be proportionable to the
21
22,
height of his hopes. (1 Cor. iii. 10.) say unto Christ, Lord, Lord; but let us remember this will not secure our entering into his heavenly kingdom. Whatever be our profession, or whatever our office in his church, the 23 most splendid and honourable of our works will be vain, if Ave are found workers of iniquity ; for our great Master will then disown us as those whom he has never approved. Blessed fesus ! it will then be in vain to fly to thee with the importunity of would prayer, and to repeat the most earnest addresses. now, while yet there is room for it, fall down before thee, entreating thee to add the teachings of thy Spirit to those of thy word, that we may be effectually engaged to do the will of thine heavenly Father, that we may finally be confessed and owned by thee, and be admitted into the joy of our Lord!
We
We
SECT.
XLIV.
yesus descending from the mount, cleanses a leper who applied to him for a cure. Mat. VIII. 14 j Luke V. 1216 Mark
;
I.
40, to the end.
Mat. VIII. l. and XSJ HEN he was Tcr sect. yy C ome down xliv. *' excellent discourse, as he xvas coming from t ie mountain doxvnfrom the mountain* on which he delivered great multitudes jfol* Mat it, great multitudes of people, impressed and lowed him. VI11 charmed with what they had already heard, followed him to the town towards which he went, in hopes of farther instruction and edification.
ATO W when Jesus had j #y
Mat.
VIII.
1.
finished this large o
from the moun- Yet an attentive reader will observe, that think this a sufficient warrant for I have not in this instance transposed either fixing this story where we introduce it of them. The erroneous opinion that Luke though it be contrary to the order in which vi. contained the sermon on the mount, and many learned men have placed it. Neither fixed itio an o/-</ different from Matthew's, Mark nor Luke are, in this respect, by any is that by which so many have been led means so express in the comiection of it. ij\to a mistake, here.
tain.']
a As he ivas coming down

I
Christ cleanseth a leper.
25*
And when he war* just in the confines of a cerV. 12. And came to pass, tain city" in the neighbourhood of that mounr when he was in a behold, R J+ kfirosy and dread _ ' certain citv, behold, . ' ", , , icw fully overrun with that sad disease, seeing jea man full of leprosy who seeing Je- sus, and having been informed of the many sus, [Mark came i ra culous cures which he had done, came to to him, beseeching ' ,. V. , him and kneeling l7m i most earnestly entreating him to nave pity down to him,] feil on his wretched case ; and, first kneeling down on his face, [Mat. t0 him, ne tne n fell prostrate before him, and worshipped him, saying, Lord, though my dishim ;] sayingl'Krf, if thou wilt, thou temper be to human power incurable (2 Kings canst make me clean v . 7,) yet I know assuredly that, if thou wilt, A1 thou canst cleanse me from it. \ 40] a* <ni Mark I. . , *# , , j And Jesus, pleased with so strong a degree Mark Mark 1. 41. And Jesus, moved with of faith, performed the cure, and did it also in I 41 compassion, put trie most condescending; manner for, being ; 5 forth his hand, and , A l u 1 moved with compassion at so melancholy a touched him and saith unto him, I sight, he took him aside from the multitude, will, be thou clean. and stretched out his hand, and touched him y 1 11 3 sa y' S unt0 him, I will that thy petition be LukeV l^ ] granted, and from this moment therefore be And the almighty power of Ms 42 42 And as soon as thou clean. he had spoken, im- commanding word immediately took place, mediately the leproth kp h h d d & sy departed from i i u him, and he was parted jrom him; and it appeared by the cleansed. [Mat. alteration of his countenance that he was VIII. 3. Luke V. entirely cleansed from that loathsome and inveterate disease. 43Andhestraitly And Jesus had no sooner wrought this 43 charged him, and miracle, but having strictly charged him not to h ^^ him divul S e the matter* he dispatched him presently IvvayT
Luke
it
^
m
*.
b In a certain city i tv fti*. ra>v rcxy.] As which certainly happened in another cure Luke expresses it thus, I am apt to think (compare Mark viii. 23. sect. Lxxxviii,) it was not Capernaum which Luke had so will be a sufficient answer to the objecand consequently, tions which Mr. Winston has urged often named before
;
that the mountain on which Christ's sermon was delivered lay at some distance from thence ; whereas the plain on which some of it was repeated, was contiguous to Capei-naum, into which, as Luke says, he entered at the close of it ; (see Luke vii. 1.
and compare note on Mat. v. 1. speak of the confines of this city, p. 208.) whatever it was because lepers were not allowed to live in towns. Compare Numb, 2 Kings vii. 3 v. 2 2 Chron. xxvi. 21 and Luke xvii. 12. c He took him asidefrom the multitude, j Else I think there could have been no room for the charge of secrecy given below and the supposition of such a circumstatice,
sect, lv
;
1'
against following the order of St. Matthe v here. See his Harmony, p. 107, and Jones'* 121. Vindication, p. 112 tl Having strictly charged him not to divulge the matter/] Some have supposed that /xC<;/ uo-a//fv#' avtu, implies that Christ reproved him sharply for the sin for
which he had been visited with this ease, and threatened him with the
:
disfatal consequence of it if he returned to sin again and in this case, the probability of
what we have supposed is strengthened, that this was spoken to him in private. and was delivered in the same manner as the lite caution was which Christ aftcrwju'Us gave, to the impotent man,
Vol.
I.
254
Christ enjoins hiM silence, but he proclaims the miracle.

44 And saith unto See thou say nothing to any man but go thy way, shew
sect, away; Saying unto him, as he departed from XLIV him, See that at present thou say nothing unto r j r r 6 an y ne \ y havin S performed *_ cure; e this Mark 44 biit make it thy first business to go directly to I. Jerusalem, and there shexv thyself to the priest whose office it is legally to pronounce thee , r ,, 6 ./ f ,! , i ji clean; and ojfer the gift or birds and lambs, [and] all those things which Moses has commandedfor thy purification (Lev. xiv. 132,) that it may be for a testimony to them that the cure is really perfected ; and that, if I should ever be heard of as the author of it, they may see my regard even to the ceremonial precepts But such was the impression 45 of the law. that was made upon the leper by so great an if II c t\' instance of Divine mercy to him, and he was so transported with joy at his miraculous deliverance, that he went out into the neighbouring country, and began to publish it much, and to proclaim the matter wherever he came. Luke And the more Jesus avoided the ostentation V. 15 of such works, so much the more there went a fame of him abroad through all the country ; and great multitudesfr om all parts came together to him to hear him preach the gospel, and to be healed of their infirmities by him. And after some interval of time, the resort to Mark t Ac i i. 45 him was so great that lie could no longer openly enter into the city without drawing a multitude of attendants after him, but xvas obliged for a chiefly without in desert places, Luke wnue t(? De V. 16 And, to avoid the interruptions of the crowd, he
-
hlm
thyself to the priest,
and
thin
offer
for
thy
those S^gf[Mat. the g

s>
gift,]
which Moses commanded, for a
r^T^ VIII^,"
Luke V.
14.]
45 But he wen and began to publish i* much, and blaze abroa(i the
out,
matter.
Luke
L Ancl J s0
V.
15.
3,
much the
went
more
trie re
fame abroad of him andgreatmultitudes
came together
quarter
-?
[to
t0
bear^
infirmJ-
and to be healed by
him of their
lU
-
ji
iii
" t M ARK
Mark
I.
45. In-
SO much, that Jesus
could no more openenter into the city,

|y
desert places. Luke v. 16.
And
(Compare John
v.
14, sect,
xlvi.)
But
as the word is generally used to signify the giving of a strict injunction, or a solemn charge (as Phavorinus, Suidas, and Hesychius, have explained it,) I rather chuse to vndsrstzndit of the strict charge that Christ
who might have been unwilling to pronounce this leper clean, and have been ready to deny the cure if they were told that he was healed by one they were so strongly prejudiced against or might perhaps have
priests,;
gave
to the leper not to divulge the

is
manner
expressly mentioned in the following verse ; and in which sense it is evident that the same word is used Mat. ix. 30, sect- lxxii where the same till he had first of all been with the priest ; cliarge is given to the two blind men that and, upon this account, dispatched him presently away, or sent him off in haste, that he Christ restored to sight. might reach Jerusalem before the priests See thou sayest nothing unto any one of my had any information of this miracle; as having performed this cure.] Christ prob- seems to be implied in the force of those, ably designed by this, not only to avoid the words in ver. 43, su6ea>c >xev htov. See shew of any ostentation of his miraculous Grotius on Mat. viii. 4, ûdLightfoot's Har;
of his cure, which
censured Christ as having usurped an office that belonged to them, and taken upon him Christ to pronounce a leprous person clean. therefore would not have him to make known the circumstances cvi his cure to any,
oêr but
to fc>reveut the malice of the mony, in loc.
Reflections on the need

lie
we
have of Christ
into
to
heal us.
255
withdrew him. frequently withdrew
the wilderness
and
sect.
-
elf into the
wilder, ness, and prayed.
prayed;
chusing in these circumstances to XLIV ~~ m0 re than ordinary devoS p enc| some t i me tion, that he might engage a blessing on the y 16 truths he had so largely delivered, and obtain that success which this eagerness of the people seemed to promise to his gospel.
IMPROVEMENT.
Our souls are overspread with the leprosy of sin : and where Luke should we apply for help but to the healing power and recover- V. 12 ing grace of the great Redeemer! Be the malady ever so deep, spreading, or inveterate, we may surely adopt the words of the leper before us, and say, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. And how much reason have we to hope his compassion, will be moved in our favour, and his power exerted in our cure If we have received that favour, we are under the obligation Mark Iof no command to conceal it. It is, on the contrary, our duty most gratefully to publish it abroad, for the honour of our Bene- 4o ^ factor, and the advantage of those who may be encouraged to make the same application in humble hope of the same success. But when will the happy time come that men shall be as solicitous about their spiritual welfare as about the health of this mortal body! Almighty Physician, exert thine energy in this Convince men of their instance as a token of farther favours pollution and danger, and bow their stubborn knee, that it may bend in submissive and importunate supplication Let the compassionate air with which this cure was wrought, Marfc be considered by all spiritual physicians as a lesson of conde- 1. 4^ scension and tenderness ; and let the modesty with which it was conducted engage us to avoid every appearance of ostentation,
! '
!
and vain glory.

into a desert place to
it proper to retire Luka 1Q pray when crowds of admirers were flock- v ing in upon him, let it teach those who are engaged in the scenes of public business and fill them up with the greatest applause, yet
To
conclude
since Christ himself found
resolutely to command some seasons for retirement ; as remembering, that the more various and important our public labours are, the more evidently do we need to draw down succour by ardent prayer that we may be strengthened and prospered in
them.
256
Christ returns again
to
Capernaum,
SECT.
XLV.
Christ returning' to Capernaum heals a man quite disabled by the palsy; vindicates his power of forgiving sins; and calls Matthexv the publican to attend him, Mark II. 1 14; Luke V. 17
28
sect.
Mat. IX. 29.
Mark
xlv.
II.
1.
devout retirement, he appeared again in Capernaum after rj " public, and entered into Capernaum; and it was some days, and it quickly taken notice of, and great numbers of was .nised that he jj j was m people soon heard that he was in the house where he formerly dwelt and as he had been some time abroad, and greatly increased his reputal uke y 17. And tion both by his miracles and preaching, they it came to pass on a flocked around him with the greatest eagerness, certain day, as he And it happened on a certain day, while he con- ^reêre %harLuke V. 17 tinuedhere, that, as he was teaching the people, ; S ees and doctors of [several] of the Pharisees and doctors of the law the law sitting' by, were sittiusc bii ; who were come out of every town wlli ch were com e r r, r of i ^-ii out ot every town ot oj Galilee, and even of Judea, and particularly Q am ee an d judea [from] Jerusalem?* and by appointment met and Jerusalem and
g
/JND J.L
after Jesus
had spent [some] days*
in
Mark A^ N D
.
II. 1.
^f
in hc:
-
/ 7
.-
Jesus had spent some days."] so many events between the cure of the leper and the paralytic, that I should not have connected them, had not Mark so expressly asserted, that some of those events, especially the dispossession of the legion happened long qfter (see Mark iv. 35 note* sect, lxix, and Mark v. 1, sect, lxx ;) and Luke strongly intimates the same concerning the other story of Me centurion's servant. (See Luke vii. 1, 2, \!f seq. sect. Iv.) Now I think the honour of the New Testament requires, that when one of the evangelists does expre s sly assert the order in which he places facts in question, and the other does not so expressly assert it ( which is the case with Matthew here,) the order of the latter, though an apostle and eye witness, should be changed out of regard to the former, As likewise, that if none of the three assert their order, that in which any two agree to place a fact in question, should be chosen rather than that of the third. And on these two rules I have proceeded in many instances. But that the order of Matthew should be changed for that of Luke, when neither of them assert any thing concerning that order, is what I think no inference from Luke i. 3, can justify. (See note Ron that text, p. 22.) Much less can it be allowable expressly to contradict Matthew, for the sake of keeping to the order of
a
And
after
Matthew has recorded
to have done,
which yet most harmonizers seem even when he was relating what passed in his own house and pres-
Luke
ence.
(See note* on Mat. ix. 18, sect, Could I have persuaded myself to take such liberties with any of the sacred writers, I should not have doubted to follow Matthew and John in their order universally, as Sir Isaac Newton doth, and to transpose Mark and Luke wherever they disagree with either of them for I cannot observe that those two do in any instance disagree with each other in any of the
lxxii.)
;
facts in question. As to the story of the paralytic here before us, Mark strongly connects it with that of the leper, as happening some days after it ; though Matthew does not mention it till the next chapter,
and places several events between them ; while Luke, according to his frequent custom, mentions it only as happening on a certain day. This therefore seems to be the proper place to introduce it, and Matthew's order may be changed for the reasons given
above.
b
From Jerusalem.]
If this happened, as
most commentators suppose, a little before Christ's second passover (John v. 1,) some of these might be sent from the sanhedrim with a view of gaining some information
concerning Jesus, to guide their resolves concerninghim at the ensuingfeast, in which they persecuted him, and sought to slay
The crowd prevent

the
their
bringing in a paralytic.
257
power of the hereto attend his doctrine and observe his mir- sect. Lord was present to ac t es . at w hich the governors of the Jewish XLV church began now to be greatly alarmed. But notwithstanding the malicious views with y 17 which they came, Jesus went on as usual in
-
his work,
and the miraculous power of the Lord

to
was him
[present]
heal them c
who
then applied to
for the cure of their diseases.
And immediately so many of the neighbour- Mark Mark II. 2. And straightway many ing inhabitants ivere assembled that there was H- 2 were gathered tonot r00m f receive \them~\ in the house, or even J ' getner, insomuch . , , , that there was no a bout the door ; so desirous were they to hear roomtoreceiveftam, how Jesus would acquit himself in the presence
. . ,
no not so much as f sucn curious, critical, and prejudiced, inabout the door and i a ' j *i_ " he preached the RU 11^ 1 5 as those that were then sitting around him. And he preached the ivord of the gospel to word unto them. them with his usual plainness, seriousness, and
:
authority, and confirmed

3
it
by various miracles.
3
[behold,] behold, among many others in most dene Unt him plorable circumstances who were cured by him, fn'o.;nI r n bringing [a man] r j I sick of" the palsy, they came unto him, bringing a man seized with which [lying on a the palsy, and quite disabled by it, so that he bed] was borne of was obliged, in order to his being presented to * O li I LjUKE, U.W Cl f 1 _7
And
And
.....
11
they sought means Jesus, to be laid on a bed, or couch, and earto bring him in, and ried by four men. And they endeavoured to
to
lay
lnm.]
him before bring him in and lay him down before him, hoping [Mat. IX. 2. Y 's ij /r *uk tnat so melancholy a sight would affect his comLuke V. 18 1 LukeV.19. And passionate temper, and engage his assistance when they could not And when they could not find any way to bring Luke find by what way mt SQ much a$ _ CQme near V. 19 d ' theymightbnnghim A , , T in, [and could not enough to speak to Jesus, because of the crowd, come nigh] because and feared a delay might lose so precious an
, ,
,
him. John v. 16. It is very probable that the Christ as spies, it is not probable they were scribes at Jerusalem, hearinghowexpressly diseased persons or that, if any Of them he had attacked their interpretation of the being- advanced in years might labour unlaw, some days before, in his celebrated der some infirmities, they were so great and sermon on the mount, (which, so far as we visible that a cure would be immediately recan leam, was the first time he did it) marked and least of all can we suppose might summon their brethren in the neigh- they had that faith in Christ which he rebouring country to meet them at Caper- quired in those whom he intended to heal naum, in order to attend on the next of (see Mark vi. 5 and compare John vii. Christ's public discourses, wherever it might 48.) It is more reasonable therefore to happen to be. conclude, on all these accounts, that this
; ; ;
is one of those /eu- places where the relative The power of the Lord was present to them is referred to a remoter antecedent than According to the common that which is immediately before it. Cornheal them.'] xii. 9 ; method of construction this may seem to pare in the original, Mat. xi. 1 Acts vni. 26 ; intimate that the healing power of Christ Luke v. 30 John viii. 44 was exerted on some of the Pharisees i but. and Heb. xii. 17. See Glass* Philolog. ae they came from distant parts to attend Sacr. p. 513 515.
258
XLV
They
let
him down
to
Jesus from the housetop.

1
[Jesus] zuas (which was a room that had no chamber over it,) opening a way into the house by lilting up a kind of lattice or trapdoor (compare 2 Kings i. 2,) and when they had pulled [it] up, or had removed the frame of it to make the passage wider, d they let down [the paralytic,'] with his couch, through the tiles, with which the other part of the roof was paved, intoMat. the midsf of the company assembled, and so laid IX. 2 him before Jesus. And Jesus seeing theirfaith, and graciously excusing the inconveniencies into which their affection had transported them, said to the man that had the pedsy , Take courage, son/ for thy sins are forgiven thee ; and in
of the multitude , they went upon tha passage, ~ house (compare Mark xiii. 15,) which, according housetop, and [uncovered the roof V. 19 to tne Jewish custom, was made flat(Deut.xxii. where he was and 8 ^) and uncovered the roofof the apartment where when they had broken it up, they] let
sect, opportunity, they carried

-
him round to a back by which they went up to the top of the
him down through

the tiling" with his couch, into the midst
beforeJesus.[MARt'
II. 4.]
Mat. IX. 2. And Jesus seeing their faith, said unto the sick of thepalsy,Son, be of good cheer ; thy sins be forgiven
they had pulled it up, or had re- matter, if we suppose our Lord to have the frame, &c.~] E%ppv%iLv]is, which been in any covered room, of the house. But we render broken up, plainly signifies pul- Dr. Shaw's hypothesis, which goes on prinAnd no man in his ciples which were quite unknown to me ling nut (Gal. iv. 15.) senses can suppose the evangelist meant to till I had the pleasure (since the first edis. is' that they tore up the beams and rafters tion of this work) of reading his excellent of the house upon this occasion and yet travels, seevas to me yet more natural. From this has been made the foundation of great considering what is now the form of the objections against this story. have a houses in Barbary and the Levant, he supright to suppose this removal of the frame poses that to junrov signifies the courtyard, was done with care ; because the circum- round about which the house was built ; stances plainly require such care, and com- and that our Lord was there. He thinks that, mon sense would suggest it. Woolston's crowded as this area was, the bearers of perverse attack on this miracle is as plaus- the paralytic might get in at the gateway ible as any thing he has written against (where perhaps Christ could neither be Christianity ; but I have endeavoured, in as seen nor heard,) and might carry him up few words as possible, to suggest an an- the stairs, which commonly go up from swer to the chief of his objections and it thence ; and being got to the flat roof may be considered as a specimen of the might take down inwards a part of the manner in which I shall proceed in other balustrade or parapetwall, and so let down rases of the like nature for it would be the bed with cords by the side of the glazed very improper to enter on the controversy and perhaps painted tiles which might at large here, especially after all the con- beautify the walls of the house towards vincing and unanswerable treatises which this court. Many of his quotations from the have lately been written in defence of the ancients do, in a very agreeable manner, at evangelists; among which I apprehend none once illustrate this account, and receive more valuable than that called The Mira- new light from it. See Dr. Shaw's Travels, 380. cles of Christ Vindicated, in Jour parts ; to p. 373 ' Take courage, son."] Few can need to which I with great pleasure refer for alargcr account of this story, and the others be told that son is a title of condescension and tenderness by which superiors adhandled by the excellent author of it. dressed inferiors that were not properly
When
moved
We
e They
>nidst.~]
pkntse is
the paralytic into the their children (compare Josh. vii. 19 ; suggested in the para- Eccles. xii. 12 and 2 Tim. ii. 1,) as father the mpst jn-obable account of the was a correspondent title of respect, (comlet
down
is
What
'Offences taken at his saying,

thee.
His
sins are forgiven,
259
[Mark
V. 20.]
II. 5.
Luke
were
Mark
[behold,]
II. 6.
there
token of it, I assure thee thy distemper shall sect. XLV be rem0 ved. But perverseness of g u t behold, such was the ar
"
J certain ot the , . scribes [Luke, and sitting there,
the Pharisees] sittins there, andreas, onnur in their hearts , ; said within Ythcy This theij said within themselves, maliciously reflectthemselves, man blasphemeth.] st certainly blasphemg on h; ^ 77^. man T IX 3 LuKE eth : Who is this that pretends to such an au- 7 2i ] does this arrogant man thus V FWho is this] thority ? [and]
.
of the scribes and Pharisees who wercthtw that on his saying to the man in such an absolute and sovereign way, Thy sins are for p-iven t h ee 7 they took offence at the ex .*, i * *. pression and reasoning in their hearts upon it,
.
n **
6 "
m0
'
'
why
Why
doth this man allow himself to speak such blasphemies as these ? thus speak blaapheSuch a speech as this surely deserves the name ; A , mies? Who can lor- _ , . , , r give sins but God f r xvho can undertake to jorgive sins, out Uoa *>nly?[LuKEV.21.] alone, the awful Majesty of heaven, who is af, .
.
fronted and dishonoured by committing them? And immediately, when jesus, xvho perfectly 8 ately, when Jesus we jj new t }ie se cret workings of their thoughts, their P.. rknowinj? j thoughts] perceived perceiving in his own mind that they reasoned in his spirit that they thus in themselves, though they did not openly so reasoned within declare their dissatisfaction and censure, he said t0 thcm Wh ydo you reason thus in your unttT'tiiem ye' these hearts, and so maliciously reflect upon me ? reason things [Wherefore [and] wherefore do you think [such] evil things of think ye evil] m w } iat j nave now Deen savm p- ? I shall be at 9 ivl at. ' .,. , i 11 rJour hearts X. 4. Luke v. 22.] no l ss to vindicate the reasonableness 01 it : 9 Whether is it for which is easier to say to this paralytic, Thy easier to say to the s /ls are forgiven thee ; or to say to him, Arise, und take up thy couch, and walk away with it ? *"thv sins beTorCTven thee or to say, A- May it not justly be concluded that if I have a vhc, and take up power efficaciously to say the one, I may withthy bed, and walk usurpation sav the other likewise ' and J .J 1. [Mat. IX.5.Lukk declare the sm forgiven, when I can thus mi|r, 23.] 10 But that ye raculously remove the punishment of it ? But 10 may know that the tjmt u jf v knoxv the case I put is not a vain l J Son ol man hath , r power on earth to presumptuous boast, but that the oon oj man (he here on earth, though appearing in so humble forgive sins, saith to the sick ot* an( obscure a form, has yet a Divine authority IX 6 i!okbV \ to orgi ve men's sins, (he turns about, and says man, I say unto thee, Arise 11 11 1 say unto thee io the paralytic,) O
8
And immedi-
.....
->
>
'
immediately
and
to
shew thou
art perfectly
pare 2 Kings V. 13 vi. 21; xiii. 14.) Yet; itseems probable, lrom the use of it here, that the patient was a young man, consulecing that Christ himself was but a little above thirty ; and if it were so it made the
J
word man on the occasion; and Christ might possibly use botli as the apoitle joins mat and fathers, Acts vii. 2, n men
:
:
civit
Uw
uivry pitiable,
Luke
and brethren, or, literally, men, brethren, xxiii. 1; Acts i. 16; ii. 29 XV- 7, 13 use* the uud \ivi,u- 17.
i ;
260
XLV
He proves
liest,
his
power offorgiving
sins by curing him.

Arise, and take up th y bed, and go thy
up the couch on which thou and, bearing it on thy shoulders, go thy way to thine own house, for at this instant I W1 ^ ename thee to do it. II. 11 And immediately he was so strengthened by a Luke v 25 secret power which went along with the word, that, believing the virtue and efficacy of it, he rose up before them all ; and taking up the couch on rvhich he lay, though before he was utterly weak and helpless, he went forth, vigorous and cheerful, to his oxvn house, humbly glorifying and adoring God for that extraordinary cure which he had now received. 26 And when the 'multitude saw [it,] they were all amazed, and with united acclamations glorifed God, xvho had given such mighty and beneficent power to men, and raised up so eminent a Prophet to his people. And they were filed with such a reverential kind of fear and dread, , , i c ii under the apprehension ot so marvellous a proof of the Divine presence among them, that they could not forbear saying one to another, We have indeed seen most extraordinary strange things today ; and after all the wonders we have known, We never before saw any thing
sect, healed at once, take
**
ae
6.
lh
'rM AT
|x
Luke V. 24.] Luke v. 25. And

[^ ^
th
immediately be rose
"Pj e
b etn
lav,
**}*
m EjfiJ
whereon he and departed to own hou se, glo-
hî^Mat
26
1X^7
And [Mat.
the multitude
when
Jf?
^
a n*a they glorified God,
m az
we
[Mat. which had S iven suc " Pwer unto men and were fin e d with
;
fear,
.
na ve seen
saying, stran e
We
ne'verâw if on this
fashion.]
12.
TMark ii. Mat. IX. 8.]
nor have we heard of any such event as days of our fathers. Mark And when the evening advanced, and the day Mark II. 13. And II. 13 e went *rth again gi- ew cooler, he went forth again by the sea
like
it,
this in the
and all the multitude who had before atabout the house, and many more who could not get near enough to see and hear what passed there, resorted to him ; and he cheerfully went on with his work, and taught
shore
;
J^
tended
in or
multkude
re-
sorted unto him, and he taught them,
them here, after

the day.
Mat. IX. 9
all
the
former labours of
And after these things, as Jesus passed out Mat. IX. 9. And ro ?n thence (that is, from the house which the [Luke, after these paralytic had been cured,) and was going down
to the sea side, he sazu a man (who was indeed thence, he sawaman a publican,* that collected the customs there) [LuKE.apublican,] whose name was Matthew, [or] as he was named Matthew, (V
S A publican.'] This was a very odious name among the Jews, and their employment was attended with so much corruption and temptation, that there were few among them that were honest men but
;
p^g^ forth
"from
mous and
and
vile a character, that publicans
together as synonymous terms, (Mat. ix. 11; xi. 19 and elsewhere.) See the paraphrase OB
sinners are often joined
Luke
iij.
12, p. 105.
they were generally persons of so info*
Reflections on the cure of the paralytic,

Levi, the son of Al- otherwise called Levi, the son of Alpheus, the pheus,] sitting at the brother of James (compare Mark iii. 18; Luke . s receipt of custom: sittin? at th x J3 v and h v j and he sailh unto " h tftfa calling him to ,be one ot him, Follow me. Me custom house : arose, his disciples, he said unto him, Follow me. And And he
26t
sect.
XLV
-
Mat-
IX 9
[LuKE,and left all,] and followed him.
[Mark Luke V.
II.
14.
27, 28.]
consigning his books and cash to . ? , j i a n .-L care iul hand, he arose, and left all the care and profits of his employment, and followed him, with most grateful acknowledgi
some
mme diatelv J
ments of his condescension

person of his station of
his stated attendants.
in
life into
the
admitting a number of
IMPROVEMENT.
It is a pleasure to reflect upon it that Christ was attended by Luke such vast numbers of people, and that they who were teachers v ^ of others should themselves sit down to hear him. But it is melancholy to reflect on the perverse purposes with which many of them came and how few did, on the whole, receive his word
-
into their hearts, so as to bring forth fruit unto perfection.
Cu-
some, and interest others; and some came to find occasion of hurting him whose whole business in life was to do good. Yet these low, these vile purposes did not prevent his Mark preaching and working miracles before them, and being ready to H- 2 seq exert his power for their benefit. Thus courageous and resolute thus solicitous, that we let us be in the discharge of our duty may not be overcome of evil, but may (which, on the whole, is always in some degree practicable) overcome evil with good.
riosity led
' ;
(Rom.
xii. 21.)
industrious were the attendants and friends of this poor Luke What contrivance, what v> 19 paralytic to obtain a cure for him labour did they use to find a proyer opportunity to bring him in, and lay him before Jesus! Ought we not to be as tender and zealous in all the offices of the truest friendship ; and to imitate, so far as suits the difference of circumstances, their importunate application, and their lively faith f Theirs had its praise and its reward. Our Lord said to this Mat.
!
How
distempered person, Thy sins are forgiven thee. He pardoned all IX. 2 his iniquities, while he healed all his diseases (Psal. ciii. 3.) This
was a blessing that would render the cure yet incomparably more valuable and this reviving declaration had the Son of God a. power to add and to pronounce. The scribes and Pharisees, ignorant Mark and prejudiced as they were, considered such a declaration as II. 6,7
;
b At the custom
erly signifies.
tooth,-
and
So rtxmtoy prop- had I not apprehended that the word might it toll- have suggested some modern idea- for which should have followed them there is in the original no foundation.
hoiise.~\
Some have rendered 2
Vol.
I.
262
sect, blasphemy.
and on
the call
of Matthew.
Their principle indeed was right, that God alone has and it is impious for men to claim it but their application was evidently wrong. The miraculous effect |o 11, 12 plainly shewed the Divine authority of the blessed Jesus. And he has still the key of David: he openeth, and no man shutteth; and shutteth, and no man openeth (Rev. iii. 7.) Almighty Saviour, may we each of us receive from thee forgiveness of our sins; and we will not complain though our sicknesses should not immediately be removed Let us glorify God who has given this power L,lke to his Son ; and thankfully acknowledge that we are ourselves, in many respects, the monuments both of his pardoning and healing mercy. Mat. To conclude let us view with humble wonder and pleasure IX. 9 this farther instance of the condescension and grace of the Redeemer in the call of Matthew: his condescension in calling to so near an attendance, and so intimate a friendship, a man who was a publican, infamous as that employment was ; and his grace, which could immediately inspire him with so firm a resolution of quitting all the profits of it, that he might reduce himself to circumstances of life as precarious as those of his Divine Master. Many, no doubt, censured him as a rash enthusiast, or a lunatic^ rather than a sober convert ; but he is even now reaping the abundant reward; his loss is gain, and his contempt glory.
XLV power
-
to forgive sins,
SECT.
XLVI.
Christ goes up to a feast at Jerusalem (generally supposed to be his second passover,) and there cures a poor impotent man at the pool of Bethesda. John V. 1 16.
sect. xlvx.
oh
A.
AFTER
y
great feast of the ews ^ even the feast of the p assoV er - and
this, there
John V. 1. was a
A FTER
John V.
1.
this,
Jesus, according to his custom, went up to Jerusalem, both that he might pay a religious regard to the ceremonial law, and that he might take an opportunity of teaching considerable numbers of people assembled from distant parts and countries where he did not appear in person.
e an(i j es us went to Jerusalem.
^*
up
to recede from this order in favour of Mr. Manne's singular hypothesis ; who suppreceding section; and most critics (after poses that theft asthcre spoken of was the the example of Irenceus, lib. ii. cap. 39) con- feast if Pentecost, and that this whole chapelude that this was it. And indeed, as the ter is transposed, and shoidd come in attho little this is capable passover was the greatest of all theivfeasts, end of the sixth. of defence we shall endeavour to shew in it is sometimes denoted by the word wtw, (See Mark xv. the notes on John vi. 1, and 4 ; see sect; feven without the article.
a A feast of the Jews, even the feast of the passover.] It is certain from Luke vi. b 3, (note , sect, xlix.) that a passover happened soon after the facts recorded in the
at least, be as well introduced here as- anj where else ; and one has little temptation
How
e.
aad.
Luke,
xsiii.,
17-) This chapter
may,
Ijxviii. natc b
and
The healing
virtue of the pool of Bethesda.
263
Now it is well known, that there is at Jeru- sect. 2 Now there is at Jerusalem by the S alem, near the sheep [markct,~] b a pool, or great XLVI
the
galled in the Heerv f wat ">' Hebrew tongue, brew language, Bethesda, or the House of MerBethesda, having cy and was indeed, as the name intimates, a five porches. jînd f hospital, having five porticos, or cloys-
SaTSfiSu!:
***
~
-
ters, d built
round
it,
to
accommodate and
shel-
ter those
resort to it for pleasure, convenience, or cure for the water was highly
:
who might
esteemed on account of some medicinal virtues which attended it, and the benefit many had received by bathing in it and its reputation was greatly advanced, since those miraculous circumstances had been observed, which
;
we
shall presently
mention.
In these cloysters were laid a great number of 3 3 In these lay a great multitude of s i c fc an j diseased persons, such as were either
buSThiit, wkherblbid or lame i
cd, waiting for the withered; moving of the wa- thither in
te
^'
_,
.
had an 5 P art of their hod Y came or were brought expectation of a cure, and lay there waitingfor the moving ofthe water. For God, 4
r
who
either
went down
at a cer-
to a^d the greater lustre to his Son's miracles, as well as to shew that his ancient people were
not entirely forgotten by him, e had been pleased of late to perform some supernatural cures at For at a certain season? which this place.
b Near the sheep market."] I chuse to re- that these cloysters tain the common translation of sheep market Jive sides.
might correspond
.
to its
rather than pate ; because, if the report of , Ta ., , ,, e To add the greater , lusu-c to his Son's .i . a .viJa the *> . the u best travellers is t ~ i to be credited, tu .. ,_, -, miracles, ere. J These reasons are sutri i j. i r n *l j ,i. tor the pool of Bethesda is mucli , place shewn c i . , , . , l ~ , *2 , ... l m.i * ii gestcd and well illustrated in Mr. Calvin s y UD than the i m. . nearer the tern pie *nT_ iC. sheep pate could v> ,. udici0us < "us story. J
...-',
""
.
'
..
be.
(Compare
pool,
Nell.
iii.
and
xii.
39.)
f At a ain sea * on * ^ TJ 10Ug h or great reservoir of water.] be sometimes rendered at*f **'?" that The etymology of the word K oXvuGH time (as Kom. v. 6.) and some have there. " * iw >' ' mtimatesitwas a placeto stcim in so t f t that .; , , iore thou ht e \ **? f ? it seems to me to been a kind of bath {? S mentioned just before, to be the season like those near Jericho, where Aristobulus w fien ** an8d stirred the water , was drowned by Herod's order as he was \ very justly bear the swimming, C Joseph. Antiq. lib. xv. cap. 3. >'<*' lse /'lat * en them 1,1 our I do not find any satisfactory proof 3.) f' there is no reason why we (though many have asserted it) that the ânslfon, ôuld suppose .t to have only been an ansheep to be sacrificed were walked here, ,mal winch^ would but needlessly or that the of the sacrifices ran into f> êase the difficulty. Indeed the expec it: yetthisiathefoundationofthatstrange of the people intimates it was at conjecture of Dr. Hammond c
"^
.
We
,-
,.
*?&?%
êand
._
"Jj ^\^ S" K
AW
shall presently mention. '
omc P^ncular periods, though probably \ they were not fixed in such a way as that d Having It they certainly could tell the stated times of five porticos, or cloysters.] is a very probable thought of Dr.Lightfoat their return at least we know not what (in his Harmony, in loc.J that the bason it- they were, nor can it be determined from self might be in the form of a pentagon, and this indefinite expression. And if it be thus
;
which we
<^
264
An
angel at a certain season
stirs the xvater.
Y
4
sect, returned at some particular periods, an unusual tain season into the xlvi. motion was discovered in the water; and from P ool > and troubled
the marvellous effects of it, it was rightly coneluded that at that time an angel descended into the pool and stirred the xvater^ by which a
tlrlZ'L?^
taken to refer to a certain hour of'the day, or his excellent Vindication of Christ's iniraday of'the week (perhaps the sabbath, which cles, p. 68, Iff seq.J I imagine this pool was the day that they were now expecting might have been remarkable for some it) y.a.lct x.!U$ov will signify at every such mineral virtue attending the water which time, as jc.*.t' iw&wrav every year, Heb. x. 1 ; is the more probable as Jerom tells us it and z.aS' d/uwqxv, every day, Acts ii. 46, 47. was of a very high colour this, together g An angel descended into the pool and stir- with its being so very near the temple, red the wafer.] The late English version where a bath was so much needed for rerenders it a messenger, agreeable to the ligious purposes, may account for the buildstrange hypothesis of Dr. Hammond who ing such stately cloysters round it, three of thinks that this water had contracted a which remain to this day; (see Maundrell's natural virtue by washing the carcasses and Travels, p. 108.) Some time before this entrails of the sacrifices in this pool and passover an extraordinary commotion was that on stirring it up that virtue exerted it- probably observed in the water and Provself the more so that a proper officer was idence so ordered it that the next person appointed for that purpose a thought so who accidentally bathed here, being ununphilosophical, as well as ungrounded in der some great disorder, found an immehistory and antiquity, that one would won- diate and unexpected cure : the like phceder how so learned a man could fall upon nomenon in some other desperate case was it. Mr. Fleming, to avoid the apparent probably observed on a second commotion : difficulties of the literal interpretation, con- and these commotions and cures might hapcludes that the latter part of the third and pen periodically, perhaps every sabbath, (for the whole fourth verse is a spurious addi- that it was yearly none can prove,) for some tion of some ignorant monk in the eighth or weeks or months. This the Jews would ninth century; because that part is want- naturally ascribe to some angelic power, as ing in Baza's manuscript, and is written by they did afterwards the voice from heaven a later hand in the margin of that in the (John xii. 29,) though no angel appeared. French king's library, which L amy in his And they and St. John had reason to do it, Harmony so much extols. But I cannot as it was the scripture scheme that these acquiesce in this omission, since the pas- benevolent spirits had been, and frequentsage in question is found in all the other ly are the invisible instruments of good to most celebrated manuscripts, as also in the the children of men ; (see Psalm xxxiv. xci. 11 Dan. iii. 28'; and vi. 22.) On Syriac version, and all the rest in the Poly- 7 and besides this, the seventh their making so ungrateful a return to glott bible
; : ; ;
(which none dispute) implies that Christ for this miracle, and those wrought there was a miraculous virtue in the water at the former passover, and in the interafter it was troubled, which extended o:ily mediate space, this celestial visitant probato ihefrst that went in, and cured his dis- bly from this time returned no more; ease, whatever it were so that the chief and therefore it may be observed that difficulties would still remain were Mr. though the evangelist speaks of the pool as Fleming's criticism to be allowed, (see still at Jerusalem when he wrote, yet he his Christology, Vol. I. p. 13 I can- mentions the descent of the angel as a thing 15.) but which had been, but not as still continuing not here discuss the matter at large This may acbeg leave, in a few wurds, to hint at what (compare verse 2 and 4.) seems to mfc the easiest solution of this count for the surprising silence of Josegreatcst of difficulties in the history of the phus in a story which made so much for Ev.tigelists, in which, of all others, the the honour of his nation. He was himself and though learned antiuerers of Mr. Woolston have not born when it happened generally given me the least satisfaction, he might have heard the report of it, he would perhaps (as is the modern way) oparc! which few commentators enter into and I am pleased to find, long since I pose speculation and hypothesis to fact ; and, wrote thi3 note, that the ingenious Dr. like Dr. Wellwood in a much plainer case Pcarce agrees with me in the most mate- (see his Letter relating to Maillard's cure,) rial circumstances of this hypothesis; (see have recourse to some indigested and
verse
;
Christ heals a poor disabled man

the troubling of the
who
lay waiting to be cured.
265
water
stepped
in,
5. he
had.
healing virtue was communicated to it; and sect. XLVI rs t person therefore that went in after the th e fi " cured what ter " stirHns '/"" : ever the distemper was that he beiore was seized v 4 with.
"fr'y
ST
Audit now happened that a certain man was 5 a certain was there, lying there who had been thirty eight years diswhich had an infirm- /^ by an iil nes s which had seized his nerves, a * ' and taken away the use of all his limbs. Jesus 6
5
And
man
years.
6 When Jesus saw then seeing him as he lay by the side of the pool, him lie, and knew an j knoxving that he had been now a long time [in
now
Anytime""
saith
I
that case, "he
unto him, Wilt thou
be made whole
7 The impotent man answered him,
this melancholy condition,] says to him, with a view to stir up his attention to himself, and to engage him to reflect on his own helpless state, an(j Qn greatness f the mercy he designed him, Dost thou desire to be cured of thine inThe poor disabled man answered him, f firmity ?
troubled, to put into the pool; but
for 3J STiirs *-*asto ** of be mfI; happyman lwait well as lame and have no me poor
^
$ir
Qn
cannot but earnestly desire

'
it,
but
am now
to
me and put me
into the pool

i
when
the water is
while I am coming, anc/ st ^ rrec/ steppeth another ... r while I am before mc. down
*/ j coming towards it, another deand enjoys the benefit of the scends before me,
my own motions
are so slow, that,
miracle.
8 Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk.
9 And immediate]y the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walke j .__
And on the same

day was the sabbath.
Upon this, Jesus says to him, with an air of 8 Divine majesty and authority, Arise, take up thy Qn thy shoulders? andwalk away with it, to And 9 shew how perfectly thou art recovered. such virtue attended these words, that the man ami' leaping up in a immediateIl became we u l ? f . transport of wonder and joy, he took up his couch andxvalked away with it to his own house, through some of the most public parts of the city. Now on that day that this miraculous cure was wrougnt) it was tne sa l)h a th: yet Christ commanded him, even on that day, to carry his couch, both to shew his own authority and to
^^
unmeaning harangues on the unknown cautious in touching' upon it, as it would force of imagination : or if he secretly sus- have been so difficult to handle it at once pected it to be true, his dread of the irutr- with decency and safety. II The first that went in <was cured.] vellaus, and fear <rf disgusting his Pagan readers with it, might as well lead him to This may well be considered as a circum-
suppress this, as to disguise the passage stance wisely ordered by Providence to through the Red Sea, and the Divine voice illustrate the superior power and goodfrom mount Sinai, in so mean and foolish ness of the Son of God, who, not at distant a manner as it is In wn he does. And the periods of time, but every day, not only perflation in which this fact stood to the his- formed a single cure, but healed whole multory of Jesus, would make him peculiarly titudes that resorted to him.
266
The Jexvs are angry
at his doing this on the sabbath.

1
sect, exercise the faith
and obedience of his patient. The Jexvs therefore, who saw him pass by in 10 The Jews ~~~~~ this manner, said to him that was cured, It is therefore said unto V. 10 tne sabbath day ; and therefore it is not laxvful iîs^th^âbbath for thee thus to carry a couch, or to bear any day It is not lawburthen whatsoever. (Compare Jer. xvii. 21, ful f r thee to carry bed 22 and Neh. xiii. 1519.) How is it then that thou art so presumptuous as to profane 11 this holy day? But he ansxveredthcm by giving \\ He answered an account of his cure, and only added, He them, He that made that miraculously healed and made me well, and m f whole, the same said unto me, Take t.i { i restored me with a word to this health and up ^ an(j y ^ e(j strength, even he said to me, Take up thy couch, walk. and xvalk away with it and I could not quesXLVI
-
such a 32 ceremonial precept. And upon this, dropping 12 Then asked all mention of the cure, and only fixing on they him, Whatman V what seemed liable to exception, k they asked unt0 the g Take up
tion
his authority to dispense with
man that said unto thee, on thy bed, and walk Take up thy couch, and xvalk Noxv he that xvas healed did not 13 And he that 13 away with it ? at that time knoxv xvho it xvas that had cured was healed wist not him ? for as there xvas a croxvd of people in the sus hJ^conve/ed place, Jesus had modestly slipped axvay among himself away, a them as soon as he had spoken the healing multitude being in that P lace word. But aftexvards, Jesus fndeth him in the court 14 Afterwards, Je14 of the temple, and said unto him, Behold, by the sus findeth him in
is
him then, Who
the
>
this 6acred
day,
singular mercy of God, thou art now recovered tlle tcm P le ^^ sa ld but take heed that thou (nou to health and vigour ar t ma de sin no more, lest something yet xvorse befall thee ; whole sin no more, for thou knowest in thine own conscience that 1(? st a worse thing come unt0 thee the iniquities of thy youth brought this calamity upon thee, and the deliverance thou hast
>
,
'
'
Even
he.~\
phasis in the
tion after
There seems to be this em- censorious temper. I am obliged to Groword sxs/voc, in this connec- tius for this delicate remark, which well
1
/arame-ac It is very far from illustrates their partiality and malignity, being an expletive, though few versions take Modestly slipped away.'] The word amy notice of it. v^tmvavi (as Casaubon observes in his k Only fixing on what seemed liable to learned note on the place) is an elegant exception.] They do not ask, Who is it that metaphor borrowed from swimming and has made thee well ? but, Who is it that hade we may thus observe how well it expresses thee to take up thy couch upon the sabbath the easy unobserved manner in which he, day? though he had just told them it was as it were, glided through them while, the author of his cure that gave him that like a stream of water, they opened before command: for all that they proposed was, him, and immediately closed again, leavnot to hear of any good that had been done ing no trace of the way he had taken. m The iniquities of thy youth brought 10 engage their admiration and applause, but to lay hold of some occasion to find this calamity upon thee.] Our Lord seems fault, to gratify the pride and malice of a not merely to have referred to a general
-
They persecute him for
breaking' the sabbath.
26T
received will be a dreadful aggravation of sect. XhVI thy future guilt. """" The man then informed himself of those that 15 The man departed, and told the stood by who it was that spoke to him ; and y j5 Jews that it was Je- knowing n ; to De the person to whom he was r ,r sus which hud made ... , c ^ obliged for his cure, he went away trom the him whole. before extemple and told the Jexvs, who had amined him, that it was Jesus of Nazareth who had restored him to health; expecting, no doubt, by this discovery, to have procured him that honour and respect which was due to so much And yet the Jews IS 16 And therefore power and goodness. did the Jews per- we re so far from paying him any just acknowkdgments tnat i on the contrary, they persecuted soiT'ht to^lav him* because lie had done Jesus on this account and endeavoured to put him these things on the to death, as an impious transgressor of the law, sabbath day. because he had done these things on the sabbath day : and, in pursuance of that unrighteous and barbarous purpose, they brought an accusation against him before the sanhedrim," which occasioned the large and excellent apology related in the two following sections.
now
'
IMPROVEMENT.
reason have we humbly to adore that Almighty Being and makes alive, who wounds and heals ! (Deut. xxxii. If the Jews had cause of thankfulness for this miraculous 39.) interposition, surely those virtues which God has in a natural way bestowed on medicines, and that sagacity which he has given Verse to men for the discovery of those virtues, are matter of much 4 greater acknowledgment, as the blessing is so much more extensive and lasting. But how much greater still are our obligations to him for the 3 blessings of his gospel and the ordinances of his worship, those waters of life by which our spiritual maladies are healed, and vigour restored to our enfeebled souls! Let us humbly attend them ; yet during that attendance let us look beyond them for surely the efficacy of this pool of Bcthesda did not more depend upon the descent of the angel, than the efficacy of the noblest ordinances depends on that blessed Spirit which operates in and by them.
What
kills
who
notion that diseases were the punishments of thirty eight years J yet were perfectly in, but to glance at some irregularities of known to him. the man's younger years which, though they were committed before Christ was born n Before the sanhedrim.] See the reason (for we are told, ver. 5, that this disabled for this conjecture in the next section, vcr.
man had
laboured
under
his.
disorder 17, note
compared with
ver. 33.
368
defections on the cure of the disabled man. Multitudes were continually attending at this pool: and why then is the house of Godforsaken ? where not one alone, but many,
at the same moment, may receive spiritual sight and strength ; yea, and life from the dead? Yet, alas! under the diseases of the soul, how few desire to be made xvhole ! Blessed Jesus I if thou hast awakened that desire in us, we would adore thee for it as a token for good; and would lift up our believing eyes to thee, in humble expectation that thou wilt graciously fulfil it.
14
The man who was
lately languishing on his couch
we
quickly
and where should they be found who have been raised up from beds of weakness, and brought out from chambers of confinement but in the sanctuary, rendering
after find in the temple:
their praises to the
God of their
mercies f
!
How
reasonable
is
the
which our Lord gave him there Sin no more, lest a "worse thing come unto thee. May Ave see sin as the root of all our afflictions ; and, by the bitterness of them, may sin be embittered to us, and our hearts fortified against relapsing into it, especially when we have been chastised, and restored again ! One would have expected that, when this grateful creature 15 published the name of his Benefactor, crowds should have thronged about Jesus, to have heard the words of his mouth, and to have received the blessings of his gospel; and that the whole nation should have gloried in the presence of such a person, as far more
caution
valuable than the descent of a heavenly spirit at some particular seasons for the cure of their diseases, or even the abode of an incarnate angel among them would have been. But instead of 16 this, behold the malignity of our fallen nature, and the force of stubborn prejudice They surround him with an hostile intent; they even conspire against his beneficial life ; and for an imagined transgression in a point of ceremony, would have put out this light in Israel. Let us not wonder then if our good be evil spoken of: (Rom. xiv. 16.) Let us not wonder : if even candour, benevolence, (and usefulness, do not wholly disarm the enmity of some especially of those who have been taught to prefer sacrifice to mercy ; and who, disrelishing the genuine contents of the gospel, naturally seek occasion to slander and persecute the professors, and especially the defenders of it.
!
SECT.
and office.
John V.
XLVII.
Christ vindicates the miracle which he had wrought at the pool on the sabbath day, and solemnly declares the dignity of his person
1
30.
THE was
John V.
17.
John V.
.
17.
ll
miracle which he had just performed a plain evidence of his Divine authority
an "R UT ] e! \ em, swered t
"
Christ vindicates himself by his Father's example,
269
My
hitherto,
Father workeih and I work.
and power
J eW s,and,as it seems,examined before solemn council,* for the cure he had wrought on the sabbath day, he took the opportunity of declaring at large the dignity of his person, the evidence of his mission, and the absolute ne-
hut Jesus being questioned by the sect. their most XLVI1

^
17
b cessity of faith in him to their eternal salvation ; while, in reply to the malicious charge which they brought against him, he ansxvered them as heavenly Father, in the adminisfollows :
My
kingdom, workctfi from the beginning of the world even till noxv ; and upon sabbath days, as well as others, he exerts that unremitting and unwearied energy which is the life of the creation and, in like manner, I also work, in obedience to the intimations of his will, and in subserviency to his glory. And in this very action I have given you so visible a proof that I am directed and assisted by him, that you ought humbly to acquiesce in it, without presuming to cavil at what is so evidently Divine, or to limit the majesty of heaven by those rules which he has
tration of his providential
continually,
18 Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only had broken the sabbath, but said also
prescribed to his creatures. But upon hearing this suggested by our Lord in vindication of himself, they were so far from
i

yield i ng t0 tne argume nt, that, for this very reaJ , r i son i tne resentment or his adversaries was increased being therefore more incensed and that God was his aga i ns him than t before, the rulers of the "Yews Father; niakinfrhim- , < 7W endeavoured the more eagerly to put him to death, self equal with God. because (as they imagined) he had not only violat; , .
.
ed the sabbath, but had now also gone so far as even to have called God his own Fat her, c in so peculiar and appropriating a sense as in effect
But he here expatiates more largely on some of them and, no doubt, if NicodeChristology, Vol. II. p. 296,) which seems mus, as a member of the council, was now to be confirmed by ver. 33 and there ap- present, he heard him with great pleaspears a great deal of additional propriety ure and improvement, and beauty in the discourse when it is conc Called God his own Father.'] This is the sidered IQ this view.
; ;
a Before their most solemn council.] I here follow Mr. Fleming's opinion (in his
plain and literal sense of the original, vrzltp* took the opportunity of declaring iSioy. The whole nation ot the Jews at large the dignity of his person, jV.] thought God their Father (John viii. 41,) Christ had hinted at several of these and the} could not therefore have acthings in his conference with Nichodemus counted it blasphemy to have used the (John iii. 13 21, sect, xxvi,) who had phrase, had they not interpreted it in so probably reported them to his brethren, high and appropriating a suiso.
b
He
Vol.
I.
2 k
2F0
sect, to
All that he did xvas in conjunction with the Father.

,
make himself equal with God while he thus * LVI1 argued his own right to work on the sabbath day, from God's working upon it though this
iohn V. is
;
v excusable in their malicious opposition to him, ..-'. , . tanswered and said unto them, Verily, verily, Isay Son can do nothing nnto you, and do most faithfully and solemnly of himself, but what declare, That the Son of God, great and glorious *J e se th lhe Father do for what thing's 1 e is, now acts an avowed subjection to soever he doeth, the authority of the Father, and can do nothing these also doeth the of himself* in pursuance of any distinct schemes Son likewise, or separate interest of his own, unless he see the Father doing it, e or perceive him intimating it as his pleasure that it should be done for whatsoever are the things that he (that is, the Father) doeth, even these likewise doeth the Son in a most intimate conjunction with him ; at all times cheerfully complying with his purposes, and esteeming it his honour always to be employed For the Father loyeth the 20 For the Father 20 in his service. a ' Son, and that with so entire an affection, that Jjytfê m "i{ he sheweth him all things that he himself doeth/ thine-s that himself
was evidently no argument with respect to mankind in general, nor had ever been pleaded by the greatest of the prophets in such a view. Jesus therefore, to explain the matter more lg fully to them, and to leave them yet more in-
7-7
19 Then answered Jesus, andsaid unto hem fnly, venly, l * say unto you, The
'
h.
d The Son can do nothing of himself.~\ I cannot forbear mentioning' a remarkable note of the learned Eisner (Observ. Vol. I. p. 307, 15" seq-) in which lie shews by a great variety of instances, that the later heathen writers seem to have ascribed to Minerva, as the daughter of Jupiter, many things which our sacred scriptures speak of Christ as the Son of God.
ment
teach,
say, that the
word ux.vu(riv, which we

;
here to as a master any thing forms his scholar to do what he himself doeth, and teaches him the secrets of his art or profession but I cannot acquiesce in this sense, as expressing the whole
have rendered
or
sheiueth, signifies
form
to
meaning of the phrase.
It
rather refers to
TI7 L ft the Father dorrg it.-] W hetor our Lord here means in^the general, unless he see U to he correspondent to the Fae Unless he
, , ,
,
-,
the ample and comprehensive knowledge which the Son has of the whole plan of the
in all their mutual relaFathe) , s councll tions anddep endances whereas the//,/,the apostles too, had, in compari;
ther's
scheme
peculiar
Z>
or whether he refers to any impulse which he some-
^d
gqn of tW
fel
yery hm[tcd and contracted

"
and utlderstands it as if been gaid whate er the Son doeth, is bufc j thmk d of(he fa ttrms tf&i Greek faguage vroxM not sense haye allowed the repetition of *"* but it would rather have been said, sect. civ. flit. 00, not to insist r*i(7* * -vrciu Stiy.vvTiv aw f 'Sheweth him all things that he himself upon it, that the sense in which I have exefoef/i.] The editors of the Prussian Testa- plained it is much nobler, and not 50 newly
tf)
.
times fek upon ms m.nd, leading him to exert his miraculous power in tins or that ,nstance,Icannotcertaialydeternnne;but rather inchne to the latter, winch might also be comprehended in ver. 17 The parUde *w f., which 13 exactly the same in sign hcation wi a is here afeo used ,n a less proper sense. See the note on John Cl X and C mpare j B
yfewg
^ ^ w ^M ^
Compare
Isa
,
(ag
we
^ ave
chi,^
xl 10 where it is no TOom to cloubt) of ' hig bab ; lhis sense

.
^^ had
^
Dr whitbv
.
refers
/ Sm />e
^^
î*
^L
The Father had commissioned him

shew him
to
judge
the world.
271
and sect. Di- XLVI1 S^-?n2?L vine manner to act in prosecution of them: and he wilt there, or point out to him tar greater v 30 tvorks than these which he has hitherto performed which shall hereafter be accomplished by him, that you may all be filled with rvonder, though you will not be open to conviction. 21 For as the Fa- You have now seen the cure of one who had 21 ther raiseth up the been long disabled bv a disease, but I have not dead, and quickeni vet vou shall t ra i se( anv from tne dead -, cth them even so J r c quickly see, that it is not for want ol power ; the Son quickeneth he pleases, raises whom he will. for as the Father, whenever ap and animates the dead, so also you shall have sufficient evidence that the Son animates xvhom Nor is it to be wondered at, that he 22 22 For the Father he xvill. man should have so great a power lodged in him; judgfetli no but hath committed r f pather now [ n his own person judges no all judgment unto*/ man, but has given the administration of all the Son: judgment to the Son, before whom all men are at last to appear, and by whom they are to be And 23 assigned to their final and eternal state. 23 That all men should honour the this important power God has committed to Son, even as they me ,s t /iat notwithstanding the humble form in engaged to which l "H*"* <" '"</ not the Son, honour- honour the Son, even as they honour the rather cth not the Father himself; yielding an unreserved homage and winch hath sent him. obedience t o him, as what is necessary to approve their duty and fidelity to God for he that, in such a circumstance, and on such a discoverv, honoureth not the Son, as worthy of the highest veneration, honoureth not the Father that sent him ; but affronting him in the person of so dear and so great an ambassador, must expect to be treated as an enemy and a rebel.
doeth: and he will letting him into the secret of his councils, greater teaching him in the most wonderful and
-en
**"&*
"
the same with what Christ preceding verse-
the passover ; in the same manner as he long" before had done, in calling God his Father, This important power God has com- even when he was but twelve years old, mitted to me.] Though our Lord here (Luke ii. 49.) So little is there in Mr. speaks of himself in the third person, yet Manne's argument from that text. (See afterwards, in ver. 30, seq. he speaks in note c on John ii. 16, p. 143.) And it is the first; and common sense would teach also to be remembered that, accoi-dingto all that heard him, that by the Son he here Mr. Mamie's Scheme of the Harmony, he meant himself. Now I appeal to any un- makes this to have happened about ten prejudiced person to judge, whether our months before Christ's death, and long before Lord's making such a declaration as this many of those charges to his disciples, not before the Jewish rulers, and probably in to make him known , from whence this genfull council, was not far more liable to ex- tleman argues, that the forecitcd words in ception, than merely his callingthe temple John ii. 16, could not be spokentill hlslast
had said
in
&
his Father's
home
(Jofiti
ii.
16) at his first passover.
2f2
sect. SLVI1
He has
this
power ofjudging,
as the
Son of man.
V. 24
_. , rvotd with an attentive regard, m/ truly be- but is passed from lieveth in him that sent vie, hath everlasting life: death unto life. he is already entitled to it, yea, it is already begun in his soul and he shall shortly possess it in its full perfection, and shall not come into condemnation for any former offences ; but is
This is a truth of the utmost consequence to your final happiness, and therefore I insist the more largely upon it see then that none of you presume to pass it slightly over; for verily, verily, I say unto you, and solemnly declare it in the presence of you all, He that heareth my J J
:
^
l
24 Verily, verily, sa y unt J'u, He
^TbSevS
on him that sent me, hath everlastinglife,
.t
into
?"d shal \ not c ? me condemnation
passed from that state of death in which men naturally are, to a state of life, security, and 25 felicity. Think not this an incredible asser- 25 Verily, verily, tion for verily, verily, I say unto you, and in J say unto you, The the strongest terms renew the important dec- hour is com n ff. a d ~. now IS when the 1 ,
; ;
. ,
hat the season cometh, and is now dead shall hear the just at hand, when the dead shall hear the voice voice of the Son of 7 of the Son of God, and they that hear [it] shall immediately live; for within these few months there shall be some dead bodies raised to life by the word of his power, (See Mark v. 41
laration,"
1
>
^J^nj^*
Luke
vii.
14
John
xi.
43
and compare Mat.
xxvii. 52, 53,~) and many souls that are dead in sin shall, by his grace, be quickened and made
26 spiritually alive. 1 For as the Father has 26 For as the Faoriginally and essentially life in himself, so he has tner liath ufe in msel f h h he also given to the Son, that he should, for these !!! !? f d given t Uie Son to to i t%purposes ot glorious and Divine operation, have have life in himself. a principle of life in himself to be communicated 27 unto whom he will. (See 1 Cor. xv. 45.) And 27 And hath given he has given him authority, not onlv to quicken him authority to exmen now, but also to execute final judgment ^LitfThe because he is the Son of man; and as he has the Son of man. voluntarily humbled himself to so lowly a form
ri-
'
important declaration.] of this solemn asseveration are by no means vain, considering the vast importance of the truth and how incredible it would appear, that he who stood before them in so humble a form, was in reality the Lord of Life, and the universal yudge. See note z on John i. 51, p. 134. i Some dead bodies raised to life, and many souls made spiritually alive.] I express it thus ambiguously, because lam something doubtful, whether it may not refer to the conversion of sinners by Christ's
"
Renew
the
These
repetitions
ministry, rather than the resurrection of a few by his miraculous power. It is well known, sinners are often represented in scripture as dead (Mat. viii. 22 Eph. ii. 1 v. 14 1 Tim. v. 6 and Jude, ver. 12 ;) and if the expression ct hhx<t<*v1i;, is to be taken,
; :
;
as we render it, with the most literal exactness, for they that hear, or they, and they alone, that so attend unto the voice of Christ as to believe in him, it will then limit it to this sense ; which seems also favoured by ver. 24, where death plainly
signifies a state
of sin and condemnation.
Reflections on the dignity of Christ.
273
(see Phil.
ii.
him
XLV11 those glorious predictions which represent him as possessed of universal and perpetual ~j^" dominion, and coming in the clouds of heaven 7 in that day when the judgment is set, and the books are opened. (See Dan. vii. 9 14 ;
all
11,)
God
will
accomplish to sect.
y\
Phil.
this
ii.
8,
and Heb.
xii. 2.)
And therefore, xvonder not at this which I 28 28 Marvel not at for the hour is have now declared concerning the resurrection rominjr, in the which of a few ^ Portly to be expected ; for the hour that are dead and buried his coming in -which all ^ravefshaUhear all that shall then be lying in the voice, now, and
;
graves, though mouldered away and consumed And shall come 29 shall hear his voice. forth, they that have y^/i out of the dust, they that have done good, done good, unto ft e tQ fhe resurrect i on eternal life, and they that have done evil, to the resurrection of final damnnd'uTe'y'tha^ have See to it therefore, that you shew a done evil, unto the nation. resurrection of dam- j ue re ar d to him before whom you yourselves
29
And shall come there,
and do not rashly condemn a Person from whose lips you are to receive your Not that any corrupt bias 30 30 I can of mine decisive sentence. own self do nothing f partial resentment will be brought into the as I hear, I judge; proceechn e;s of that day, or into any of my o and my ludcrment is r ,jr ir j u \ but because I seek conduct; for / can of myself do nothing, just; 'not mine own will, now act by a delegated power as the minister but the will of the Q r a righteous God: and therefore as I hear I judge, pronouncing according to the evidence of facts before me and upon this account it must appear that my judgment is just ; because I seek not any distinct will or separate interest of my oxvnf but the wise and holy will of the Father who sent me; which is, that every man
-
natlon
are to stand
EX*
ter,
should be treated according to his real characand be the object of favour or of wrath, as his temper and conduct have been upright or wicked.
IMPROVEMENT.
what humble prostration of soul should we bow before Verse Lord Jesus Christ while we read such words as these 19, 20 Though he appeared under the form of a servant; and as man and mediator, confessed a holy subjection to his Father, and his
With
the
interest of
y I seek not any distinct will or separate my own.] This limitation the sense evidently requires. See Heb. x.
9,
10; Mat. xxvi. 39, and note h on Mat.
xii. 7, sect. xlix.
2T4
Christ
had not only
his
own
testimony,
sect. God; yet is he his own, his only begotten Son, the Son whom he xlvii loves, he honours, whom he commands all men to honour
~~~
whom
even as himself, and to whom such poxver and authority are come mitted, that he is the principle of life, and the administrator of Let us adore the wisdom of such a contrivance, that ^r. judgment ~ he who humbled himself thus low, should be so highly exalted. Let us labour to secure an interest in him ; treating him with that submission,, duty, and obedience, which becomes at once the divinity of his nature, and the dignity of his office. May we be enabled by Divine grace so to hear the voice of his 25 gospel, that we may arise to a life of holy obedience that we may 28 another day hear him with joy calling forth our sleeping dust, and arise to the resurrection of life ; while those that have despised and rejected him, shall find themselves the helpless prisoners of his justice, and with reluctance and terror come forth to
the resurrection of damnation!
SECT.
XLVIII.
Christ having declared to the Jews (and, as it seems, to the Sanhedrim,) the dignity of his person, office, and character, goes on to represent the proofs of his mission; and concludes his discourse with proper admonitions and cautions. John V. 31, to the end.
SEC
* lvm
.T."
the J ews and said , I have certainly en- witness is rot ? tri^ ; tered a very high claim, and represented myj V. 31 Se as a person of great dignity and authority ; nor do I see it without sufficient proof. Indeed If I bear this xvitness of myself alone, it must be acknowledged, that my testimony is not immediately [to be admitted as"] true : a you have a right to insist on other evidence ; and a variety of it arises from the testimony of John, from the power of my miracles, from the testimony of the Father, and from innumerable passages in your own sacred writings. I would then fh'st observe that, besides what 32 32 There is anI have told you of myself, there is another of other that beareth undoubted reputation and veracity that beareth w tness of me and
r^ UR
"
^
John V. 31. Lord Proceeded in
John
his discourse to
v. 31. b ar tn
'
J,
Jf ^
j T ni' i, and I know that the xvitness ness w hi c h he witwhich he beareth of me is true and credible and nesseth of me is well remember by the happiest tokens, the great ^ ue
xvitness oj
r me ;
know that
the wit-
Is not
\jto
be admitted
as~\ true."]
this is the sense of the
word
true here,
That very evident and appears in part from is comparing John viii. 13 If, sect. ciii.
;
but the testimony of John, to prove his mission.

fact
275
on which
it
especially turned : b nor can
you
sect.
-
33 Ye sent John, and he bare sent messengers on witness unto the courtunt0 this John
reasonably take upon you to dispute it ; for the X,V1U person I refer to is John the Baptist, whom 7~J~"" vour whole nation agreed to reverence as a y And you know, that you yourselves 33 unto prophet:
purpose from your own (John i. 1927, sect, xx,)

-
34 But I receive not testimony from but these man things I say, that ye might be saved.
;
and he, in the most express terms, bore a faithful and honourable testimony to the truth of what I have now attested and referred to, assuring you that he saw the Spirit in a visible form I do not indeed receive the 34 descend upon me. chief testimony on which I rest the credit of from man; nevertheless, I say these y m i ss on ,J J i r Z things to you, on your own principles, out of a tender and compassionate concern for your
i
,
.
,> .
conviction, that you, who are now conspiring against my life, may be saved from that destruction which he foretold as the portion of those who should reject me, and which the greatest of them shall not be able to escape,
was indeed 3 $ 12, sect, xvi.) 35 He was a burn- (Mat. iii. 10 ing and a shining a burning and a shining light (Ecclus. xlviii. 1,) and ye were wh light to his bright and distinct knowledge of the ' willmcr lor a season r i i heaven, joined a mysteries of the kingdom ot t. in his
;
He
rJli-j
to
rejoice
light.
most fervent zeal in bearing his testimony to them andfor a while you ivere disposed greatly c to rejoice in his light ; but you did not express
;
that continued regard to his preaching

his first appearance
which at
topic,
you seemed
to
promise. have 3G
I will not therefore insist farther 36 But I have a trnutcrwitnesstlian faf proceed to other evidence.
i
on this
And /
which is much greater still works which'the F:fvher hath given me than [that] of John; for the works of wonder and mercy which the Father has assigned and given in commission to me, that according to his
n(l ee d a testimony
> The great fact on which it especially United and incessantly wrought in him. c For a while you ivere disposed greatly to turned.] The propriety and spirit of our Lord's expression, Z hioiv. that t/w witness rejoice in his light. ~\ Our Lord might speak which he beareth of me is true, is much illus- thus of John, though he was yet living, as traled, by supposing that here is an oblique his light was now in a great measure extinr< Terence to that great event, the descent of guished by his imprisonment ; so that the
the
Holy Spirit on Christ at his baptism,

so expressly
on argument from
tcs-
this text, for transposing this
seems inconclusive. Had the sontimony he DON to Christ, the very next day kearim, as some have supposed, imprisoned after then maseugau came to him, who John before he was seized by Herod (see probably staid sonic time- to make their re- the preface to the Prussian Testament, p. marks on his preaching and conduct. (See 244,) our Lord would hardly have failed John i. 29 34, sect. x\i.) And the blessed to reprove them for it on so natural an
which John
grounded the
chapter,
cllccts of this effusion
on Christ slUl con. occasion as
this.
276
He had the testimony of his
miracles ,
and of his Father ;
and gracious purposes I might accomplish to finish, the same them among you, even these miraculous works works that I do, ea ltl s of 77 which /daily r J perform, are also witnesses in my ! 5 t u ^ .l J"^* J that the Father hath John ,,, r , Dehalt, and bear a most convincing testimony to sent me V. 36 me, that the Father hath sent me as his Ambassador to men, with the most ample commission
sect, wise
xlv,u >
,
-,
to reveal his will.
37
the greatest pro37 And the Faas well as by the ther himself which hath sent me, hath ^-_ iv testimony *u public * that u gave me at my "r. he bap- borne wl t ness f me tism, the Father who has sent me- has with the ye have neither strongest evidence confirmed my mission, and heard his voice at has himself borne xuitness to me: nor have you ?ny J.ime ' nor seeu J J his shape, ,. . , any reason to dispute the testimony that he
And
indeed
may say with

4.
priety, that
by these miracles,
thus hath given me, [though'] you have never
heard his voice, or seen his form, as being one whom no man hath seen, nor can see for he has testified the same concerning me in his word, where he has spoken of me in the But, notwithstanding the 38 clearest manner. submission you profess to his authority, you will not be persuaded to receive the testimony he has given and after all that he has said, it is still evident that you have not his word cordially abiding in ijou, A nor do you shew a due regard even to those former revelations which you acknowledge as Divine ;for notwithstanding all the reasons that are there given to induce you to it, you do not believe him whom he hath sent with a much fuller and clearer discovery of himself than any of his former messengers have brought. Tou make it your employment and your study 39
either
;
;
38
And
for
sent,
ye have
not his
word abiding
m y u:
11 'it J
1
whom he
iiixn
vc
believe not.
39
Search
">
the
to peruse
and search
the scriptures^
and enter scn Ptures
ioT
d Tou have not his
word abiding
in you."]
Some would render it, Tou have not LOGOS, that is, me, residing among you
exceeding probable that, at a time when the Pharisees were so impatient of the Roman for yoke, they would with great diligence
1
his
any continuance of time (see Mr. Locke's search the sacred oracles for predictions relatReasonableness of Christianity, p. 65,) and ing to the Messiah; though it is too plain refer it to Christ's making so short an abode they had an unhappy bias on -their minds, but I prefer the more ob- which prevented the good effects which at Jerusalem Compare John xv. 7. might have been expected from that invious sense. e Tou search the scriptures..] There is a quiry, had it been impartial. It is also well
:
known ambiguity in the word sgsi/vatfe, wliich known, that refined criticisms on the'w sacred may justify either this translation or the writings made the most fashionable branch common one ; nor is it very material whicli of learning among the Jews in compar,
thought the following words, ison of which profane literature was held which express their high opinion of the in great contempt, and indeed by many see scriptures, raXi\QV suited theformer; and it is of their zealots in great abhorrence
is
preferred.
and the
scriptures also testified of him.
277
them ye think ye into deep inquiries concerning the contents sect. have eternal life, and f tnem because you very rightly apprehend * lviii W11 Vw have the doctrine of eternal life in them. flofjftf^fmJ ici>uiy ui me. i Tohn , i that they contain the promises, and instruct you ^ 3g in the way of obtaining it : and these now are
. -
which in numberless passages bear a most important testimony to me. 40 And ye will not And yet the obstinacy of your hearts is such, 40 come to me, that ye t jj at notwithstanding you profess so great a reiave 1 ef g arcl for them, you will not come to me, that you may have that eternal life which they direct you to obtain in this method, but rather chuse to die under the force of your inveterate prejudices. but let me 41 I speak of your coming to me 41 I receive not honour from men. remind you that it is not out of an ambition of drawing multitudes about me, to follow and applaud my teaching ; for the whole of my conduct proves that /receive not glory from men. 42 But I know But I say it out of a tender regard for your in- 42 you, that ye have not struction and reformation; for notwithstanding C Ve m vour distinguished profession of piety, and the vou. eminent station in which you are placed, Iknoxv you, and have observed it for some time concerning you, that you have not the love of God in yon, that great and only principle of true religFor lam come to you in 43 43 I am come in ion and happiness. my Father's name, ni y Father's name, and with evident credentials and ye receive me from n ; ; yet you not if another shall -,. .'/ ", receive me not,\ which,',if you , , come in his own had really loved him, you would undoubtedly name, him ye will have done whereas if another should come in receive. ffe Qxvn nome ^ without such credentials, and set up a scheme of temporal grandeur and dominion, him you would readily receive, in pursuit of those worldly principles which, though directly contrary to the love of God, yet bear But how in- 44 44 How can ye he- the rule in your corrupt hearts. lieve, which receive deed can you believe in me, and fall in with such
[the very xvritings']
.
'
Joseph. Antiq. Jud.
chebas, a noted impostor in the following; age, for adhering' to whom the Jews were ture, p. 89, 90, severely chastised by Adrian. fliuseb.Hist. I receive not glory from men.'] The Eccles. Mb. ivi cap. 6.) But it is certain whole series of this discourse excellently there were many other pretended Messiahs, shews how far ow Lord was from soothing- who wrought no miracles, and yet me! with the vanity of great and learned men, iii a much better reception from the Phariseea order to obtain their favour. riat than Christ did; and I doubt not but g If another should come in his own name'] meant to iiu hide, at least, all those why Some think here is a reference to Barcho- appeared while Uic sanhedrim existed.
lih.
and Mr.
*
Biscoe's
Sermons
xx. cap. ult. ult. at Boyle's Lee-
<
Vol.I.
2L
278
sect, xlvm.
The Jews in rejecting Christ regarded neither Godnor Moses*
an humbling and selfdenying scheme as that of honour one of anotuhile, with an ambitious emulation, t iel> ancl seek not j the honour that com r l ,i h recnmnS honour of each other* and eth from God only y0U a John see^ noi ^mt true honour which [conies'] from V. 44 the approbation of God alone, and from the testimony of your consciences in his sight ? Nevertheless, remember this, that you will 45 45 Do not think another day appear selfcondemned for this your tliat l wil1 accuse infidelity: and do not think that, to convict you in his presence, I will accuse you to the Father ; cuseth you, even Moin whom ye it will not be necessary that I should do it ; ses, for even now, that Moses in whom you trust as trust your great law giver and patron, is (as it were) your accuser before God, 1 and charges you with being regardless of him as well as of me. 46 For if you had believed Moses, and really had 46 For had ye bethat regard to him which you profess to have, lieved Moses, ye you likewise surely would have believed me ; would have believed * me for he wrote of r j for lie wrote concerning me in many most me memorable passages. k But I will now conclude 47 n ut if ye be47 my discourse for if you do not believe his lieve not his writrvritings, which are daily in your hands, and in .s ll0W sna11 ? c e ieve my words the Divine authority which you so strenuously assert, how shall I expect that, under the power of such prejudices, you shall believe
mv gospel,
^s^hfc
'..
'
my words
our Lord had thus spoken he withdrew and they were so overawed with the majesty of his presence, and the unanswerable force of his discourse, that they did not attempt to seize or detain him.
;
When
h You are receiving honour of each other. ~\ the gTeat Prophet, turning himself to God This has much more spirit, if we consider with a severe accusation against them, and it as applied to the members of the sanhe- urging- his own predictions as an aggravation drim, who had such distinguished titles of of their inexcusable infidelity. k je wrote concerning me in many most horiour, than if we only take it as spoken to a mixed multitude, who might happen to memorable passages. 3 Christ might persurround Christ in the temple the taste of haps intend to refer to what Moses had the/>o/w/ace seldom lies that way. written, of the seed of the woman (Gen. iii. 15,) of the seed of Abraham, in which 1 That Moses in whom you trust is your ail the nations of the earth should be blessed accuser."] This is one of the most expressive (Gen. xxii. 18,) of the Shiloh who should passages that can be imagined, in which come to gather the people (Gen. xlix. 10,)
1
Moses, their great lawgiver,
repre- and of the Prophet whom God should raise up unto them from among their brethren upon these eA/er.s who glorified in being the (Dent, xviii. 18,) as well as to the many most distinguished of his disciples and ceremonial institutions which had their final seeing how injuriously they treated Jesus accomplishment in him.
is
sented as looking down with
i?idignation
,-
Reflections on the evidences
of Christ's mission.
279
IMPROVEMENT.
the evidence of our Redeemer's mission, and sect. with what pleasure should we trace it in the testimony which xlvi "' John bore, the miracles which himself wrought, the testimony of the Father to him, and the predictions which the prophets uttered 3237 and recorded! To confirm our faith in all, let us be daily search- 39 ing the scriptures, as the oracles of God, and the great fountains of life and salvation. profess a regard to them : may that regard never be our condemnation or the blessed penmen witness against us, as Moses against those who glorified in his 45 writings, and yet wanted a true faith in them In proportion to the degree in which we are convinced of the truth of Christ's religion, let us set ourselves to cultivate the temper which he exercised. He sought not glory from men, but 41 made his Fathers xvill the rule of his actions, and his Father's honour the end of them. Let us not greedily catch at human applause, but aim at an infinitely nobler object, even the honour that cometh from God alone, the only true judge of actions and 44 characters, because the only discerner of hearts. May we have not only his -word in our hands, but His love re- 42 maining in us; that thereby our natural aversion to the methods of his saving grace in the gospel may be subdued, that notwithstanding the obstinacy of our degenerate wills we may come unto 40 Christ that rue may have life! May we receive him with the greatest readiness, as coming to us in his Father's name ; and not ov\y for 43 a season rejoice in his light, but stedfastly continue in his rvordy as made known to all nations for the obedience of faith ; that the advantages which we enjoy may not be found to aggravate our guilt, and to condemn us with the unbelieving Jews ! Christ shewed the tenderness of his compassion even in the severity of his rebukes, and spoke these awful and awakening words that these his unjust and inveterate enemies might be 34 May they be the poxuer of God unto our salvation ! as saved. they will be, if we believe in him whom he hath sent. 33
is
How various
We
SECT.
XLIX.
Christ vindicates his disciples from the censure of the Pharisees^ for rubbing the ears of corn in their hands as they passed through the fields on a sabbath day. Luke VI. 1 5 ; Mat. XII. 1 8
Mark
Luke
II. 23, to the end.
VI.
1.
A^s'VaTthat
time Jon theSecond sabbuth after the
A FTER the preceding conference with the -\*- J ews our Lord departed from Jerusalem,
>
LuKE VI.
1.
where he had met with such an ungrateful
280
The
disciples pluck the ears
of corn on a sabbath day.
sect, reception, and returned towards Galilee ; a first, that [Jesus] xlix. ncl } t camc tQ ass ^ t jmt a l out tfcg time, on the went through the p
first sabbath after the
second [day of unleavened
VI.
bread, b ] Jesus, attended as usual by a train of followers, (who had been with him at the feast,) rvent through the cornfields; and sis his disciples were hungry, andxht barley was now ripe, they
,
g^g
t0
hundred,] and began [Mark as they

ears > corn, and did eat> ru bbing them in their hands. [Mat.
-
^^
H.
7iii
went '}
Plu<
* %*
began, as they xvent, to pull o/'some of the ears of corn; and rubbing them in their hands to break x} 1 '* off the beards and the husk, did eat the grain.
a
Mark
may must be rendered, the secondprime sabbath : because both but as I could not translate it all, without Mark and Luke mention his being there fixing: it one way or the other, I chose the quickly after this story. Compare Markiii. former rendering-, for these two reasons 7, and Luke vi. 12, 13, with vii. 1. (1) Because I cannot find that there is any b The first sabbath after the second day of Divine command to observe the sabbaths unleavened bread7\ So I venture to render which followed the day of the three great fiifligirrgulov, the word used by Luke yet feasts,a.nd particularly that ofpentecost, with not without much hesitation for it is so any such peculiar solemnity as to afford singular an expression, that (as Erasmus sufficient reason for this distinguishing long since did) I despair of seeing its sense title though large sacrifices were to be exactly ascertained. Could Theophylact, or offered every day for seven days after the hisverylearnedfollowers, Scaliger, Light- passover, and for eight during the feast of foot, and Whitby, produce any instance of tabernacles; which are distinctly prefwrtpoftviepov being used for the second, or scribed, Numb, xxviii. 16 25, and xxix. fst/TSgo7g/7p for the third oi' the sabbaths be12, isf seq. And (2) Because, considering tween the passover and pentecost, I should what Philo and Isidorus assert, and Joseentirely acquiesce in the translation here phus intimates, of corn being ripe in Judea given; which supposes this was the first of about the time of the passover (see Petav.
reasonably conclude
this,
: ;
; ;
Returned towards Galilee.]
We
suppose these considerations, or the auprime sabbaths which were thority of such great names, may have accounted sabbaths of peculiar solemnity determined most hannonizers to introduce the first, that after pentecost ; and the third, this story immediately after the fifth chapthat after the feast of tabernacles. For want ter oi' John; nor do I see any reason to of sufficient authorities to support either of vary from them herein. And the order these interpretations Sir Isaac Newton (on would be the same if Relatid's conjecture firoph. p. 154,) after Epiphanius and Beza, were to be admitted, that the tsrpmT07rîelcv has advanced another yet less probable was the first sabbath in the civil, and the than either which is, that it was the sec- <fj/Tgo?rga75v the first in the ecclesiastical
those seven sabbaths which followed thesecend day of unleavened bread, from whence the fifty days to pentecost were to be computed see Lev. xxiii. 15, 16. On the other hand, could the great Grotius or his followers, Woltzogenius and Brennius,have produced an instance in wliichtPgoToTea7ov, or TptrvrûQav occurs, {.here would have been reason to conclude with them, that there
;
lib. xviii.
Var. Diss. lib. ii. cap. 11. Plin. Nat. Hist, cap. 18. and Joseph. Antiq. lib. iii. cap. 10. 5,) and the laxv "/"presenting the loaves made of new wheat on the day ofpen-
tecost (Lev. xxiii. 17,) it seems probable the harvest was generally concluded before
that day. (See also Scalig. Emend. Temp. Proleg. p. 25, 26, and lib. vi. p. 557, 558.) I
were
three
tmd cf the two great feasts of'the passover ; ns we call caster day itself high caster, and its octave, low caster, or low Sunday. But though the seventh day cf unleavened bread was to be a holy convocation, yet the law expressly allowed the Jews to dress victuals unit (Exod. xii. 16;) which would have afforded so direct an answer to the Pharisees' objection, that one can hardly suppose Christ would have failed to urge it. On either of these two last suppositions, it
year.
9.)
lib. iv. cap. a conjecture, which has so little to support it even in hypothesises scarcely to deserve a mention.
(See Reland, Antiq. Heb.

this
is
But
To pull
off
some of
the ears
of
corn.~\
used, may indiffercntly signify ears of any kind of grain but it" might probably be barlev, that being first ripe in thoseparts. (Compare Exod. ix. 31, 32.) Sir Isaac Newton lays
,-
The word s-jyvM here
The Pharisees complain of it as a breach of the sabbath.

2 And certain of the Pharisees [when ecJ
,
281
of'the Pharisees, who were employ- sect. bv the rulers to follow him from place to XL1X jfceysawJQsaidunmalicious spies on all his discourses to them, Whv do ve Luke ,K re that which is not and actions, when they saw it, were ottended vl 2 d lawful to do on the at the time and circumstances of the action, Mhbathdays?[MAT. and re r0 ving his disciples, said to them, Why p grain for Mat. XII. 2. d V e t 'lus gather and rub out the [And] they said un- that is a kind of servile work, which it is not to him, Behold, thy lawful for any one to do on the sabbath days ?
And some
'
disciples
do that ht involve their Master also Mat. d h ' , not lawtul . . , , ,., ir A <* "5TTT 9 the same charge, though he did not himselt to do upon the sabbath day. [Mark join with them in it, they said to him, Behold,
which
is
"
IL 24 -3 KE
Jesus
these
answering that
them
said,
Have ye
thy disciples, in thy very presence, do which is not lawful for any one to do on the sabbath ; and wilt thou permit it to pass with-
not read so
much
as
out a reproof
Ai ^s$SS$Si that "i y"> * ln value yourselves

need and] was an
so much on your achungred, [Mark, quaintance with the sacred writings, and set he] and they which th expos i tors f them to others, never f were wit ii nim * extreme ne3. read that zuhich David did in his [Mat. XII. Mark II. 25.] cessity, when he and they that were with him 4 Howhewentin- were kiinpry ? How he went into the taberna-
am
>!!"<
Hme j*
jj*s
[^LTthe days
<**,
which
'is
of Abiathar the high Abiathar,
who
the house of God, in the days of was afterwards the high priest?
a great deal of stress on this, for fixing the time of Christ's death , concluding- this passover must happen late, and that it was two years before that in which our Lord was crucified and consequently that Christ's death must be fixed to such a time that the passover two years before it may be a late one. But I fear the argument is not so conclusive as one could wish, considering with what ingenuity and labour it is pursued. For that great man seems to have forgot how expressly Maimonides and the other rabbies assert that the Jews did not always fix their passover by the vernal equinox ; but, in case of a backward spring, added an intercalary month between that and Abib. (See Lightfoot's Hor. Heb. on Mat. Nii. 1.) If this lie credible it shews how little we can ascertain the Jewish passovtrs by astronomical calculations; and if it be not, why did Sir Isaac proceedin his computations on those rules for the translation of feasts, which we have See only bv late rabbinical tradition ? Bochart. Hieroz. lib. ii. cap. 50. d Offended at the time and circumstances of the action.] The law so expressly
;
allowed to pluck ears of corn as one passed through a Hold, that, malignant as they were, they pretended not to find fault with the thing itself (see Dent, xxxiii. 25,) but they were perverse enough to think this a kind of reaping and dressing the grain, which was indeed forbidden an the sabbath, e Abiathar, who was afierwards the high, If our present reading (which Bepriest.'] za suspects, though older than the Syriac version) be allowed as genuine, here is a remarkable instance of a person being designed by an office which he did not bear
till
after the date of the event referred to
as Cyrenius (Luke ii. 2) is called governor of Syria because he was so It seems indeed that after the a.rohnent.
in like
manner
Ahimelech was high
priest
when David
took the shew bread, though in all the story he is only, called the priest ; and as it is merely an arbitrary supposition that the father was sometimes called Abiathar, or the son of Ahimelech, it seems impossible to defend the received reading otherwise than by supposing, with Grotius, that as Abiathar was a much more cckbraled person than his father, our Lord mentions
282 Christ vindicates them by

sect,
the example of David
and the priests.

;
and then officiated for his father Ahimelech priest,] and did take 1 Sam. xxi. 3, s? seq.) Have ye forgot and eat the she ^ * 77" that this faithful servant of God, this man after to tnem tnat were Luke VI 4 his own heart, took and eat the shew bread, with him, [which which had that very clay been taken from the was not lawful for holy table, and rave it also to those that attended 5im }? ea t *it p * or them] but tor * j. J r r him ; ivlnch it xvas neither laxvjiujor him nor the priests alone
XLIX (see
-
^trli^
- '
1
them to eat, nor even the Levites themselves, but for the priests alone ? Yet in this case their necessity was judged a sufficient excuse for dispensing with the observance of such a ceremonial institution (see Lev. xxiv. 6 9.) Or have ye not read in the laxv, that by those Mat. XII. 5 sacrifices which are appointed for the sabbath day, and some of them peculiar to it, the priests
;
[Mat.
XII.
4.
Mark
IL 26.]
Mat.
XII.
5.
Or
have y e not read in
thesaSathTlaysthe
priests in the temple
themselves, who minister in the temple, are obliged to perform very servile works on the
profane the sabbath,
blameIess sabbath days, in making up the fires, killing, and are flaying, and dressing the sacrifices, and the like, by which others would be justly reckoned to profane the sabbath ; and yet, doing it with an immediate reference to the service of God, they are accounted blameless, and really are so. 6 Noxv I say unto i/ou, That there is [something] 6 But I say unto greater than the temple here J and of much more y u > That in tnis .1 place is one greater .1 j* r . importance than the service of it. i/r disci- [ han the tem le> pies therefore may surely be vindicated on such an occasion as this, when in attendance upon
.
.
My
me,
is
in prosecution of
my
service, they
so
much
less laborious
than the
offices
do what which
in the priests. unto them farther on this occa- Mark 11.27. And The sabbath xvas made for the benefit of he said unto them, II. 27 sion, man, subservient to the rest and relief of his The sabbath was body, in religions im. writ, td be "J* provement and not man for the observation of bath. [Li/ke VI. the sabbath, or of any other ceremonial institu- 5.] tion whatsoever. But if ye had known the intent of that scrip- mat. XII. 7. But Mat. XII.7 ture, Hos. vi. 6. and had considered xvhat this if ye had known
you allow there
Mark
And he said
mem
2**S
name in preference to the other. He M (l ^cv something greater, instead of /xuûv, was probably present, and, for any thing- one greater, (see Dr. Mill, in loc.J and in we certainly know, his aged father might this view the opposition seems so natural that I prefer this reading. Our Lord might act by his advice in the atf'air referred to which if he did, it was exceeding proper perhaps point to his own body, the noblest temple of the Deity (compare John ii. 21, to mention him here. sect, xxiv,) or it might refer to the work f Something greater than the temple."] So then going on but the former sense is many manuscripts, with Theophylact, read much more natural.
his
t ;
:
The Son of man

what
I
is
Lord of the
sabbath.
28$
meaneth, u I require mercy, and not sacrifice;* sect. LlXthat is, I always prefer acts of charity to mat- x and not saci-ifice, ye ters of positive institution, when in any inwould not have conMat. h demned the guilt- stance they interfere with each other ;" you XII.7 less. as you would not have condemned the innocent, have now done, merely for rubbing out a handful of corn to refresh them in my service. You are therefore, on the whole, greatly to 8 For the Son of man is Lord even blame to censure them ; and would be so, if of the sabbath day. they had only my dispensation for what they [Mar. 11.28. Luke do, and were defended by no farther arguVI. 5.] ments ; for the Son of man is a person of so great dignity and authority, that he indeed is Lord even of the sabbath [itself;]* and he may hereafter give you far more surprising instances of his power over it.
this meaneth, will have mercy,
1
mercy, and not sacrifice.] So evidently signifies when it expresses the will of a superior and this the original Hebrew word imports, whicli seems here to answer to that modern phrase used by princes, Such is our pleasure. h I always prefer acts of charity, isfc] I must here repeat a very obvious remark, because the sense of so many important scriptures depends upon it, viz. that according to the genius of the Hebrew language, one thing seems to he forbidden and another commanded, when the meaning only is that the latter is greatly to he preferred to the former. The text before us is a remarkable instance of this ; as likewise Joel ii. 13 ; Mat. vi 19, 20 ; John vi. 27 Luke xii. 4, 5 ; and Col. iii. 2. And it ii evident that Gen. xlv. 8 Exod. xvi. 8 John v. 30 vii. 19 and many more passages, are to be expounded in the same late ingenious writer comparative sense. says, " Our Lord does not compare moral and positive duties together here, but only the commandments of men with the commandments of God." But it is plain the series of our Lord's arguments here is intended to prove that circumstances of necessity dispense with some ceremonial observances, which were in the general commanded by God, and manifestly goes upon this foundation, that ceremonial institutions being the means of religion, if circumstances occurred in which they interfered with the end of it, they were suspended of course and when this is the case, the conscience of particular persons is to judge as in the sight of God.
8
S-sxa;
; .
1 require
1 For the Son of man is Lord, &c] author of the new translation renders
The
it
in
Matthew, The sabbath is subservient to man :

though he paraphrases
it
as
it
stands in
of tnan has a power of dispensing with the law of the sabbath ; which is undoubtedly the U'ue sense for I cannot find that the Son of man does, in the New Testament, signify any one but Christ and were the words (which are exactly the same) to be translated in Mark as he has rendered them in Matthew, they would be a mere repetition of ver. 27, The sabbath was made for man, Sec. It is worthy of our notice that Matthew introduces these words with ya.?,for, and Mark witli &>re, therefore, or so that ; and both connections may be justified. Yet as it is hardly to be imagined both were equally intended, I look upon this to be a considerable proof that the sacred writers were not always critically exact in the use of their particles a remark which I apprehend to be of great importance both for clearing their sense
Tlie Son
:
;
.-
Mark,
and vindicating their character. Whoever

considers the ambiguity of many of those
Hebrew particles which correspond to the

Greek, will
it.
find little reason to

xi.
Compare Luke
36, sect. lxiv.
wonder at and
note& there. k Even of the sabbath itself; x.xt <rs o-zG&n.lx.'] This certainly implies that the sabbath was an institution of great and dis-
tinguished importance
and may perhaps
also refer to that signal authority which Christ by the ministry of his apostles should
exert over it, in changing it from the seventh to the first day of the week.
284
Reflections on the apology of Christfor lus disciples.
IMPROVEMENT.
sect. pleasure we observe the zeal which these attendants of xlix. Christ express, who chose on a sacred festival to expose them~~ selves to hunger as well as toil, rather than they would lose the
With
XII
manna on the day preceding the sabbath, were then poured out in a double plenty. But what numerous auditory is so candid as to contain none who come, like these Pharisees, with a desire to cavil
benefit of his instructions, which, like the heavenly
! :
2 rather than to learn The malignity of their temper sufficiently appeared in taking exception at so small a circumstance hypocrites that could, thus strain at a gnat and yet szuallow a camel (Mat. xxiii. 24,) scrupling to rub out afexv grains of corn, while they sought to devour zvidows* houses, and were, under this grave mask of the strictest piety, inwardly full of rapine and all wickedness
6, 8
! (Luke xx. 47, and xi. 39.) Let us attend to the apology Christ makes
speaks his
the sabbath the
own
:
for his disciples. It authority, as greater than the temple, and Lord of and well might he, in -whom dzvelt all the fulness of
Godhead bodily, without the least presumption, use such language as this. It likewise declares much of the genius of his religion, which deals not in forms and ceremonies, and dispenses even with rituals of a Divine appointment, when humanity and 7 benevolence interfere with the observance of them. Since God xvill have mercy rather than sacrifice, let us abhor the perverseness and wickedness of those who sacrifice mercy itself, not merely to ceremonies of a Divine original, but to their own arbitrary invention, superstitious dreams, and precarious though confident determinations. Let us practise habitual caution and candour, lest, before we are aware, we condemn the innocent and the pious, and become guilty of what is much more displeasing in the sight of God than the faults which a peevish and censorious temper may fancy it discovers in our brethren.
SECT.
Luke VI.
L.
Christ, on a following sabbath cures a man whose hand was withered; and vindicates that action from the cavils of the Pharisees,
6 11.
Mat. XII.
6.
9 15.
Mark
III.
1- 7.
VI.
it
Luke VI.
XT' jr have just mentioned an instance of the ph a cs vi " inga a ver>' l ; f , r we shall now innoceni actlon ot ê disciples proceed Luke VI. 6 to another, in which they charged our Lord
sect, -r
^h^T:
A ND
Luke
6.
came
Christ observes the Pharisees design against him*

parted thence,] on himself with the violation of the anothersabbath,that rest re malicious and a vet ^
285
m0
agano'int
tlifsyn-*
agogim, and taught,
and [behold,] there was a man [Mark rub 5 eci out t he cars of corn,) that on another 7/ there,] whose right . .. , , , hand was witliered. sabbath he entered again, as he was used to do, [Mat. XII. 9, 10. into the synagogue, in some other city which Mark hi. l.] j a y j n j^ way through Galilee, and taught his heavenly doctrine there. And behold, a re,
.
.
For it came to was departed from thence* (that is, irom the v 6 town in whose neighbouring fields they had
manner.
.
same sacred sect. L unreasonable pass also, when he

*
markable circumstance occurred for there was a man present whose right hand was withered, the nerves and sinews of it being so shrunk up
;
that
it
was
entirely useless.
And the scribes and Pharisees, who were there 7 7 And the scribes and Pharisees also present with him, watched him, to observe watched him, whether he woidd again heal on the sabbath day ;
matter f r "" that thci mi ht 7ld SOme J iTealon the'sabhalh that they accusation against him, having succeeded so ill find an accu- in their former attempt, and plainly perceiving sation against hun. t j iat reputation grew more and more
neW
day might
;
among
the people.
8 But
their thoughts, said to the
ut when the synagogue worship was dishe knew and patched, and our Lord's sermon was also conman c l u d e d he, knowing the malignity and wicked;
withered hand, Rise up, and stand forth

in the midst.
iorth.
And
III.
he arose and stood
[Mauk
3.n
Mat. XII. 10. And they asked

him, saying,
Is
it
lawful to heal on the sabbath days \ that
ness their thoughts and views, instead of being discouraged by the design they had against him, said to the man who had the xvithered hand, .^ f Rise ur from th J seat d st d fh p the assembly and he cheertully arose and stood in the most conspicuous part of the synagogue, hoping to receive the favour of a cure. ^ n ^ as tne Pharisees saw what Jesus in- Mat. tended, they asked him, saying, Is it then to be î- 10 taken for granted that it is lawful to cure on sab. * i ,i j A n balh <%'9 > aS VVel aS at a. ther tim S ? And the y ^ f put the question in that general form, b on pur-
m
-
->
a When he was departed from thence.~\ There can be no doubt as to the connection of this story with the preceding, in which all the evangelists agree and indeed had not L uke told us it was on another sabbath, the words of Matthew would have led ns to imagine it had been the same day. Perhaps lie might spend most of the week in the town to which the fields mentioned above belonged. Beza'g favourite manuscript, now at Cambridge, as well as one of Stephens's, adds the following words in Luke, immediately before this story The same day, seeing a certain man at work on
,-
the sabbath, he said to him, O man, if thou inowest what thou docsf, thou art happy ; but if thou dost not know it, thou art cursed, and a transgressor of the law. This is undoubtedly a spurious addition ; for had the
Pharisees heard any thing like this from, would have followed him no farther, and observed him no more, to find matter even of capital accusation against And indeed it goes on a very false him. supposition that the ceremonial law was already abrogated. They put the question in that general form.] The, word_ >**Tsv;<y isveiy extenChrist, they
l>
VOL.
I.
Jt
86
He justifies
his healing
on the sabbath.
sect, pose that they might have an opportunity to ac- they might accuse L cuse him., and not from any desire of instruc- ui -
tipn. And he said to them, in reply to that unto them/ what insnaring question, Jl hat man is there of you, man shall there be xii.l'i that in all this assembly, -who, if he have but one among you, sheep that on the sabbath day should fall into a if^faîiftoa pit* and be in danger of perishing there, -would pit on the sabbath not lay hold of it without delay, a;z</make no day, will he not lay d on ll' and llft u scruple of attempting presently to raise it up J)| from thence, though it would be a work of some 12 labour and difficulty ? Noxv I leave it to your 12 How much own consciences to reflect how much is a man then1 isîna &man bettcr sncfcn So that you must, on wherefore it is better than a sheep ? your own principles, allow that it is lawful to lawful to do well on do xvell, and to perform the lovely acts of char- the sabbath days. ity and mercy d even on sabbath days : and you must own, for instance, that if a man should fall into a pit, it would be lawful on that day to pull him out ; and consequently too, it must be lawful, if he labours under a disease, to apply any proper remedies for his cure ; much more then must it be so to cure a person, without any laborious application, merely LttkeVI.9. Then said Jesus unto by speaking a word. them I will ask you Luke " Then Jesus said farther to them, To end the one thing; Isitlaw// vt o controversy in a c ^ j r l vi. 9 lew words, / xvill ask you one fij on (he sabbath thing more ; Is it laxvful to do good on sabbath days to do good, or to save days, or to do evil ? to save life or to destroy to do evil land} even j//the innocent ? thereby secretly referring to the purpose of destroying his life,6 m. 4.]
_
jrr
1 1
'
>
^SS^SuIm
sive, and properly includes all the care, in this, that one only fell into the pit, yet for labour, and attendance, which the case of the comparatively small value of that one any distempered or wounded person can he would not scruple to undertake the require ; as I apprehend our English labour of helping it out on the sabbath. word cure also does ; though, through the d To do well, and to perform the lovely poverty of our language, we are forced to acts of charity and mercy.] This is the apply it to those miraculous effects which meaning of that phrase, xaxac crcis/i- ; in were so instantaneously produced by the the use of which the evangelist might intifiealing word of our blessed Redeemer, mate an appeal to some remainders of a Syriac word they might use I know moral sense, distinguishing the natural liot ; but it is plain the question is put in beauty of such actions, which these worst very general terms, which best favoured of men could not totally eradicate, e Secretly referring to the purpose of their base purpose of founding an accusation on our Lord's answer. destroying his life.] I appeal to every readc If he have but one sheep, that should fall er of taste whether there be not another into a pit-2 The common version is more kind of spirit in these words, on this supliteral ; but that which I have given plain- position of such a reference, than we coidd ly suits our English idiom better, and ap- find in them, by any forced attempt to |)ears to me perfectly faithful : for the prove, that not to have cured a withered
What
stress of the thought cannot

"ing
lie
man to have
but ewe sheep in all
on iuppos- hand in these circumstances would have but been in a sense* destroying life. Such cu!4
;
He
cures a
man
that
had a withered hand.
287
which, while thev were thus scrupulous about sect. L the observation of the sabbath, they were even hearts. But they were Mark III. 4. But then forming in their their silent; being convinced in their own minds of they held TII 4 P eace the reasonableness of what he said, and stung with secret remorse of conscience, yet unwilling to confess what they saw and felt. And xvhen he had looked round upon them all 5 3 And when he had looked round with a just indignation, being- grieved for the about [Luke, upon hardness of their hearts, and for that condemnau them all| wiui an* u tlon and ruin which he knew it would bring g-er, being grieved lor 'the hardness of upon them, as well as for the mischief it might their hearts, he occasion to others, he says to the man that hic va lab d ndcr ,he cala mi ? T, ? , T And he tioned before, Stretch jorth thine hand. And hand. stretched it out accordingly he stretched it out, and was not and his hand was reQn j strengthened for that particular motion of stored whole as the t, > r other. [Mat. XII. which he was before incapable, but his hand 13. Luke VI. 10.] was perfectly restored, and was well and strong
-
mTiS S
:
7:
6
sees
And
the Phariforth,
went
and straightway took counselwiththe Herodians against him, how they might destroy him. [Mat. XII. 14.]
as the other. And the Pharisees were so incensed at the af- 6 front which they imagined they had received, our Lord's neglecting their censure, and intimating his knowledge of the evil purposes of i o i o * their hearts, that they were no longer able to bear the place ; but xvent out of the synagogue, anci \ mmecHately took counsel together with the-
Herodiansf who, different as their
civil
and re-
ligious notions were from those of the Pharisees, joined with them in their enmity to Christ, andi
how
zealously united in a conspiracy against him, they might destroy him, either by a public
part 2, book
incline to
lars
5, ad Jin. J that they might conform to them in some particuwhich the law would not allow of}
and unnatural criticisms have been a great dishonour to scripture, and I persuade mysclf the authors of them have not seen whither they tended, f With the Hcrodians."] The Herodians were a sect of men who, so far as we can judge by their name, seem to have distinguished themselves by their zeal for the family of Herod whom they might perhaps compliment with the title of the Messiah, though it is plain that neither Herod
;
and particularly in the admission of images, though not in the religious, or rather idolatrous, use of them. Herod's attempt to set up a golden eagle over the east gate of tho
known (see Joseph. Antiq. cap. 6, (al. 8) 1 3 ;) these complaisant courtiers would, no doubt,
temple
lib.
is
well
xvii.
it; and the same temper might himself nor the generality of the people fell discover itself in many other instances. On in with this extravagant opinion (see Mat. all these accounts they were most diametso that ii. 1 4.) However, from their liigh regard rically opposite to the Pharisees to Herod, these men would naturally be the conjunction of their counsels against zealous for the authority of the Romans, Christ is a very memorable proof of the by whose means Herod was made and keenness of that malice which could thu* continued iing and jt is probable, as Dr. cause them to forget SO deep a quarrel Prideau* conjeetwes (Cbtmcct. Yol. II. with each other.
defend
288
Reflections on the rage of the Pharisees against Christ.
sect, prosecution, or a private assassination.

L
-
And
theu were filled with madness and rage against J ;' .1 .> , _____ i Hlm ' aUd dlsC0UrSed OV eY the P mt at lal"8" e Wltk Luke determine what they might do to VI jj each other, to prevent the growing reputation of Jesus among the people, and to put a period at once to his
Luke VI. 11. And they were filled with

madness, and communed one witli another
what they might do to Jesus.
labours and his

Mat.
xii.15
life.
But Jesus knowing \it,~\ that nothing might MAT.XII.15.But hinder him from fulfilling his ministrv, with- when Jesus knew *7, he withdrew lumsell jiirs ^l j -/i drezv himself jrom thence, and went with his dis- from t lence r w ith of Galilee, on the shore of which his disciples to the ciples to the sea sea.] [Mar. III. 7.] he frequently preached to the people.
t t
j
IMPROVEMENT.
Luke
VI. 7
actions are so fair and lovely, that malice cannot turn What characters are so unblemished, what into reproach so exemplary, that uncharitablencss cannot revile and condemn them While the eyes of distressed multitudes were turned to
What
!
them
Christ as their only Physician and most valuable Friend, the eyes of the Pharisees are continually upon him for evil: and they behold his wondrous miracles ; not for their own conviction, but that they may, if possible, turn them into the means of his destrucSo ineffectual are the most obvious and demonstrative 11 tion. 9 arguments, till Divine grace conquer men's natural aversion to a Redeemer's kingdom, and captivate their hearts to the
Mark
III.
and dishonoured Christ, and to have endeavoured to prevent the success of his ministry, had been a daring crime: but these desperate wretches conspire against his life; and, different as their principles and interests were, form a tranBlessed Jesus! sient friendship, to be cemented by his blood. well mightest thou say, Many good works have I shewn you, and for which of them would you murder me? (John x. 32.^) What reasoning could be more plain and forcible than this Mat. xii. 11 which our Lord used? and yet, like deaf adders, they stop their 12 ears, and harden their hearts against it. Inhuman creatures, that were more concerned for the safety of a sheep than the happiness of a man ! Yet would to God that unworthy temper had died for surely there are those, even among professing with them Christians, who regard their cattle more than even the souls committed by Providence to their care, and therefore, no doubt,
6
;
obedience of faith ! To have reviled
Mark
III.
their own too indignation which Christ felt on this occasion was a 5 just and amiable passion. Happy they, whose anger, like his,
more than
The
Multitudes folloxv Christ from the sea shore,

is
289
sect. L
-
only awakened by cd thing P
sin,
and burns only to destroy that occurs-
The malice of the Pharisees did not restrain the benevolence of our compassionate Saviour, nor deprive the poor patient of xii ^3 Let us not be overcome of Such let our conduct be his cure. evil : let not the most unjust censures, or the most malicious opposition, break our spirits so as to prevent us from doing our duty. If others are mad with persecuting rage, let us pity Luke them and let all their fury against the cause of God be improved as a motive to excite our most zealous and courageous endeavours for its service.
!
SECT.
LI.
Christ retiring to the sea side cures great multitudes with snch modesty and gentleness as rvas agreeable to Isaiah's prophetic description of his conduct. Mark III. 7 12. Mat. XII.
1521.
AND
J
Mark
III. T.
great
Galilee *f followed him, and from Judea, [Mat. XII. his disciples to the
was before observed that Jesus retired * from tne s .V na gg ue where he had cured the man that had a withered hand, and went with
:
TJ
MARK
III. 7.
seashore we now pursue that he was there attended by a great multitude of people who followed him 8 And from Jem- from Galilee, and even from Judea ; And par- 8 salem,and from Idat i cu i ar iy from Jerusalem, where that extraorniea, and trom be- .. r ^ yond Jordan, and dinary cure lately wrought at the pool of Bethesda, and that excellent defence with which it was followed, had greatly increased his popularity nay, there were some that came yet
the story,*
and add,
11
from the south, and were from Jdumea ; the natives of which country being long since
farther
obliged to become Jews, b had many of them seen Jesus at the feasts ; and others too attended him from the eastern regions which lay
now pursue the story.] The con- note of exact connection, I always reckon a nection of this section with the preceding, good reason for continuing- that order, both in Matthew and Mark, is express unless there be some weighty argument and I desire the reader would once for all inducing us to change it. observe that when I give no reason for Obliged to become Jews.] That Hyrplacing the sections in the order in which canus had obliged them to this about an they stand, it is because I am not aware hundred and fifty years before the birth of there is any difficulty or controversy about Christ, we are assured by the account them. And their following each other in Josephus gives us, Antiq, lib. xiii. cap. 9, the ivar.gelists, though without any express (al, 17) h
:
We
L>
290
He
heals
them of all their
diseases.
"
III.
sect,
beyond Jordan : an*/ also a great multitude from they about Tyre and the western parts, even as far as from the neigh- Sidon, a great mulhour hood of Tyre and Sidon, having heard what great a*nd glorious things he did, came to him. great things he did, 8 And he spoke to his disciples, that a little vessel cam e unto him. 9 d lke should be in readiness near him, because of the *j? ^ p
^
J^Va^T SS
multitude that was now flocking around him that a small ship that they might not throng in upon him in a should wait on him, manner which would have been very inconve- b ccause [ the mul ;
.
him and would have prevented great SouIdtnroSg him.7 numbers of them from seeing and hearing what For he had healed many, and [indeed] io For he had 10 passed. all that applied to him so that they eagerly healed many, [and rushed in upon him, c even as manu as -were he healed tbem all >3 insomuch that they . j lii r ii under any remarkable scourge of Cxod's m'
nient to
;
*-.
afflict-
presseduponhimfor
ing hand, that they might touch him, and so to touch him, as ma11 partake of that healing virtue which went out n y as had P la_gues. from him. And they who were possessed ^Ând^mclian with impure spirits, as soon as ever they saw spirits, when they him, though they before were perfect strangers saw him, fell down to him, immediately fell down before him in a b ore him a d criJ J ed, saving, Thou art ' , r , posture or submission and , homage ; and, such the Son of God. a terror seized the demons that possessed them, that they cried out, with all the appearances of horror and confusion, saying; know that thou art the Messiah, the Son of'the most high God. 6 12 But our Lord preserved the usual modesty of 12 A*nd he straithis temper on these occasions as well as others ty charged them that and, being desirous to occasion as little disturb- tlleJ? should not ance and offence as possible, he charged them
i
>
We
with
ity , e
6
strictness,
that they should not
and some appearance of severmake him known : for,

hope the world will ere long he favoured with a far more exact account, not only of
upon him."] This the phrase strongly expresses; which signifies that they were ready to drive each other upon him, so that those nearer him could hardly stand, being pressed forward by those behind. d Thou art the Messiah, the Son of the most high God.] The Leicester manuscript reads it, 2u ti @io;, vtoc rx Qm ; Thou art God, the Son of God: which I mention, not that I think the authority of that sufficient to justify a change in the received reading, but only as one remarkable instance, among many others which I could easily give, of the negligence with which that manuscript was collated by Dr Mill's correspondent since this reading, memorable
tit
Bushed
tmirnrlui
mt, yet more
more valuable than
that manuscript, but of several others much that, some quite omit-
as
it is,
is
omitted by
the- Dsettr.
But
ted by Dr. Mill, and others very imperfectly collated. This we are encouraged to expect from the reverend, accurate, and indefatigable, Mr. Wasse of Ayno, whose obliging readiness to assist me in this work I do myself the honour of acknowledging with the utmost gratitude. His death, since the publication of the first edition of this volume, is a calamity to the learned world long to be lamented, e He charged them with strictness, and some appearance of severity. j This we may take to be included in the force of that expression^ wohh. tmhp* *ut
.
A prophecy
of Isaiah
is fulfilled
in Christ.
291
make him known, intending to visit several of those parts him- sect. [Mat. XII. 16.] se if^ he was unwilling to give an unnecessary LI alarm to his enemies ; and he always chose to avoid every degree of ostentation. Ill 12 Mat. XII. 17. So that in him it might be evidently seen to Mat. ig ht be xuhich zvas spoken bu Isaiah the xn.17 ?} 'A'n } which was be accomplished ... y i ' _. fulfilled f / T N prtyMP (Isa. xlu. 1 4,) saying, "Behold the 18 spoken by Erin the prophet, saying, great Messiah, m*/ servant whom I have chosen 18 Behold my Ser- for t ] le great work of redeeming and saving my vant whom I have n 1 j e0 P le he 1S m V beloved, in whom my very chosen, my Beloved P sonl does entirely acquiesce as every way qualiin whom my soul is wcll pleased I will fied to perform it for I will put my Spirit upon m Pi him > andhe shal1 P.ro claim JudS^nt, that is, Krm he shall shew judgment to the great law of religion, righteousness, and the Gentiles. truth, even to the most distant of the heathen He shall not contend with martial 19 19 He shall not nations. strive, nor cry, nei- violence, nor cry out in a clamorous and turther shall anv man u..i *. m u 1 ulent manner J nor shall any one hear his voice hear his votee'inthfi ? it% the streets, as giving a loud and disquieting streets. But he shall manage his administra- 20 20A bruised reed alarm shall he not break, tion with so much gentleness and sweetness, SdlSot'quen^M* so much caution and tenderness, that (as tili he send forth lt 1S proverbially expressed) he shall not break. judgment unto vie- even a bruised reed or cane, which snaps asuntovy~ der immediately when pressed with any considerable weight nor shall he extinguish even the smoking fax,* or the wick of a lamp, which, when it is first beginning to kindle, is put out by every little motion with such kind and condescending regards to the weakest of his people, and to the first openings and symptoms of a hopeful character, shall he proceed, till he vendforth judgment to victory, b or till he make his righteous cause gloriously triumphant over
'
11
'>
>
4 By Isaiah the prophet."] I refer the learned reader to Grotius and Heinsius for the difference between the original and the quotation here, which chiefly lies in the clause of sending forth judgment unto victory.
K He shall not break a bruised reed, nor extinguish the smoking flax.~\ The immense
pains Zegerus and some other commentators have taken to shew on what accounts either the Pharisees or the multitudes, or the Jews or Gentiles might be compared to a bruised reed or smoking flax, seem very Wide of the purpose. They seero to be only proverbial expressions to signify a person of
fill os t t7rtte character (us I
iiUgtwU Uiuil
above,) and something resemble the proverb among- the Spanish Jews to the same purpose ; If such a one were to walk on a pavement of eggs he would not break them : (see Pol. Synops. in loc.J To suppose, with Dr. Lightfoot, it signifies he shall not make so match noise as breaking a bruised reed does, or pouring water on smoking fax, sinks the idea too low. b Till he send forth judgment to victory A Isaiah says to truth : and we may take the words to signify till he make the cause of righteousness and truth completely victorious ; or, till at length he take a righteous and speedy vengeance on the Jews for rejecling Lira, to verify audftUjU the- truth
292
Reflections on the modesty
and gentleness of Christ.

21
ni,-
And this gentle and gracious sect, all opposition. LI administration shall charm mankind in so sen-
me
And in his shall the Gen-
sible and irresistible a manner, that the Gentiles Mat. shall confide in his illustrious name and disj 2i tant, yea barbarous nations, shall seek their
,-'
#
tile *
trust
refuge and salvation in his grace ; though Israel may ungratefully reject him, and therefore be justly abandoned by God."
IMPROVEMENT.
Mat.
sii.17
Surely face does not more exactly ansxver to face in water than the character of Christ drawn by the prophet to his temper and conduct as described by the evangelists. How should Zion rejoice and the daughter of Jerusalem shout, that such a King cometh unto her, meek and having salvation ! (Zech. ix. 9.) Let us with pleasure trace his gentle administration, and with a cheerful confidence commit our souls to so kind and so faithful 20 a hand far from breaking, he will strengthen the bruised reed; far from quenching the smoking flax, he will rather blow it up into a flame. How well does it become the disciples of Christ, and especially how well does it become his ministers, to imitate what was so amiable in their Lord, and not to despise the day of small things ! 19 Let us not strive nor cry ; but, laying aside all unnecessary contentions and angry debates, let us receive one another as Christ hath received us (Rom. xv. 7,) and, avoiding all vain ostentation, let us silently and meekly attend, each of us, to the discharge of his proper oflice. So may we hope that the cause of religion
:
go on successfully around us, and that righteousness will due time be brought forth to complete victory over all opposition, and, by its own genuine influences, be happily
will
in
established in the earth.
The Gentiles trust in a Redeemer's name, and the British Isles numbered among those that wait for his law. Ma\ our souls with humble submission bow themselves to receive it, and observe it with such faithful care and obedient regards, that our
are
I have expressed it in lished, judgment in the earthwhich a manner which may suit either,- but I phrases explain each other, and the sense think the former much preferable, since of each is abridged here, then the words describe the general character of Christ's administration in all And the Gentiles shall confide in his ages, and especially as it best agrees with name."] Isaiah's saying, chap. xlii. 4. The
of his predictions.
the sense of the original,

,-
He shall bring forth judgment unto truth He shall not fail, nor be discouraged, till he have set, or estab-
isles
shall wait for his law, is illustrated
and explained by this correspondent phrase, which Matthew uses.
Christ
is all
night in prayer on a mountain.

it
293
example, wherever
among
it is seen, mav promote the reception of those that as yet are strangers to it
SECT.
LII.
Our Lord having spent the night in prayer on a mountain, in the morning chooses the twelve apostles; and then comes down to the multitude assembled in the plain, and performs a great number of miracles among them. Luke VI. 1219. Mark III. 13 19.
pass in those days* of his sect. puss in those A. LI1 teacn inK near the sea of Galilee, tfiflf Jesus, da\s, that he went , which was taken of out into a mountain seeing the general notice Luke to pray, and contin- his appearance, and the inclination which vi.12 ued all night in multitudes had to be farther informed conpraver to God. . , j cerning him, determined to choose a number [Mark III. 13.] of persons who should assist and succeed him
Luke A ND
VI. 12.
it
LuKE VI.
to
12.
'
came
N J)
\t
came
to
;-
in his ministerial
work.
And
as the office to
which he intended
to assign
them was of so
great importance, even to the remotest ages, previous to the choice of them he zvent forth to a neighbouring mountain to pray ; and his heart was so much enlarged on this momentous occasion that, notwithstanding all the labours of the preceding dav, he continued all night at his devotions, in an oratory [devoted to the service] b of God, where he had some opportunity of being sheltered by the trees which were plant13
And when
[whom
it
was dav, he called unt.. him his disciples,

lie
ed round
.
,
.
t.
wa<{ da V\ earl y in the moaning, 13 he called his disciples to him, \even~\ those whom he
lt
And when
.1
tn those days."]
There can be no doubt chooses

section, since this choice
is
of the place of this
of the Hvelve apostles
mentioned both by
;
Mark and Luke
just in this connection
and Matthew does not mention it at all till lie comes to speak of the mission (if the twelve, which is plainly a different thing, and happened some time after. Compare Luke ix.1,2, wilhMat. x. 1 5 sect Ixxiv.
In an orator. \devoted to the service] of God ; sv t laryuxtoi-ji* tx (-)tx~\ This is so singular an expression that I cannot agree with our translation; but rather conclude with Drusius, Prideaux, Wiiitbv, Hammond, and many other good critics, that we are to understand it of an oratory, or proseucha, or prajerliouse, as Dr. Watta
''
to render it (in his late ingenious discourse on the Holiness of Places, p. Ill,) and as the word seems also to be used, Acts xvi. 13. (See Hammond, in loc.J Descriptions of these places may be found in most writers of yewish Antiquities, and in none that I know of better than in Calmet (at the word Proseuche,) and in Prideaux'g 389. Connection, Vol. I. p. 387 It is well known they were open at the top, and planted round with trees as well as often situate bj the side of seas or rivers, aswas probably the case here. I did not choose, with Dr. Whitby, to render it in Cod's house of pra.er, that phrase having been so peculiarly appropriated to the temple. See Mat. xxi. 13
Vol,.
I.
2 N
2'94
Having called his
disciples,
he chooses twelvefor his apostles*

would; and they came untohim:] and
(compare Johnxv. 16,) and they cheercame to him upon his summons: and out jTj of them he chose [and] constituted tzvelve* whom VI. 13 h e a ^ na?ned his apostles, or envoys; a name which well expressed the office for which they were designed these he now fixed upon, that for some time they should continually be with him, not only to attend upon his public
sect, pleased
IjI1
-
fully
^J^
m \Jut
forth
[
h
?Jeive,
[that
whom alsohenamed apostles;
j* ^thlt^S
to
ministry, but to enjoy the benefit of his private conversation that he might furnish them the better for the great work in which they were to be employed ; and that at length, after suitable preparation, he might with more advantage, send them abroad to preach his gospel, and thereby make way for his own visits to some more distant parts where he had not yet Mark been. And to enable them the more effectu;
Mark
send them preach HI. 13, 14. j
Mark m.
15.
111.15
a Uy to do j^ h e determined that they should And to have power then have power to heal distempers, and to cast t0 nea* sicknesses, c out demons from those unhappy people who j lg were possessed by them well knowing such endowments would command a regard, notwithstanding the meanness of their appearance. And the twelve persons who were so signally 16 And Simon 16 honoured by him, and whose names (excepting he simamed Peter; LuKE VI 14 -J that of Judas Iscariot) will be ever venerable in L the Christian church, as being, next to Christ, the great foundations of it (Eph. ii. 20 Rev. xxi. 14,) were these Simon, whom, (it has been observed before, John i. 42, p. 130) he simamed Peter, 6 that is, a rock, on account of his remarkable steadiness and intrepidity of temper (see Isa. 1. 7,) as well as the peculiar use to And fames [the son] ofZebe- 17cAm} J ames thc 1 7 he made of him *on or Zebedee, and % Jr e+ l .l a l j jthe and John 1.1 1beloved dis- j ohn thf brother of dee, the fisherman ciple, who was the brother of James : and he James (and he sir.
;
-
'
choose to render taken, on the death of Judas, to choose another to make up the number. (Acts i. 21, 22, 26.) Which seems to have been a piece of respect paid to the Jews previous to the grand offer of the gospel to them ; whereas when they had generally refor appointing to an office; 1 Sam xii. 6. jected it, two more, Paid and Barnabas, Gr. and Heb. iii. 2. It is probable our Lord were added without any regard to the chose twelve apostles in reference to the particular number of twelve, twelve tribes of Israel (see Mat. xix. 28 d He simamed Peter."] To sirname, here, Rev. xxi. 12, 14 and JLuke xxii. 30 and plainly signifies to give an additional name t compare Exod. xxiv. 4 Deut. i. 23 Josh. iv. 2, 3,) and therefore care was w*3-*i t 2/,k ovopa. nOfor,
H Constitvtedtwelve.']
So
rather than ordained ; ordination to the ministry, carrying along with it an idea bv no means suiting what passed now, which was so long before their entering on the office. The word is used elsewhere
t?roto-i,
He
names
his apostles*
295
sect.
mimed them Boan- sirnamed them Boanerges, which signifies, Sons c erges, which is, The of thunder ; thereby intimating with what viesons of thunder ;) tor j ous an j res istless power thev should bear [Luke VI. 14. , , ,, r^. down all opposition, and with Divine eloquence and mighty miracles confound the eneAnd Andrexv, and Philip, 18 And Andrew, mies of his gospel: and Philip, and Bar- f whose first acquaintance with Christ we
I
~~
-
LTI
'
Mark
ni.I7
is
were bef re informed (J ohn U 40 43 ) and theând Thomas' had andjames the son of Bartholomew; and Matthexv, or Levi, who Alpheus, and Thad- lately been called from the infamous employdeus, [or Judas the ment f a pu blican (Mat. ix. 9. p. 260 ;) and Didymus, as fnd'simon TcS! Thomas, who was also called and James [the so?!] of naaflite, [called Ze- having a twin brother lotesj [Luke VI. Alpheu.s, called James the less (Mark xv. 40;) 14, Id, 16] an j Le^beus, whose sirname was Thaddeus, and who was [also called] Judas, or Jude, [the brother] of James / and Simon the Canaanite, called also Zelotcs,* or the Zealot, as having
'
; ;
Judas Iscariot, [which also was the traitor,]

19
And
before professed a distinguishing zeal for the law And, worthy of being mentioned in 19 ^g ] ast pi ace? or rather unworthy of being mentioned at ^l, otherwise than with the greatest abhorrence, was Judas Iscariot, or a man of Carioth (Josh. xv. 25,) that infamous abandoned wretch, xvho also zvas the traitor,
:
which signifies Sons qfthun- which might arise from the ambiguity of stands in this form it is plainly it. John xiv. 22. C Simon the Canaanite, called also Zea corruption of Benei Regish. Considcring the remarkable gentleness of John's lotes.~] It is matter of some doubt with me temper and manner of writing', it is more whether he was called the Canaanite as bereasonable to interpret this title as in the ing a native of Cana in Galilee, as some paraphrase, than to refer it to any tiling have thought or whether it be derived, as peculiarly awful or awakening in their man- Dr. Hammond thinks from the Hebrew ner of address beyond what was to be Kanad, and signifies the same with ZeBut though we have many instances found in the other apostles. lotes. f Lebbeus,whose simame was Thaddeus, of extraordinary zeal in Phinehas, Elijah, and who was also called Judas, or Jude, the Maccabees, Lfc. and read in ancient the brother of James-'] That this person Jewish writers of the judgment of zeal by had alt these names appears from compar- which Stephen was murdered, Paid asing the catalogues given us in the places saultcd, tSfc. yet I cannot find any sect of before us, and in Mat. x. 2 4, and Acts i. men distinguished by that name till men13. Lebbeus being derived from Lob, tioned by Joscphus (Bell. Jud. lib. iv. cap. which signifies the heart, and Thaddeus 3, (al. 5) 9,) a little before the destrucprobably from Thad, a Syrochaldaic word, tion of Jerusalem. If Simon had the adwhich, as some critics tell us, signifies the ditional name of Zelotes given him on achreast, seem equivalent names, and may count of his personal zcalforthe law (which signify the hearty Judas ; perhaps to dis- is possible,) he mighi probably be a Phartmguish him from that other Judas whose isee but Mr Fleming's conjecture that faithless breast and foul heart had brought he was the father of Judas Iscariot, who is a kind of infamy on the name; so that called the son of Simon (John xii. 4,) seems neither Matthew nor Mark use it when very precarious, considering how common speaking of this apostle ; and John takes the name of Simon was. Sec Fte?)n'ng , s particular caro to prevent the confusion Christology, Vol. II. p- 167.
e Boanerges,
t/er.]
As
it
296
Multitudes attend his preaching and his cures.
was so ungrateful to his Lord, which also betrayed i- that he even betrayed him* into the hands of his him. [Luke VI.16.] bloody enemies he had professed himself, 19 w i tn secular and worldly views, a disciple of III Christ and though our Lord well knew him, yet, as his character was free from any visible ground of suspicion, in order to accomplish what was delivered in the sacred oracles, he was pleased to invest him with this holy office,
sect, that afterwards
.
and
Luke
to place
after
him among
his apostles
(com-
pare John
xiii. 18.)
VI. 17 persons
he had acquainted these twelve LuKEVI.17.And with his design, and had given them lie came down with them, find stood in such 1 private instructions as he iudped convetne plain, and the ment to render their attendance upon him sub- company of his disservient to the execution of their important ciples, and a great office, he came doxvn from the mountain with multitude of people them, and stood in the neighbouring plain : and erusa cm a nd from j as the morning was now pretty far advanced, theseacoastof Tyre the croxvd of his disciples [gathered round him ,] and Sidon, which ear " and besides those that had followed him for ca to *> hhealed m e and be ot r some time, and were now persuaded ol his Di- their diseases vine mission, there was also still waiting upon him (as we observed above, Mark iii. 7, 8, p. 280) a great multitude of people from all parts of judea, and particularly from ^Jerusalem, and even from the shore of Tyre and Sidon, which lay on the Mediterranean sea xvho came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases: 18 And they also xvho were infested with unclean is And they that
And
ii-
>
and wicked spirits, made their application to were vexed with unc lean s P ints him and they xvere cured of the terrible dis- tlicv W'Cl'C iic'ilcctand orders which those malignant beings occa1
:
And the whole multitude of these 19 sioned. unhappy people endeavoured at least to touch him; for so extraordinary were the miracles of this day, that in some instances, where our Lord did not so much as take any apparent
19 And the whole multitude sought to touch him; for there
k That even betrayed him.'] It is plain signify such kind of spirits as drove men to teat lias great force here, if it be rend- dwelt among the tombs, by which they becred even ; or else it seems a mere exple* came ceremonially unclean. How little it five. can be supported from Luke iv. 33, see Unclean spirits."] It seems to me an the note there, p 199. It is evident unexecssive refinement in the learned editors clean and evil spirits are generally used as of the Prussian testament to distinguish (as nearly synonymous terms, referring to the they do in their note on Mat. x. 1) unclean moral impurity and malignity of their Luke xi. spirits from other evil spirits which might natures. Compare Mat. xii. 43 and Rev. xvi. 13, 14. possess men supposing the word only to 24
that
' ; ; ;
Refections on the choice of the twelve apostles.

went
him,
tl)em
virtue
297
and
a11-
out of notice of the case, yet there xvent a Divine, sect. healed though secret, virtue out of him, and wrought LI1
so powerfully on those that touched him, that how desperate soever their it healed them all,
~"~
v*
ly
distempers were.
IMPROVEMENT.
When we consider how much the church in all ages has been Luke indebted to the labours of the apostles, and how much we ourselves vi 13 owe to them, we shall see great reason of thankfulness to our wise and gracious Master, who was pleased to assign this work to his servants, and so eminently to qualify them for it. It is observable, that before he sent them forth, he chose them to be xvith him in a Mark more constant attendance on his person and ministry. May all m who succeed them as preachers of the gospel, be such as have intimately knoxvn Christ themselves, and have been accustomed to spiritual converse xvith him ; that they may with the greater ability, zeal, and efficacy, recommend him to others may assure ourselves that these his future ministers had no Luke inconsiderable share in those petitions in which, with unabating vi *2. fervour and intenseness of devotion, our Redeemer spent this memorable night. And if we have any regard for the support of religion in the rising age, let us likewise be earnestly/' raying- both for them that are already in the ministry, and for such as are preparing for it. This surely ought to be the frequent care, not only of those who have the tremendous charge of educating such as are ere long to be intrusted with the honour of the gospel and the care of souls, but of those who are now struggling with the glorious labours and trials of that important office, and even of all those private Christians, who cordially love the interest of their Master, and wish the salvation of their fellowcreatures. Let us unite our cries to him who has engaged to be always xvith his church even to the end of the xvorld, and say, " Light up, Lord, a brighter and a stronger flame in the lamps of thy sanctuary Polish these arrows of tht quiver, that thev may pierce deep into the consciences of men Let thy priests be clothed xvith salvation, that thy saints may shout aloud for joy ! And pour forth upon them so plenteous an unction of thine Holy Spirit, that the odours of thy grace may by their means be diffused around throughout all thy tabernacles like that of the iragrant oil, which was poured on the head of Aaron, in such rich abundance, that it not only ran down on his beard, but reached even to the skirts of his garments ! Amen, and Amen."
"
We
298
repetition
of the sermon on the mount.
SECT.
mon
LIII.
Christ, in the audience of his nexvchosen disciples, a?id of the multitude, repeats in the plain many remarkable passages of his serbefore delivered on the mount.
Luke VI. 20
36.
20. LuKE V I, 20. ND up his eyes on his disci- A N D he lifted up mi. pies ^ who surrounded him, and more espeo-P-. his eyes on his espec- "TV. l" s ' ially directing them to his apostles whom he had BlesTed^ye poor
sect.
Luke VI.
lifting
AND J.L
\_yesus~\
VI.20
l ate ty chosen,,s<2z</unto ihem? Happy arei/ou who for yours is the kingare enriched with Divine knowledge and grace, domof* God. though your circumstances in this world are poor and mean ;for the kingdom of God, all its transcendent and eternal glories, is yours, and you are hastening on to the full possession of it. 21 Happy are you xvho are noxu hungry and desti21 Blessed are ye tute of all the comfortable accommodations of that hunger now ; e s hallbefil d life, if you feel that nobler appetite bv which *7 ^: the religious soul longs alter improvements in wee p now for ve holiness ; b for you shall ere long be filled with shall laugh, the most substantial and valuable blessings. Happy are you xvho noxv mourn under a sense of sin, or under that wholesome discipline of affliction by which God reduces his wandering children, and trains them up to superior virtue ;for all
Hardly any thing Said unto them.] I have observed in the common harmo7iies surprises me more,than that so man)' of them make this discourse to be the very 3ernnon on the mount recorded at large by Matthew in his fifth, sixth, and seventh chapters. That was delivered by Christ, sitting en a mountain (Mat. v. 1 ;) this (as it seems fromver. 17,) standing in a plain,- and, which weighs yet much more with me, there is such a difference in the expression, when the parallelpassages come to be compared, that it seems evident the evangelists have not related it exactly, if they meant to give us the same. On the other hand, there appears not the least difficulty in supposing that Christ might here repeat a part of what he had deliveredsome months before to another auditory, and probably at some greater distance than just in the same neighbourhood. (See 7io?f b on Luke v. 12, p. 253, and note b on Mat. v. 1, p. 208.) For it is plain from other instances, that this is nothing more ihan what he ofun had occasion to do.
that
22
(Compare Mat. ix. 32 34 with Mat. xii. 24, and xvi. 21 with xvii. 22, 23, and
xx. 17 19.) And indeed, since it is certain from Mat. vii. 28, 29, that what that evangelist has recorded as the sermon on the
all delivered at once ; they who suppose this the very same, must grant that great part of it was repeated at different times, and on different occasions (See note e on Mat. vii. 28, p. 251.) Dr. Whitby and Mr. Blair agree with me in this account of the matter, chiefly on the reasons I have here assigned,
mount was
Who
are nmu hungry

(jfc.~]
if
you
feel that
note %
nobler appetite,
Compare
on
209. And let it be observed in general, that the sense of the more duhious expressions in this discourse may be much illustrated by comparing parallel passages in the sermon on the mount ; to which I have accordingly referred, not
Mat.
v. 6,
p.
judging it necessary to repeat here what I had said there,
in the notes
Blessed are the persecuted
but
wo
to the rich
and
the gay.
299
your sorrow shall pass away like a dream, and sect. you shall ere long laugh and rejoice in a com- LIjtI """ plete deliverance from it. (See Mat. v. 4.) " 22 Blessed are ye Happy are you when men shall hate you, and per- vi.22 when men shall hate secut e vou xvhen theu shall separate you from f r J J LJ you, and when they ... , c unworthy ot communion shall separate you their assemblies^] as from their company, with them ;and shall reproach you in their private and shall reproach conversation, and cast out your names as in fapublic acts of civil or ecclevour name as evil mousry ev *l m êir for the Son of man's siastical judgment, on account of your professed sak c adherence to the Son of man (see John ix. 22 34,) for that glorious and sacred Person is able abundantly to repay all you can suffer for him : 23 Rejoice ye in And therefore, far from being dismayed and 23 that day, and leap overwhelmed with trouble and distress at such for joy; for behold abuses and assau lt s , be glad in that da ^ and u, vour rcwiircl is Tt*ut for in the with holy alacrity even leap for joy ; for, behold, in heaven like mannerdid their your reward in heaven is great in proportion to fathers unto the pro- your sufferings on earth For thus their Fathers
* , . -
<
did to the prophets of old, who now are in seats of distinguished glory. (See Mat. v. 11, 12.) But there is, generally speaking, d cause to 24 24 But wo unto you that are rich! for denounce a wo to you who are rich ; for so Ved ensnarin g are tn e circumstances in which you your consolauon. are placed, that it is much to be feared you have already received all your consolation (compare Luke xvi. 25,) and will be so taken up with the transient pleasures of time as to forget andfor.
25
shall
Wo
unto you feit everlasting blessedness.

!
There
i
is
that are full
xye reason to sav,
hunger. ., i ,, ,, e ,, i unto you that laugh tne "*" ancl pampered with all the most luxfor ye shall urious dainties ! for you shall ere long suffer now
, !
Wo
Wo unto uou who are now Jfilled to
generally 05
mourn and weep.
hunger, and fall into a state of indigence and misery, aggravated by all the plenty which vou have enjoyed and abused. Wo unto you who spend your lives in mirth and gaietv, and are so vain as now to laugh off every solemn and awful thought for you have reason to expect a portion in those doleful regions where, without intermission and without end, you shall mourn
!
26
Wo unto
you,
and lament.
in so corrupt
And
again, I
this,
may
an age as
Wo
generally say, 26 unto you xvhen
c Separate you frum their assemblies.'] d Generally speaking.] Compare Mat. Grotius's excellent note on this clause well xix. 23, 24. " It is most evident that such deserves a lM>St attentive reading contain- expressions as these in scripture are to be inga most learned dissertation on the various taken with some limitations, otherwise llicy kiuda of sKCoiwnumcativJi among the Jews* would be contrary to fact in some instances.
;
300
sect, all
We
-
are
to love
our enemies, and
to
do good
to all:
men speak well of you! for such universal when all men shall applause is seldom to be gained without sinful speak well of you! compliances ; and thus did their fathers to the thers ^ ^^Mse a VI 2sf se prophets of old, who soothed them in their prophets, idolatries and other crimes with smooth addresses and vain assurances of security and happiness.
LIU
^'
27
You, my disciples, if you would approve 27 But I say unto vour fidelity to God and to me, must act in a y u which hear, ^veyour enemies^ very different manner, by which you will certainly expose yourselves to hatred and perse- which hate you cution But I say unto you, and to all that hear me this day, Far from entertaining sentiments of malice and purposes of revenge, love even your enemies, and do good to than that hate you:
:
28 Bless them that in the malignity of their hearts 28 Bless them revile and curse you ; and cordiallv and fer- that curse you and ventlv r pray for them that most spitefully harass ra* b em which JJ J _.. despitetullyuse you. , \ J and abuse you. (See Mat. v. 44.) And, as ever you would attain to such exalt- 29 And unto him 29 ed degrees of fortitude and goodness, accustom that smiteth thee on
.
-
yourselves patiently to bear the common inju- V*s '[ e cn eek, offer ri j also the other; and i_i i. which a m> i false sense of honour and n m that taketh interest renders so much more intolerable than away thy cloak, forthey really are. If, for instance, a man smite bid not t0 take *h coat thee on the [one] cheek, rather than return the blow offer also the other to him ; and if he take away thy mantle, do not by violence attempt to hinder him [from taking] also thy vest. (See the notes on Mat. v. 39, p. 223, 224.) I would also charge it upon you to labour 30 30 Give to everv after a diffusive liberality, as well as exemplary man that asketh of him meekness be readv then to p-ive to every one l iee away that taketh r r iL that asketh thee for an alms, where thou hast t lv p.00 j S) as k t/iem reason to believe it is charity to do it ; and not again. from him that taketh away thy possessions in an injurious manner, do not immediately demand them back in the forms of law, but rather endeavour by gentler methods to reduce the And do not by any 31 And as yc to reason. .11 offender means imagine, that the injuries you receive would that men from others will cancel the bonds of common doye alsa to them humanity to them ; but as you would reabona- likewise. bly desire that men should do to you, do you also in like manner to them, and by putting vourselves, as it were, in their places, endeavour to form your minds to an impartial judg
c ur ries ot file,
; ;
ment.
(See note on Mat.
vii. 12, p.
245.)
And thus
32 For
xve shall appear to be the children of God.
301
sect.
And indeed if you only love them thatloveyou if ye love which love %vhat great thanks are due to you upon that acwhat thank you, count or there are some sentiments of eratifor sin. have ye r i ners also love those tude common even to the worst of men, which that love them. incline the most scandalous sinners to love those that love them, and to profess an affectionate rethem
j>
txtu
~~~ Luke VI 2
gard for those by whom they have been treated Andifyoudo good 33 with respect and kindness. good to them which offices only to them that are yOUr benefactors, what do good to you, what mighty thanks are due to you for that* For even tor thank have ye ^ mo st infamous sinners, either from instinct, sinners also do even r or from mere selnove, may often be observed to the same.
33
And
if
ve do
do
34 And
to
if ve
the
same.
(Compare Mat.
v.
46, 47, p.
54,
lend 226.)
them of whom ye
to
And if you lend only to them from whom you hope to receive, and that, perhaps, with
vour for sinnSs alSTlInd
considerable advantage to yourselves, what fado >" ou shew in that ' or what extraordinary tosinners,to receive thanks are due to you on that account ? For even as much again. the greatest sinners lend to other sinners like themselves, that, when there is occasion, they may receive the like assistance in return from
hope
receive,
them.
ut I exhort you to love your enemies, and to 35 35 But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend in cases of great necessity, do good, and lend, even xvhen you can hope for nothing again :e and hoping tor nothing f i_ _ -h l + j heaven xvill be great, and you again and your reso y our rexvard ward shall be great, will appear to be the sons of the most High God ; and ye shall be the or \ n the course of his daily providence he is
:
the ungrateful and evil, causing the undeeSfffo? heÛfa^d kindt0 unto the unthankful, served benefits of the sun and rain to descend and to the evil. upon them, and filling their insensible hearts
36 Be ye there- 45,
fore
merciful,
your
as a ler a so is
with food and gladness. (Compare Mat. v. 44, Be ye therefore mer- 26 and Acts xiv. 17.) u c if /^ as he also whom you call your heavenly jratner fa merciful; and unto whom indeed you cannot stand related as his children, if you have no concern to imitate and obey him. (Compare Mat. v. 48, p. 226.)
IMPROVEMENT.
upon
Plow necessary is it, that our forgetful hearts should have line Luke line, and precept upon precept ? If Christ did not think it vi. 20
causing none to despair ; since neither the phrase itself, nor the opposition in which it stands to ver. 34, will admit such an interSee J)r Whitby's note here. pretation.
e When you can hope for nothing again."} cannot think (as Be Dicu and some others have done to \\\cSyriac and Arabic versions, J that fxnS'tv xTrihTTt^ylu should be rendered
Vol.
I.
2o
302
sect,
Reflections on the
maxims Christ has
repeated,
"
"-"""""
'
improper to repeat this discourse, surely it will not be needless for us to renew our attention to it. Oh that every word of it were engraven on our hearts as with the point of a diamond, that we might learn, in spite of all the foolish wisdom of this world, to form ourselves on these maxims, as the surest guide to present
!
Luke
V1 -
and to eternal felicity Our Lord again pronounces the poor and the hungry, the mourn.Jul and the persecuted, happy ; and represents those as miserable who are rich and full, joyous and applauded : not that this is universallv the case
but because prosperous circumstances are so ; frequentlv a sweet poison, and affliction a healing though bitLet the thought reconcile us to adversity ; and ter medicine. awaken our caution when the xvorld smiles upon us ; when a plentiful table is spread before us, and our cup runneth over ; when our spirits are gaij and sprightly ; or when we hear, what to corrupted nature is two harmonious music, that of our oxvn praise from men. Oh that we may secure, what is of infinitely greater importance, the praise of our heavenly Master, by a constant obediential regard to these his precepts May we be happy proficients in the art of bearing and forgiv27-34 ing injuries ! May we he ready to every good word and zvork f maintaining an eye quick to observe, a heart tender to feel, a hand open to relieve, the calamities and necessities of friends, of strangers, and of enemies, giving to some ; and where, perhaps, there may be little prospect of a return, lending to others ; which, if it engage them to greater industry, is as real a benefit as if the loan were a gift. On the whole, let us not presume to call God our Father, if 35, 36 we do not labour to resemble him; nor dare to challenge the peculiar honour and privileges of Christ's disciples, if we do not distinguish ourselves from others by the charity of our tempers and the usefulness of our lives, as well as by the articles of our faith and the forms of our worship.
!
SECT.
Our Lord goes on
subjects.
LIV.
to repeat many remarkable passages of his sermon on the mount, with some proper additions relating to the same
Luke VI.
37, to the end.
Luke VI. 37. Luke VI. 37. c^f]jj)Q not others with rigour and severitv, JUDGE not, and J e shaU not be and you may hope that you shall not yourLuke selves be judged with that severity which you VI.37 must otherwise expect from God, and which the most innocent and virtuous characters would not
sect. LIV
"
>'
The danger offollowing:
blind
mid ignorant
teachers.
303
condemn be able to bear Condemn not others with a rash sect. judged LIV not, and ye shall censoriousness, and you shall not be condemned : not be condemned and if you do it others their offences
:
:
forgive
'
"^
VI
3r
'"
be forgiven.
from a
trulv religious principle,* you .shall also beforgiven by God those offences against him,
infinitely greater than any you can receive from your fellowcreatures. (See Mat. vii. 1, p. 242.) Give liberally to those that need your assist- 38 38 Give, and it shull be given unto ance, and it shall be given back to you in a rich you; good-measure, al Hincl ance : for it will gain you so much love
which are
possibly
3S?
êt.^ and respect, that God will so influence men's and punning over, hearts in your favour, that men shall, as it were, b blessings shall men give into p our int0 y 0Ur /ap ^ 00 d mea sure, down, and shaken together, and even Pressed m as a general ure that ye mete running over; for it may be taken
'
^l^Z,
withal,
a{?;un
-
et
it
'shall
be rule, that
measured
to
you
w^ tQ
by the same measure that ye measure

'
on 39
And he
spake
,
a parable unto them: Can the blind lead the blind? shallthey
^Vhf
UUtle
return be measured otn ers ^ \ t (See Mat. vii. 2. p. 242.) back to you. He spake also,' at the same time, a parable to 39 , * ivr * them (which he afterwards repeated, Mat. xv. caution them against submitting with 14^) to an mp i; c i t fa i t h to the conduct of ignorant or vicious men, who might set up for religious
wm m
and said, Can the blind undertake to teachers guide the blind? Will they not both, in such a case, be likely to fall into a pit, or ditch, which
;
may happen
40 The disciple not above his
to lie in their
way
And,
in like
is
S! X^2 proverb, That the scholar

:
manner, you have nothing to expect from following such men, but to perish with them. There is little reason to hope that, under their 40 instruction, you should be wiser and better *an they for it is, you know a common
is not above his teachthat can reasonably be expected is, that every one who is a. finished [scholar] should come up to him that teaches him and it is this that he will principally aim at, to be as his
shall be as his master.
er; but
all
master
that
a
It
is
you should well consider
of great importance therefore whom you take

us a claim to the promises of pardon and
salvation.
do it from a truly religious prinThis uuistbe supposed, to make it .insistent with those passages in which love to God, amljaith in Christ, as well as other branches ofthe Christian temper, are insistciple.J
If you
Into your lap.'] Here is an evident reference to the mantles winch the Jews wore, into which a considerable quantity edupon as so absolutely necessary, that of corn might be received Compare Ruth without them the greatest lenity and indul- iii. 15 2 Kings i*'. 39 Neb. Y. 13 Proy. fence to our fellowcrcatuivs cannot give xvi. 3i.
; ;
304
LIV
Reformers should begin with reforming themselves.
sect, to be
-
your teachers ; for it is necessary your righteousness exceed that of the scribes and Pharisees, if you expect a share in the kingdom of heaven. (See Mat. v. 20, and x. 24, 25.) Yet, on the other hand, I would not have 41 And wn ^ e _ you to be forward in blaming them, or any holdest thou the other, while you neglect a due regulation of mote that is in thy j j l J~ * brother's eye, but ' your own temper and conduct: r for -why dost perceivest Jno t the thou look at ?/se little motexvhich is in thy broth- beam that is in thine er's eye, and observest not the much greater own eye disorder which is like a beam in thine own eye? 42 Or how canst thou with any decency, or to any 42 Either how purpose, say to thy brother, Brother, hold still, canst thou say to {and] I will take out the mote which is in thine thy brother, Broth... er.let me pull out , ,-, , eye, while thou art at the same time so blind tne mote t iat JS m and partial, that thou seest not the beam rvhich thine eye, when is in thine own eye f Thou hypocrite, who false- thou thyself beholdest not the beam 1 j 1 r \. r t ly pretendest ^l ^ zeal for the 1 that honour ol relig- that is in thine own ion, which while thou art thus careless of eye Thou hypothyself thou canst not really have, first cast out crite cast out nrs ^. beam out *!*?
? 1
.
>
the
,.
i own eye, ana rL discern \hoxv J to take out the mote that is in thy then shalt thou see brother's eye ; which is an office that requires clearly to pull out greater wisdom and conduct than in thy pres- t ie J" 01? that 1S l thy brother's eye. ent circumstances thou canst be supposed to '
-\
beam from thine own
eye,
1
and then thou

wilt
thine
have. (See the notes on Mat. vii. 3, 4, p. 242, 243.) Till thou shalt thus reform thyself, there is 43 not much to be expected from thine endeavours to reform others: for as there is no good ... 1 1 r tree which produces bad jruit ; so neither is there any bad tree -which produces good fruit: 44 For all the world is agreed that every tree is to . r / r be known by its proper fruit: men, for instance^ do not gather figs of thorns, nor do they gather a chtster of grapes from a bramble. (Compare Mat. vii. 16, pf 246.) j a 1 -i And indeed, where men converse with any 45 degree of intimacy, they may be known and judged of by their words as well as by their J - a actions. A good man, maintaining an habitual sense of the Divine Presence, and feeling in his own soul a spring of habitual and diffusive benevolence to his fellowcreatures, naturally
.

43 For a good tree bringeth not forth corrupt fruit; neither doth a corrupt tree bring forth good
fruit.
uz
/.
is
f known by his own

,
.
44 For ev
rv
tree
frult
for f thorns
men do
fi
>
not gather
grapes.
g s nor of a bramblebush &atherthe y

45
...
ii-i
of out treasure bringeth wn ichis
good man the good

of his heart forth that
good: and
those
(Men, for instance."] This is one of many places where the word ya.g
its
C/orJ has not
introducing the reason of something before asserted, but merely intimates an illustrausual signification, of tion of it.
The
difference between doers
and hearers of the
xvord.
305
good sect. an evil man out of produces that which is good, out of the LIV the evil treasure of treasure of grace and love which is laid up in his heart, bringeth the other hand, a bad man, on his hmrt ., forth that which is 1 j Luke r treasure of evil principles and VI45 evil: for of the abun- cm* 0/ ^<? in his which is laid up dance of the heart corrupt affections his mouth speaketh. that which is bad, which often t, produces
md W
/iear
breaks out before he is aware, and discovers his character, even contrary to his intention ; for his mouth naturally speaks from the overflowing of the heart, and no man has so much artifice as to
command
it
entirely so that
it
shall
never discover itself in some unguarded moment. (Compare Mat. xii 34, 55, sect, lxii.) Yet remember it is not merely by men's 46 46 And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, words that their character will finally be judged,
and do not the things ancl their estate fixed; especially that it will which I say? not be determined by a few pious and devo-
forms of speech, which in themselves for why do ye call me little worth Lord, Lord, or what imaginable purpose does that profession serve, if in your practice you are
tional
are of very
regardless of
selves
my
will,
and do not
the
things
which I say and
command
?
to all that call
them-
(Compare Mat. vii. 21.) Thls is a vanity of which I have formerly 47 Whosoever 47 cometh to me, and warned you and to repeat the warning, I will hearcth my sayings, s hexv you, on the other hand, to whom that man and doeth them, I ^, ^ comes to me, and hears my words, and will shew von to J .u \.l practises agreeably to them : and, on the other whom he is like
disciples
:
my
117
.
,.
*l * Ime a prudent man, that house, and digged built an house on the riverside and, considering deep, and laid die the importance of the undertaking, andthedifthe when the nculty of the situation, dug deep through the sand, and marl, and gravel, till he came to flood arose, stream beat vehe- tne solid stone, and placed the foundation of his upon that xnently a rock : and afterwards he was R a / house, and could not . . shake it for it was abundantly repaid tor all his labourandexpense founded upon a rock, for when the inundation came, the current of the river with an impetuous torrent violently broke upon that house, and yet was not able to shake it, because it was founded upon a rock : thus securely will the practical hearer stand the shock 49 But he that of temptations, and the trial of death and of the heareth and doeth (} ntd / But on the other han(l, he that 49 o not, is like a man, J foun- hears my words, and does not practise tnem, is that without a
48
..
He
...
is
man which
like a built an
hand, to whom it is that he may be resembled, who hears my words, and doeth them not. As 45 ' ... / ,
to the former, he is
,
;
S&
;
306
Reflections on the admonitions Christ has giveJi us.

dation built an house earth, "P !1 tl,e
.
man, that built an house on the bare surface of the ground, without any care to secure a foundation against which the impetuVI 49 ous stream did violently break with the same fury, and, being unable to withstand the shock, it presently fell down ; and the ruin of that house irreparably great, and its inhabitants 7vas
sect, like a foolish
LIV.
st ,.
eam
'^^ t
v^
hemently, and iramediately it fell

a
house was "great
were all crushed under 24 27, sect, xliii.)
it.
(Compare Mat.
vii.
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
2>7
a frequent reflection on our own faults teach us candour a sense of our continued dependence on Divine liberality make us libercd towards those that need our assistance ; lest we lose the comfort so justly forfeited, and abused mercies be 38 another day repaid with measures of wrath, pressed down, shaken
,-
Let
let
and
together,
We
God
:
and running over. day to give an account of ourselves before let us then judge for ourselves in matters of religion and
are another
;
39 be very careful that we do not stupidly follow blind guides till we " Lead us, O Lord, in the way fall with them into destruction. everlasting ! Form us to a more perfect resemblance of our great 15 Master I Make us severe to ourselves, and so far as it is real **> 44 charity, indulgent to others I Sanctify our hearts by thy grace, that they may be as trees bringing forth good fruit, or as founThere may a good treastains pouring out wholesome streams lire be laid up, from whence good things may be abundantly produced There may those holy and benevolent affections continually spring up, which may flow forth with unaffected freedom, to refresh the souls and animate the graces of all that are around
!
us
46, 49
i"
beautiful, striking, repeated admonitions, which our Saviour gives us of the vanity of every profession which does not influence the practice, be attended to with reverence and fear are building for eternity; may we never grudge the time and labour of a most serious inquiry into the great fundamental principles of religion ? May we discover the sure foundation, and raise upon it a noble superstructure, which shall stand fair and glorious when hypocrites are swept away into everlasting ruin, in that aivful day in which heaven and earth shall flee azvay from the face of him that sits upon the throne ! (Rev. xx. 11. J
!
May these
We
centurion applies to Christ to heal his servant of a palsy.
307
SECT.
xvas sick of a palsy.
LV.
and miracChrist, after preaching in the plain, goes to Capernaum, at a distance, the centurion's servant that ulously cures, even
Luke VII. 110.
Mat. VIII. 513.

1.
NOW hud
pie, he
LuKE VII.
1.
Luke VII.
all
when he
ended
audience^thepeoCapernaum.
sections we have heard sect. LV J^ the exce u ent discourse that Jesus made ; all these his sayand now, when he hadfinished Li|ke
JN the two former

s disciples,
'
entered into ings,
2 And a certain centurion's servant,
who was dear

V S S k ' reTdy to di e"
unto
which though immediately addressed to vil.l he had delivered in the hearing of the people who stood round him in the plain, having dismissed the assembly, he quickly after entered into Capernaum again. And at that time the servant of a certain Ro- 2 man officer in that city (called a centurion, from j^j s having the command of a company of sol<*iers consisting of a hundred men,) who was dear to his master, and greatly esteemed by him, was exceeding ill, and in great danger of death.
h
i'
And when he
of
Jesus,
heard
[came 46, having rion in his power to help him, that he came to a first] sent unto him h y / humble and respectful appli.' the elders ot the ,. , r *!_, * _ which indeed he did not directly prebeseeching; cation ; jews, lum that he would sume to make in his own person, [but first] sent eome and heal his untQ him tke e iders t /ie yews, or some of the
naum,] he unto him
;
a &tTc*: ulous,y * r M the t-T? theoh \iv faith ol P centusect, xxxi,) such was
l ,
he entered into Ca- 3 erna um, where the nobleman's son was miracp
And hearing of Jesus, when
VHLS.]
most considerable of them that dwelt in this city, in whom his generosity had procured a considerable interest humbly entreating him by them, that he would condescend to come and set him free from the distress that he was in,
;
not doubting his ability to heal his servant; Mat. VIII. 6. And saying, Lord, my faithful and beloved.ier- Mat. And saying;, Lord, van t ft es at home in [mi/] house in a verv deplo- vui.6 my servant lieth at w condition, being seized with the palsy ; home sick ot the ,., ~\~ disabled him Irom palsy grievously tor- which, though it has quite
,
i-iiiu-f
mented.
motion, yet has left him sensible of pain, with which he is so dreadfully tormented that he can
take no rest.
VII.
4.
Lukr
And such was

for
the r egard the elders of the Luke

that, being
tote's, they Jews had
him,
come
to
Jesus,
VH.4
person (see a He came to him.'] It is very plain, from did not come at first in his own properly be Luke's lareer and more circumstantial rep- Luke vii. 6, 7,) but he might h directed the elders rescntation of the case, that the common said to do that which
308
The great humility andfaith of the
centurion.
one who is -worthy of this favour* For h( wa ? wo rth y f r u whom he should do ., ^ m i tnou g n "e be a Gentile, and a stranger among t hj s VII. 5 us, yet he is a worshipper of the true God, and 5 For he loveth greatly loves our nation ; so that he takes many ur nat on an <l he l US a Syna " opportunities of doing good in the neighbour- Ue g hood (compare Acts x. 2,) and has carried his generosity so far that he hath built us a synagogue for public worship at his own expense. And Jesus, willing to pay some distinguish- Mat. VIII. 7. Mat. viii. 7 ing respect to a person of so worthy a character, And Jesus saith unsaith unto him. or sent him word by those who t0 lu m } wlU come and heal mm. .... -77i T tnad petitioned r him, I will immediately come tor down to the centurion's house, to see the servant he is so concerned about, and heal him. Luke VII. 6. Then Luke -^/âccordingly, Jesus went rvith them ; and Jesus went -with VII. 6 now, as he was going thither, when he was not tnem And when he was now not far .i , ,, r l a great way jrom the house, the centurion sent from tiie 10use t ie some other friends to him; and at last came centurion sent himself in person and answered the kind mes- friends to him, [and er sage which Jesus had sent him, saying unto ^} TorcF him, Lord, trouble not thyself'to come any far- trouble not thyself ther ; for I am not worthy that thou, who art so for I am not worthy holv and honourable a person, shouldest enter that tho1! snoulde st ,) jj r Tin r r enter under my root 7 under my rooj: Wherefore indeed neither aid I [Mat. VIII. 8.1 think myself, who am an alien from this holy 7 Wherefore, neination, worthy to come immediately to thee; but the * thought I myfirst chose to make use of the elders of the J^^hee? but y place, and of these my other friends and all in a word, [speak that I would now presume to ask is, That thou the word only,] and wouldest but please only to speak the word, and SeaTS^ VIIL I know that my servant shall immediately be 8.] 8 healed. For even I \who~\ am only a centu- 8 For I also am a * rion, a man ranged under the authority of my an set un der au tnoritv nnvintr un* commanding officer, yet as I have soldiers ^ er ^ e so ldiers under myself, order and govern them by the and I say unto one, intimations of my will, whether present or Go and ne goeth; absent; and I say to one, Goto such a place, come.^nd hTcom!
Luke
"
\
j > 1
.
sect, theij entreated him with great importunity , say- besought him Inlv. j n jje hose name we now address thee is stantly, saying, That
mw ill
^^
-w
>
and he goeth ; and
to
another,
Come
hither,
and
eth
and
to
my
ser-
to do in his name : and nothing is more frequent, even to this day, in our courts vj law, than to say that a person comes into the court and asks a thing which lie asks perhaps only at third hand, by the counsel whom his solicitor has employed in his cause, b Worthy of this favour.'] By far the greater number of copies read it as it stands in cur version, Worthy for -whom he should do
this: yet the connection seems to intimate that the original reading was <nra/>s^/c, Thou shouldest do this. I have chosen to render it in such a manner as will suit either, c Ranged under the authority of'my commanding officer.] It is well known that the Roman centurions were subject to the commaud of their respective tribunes ; as our
captains are to that of their colonels
Such shall be
vant,
received,
and the Jexvs

to
be cast out.
$09
/insect.
-
Do this, and he he cometh ; and
my
slave*
Do
this,
and
docth it. VIII. 9.]
[Mat. immediately doeth it: now I firmly believe thou LV k as t yet a more absolute power over the strongfce est and most desperate diseases, and canst at yn. 8 pleasure command them off from the afflicted, when thou art either near, or at a distance and
;
I shall
thankfully accept this cure in the
manner
that
9 When Jesns heard these things,
a atl
mav be least inconvenient to thyself. And Jesus hearing these things, admired him &
i
declare unto about, and said unto multitude thatfollowed him, Verily, I journies and converse, the people that fol- you, That through all lowed liim,[Veiih ,] j nave not oun d even \n a ll Israel, such an illusu . . vou, I , I say unto c r ... appears in this tnous degree of fatth as have" not found so you. only sojourns But I Mat. great faith, no, not in stranger,
aiT
uu-ned
hini
on account of his great Humility, and the strength aml" tllrninS about i he said to the of his faith
;
my
mm
vm y OU with great solemnity, That many last come not only from the neighbouring VIII 11 sn all9t M And I say unto you, provinces of the Roman empire, but even from. That many shall the remotest Gentile nations, which lie to the come from the east eas tandwest* of its utmost boundaries, and shall ',, and west, and shall slt down with your pious ancestors, Abraham, sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and and Isaac, and Jacob, to share with them in the Jacob, in the king- delightful entertainments and final blessedness * But many of the ** ^But the "chil- ^ tne kingdom of heaven.* children of the kingdom, who were born within dren of the kingdom shall be cast out into the sacred enclosure, and appeared to stand fairdarkness outer es( jor merc j es f t h e covenant, and in' there shall be weepingand gnashing of deed the bulk ol the Jewish nation, shall be reteeth, jected with abhorrence for their unbelief, and be cast out into that gloomy darkness which is without : s there shall be perpetual weeping for sorrow, and gnashing of the teeth with envy, at such an enraging sight*
Israel,
who
among
[Mat.
VIII, sai unto j
'
^^
d Slave."]
As
the
word Jkxo? generally
nignifies a slave rather than a hired servant, I chose to render it thus here, as thinking
it
most expressive of the authority to which the speech refers.

e From the east and west.~) Perhaps this may be only a proverbial phrase to signify
coming from the most
distant parts.
But
1 cannot forbear observing here that the gospel spread much more to the east and west of Judea than to the north and south of it though it seems rather to be spoken asa g-cncral expression, as will appear by comparing- it with Luke xiii. 29. and Isa.
xliii.
1
5, G.
Final blessedness of the kingdom ofheav-
Sothe/)/;raêmustherebeexplainedt cannot be said, with any propriety, either that the holy patriarchs share with Christians in the present privileges of the gospel state, or that the Jews weep and wail on account of their being excluded from them. B Gloomy darkness which is without : to It has justly been obo-xctoc to sâ>7gov.] served by many commentators that this phrase, which is often used after the king' dom of heavenhzs been compared to (/ banquet, contains a beautiful allusion to the lustre of those illuminated rooms in which such feasts were generally celebrated, as opposed to that darkness which surrounded
en.~]
for
it
Vol.
I.
2 P
310
Christ heals the centurion's servant at a distance.
LV
-
sect.
And, having uttered these words for the admonition of the Jews, and for the encourage-
13 And Jesus said unto the centurion,
viii.13
mentof this pious stranger and his friends, sus said t0 "ie centurion, who now stood by, Go so be it done unto thy way home h in peace ; and be it unto thee, tnee And his ser-
> tSlS&gZS.
w * s he to thy servant, according to thy faith. And J***selfsame tled iQ J VJ ? the hour. , .i , , in that very hour that he spake these words, just
and
.
i,
was his servant healed. Andthey who had been sent from the centurion Luke VII. 10. vii. 10 as his messengers to Christ, returning with him And they that were ret, imn g t to the house, were eyewitnesses of the cure, and sent found the servant that had been sick restored to servant ^holT' that perfect health and vigour.' This might occa- had been sick, sion the conversion of ;he familv and was a miracle that greatly raised the fame of Jesus, and made the multitude more eager in their
at that instant,
Luke
pressing after
him
IMPROVEMENT.
It is pleasant to think of this good centurion, who, amidst all the temptations of a military life, retained the principles, not only of liberality and humanity, but of piety too ; and, probably amidst the raillery of his irreligious and idolatrous brethren, had Surely 5 the courage to frequent, and even to build, a synagogue. his devotion did not enervate, but rather invigorate and establish, Mat. his valour ; nor did he find himself less dutifully regarded by the vin6,9 soldiers under his command for this parental tenderness to his afLuke
vii.2,3
flicted servant,
in his favour
which brought him thus humbly to petition Christ Such may our officers be and we may hope that
!
the hosts of heaven will with pleasure cover their heads in the day of battle, and obedient troop* be formed, by their example and their care, to the discipline of virtue as well as of war.
Luke see the force of real goodness to conquer the most inveterate va 4 5 prejudices : the elders of the Jews at Capernaum turn petitioners for a Gentile, for a Roman centurion : so may we disarm the virulency of a party spirit, and conciliate the friendship of those who otherwise might have their eyes upon usfor evil ^ n plentiful circumstances and an honourable station, how great Mat, viii. 8 is the humility of this worthy man ! low are the thoughts
-
We
'
How
night were turned out but sometimes goes yet farther, when the persons excluded are supposed to be thrown into a dark dungeon. Compare Mat. xxii. 13 and Jude, ver. 13. xxv. 30 h Go thy wo; home.] This most evidel tly proves that the centurion was at fengtu cofneout of his house, probably on
those
it
:
who by
hearing that Jesus was nearer to
also
it than he apprehended when he sent the second message bj his friends. Restored to pofect health and vigour.] This the word vyumofl* seems to import nor did it suit the honour and goodness of
'
Christ to leave the cure incomplete. pare Mat. viii. 15.
Com-
Reflections on the faith of the centurion.

!
311
that he has of himself And with what veneration and respect sect, does he address himself to Christ ! And, had this centurion been LV even a tribune or a general, this humble address would well have
"
become him when he was thus applying unto Christ. And how well does it become us, when entreating the blessed Jesus to exert
hearts, to bow with deep humility beLord, lam not worthy that thou shouldest Luke come under my roof or -worthy the honour of appearing in thy pres- vh.6,7 ence /" He that thus humbleth himself shall he exalted (Luke xviii. 14 ;) nor do we ever stand fairer for the praise of Christ than when we see ourselves undeserving- even of his notice. Behold an instance offaith in a stranger to the commonwealth of Mat.
his healing
power on our
**
fore him, and to say,
by which their unbelief was condemned I Oh that the virtues of heathens may not another day rise up to our condemnation, notwithstanding an higher profession and much nobler advantages We cannot but rejoice to hear that many shall comefrom 11 the east and the -west, to sit down with the pious patriarchs in the /kingdom of heaven : but how deplorable is the case of those children of the kingdom, who, with all their towering expectations shall be 12 cast out, and doomed to hopeless sorroxv and to everlasting dark'
Israel,
!
VUl
'
ness
Grace awaken those who are now ignorant of the value and importance of the blessings of the gospel and excite those holt/ desires after them, which may prevent that impatience and envy, that rage and despair, with which they must otherwise view them at an unapproachable distance yea, view them possessed by multitudes, whom they are now most ready to despise
; ; !
May Almighty
SECT.
LVI.
After having quitted the multitude who crowded in upon him, and reposed himselfthat night at Capernaum, Jesus goes the next day to Nairn, and raises the son of a poor widow from the dead.
Mark
III.
III.
1921.
Luke VII.
11
17.
AN
Mark D
19.
they went
into an house.
-yy QW after Jesus had,*, performed this miracle, rV^

Jl
Mark
III. 19.
^ and was prevented
thus Irom going to the
SECT. LVI. *,.
__
centurion's, before he left
Capernaum with
they
his
Mark
III. 19
twelve
house,*
new chosen apostles, where he commonly
an resided while he
into
went
a They went into an house."] must conclude from the manner in which Mark connects this with the names of the apostles, that it happened very <[u\c\dy after their being chosen. The other evangelists inform
We
us of some previous events which happened in the mean time but they might be despatched in a few hours. This therefore is undoubtedly the proper pi ace for these verses , and it is strange that Le Clercaud
;
312
sect, lvi.
He departs
the next day
fram
Capernaum
to
Nairn.
20 And themultitude cometh together
was in that city. And the multitude, that had been standing in the plain, assemble again about the doors and windows of the house and aniji Mark matecl b A . ,. y the illustrious miracle he hadjust perIII 20 formed on the centurion's servant, they pressed so eagerly upon him, that they of the family could not so much as eat bread, though it was the proper hour for it. And when his friends had 21 heard[ofit,] that he was so intent upon his work as to go out of doors again to preach to the peo;
.
could not so eat bread,
^''ôthutthej much as
21 And,
when
of
his
it,
frieilds llt:il-d
hd J
pie, they xuent out after
and importune him
to
him come
^"MmT for
is
lay hold on him, they said he in ; for they said, sid e himself.
to
be-
He is transported'too far , b not to allow himself time for his meals, alter all the watchings of the last night, and the fatigue of this day. c Luke VII. 11. And, Jesus having so far yielded to their im- And it came to pass Luke day aft er *?* vii.li portunity as to repose himself that evening there, he \ o |]g went into city it came to pass on the next day, that he xuent from called Nain and d and many Capernaum to a city called Nairn of many of his discihis disciples went thither with him, and a great P les wen with him 12 multitude of others. And when he approached ^^ôw'whcn'he the gate of the city, a circumstance happened, came nigh to the
'
'
*i
,-
J-
others should have placed them before the want of food; but our Lord's attendants in the plain. (See Luke vi. 17 20, seem to have feared lest his zeal and the p. 296, 297, 298.) I suppose this was after present fervency of his spirit should have the cure of the centurion's servant, as the been injurious to his health, c word uo-ixQofii (Mat viii. 5) seems to intiAfter all the watchings of the last mate that Christ was then entering Caperna- night, and the fatigue of this day.] Comum ; and the multitude was not yet dis- pare Luke vi. 12, isfseq. sect. lii. whence it missed when that cure was wrought. (Mat. appears our Lord had sat up the preceding viii. 10.) night, and eaten nothing this day ; but b They said, He is transported too far : spent the morning in giving a charge to his oft e|er).] Our manner of rendering these new chosen apostles, and the advance of the words, He is beside himself, or, He is mad, day in preaching to a vast auditory, and is very offensive. One can hardly think working many miracles. d To a city called Nairn."] Christ's friends would speak so contemptiIf Nairn was bly and impiously of him and, if that sense a city of the tribe of Issachar, and lay at must necessarily be retained, it would be the foot of mount Tabor (where mostêo^much more decent to render the clause, It raphers have placed it) our Lord made a (that is, the multitude mentioned in the pretty long journey this day, especially converse before ) is mad, thus unseasonably to sidering what was mentioned in the break in upon him. But 2 Cor. v. 13, is last note ; for he must thus have travelled the only passage in the New Testament about twelve miles. Lightfoot supposes where the word has this signification. It it to be the same with Engannim, which generally signifies to be greatly transported, is mentioned in Josh. xix. 21, and xxi. or, as we express it in a word derived from 29 but this lay also in the tribe of Isthis, to be thrown into an ecstasy. (Mark sachar, and must have been at no less ii. 12 ; v. 42 ; vi. 51 ; Luke viii. 56 and distance from Capernaum. (See Light' Acts ii. 7, 12 xii. 16.) And, though the foot's Chorog. ad Luc. vii.li. 3.) The Seventy sometimes use it fovfainting away circumstance here recorded might prob(Gen. xlv. 26 Josh. ii. 11 ; and Isa. vii. ably happen towards the evening, at which 2,) I do not find it ever signifies thatfaint- season funerals are commonly celebratwhich arises from excess of labour or ed.
sermon
Meeting
the funeral
of a
xvidoxo's son, he raises
him
to life.
313
sect.
hold,
gate of the city, bethere was a
which proved the occasion of one of the most memorable miraclesofhis life. For behold, the
corpse Q
dead .nun
carried
C ,, r dm S . t hc ir S P without the walls ot their cities,) and the dewas a wid w much people of the cease d was the only son of his mother, and she city was with her. made the case so much the & ^^ more deplorable ; and this sad circumstance, together with others which attended it, so influenced the minds of many of her neighbours,
:?*&**!
:
^s ûc
.^
iW<W person xvas carried out in funeral
m^mâ^, %*
lvi.
and
^^
that there xvas a great multitude of the city xvith

her.
13 And,
when
the
And
the Lord, seeing her in this afflicted con- ls
Lord saw her, he dition, xvas moved with tender compassion J'or had compassion on /ur; so that he prevented anv opportunity of Un, solicitation on their part, and said unto her, Weep f!er' We pnui not any longer upon this occasion ; lor I am
l
And 14, 14 And lie came come to bring thee consolation and relief. the presently, approaching them, he touched the bier, and touched hie,(and they that which according to the manner of that place hare him stood still,) , i i 1 *-U and time, the corpse was laid, covered over with and he said, Young and the bearman, I say unto thee, a kind of mantle or windingsheet ; Arise. ers ^ wno were car rying it upon their shoulders,
.
stood still : andwith an unaffected freedom and simplicity he said, in such a manner as discovered his Divine authority, Young man, I say unAnd, as soon as /jehad spoken 15 15 And he that to thee, Arise ! was dead sat up,and t hese astonishing words, the youth xvho had been
his mother.
^ akened b *" almighty energy w hid tfESSStt *4 along with them, sat up, and began speak;
>-
went and Jesus, when he thus had shewn

;
to
restoring him to life, pathizing kindness of a friend and, taking him by the hand, delivered him to his mother, in such a manner as to express the pleasure he found in changing her sorrow into a transport of pro16 And there came portionable joy. and a fear on all j[ n J a religious they glorified God
:
power in discovered too the symhis
dread fell upon
all
those
who
16
God, saying, / glorified J saying-, I hat a threat v j prophet is risen up Truly a great prophet is risen up among us ; ana among us; and, That God has again graciously regarded h is ancient
p rcS ent l
;
and they .-
God
hath visited his

this
17And
mour
ruall
p eop/ wno were n former ages so often distinguished by his favours. And this report of him, IT
Ct)
j
of him went
and of
forth throughout
Tudea, and throughout all the region
wroU ht,
round about.
which he had through theneighi" <i , r /-^~ spread louring P arts Galilee but was soon e r.r-ô-l through all Judeat and the whole region that
this
glorious miracle
.
xvent forth, not only

.
314
sect
lvi.
.
Reflections'
rv,as
on the miracle of raising the widow's son*
round about ; and greatly heightened and increased the mighty expectations from him which they had long since began to entertain.
Luke
vii.
17
IMPROVEMENT.
Luke
Ti.
It surely becomes us likewise to glorify God on account of great Prophet, whom he has raised up not only to his ancient * 1 people Israel, but to hefor salvation to the ends of the earth. (Acts How xiii. 47.) Welcome thou messenger of the Father's love how important thy doctrine how beillustrious thy miracles neficent and amiable the whole of thy behaviour He went from Capernaum to Nairn, still on the same blessed j j Oh that errand, to do good to the bodies and the soids of men. our lives, in their humbler sphere, might be such a circle of virthat we might thus go about doing good ; and tues and graces might learn, by the happiest of all arts, to make the close of one useful and pious action the beginning of another Of him may we also learn the most engaging manner of con3 that lovely mixture of freedom and tenderness, ferring benefits which heightens the sweetness, and doubles the value, of every favour May our hearts imbibe the same temper, and it wdl diffuse on our actions some proportionable gracefulness ! May our borv14,15 els, like his, yearn over the afflicted, and our hand be ever ready thus gently to wipe away their tears ! But, O gracious Redeemer, how impotent is our pity when compared with thine ! with thine, which could call back lamented children from the grave, and turn the sorroxvs of a weeping parent into a torrent ofjoy ! We are sometimes ready fondly to say, " Oh that thou hadst been near when the darlings of our hearts were snatched away from us, and we left them in the dust !" But thou indeed wast near ; for thou hast the keys of death and the unseen world ! And this we know, that, if our beloved children are sleeping in thee, thy voice shall and thou wilt deliver them to us, to die at length awaken them no more ; and wilt thyself graciously take part in that mutual and listing joy which thou shalt give to us and to them.
16 this
!
! !
-t
SECT.
John
LVII.
the Baptist sends two of his disciples to Jesus, to inquire whether he xvas the Messiah; and Jesus answers them in a conLuke VII. 18 23 ; Mat. vincing, though oblique manner. XI. 26.
WE
LUKE VII. 18. have before mentioned the imprisonment of John the Baptist, and given some
Luke
VII. 18.
tlie
A ND
^ 5Ci
'
John
leg of John
the Baptist sends txvo of his disciples to Jesus.

it.
315
shewed account of the occasion of

these J63,
t Iiim
*
of
all
& seq.J
Now the
disciples
(Sect, xxviii. p. sect. of John had the LVI1

-
in
S 8,
courage to resort to him where he was confined, and informed him /"what passed and they particularly gave him an account of all these things which had now lately been performed by a how he had cured the centurion's serJesus vant at a distance, and raised the young man at Nairn to life when they were carrying him out
:
~"~
Vl \
ig
to his funeral.
John 19 Ami TohnFyhen he had heard in the the xvorks of Christ, as the very persons that prison the works of brought him the news of them seem to have enChrist ,] callingûnto
him two
01 his disci-
And when
had thus heard in
his prison 19
tertained
them.unto er he was the promised Messiah or no ; lor Jesus, saying [unto their satisfaction therefore, rather than his own, b him,] Art thou be /leCa i/ec[ tW0 f]i J lH disciples to hint, and sent them that should come, or ,. , cv Ttn look we for another i n hls own name to Jesus, saying- unto him, What dost thou say to this plain question, Art thou the [Mat. XL 2, 3.]
pies, sent
.
some doubt concerning Jesus, whethqj

>
great expected Messiah, whom we have so long been used to speak of by the emphatical title of He that comethf or are we to expect another una All these things which had now lately be<n performed by Jesus.] This is a plain argument that this messagtfrom John happened quickly after the miracles which Luke had recorded in the preceding part of this chapter. And therefore though Matthew has mentioned many other facts and discourses before he relates this message, yet, because he asserts nothing at all as to the order and connection of it (see Mat. xi. 2,) I have, with most other harmonizers thought myself obliged to follow Luke, on the principles laid down above. See note a ,
foresaw, and foretold, that he must himself cjuickly be laid aside. (John iii. 30, p. It 0.) But his disciples might very probably be offended at this circumstance, as well as at the freedom of Christ's conversation, so different from the austerity used among them ; and therefore he might think it necessary to put them in the way of farther satisfaction not to say, that the warmth of John's temper might render him something uneasy at the reserve which Christ maintained ; and that he might imagine it agreeable to the general design of bis own office, as his forerunner, thus to urge a more express decp. 256. b For their satisfaction therefore, rather laration. For these reasons, I choose to than his own.] Mr. L'Enfant, with some render and paraphrase it thus, rather than others thinks (as Justin Martyr and Ter- with Limborch ( Theol. Christ, lib. iii. cap. tullian did,) that John was so discouraged 11. 14,) to translate it, Thou art he that by his own long imprisonment, that he be- should come, and do we lookfor another ? that gan himself to doubt whether Jesus was the is, do not expect any Messiah but thee ! Messiah: and, agreeably to this, he sup- so understanding it, as arepeated testimony, that when our Lord afterwards says, which John bore by proxy when be could no poses Happy is he that is not offended in me, he longer do it in his own person. All the spirit meant it as a camion to John, that he should of Christ's answer would be lost, if we were be upon his guard against so dangerous a to understand the message in this sense, c temptation. But, considering what clear He that comet h : o ôuevoc] It seems evidence John had before received by a that by their speaking of the Messiah by miraculous sign from heaven, and what ex- this phrase (He that cometh, or, He that it press and repeated testimonies he himself coming,) the pious Jews in the most lively had borne to Jesus, I cannot imagine this manner expressed their confident expectato have been possible ; especially as he tion of him and their eager longing for his
:
We
316 Jesus
lvii.
"
refers them to his miraclesfor
an answer
to their question*
sect, der that character?
Answer the
question as ex-
p r essly as
formerly bore
my testimony to thee.
"""
And
xvhen the
men who were employed by
20 When the men onn to De his messengers to Jesus upon this vii. 20 J important errand were come to him, they deliv- X\\^T^\ 'Tohn B:Tered their message with great exactness and tist hath sent us unto thee, saying, Art said, John the celebrated Baptist, whose courage and faithfulness in his ministerial office have thou he ** shoi ld , come, or look we lor r ,. been the occasion or his imprisonment, has sent another? us to thee, saying, Art thou he that cometh, and dost thou own thyself to be indeed the great Messiah, or are we to expect another under that character ? Now Jesus was determined to return an an21 swer to their question, by actions rather than by words ; and therefore in that very hour, while 21 And m tIia they were present with him, and were eyewit^ J same hour he cured l nesses or what he did (as the message was on many of infirmpurpose delivered before a large assembly of ities and plagues, people, in which, as usual, there were manv and of evi1 spirits who came to be healed of various incurable dis- were" blmd" he J save tempers,) he exercised the power that he had sight. of working miracles, and aired many that were then before him of their diseases and plagues,* and delivered them from the possession of evil spirits, and graciously bestoxved sight on many that xvere blind? Andihen Jesus, a?isxver ingtheir demand, said ~ 2 Thenjesus an22 *? erin S' said unto them, Go, and relate to J John the thin tnem Go your unto ' ... . way, > j j 5 which you yourselves have seen and heard .i this and tell John what day, as well as those that you have been inform- things ye have seen andh a "l; how that ed of by others, who have been eye
;
'
rV^Lj-i/-
^v
c witnesses oi my miracles and discourses say, in
,.
and ear.
the blind
f.
see, the a mewalk,the lepers
particular,
That the blind receive
their sight, the are cleansed,the deaf
lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear,

appearance, as the greatest and most welto man, and the most desirable person that ever did, or should, come into the world. (See Mark xi. 9, 10; and compare Psal. cxviii. 26; Dan. vii. 13 Hab. ii. 3 Septuag. Isa. lxii. 11 and Zech. ix. 9. Bishop Pearson justly observes, that this among many other arguments, proves, that the notion of two Messiahs, one suffering, and the other triumphant, is a vain dream of the modern yews, that was altogether unknown to the ancients. See Pearson on the Creed, p. 183. d Of their diseases and piagues. Mar/>;,
plagues, or scourges, may probably signify some of the most grievous distempers, such as leprosies, palsies, inveterate Jinxes, &c.
come messenger of God
(compare Mark
iii.
10,
and
v.
29
34,) and
ma}' allude to their being supposed to be such corrections as intimated the great displeasure of God against the persons on whom they were sent. Compare John v.
14
e
and
ix. 2.
^W graciously bestowed sight,
fkc]
The
original phrase, t^ngio-ATo to j&Knrtn, seems to express, both in how generous, and how
~\
kind and affectionate a manner, our blessed Redeemer performed these cures.
Happy
hear, the dead are the raised, [and] to the j (i
is
he that
is
not stumbled at him.
317
sect.
Cached 'Tmat*
XI. 4,
5.]
"
very dead are raised : and observe also, that not court the rich and the great, as, imn r d l bear a C?~ Lllke P stors are m st a P l t0 d mission chiefly directed to them, as some of the v ii. 22 but, as you see by the auditory prophets did now around me, the poor, and even the meanest of the people, have the gospel preached to them ;
j
thev have the good news of eternal salvation most freely published amongthem,and the blessAnd be 23 23. And blessed Is ings of it offered to their acceptance. he whosoever shall sure vou ac ld further, that I appear in such cirC d n cumstanccs, that there is reason to say, Happy me. [MAT XI 6] f is he that is not scandalized, or stumbled, at me : forhe mustbe singularly wise and religious, who is not shocked by the strong popular prejudices which lie against me. Let John consider
these things in themselves, and let him compare them with those prophecies s which foretell that the Messiah should work such miracles (Isa. xxv. 5, 6 ;) that he should preach the gospel to the poor (Isa. lxi. 1 ;) and that many should despise and reject him (Isa. viii. And he, and, by a parity of 14 liii. 1 3.) reason, you, and the rest of his disciples, may easily collect a convincing answer to the question you are come to ask, without any more ex;
press declaration from me. h

f
ffappv
is
he that
is
not scandalized, or
stumbled, at me.] This was intended as an awful admonition to the disciples of John that they should themselves guard against those prejudices which might prevent their receiving Christ ; and contains a strong intimation that their final happiness would he determined by the regards they should pay to him, as well as that these prejudices should generally prevail to men's ruin, Sec note 1 on Mat. v. 29, p. 221. s Compare them with those prophecies.] Archbishop Tillotson has largely shown the correspondence between the prophecies and events here referred to; see Til/otDr. son't works. Vol. II. p. 451, If seq. Thomas Jackson has laboured the point
yet
what Christ was then doing, and rested on the most apparent testimony of God himself in astonishing miracles, to which they
knew
John
more largely in the second part of his curious discourse on this text. See his Works, Vol. II. p. 470, ijf seq. h Without any more express declaration from me.] Nothing could be more apposue, natural, and convincing, than such an rial in the large discourse answer as this, which took its rise from Jackson referred to in
master made no pretences (see ;) miracles of so beneficent a nature, that no austerities of a retired life were by any means comparable to them ; and miracles receiving an additional lustre from their being foretold by a prophet many ages before (see note on John ii. 22, p. 145,') and even by Isaiah the prophet, by whom the Baptist was so particularly described, that as he himself had frequently Luke iii. 4 referred to him (Mat. iii. 3 6; and John i. 23,) so his disciples must, no doubt, have made themselves peculiarly These, and familiar with his writings. many other particulars, are set in a most beautiful light by the masterly hand ot Bishop Atterbury, in his Posthumous Seiwo?;*, Vol. II. p. 41 50, who has very judiciously abridged what is most n
their
x.
41
'
o\'
the
Vol.
I.
2Q.
318
Refections on the message that
John
sent to Jesus.
IMPROVEMENT.
SECT. LVII.
We have here in John the Baptist a very edifying instance of most candid and pious temper. How solicitous was he to remove those scruples from the minds of his disciples which, perhaps, Verse their excessive fondness for him might have occasioned? He j 3 and surejg wisely sends them to converse with. Jesus themselves ly they who most accurately inquire into the credentials he brings will be most effectually convinced and impressed by them. Let us, when tempted to doubt of the truth of Christianity, re22 collect the various and unanswerable proofs of it, which are summed up in these comprehensive words arising from the miracles and character of our Redeemer, and the prophetic testimony that was borne to him. Let us particularly rejoice that the poor have the gospel preached ; and that the blessings of it are offered to enrich the souls of those whose bodily necessities we often pity, without having it in our power to relieve them. And, since our Lord pronounces a blessing upon those that 23 shall not be offended in him, let us consider what those things are, in the doctrine or circumstances of Christ, which have proved the most dangerous stumbling blocks, and endeavour to fortify our souls against those temptations which may arise from them. So the trial of that faith which is a much more valuable treasure than goldxvhich perishes, though tried in the fire, may be found unto praise, and honour, and glory (l Pet. i. 7;) and we, on the whole, may be advanced in our way by incidents which at first
a
:
threatened to turn us entirely out of it ; as the faith of these disciples of John must surely be confirmed by those doubts which they had ior a while entertained.
SECT.
LVIII.
Jesus discourses with the multitude concerning John, and justly Luke VII. complains of the perverseness of that generation. 24 35. Mat. XI. 7 19.
Luke VII.
,
24.
ECT
JJOWxvhen
away
to
the messengers oj^ John
were gone
lviii **
inform their master of the things johri^were^parted,

t0
s P eak
Luke VII.
24,
mMsen^retf
which they had seen and heard, Jesus began to L "o1 speak unto the multitude that still surrounded vu ~ 4 him, concerning John the Baptist, and to inquire
into the reason of their having formerlv flocked after him as they had done. I know (said he) that many of you were of the number of his hearers,
I
[Jesus] began unto the
pe ple
conccrnm ^
and were baptized by him now would seriously ask you, and advise you at:
Jesus gives an honourable testimony

John
j
to Jofi7i
as a prophet.
319
What -went you out which he preached, to bejn f trifling ASdriSkSSdJ'^W You did not surely go on any none ot the wind [Mat. occasion, or for a mere amusement XI. 7] you would be so senseless as to undertake a
What went
tf ntively to
ask yourselves,
ve out into the wil-
the wilderness in
sect.
lvnl
-
vii
24
journev to see a reed, or a bulrush shaken by wind ; nor can you say you found him wavering in his conduct, or inconsistent in the testimony that he bore to me. But what then went you out to see? You 35 2f But what went ye out for to see! A CO uld not go with any expectation to find a an in such a P lace > dressed in soft garments of
the
rSienJ^Behold!
they which are gor- the finest silk, and living in art elegant and geously apparaledj sumptuous way : for, behold, they that xvear a
and live delicately, h/efl did S are in knurs courts. r ,
[Mat.
XI.
8.]
dres s. and live luxuriously, are to be 7 v sought in royal palaces rather than in a rough and barren wilderness and you well knew that John's manner of living was plain and austere, such as suited the message he brought,
i i
and illustrated his integrity in delivering it. But once more I would ask you, what did 26 ye out fop to see A 0U then go out to see P Are you not ready to y prophet Yea, I say went t ^ j p ropjlet p Yea, 3 unto you, and much f I say unto you, and much more than a common more than a proph[Mat. XI. 9. prophet. For this is the very person oj'whom it is it. J7 [For] this is he xvrltttn Ma i \\\ \ A 1/ "Behold, O my Son, I send 2 7 ( > of wliom it is writ.1 r , r send mi appointed messenger bejore thy Jace,zvho ten, Behold, I J shall prepare thy xvay before thee, and in a proper my messenger before thy fece, which ma nner introduce thee into the world." 6 Wherefore I assuredly say unto you, That Mat. wav before thee! amo?ig all those that have been born of xvomen, XI 11 [Mat. XI 10] Mat. XI. 11. Ver- or the whole race of mankind in all former
26 But what went
?
?
'
'
~]
are born of women, than John the Baptist ; for as he is, with rethere hath not risen gard to his moral and religious character, one a greater [prophet] Q f tne Dest Q f men so he has some peculiar than John the Bapu r prophet or r former tist notwiihstand- honours superior to any a nevertheless, there is a sense in ing, he that is least generations
. ,
:
'
S
'r'
nt
t]'
tT'-'t
a S es > there
hath not arisen a prophet greater
in
the
kingdom
8
of
than^'he VII. 28]
Plê
which he that is least in the kingdom of heaven, not on ty in its final glories, ^ ut even hereon
earth, is greater
than he
for
my
ministers,
Superior to any prophet of former genThe obvious sense of what is here expressed, together with the followinjr words, does plainly limit it to them And it might properly b< said that alone. John was greater than any of the ancient prophets on account of his wonderful conrations.]
ception and birth, his excellent knowledge of gospel mysteries(see especially Johniii. 27, llf seq. sect, xxvii,) his express testimony to the Messiah, and his remarkable success in making way for him John was also himself the subject of ancient prophecies, and long expected by the church.
:
320
sect,
N
He shews
and people
xvhat
had been
the effects of his ministn:
'"'
M.u. xi .11 not
in general, shall receive supe or supplies of the Spirit, and know manv mportant trutns relating to mv gospel, which have
Luke
vii.29
been revealed to John himself. is now laid aside from his ministry, yet I LuKE vn 2g wouldhave you to reflect upon the consequences And all the people of his preaching, and to consider the success **"$ heard him, and of it: and vou must needs remember that when fc M>Jcw, justitied God, being- bap"i he came and preached the baptism of repent- tized with the bapance, and publicly proclaimed that the Mes- tis m of John, siah was at hand, all the people in general hear* ing [him] preach, b and even the publicans themselves, justified God, and testified their approbation of the Divine scheme c in sending such an Ambassador, by professing to fall in with the design of his appearance, and being accordingly baptized ruith the baptism of John, humbly confessing their sins, and declaring their repentance. But the proud Pharisees, and 3 But the Pharidoctors oj the law, to their own unspeakable sees and lawvers re-
He
riii-
addressed to them, not being baptized by him. ofpoda gainst themselves, beingnot i_ when ,1 they saw how plainly he dealt with them baptized o! him.
.
detriment, rejected the gracious counsel of God jected

I i
the
counsel
Mat
xi. 12
and their brethren. But though these great fl?zr/learned men des- Mat. XI 12. And pised him, vet the good effects of his ministrv from the davs of on others ar'e still apparent forfrom the days of g h "? John the Baptist, or from the time in which he dom of heaven sufbore his public testimonv to an approaching Messiah, even to the present time, e the spirits of
;
h All the people in general c hearing him Justified God, arid testified their appropreach.~]T\\e reader will observe that (with bation, &c.~] From the opposition between I take these to be the words of those that justified God and those that reG-otius,) Christ, continuing- his discourse whereas jected his counsel, it is plain that to justify
;
our translation seems rather to intimate here signifies to approve and vindicate. they are the reflections of Luke on the sen- Compare ver. 35 (at the end of this sectiments of those who are now hearing tion ; ) Rom. iii. 4; and 1 Tim. iii. 16. d How plainly he dealt with them and I long considered them in this Christ. view but it now seems to me so evident, their brethren] Of this see the paraphrase from the most ancient manuscripts and ver- on Luke iii. 10, p. 105. ' From the days sions, that the words, And the Lord said, at of John the Baptist even the beginning of ver. 31, were not in the to the present time. ~\ Sir Isaac Newton ( on hat I could not but connect and Prophecy, p. 159) urges this as an arguoriginal, render them thus. Nevertheless I shall ment to prove that some considerable time shew so much regard to the common read- must have elapsed since John's imprisonBut, on the common hypothesis, it ing as to add (in note h below) the version ment. :md paraphrase in that sense and connec- might be near a year ; and our Lord might tionl submitting it, on the whole, to the probably include sometime of his minisso that we learned reader to judge as he shall think try preceding his imprisonment proper; but must first desire him to con- cannot be much assisted in our calculariult Grotius, Dr. Mill, and the polyglot. lions by this text.
; 1 :
Christ assures them that John
was
the expected Ettas.
321
sect.
lvlli
-
are so raised and animated bv a desire fereth violence, and the violent take it after the kingdom of heaven, that it is (as it were)
;
men
~~"~~ attacked with violence,l\ke a besieged city men of all sorts are pressing to get into it, and the XJ 12 violent seize it with eagerness f multitudes are
:
flocking around
and some of most licenture of mv tious characters, who have been looked upon iis little better than ruffians and bravoes, seem while others of resolutelv set on securing it graver and fairer characters are found to
; ;
me, kingdom
to be instructed in the na-
13 For all the prophets, and the hesied Un "

'
'
tiMohn
(Compare Luke xvi. 16.) a new, and very wonderful event. For 18 till [the time of] y<?/m the Baptist, all the prophets prophesied; and the /aw of Moses, as explained
neglect
it.
This
is
by them, was the only revelation of God's will to the people of Israel; which, so far as it related
to
14
And
if
ye will
receive it, this is Elias which was for
me, was but an obscure intimation of what but to expect from my appearance John opened a much more perfect dispensation. -And indeed (to speak more plainly than I have 14 commonly done,) if you will hearken to my test m0 ny, and receive [it,] this John is the
men were
Elijah xvho was to come, 8 or the person whom Malachi describes under that name, as to be sent before the coming of the day of the Lord. (Mai. This ls so important an intimation, 15 15 He that hath iy * 5 6 cars to hear, lot him that I must urge your most attentive regard to hear. and therefore, He that hath ears able to hear, it let him hear [it,] and let every one that has a mind capable of reflection, reflect seriously upon for to understand and regard the character it
->
and mission of John
aright, will
have a most
The kingdom of heaven
and t he 'violent seize it with eager- er has done, that this refers to the first violence ness. fii*(t7*t, x.4.1 fiid.s-a.tap7r*.xo-i\i xurnv.] attempts made to destroy the gospel ill its The words of the original are very strong infancy, and that n^nt^Ttv signifies tear it
is
attacked with ing.
To suppose,
as a late ingenious writ-
and the translation I have very literal. It seems necessary to interpret' the latter clause asm thenaraphrase, to prevent the appearance of a tautology : Yet I did not venture to render ,?<*r*i, ruffians ur bravoes,- because I think the version should be left in as great a latand I was afraid so itude as the original great a variation from what is commonly taken to be the meaning of this passage, might have shocked some at the first hear-
and
forcible,
is
given
,-
docs not appear natural in this connection though the word must be allowed sometimes to have that import. tThis John is the Elijah who was to come."] How little there is in Mr. Collins's objection against thus fixing Malachi's prophecy of Elijah to John the Baptist, many of and his learned antagonists have shewn I think none in an easier and stronger light see his Vindication, than Mr. Bullock
to pieces,
; ; ;
pref. p. 50.
322
sect,
lvi.i.
Christ complains of the perverseness of that generation,
happy tendency to promote your receiving Him w hom John was sent to introduce. [And the Lord Jesus farther said,] To what Luke VII 31. t nen shall I now compare the men of this genera- And the Lord said, vii 31 then tion ? and to what indeed are that like f Reflect thereunto shall I liken the men ,, upon yourselves, andyou will surely see ,, jus- of this &eneraQon the tice of the comparison which I am goingto make, and to what are they [Mat. XI. 32 They are like a company of little children* whom llke you mav sometimes have observed, as they Avere '-4 Thev are tik sitting in the marketplace, to be so froward and unto children sitting
11
perverse in their behaviour to each other, that in the marketplace, no contrivance could be found to please them an -calling one to another, [untotneir r i and some or them you may have jheard calling out fellows, land ssfoSng to their companions, and saying, What shall we We have piped undo to please you, and to brinp- y you to join with t0 vou and e nave ,' '\ not danced we ii us in our diversions r xir have tried all the have mourne d to We , ways we can think of: sometimes zve have you, and ye have not piped to itou a pleasant tune, and yon have not wept, [or lamented] danced to the music and at other times xve have changed the ditty, and mourned to you, or played and sung such dirges as are used at funerals, and you have not taken your part, and lamented with us but are always finding fault with every thing we do, and will not be preSuch is that 33 p or j onn tne 33 vailed upon to join with us. childish obstinacy and perverseness that ap. Baptist came, neipears in you who think yourselves the oracles and you disof wisdom in the present age cover the same froward temper in far more important instances for fohn the Baptist of whom I have now been speaking, came with an uncommon austerity of behaviour, neither
;
>'
,'
>
j.
^.i
'
'
'
h Whom John was sent to introduce.] cavil, both at him and his forerunner, .ra/V, According to the received reading, Luke vii. with a particular reference to these Phar29, 30, must be introduced here, and may isees and doctors, Whereunto then shall I he paraphrased thus " 29. And allthepeo- liken the men of this generation ? isfc " Compie that were present, and the publicans in pare note b in this section. particular, when they heard [this\ discourse
:
They we like little children^ It is plain tism of John, justified and approved the our Lord's exact meaning' is, that the men of wisdom of God as illustrated iii it. 30. But that generation, or the cavillers of whom the Pharisees, and doctors of the law, in he was now speaking, were like the chil, whose presence it was delivered, disrel- dren complained of and not like those that and, puffed up with a vain con- made the complaint : but, more especially ished it ceit of their own knowledge and good- in Matthew's style, the phrase [it is like"] ness, rejected the gracious counsel of God to- often signifies only in general that the wards them ; and, not having been baptized thing spoken of may be illustrated by the And so the phrase by him, were displeased to hear so high following similitude. an ci comium given to John. SI. And the must be understood, Mat. xiii. 24, and and xxjL 2Lord knowing how ready they were to 45 xviii. 23 xx. 1
having, formerly been baptized with the bap'
Reflections on the ardent zeal that heaven requires.

tbcr eating bread, nor drinking wine
323
^MaSlS.]
eating bread, as others do, nor drinking- wine, mot. and water, in lvl "' j3Ut living on locusts and honey, and yon say, He has a devil, the wilderness
;
like a wild detracted demoniac, vii-33 an evil spirit drives from the society of On the other hand, the Son of man is 34. 34 The Son of men. nan is come eating come, without any ofthis severity, eating and ,. and and drinking conversing familiarly otherb d in/ dl ye suv, Behold a , ^ r j among you, and with a temperate freedom gluttonous man, and a sharing in your festivals as well as your comwinebibber, a friend of publicans mon mt a i s anci y 0U sa y, Behold, a gluttonous CIS [MAT (inda winebibber, a fit /n>ni/and compan"*i XL 19.] ion of publicans and sinners : thus ungratefully do you injure his character for that humanity and condescension which you should rather But, nevertheless, true wisdom has 35 35 But wisdom is applaud. istified of all her st iu been justified and vindicated by all those children.] Mat. XI. ind(^ d herch udren: an d they who are who truly wise and religious must needs approve this beautiful variety in the conduct of Provi-
and acts
whom
'
'
^
;
dence and see that the difference in our manner of living suits the purposes of our respective appearances, and is adapted to promote the general design of God's glory and man's
salvation.
IMPROVEMENT.
How
happy would
!
it
be, if
we could
learn to correct the natu- ^} lk,^
ral inconsistences of
our temper and conduct by wise reflections and considerations How much more improving would our attendance on the ministrations of God's servants be, were we 24--26 seriously to ask ourselves to what purpose we attended ! It ought surely to be followed with such considerations, since it is intended to lead us to the kingdom of heaven : a glorious prize! too glorious to be obtained by faint wishes and inactive Mat desires. There isa sense in which it still suffers violence : and xi.12 how sad is the degeneracy of our natures, that we should exert so little warmth in such a pursuit, and so much for every trifle Instead of that hohj ardour with which men should press into it, they fold their hands in their bosoms, and lose themselves in soft luxurious dreams, till the precious opportunity is forever gone. May Divine Grace display the crowns and palms of victory before our eyes, in so awakening a manner, that we may joyfully seize them, whatever obstacles may lie in our way, whatever must be done, or whatever must be borne to
!
secure them Let us not, as

!
we love our own souls, through a proud self- Luke sufficiency reject the gracious counsels ofGodwhicXx -are addressed v "- 3l
324
Jesus upbraids the
cities
where
his miracles
were wrought,
we should be another day condemned by publicans and Divine providence and grace are using a variety of methods with us let not our perverseness and folly, like that of Verse the Jews, frustrate them all but rather let us shew ourselves 35 the children of wisdom, by falling in with its measures and improving as well as applauding them.
sect, to us, lest
lvin
-
sinners.
SECT.
Our Lord laments over
LIX.
the impenitent cities of Galilee, acknowledges the Divine sovereignty in the dispensations of the gospel, and invites sinners to come to him. Mat. XI. 20, to the end.
Mat.
sect.
LIX
cr'HEN,
"*
after Jesus
i
XI. 20. had in general reproved

.
,
T^ HEN began he
t0
.-f cities
Mat.
XI. 20.
"
wherein most Mat. of his mighty works 5i.20 joyed, he began particularly to upbraid the cit- were done, because ies in xvhich most of his miracles had been the y repented not.
the
ria g e
Jews for the perverseness of their carj under the great advantages that they en,
u P braid the
wrought, because they did not repent, and be-
him And in the most affection- 21 Wo unto thee, and solemn manner he declared, how ter- Chorazin wo unto rible would be the consequence of their im- *?e Bethsaida for it the mie-litv works t r i-i Tlo penitence and unbelief and said, ttt unto thee, whi ch were done in Chorazin, and wo unto thee, Bethsaida, you, had been done where I so often have conversed and taught in T vre and Sidon, for surely if the miracles which have been wrought in you, had been done in Tyre and Si- sackcloth and ashes. don of old, though they were places so remarkable for their luxury, pride, and contempt of religion, 1 they would long ago have repented with tokens of the deepest humilitv, covering themselves in sackcloth, and lying in ashes. c 22 Wherefore I say unto ijou, That as they never 22 But I say unto
21 lieve in
ate
:
!
i_
^SS^Z,
"
Because thev did not repent and believe May God preserve London in particular, him.] Our Lord had great re asonth us to from resembling them in character, whom upbraid them, on this occasion considering in commerce and grandeur it so much how much time he had spent among them, exceeds c Covering themselves in sackcloth and mid how many excellent discourses he had
a
in
delivered, as well as how many surprising miracles he had wrought in these parts as may be seen in several preceding sections, b Places so remarkable for their luxury, pride, and contempt of religion.] This is frequently the case with rich trading cities ; and that it was so with these in particular, may be learned from many passages in the Old Testament, as well as from prejane See Judg. xviii. 7 Isa, xxiii. 9 -writers.
;
As covering themselves ixsith (or haircloth, for such it was,) and lying in ashes, were usual expressions of mourning , so they particularly were
lying in ashes."]
sackcloth
use of on days of public fasting and ; and therefore are justly introduced here, as expressions of sincere repentance and selfabhorrence. Compare Esth. iv. 1 3 ; Job. xlii. 6 ; Isa. lviii. 5 Dan. ix. 3 and Jonah iii.
made
deep humiliation for sin
"
:
k. xxviii. 2,5, 17,
22
and
Amos
I 9,10. 6. 8.
and
you, it shall be tolerable for
tells
them of the aggravated wo they must expect.
325
S "ft
than for you.
$%J& the
more had such means of conviction as you have been sect. Tyre ncl u ljrt>d with and have ungratefullv abused, the LIX conditioner* of Tyre and Sidon, in the day of
-
XI gg
final
and universal judgment,"
shall be
more
tolerable than yours,
posed to a
23 And thou, Capernaum, which art
exulted nnt.0 nciivcii shalt be brought
:
much
deservedly be exheavier weight of vengeance.

sect, xcvii.)
who will
(Compare Luke x. 13, 14, A n d thou especially,
guilty
*+
Capernaum,
*
<%&
w^ Q
fiast f )een ( as it
were") exalted even to heaven.
not only in wealth and magnificence, (compare down to hell for if Dan. iv. 22,) but, what is infinitely more valuthe mighty works ^j^ f grace, by my long abode l jle means ee ? ancl continued labours among thine done in "thee, had been donein Sodom, inhabitants.: such dreadful desolation is aphave re- pointed for thee, that thou shalt (as it were) it would
m*
mined
until
this
bg brovght
down
to hell,
being swallowed up in
utter irrecoverable destruction : (compare Isa. And thy punishment will be xiv. 13 15.) apparently just : for surely if the miracles
24 But I say you, That it shall be even of the inhabitants of the land of Sodom, hi more tolerable for , judgment shall be more toU h ^ J J the final r * the land ot Sodom, , i the day of judg- erable than yours ; lor your condemnation shall in ment, than for thee: rise in proportion to your more aggravated
,
,
had been perand e that infamous city was, it would so that, have been convinced and reformed instead of being consumed by that shower of flaming vengeance, it might have continued in and beauty even to this day. all its glory unto Wherefore I say unto you, That the condition 24
which have keen wrought
in
in. thee,
formed even abandoned as
Sodom
itself,
licentious
in
guilt,
and
to those
more valuable mercies and

25
privileges
which you have abused.
At that time also (as well as at another that 25 At that time Jesus answered and yfifi be elsewhere mentioned, Luke x. 21, sect.
cvi.)
Jesus took occasion, from the circumstances which he then observed, to say, ( I
of a judgment, that was jef to come, on all these places that he mentions. e Licentious and abandoned as that infamous city was.] It is well known that those abominable cities of Souom and Gomorrah had long since grown into a proverb for wickedness and misery. See Gen. xiii. xviii. 20; Deut. xxix. 23 xxxii. 32 ; 13 iii. 9 Isa. i. 9, 10 xiii. 19 Jer. xxiii Amos iv. 11 ; xlix. 18 Lam. iv. 6 14 and Rev. xi. 8. Zeph. ii. 9; Mat. x. 15 ( Jesus tool' occasion tosa'.~] It is in the original a-exg<9c ]v*r wnv ; wliich
;
* In the day ofjudgment.'] Dr. Hammond understands tins passage as referring to the temporal calamities to come on these places by the Romans who did indeed shortlj after overrun the whole country, ind made dreadful ravages in some of these tities. See Joseph, de Bell. Jud. lib. iii. cap.
;
6, 7. (al. 5, 6.) <jf lib. vi. cap. 9. (aL vii. 17.)
no evidence that the destTUCtion of these Jewish cities was more dreadJul than that of Tyre and Sidon, and it was certainly less so than that of Sodom and Gomorrah; besides, our Lord plainly speaks
is
But there
Vol.
I.
2 R
326
God hides from
the
proud what he
reveals to the humble*

said, I
sect, ascribe glory to thee,
Father thou supreme

earth, that while .
LIX
i
Lord of heaven and

.
c v. * though mysterious, of thy wise, ii rov id ence > hid these great things of thy gosxi. 25 P pel from those who have the character of wise 7 h the learnana understanding ' persons , i- or from r ed scribes and refined politicians ot the age, whom thou hast suffered, through their own pride and foll) T , to reject them with disdain; thou hast brought the humble to the knowledge of them, and hast graciously revealed them to many of the lowest and plainest of mankind, who, in comparison of the former, are but as Mortifying as such a circumstance 26 infants. might seem, I cordially acquiesce in it ; and my Father, since such is thy say, Be it so, sovereign will and pleasure thus to exalt thine own glorious name, and to lay the creature in low abasement before thee. And then, turning himself to those that stood 27 near him, he said, Do not be led by the exampie of your great and learned men to slight and despise me for, humble as my circumstances now appear, all things are delivered nnto me by my almighty Father, who has fully instructed and empowered me for whatever relates to the salvation of men :' And such are the mysteries and glories of my person and kingdom, that no one fully knoxvs the Son, but the Father , k neither
Mat
in the course
.v
Mom
hast,
thank the?, Father, Lord of heaven and earth,
because
hid
*"
thfm
last
tilings these 1-om the wise and deilt , hast revealed them unto babes.
"J
26 Even
er > f r so
'
so, Fatfrsi
ood
in th
seemed S ht
-
27 All things arc delivered unto me, J an k with the Son but the Father:
our translation has literally rendered, Jesus xxii.22, 23.) In this sense alone could he i>r answered and said : but when the words so said to hide those things from the learned men introduced are not a reply to any preceding of this age, which he revealed so plainly, that' speech, I apprehend the version here given honest and well disposed persons, though expresses the ense of them with yet children in understanding, might come to the The words [at that knowledge of them. CompareMat. x. 34,35greater exactness. Has fully instructed and empowered time] seem plainly to prove, that what follows is to be introduced here, and conse- me, isfcj I cannot, with Mr. L'Enfant, quently that Luke x. 21, 22, is a repetition confine the sense of mntvro, yoi ta-nôS-n merely to the instructions Christ hadreceivof it on another proper occasion. his exaltation to sit z I ascribe glory to thee, O Father.] This ed from the Father is one proper meaning of icoy.oxoyxfji.ttt, as preme power and government was so near, appears from comparing Heb. xii. 15, and and so sure, that our Lord might with great propriety intend the phrase in that Rom. xv. 9. h Thou hast hid these thingsfrom wise and more extensive sense I have given it. ComGod is often said, pare John v. 22, and Mat xviii. 18. understanding persons."] k No one knows the Son, but the Father.] in scripture, to do those things which he determines to permit, and which he foresees These words evidently declare that therewill be in fact the consequence of those is something inexplicably mysterious in circumstances in which his creatures are the nature and person of Christ which inplaced, though their wills are laid under deed appears in the most convincing manner from the account elsewhere given of no constraint. (Compare Exod. vii. 3, 4 2 Sam. xii. 11, 12 ; xxiv. 1 ; andl Kings his Deity in scripture,
'
.-
The yoke of Christ
is
easy,
and
his
burden light.
327
knowledge of him to which no creawhomsoevcrtheSon 1 Mat i and it is my great errand to XI 2 ture can P re tend will reveal him. the world to discover his nature and will, and lead his wandering creatures into a saving acwith him A work which I un- 28 28 Come unto me, qâintance allyethatlabour,and dertake with the greatest cheerfulness and deare heavy laden; and light: and therefore, come unto me by faith, all I will give you rest. ye fhat labour ^ an d are heavy burdened, whether
j
j
neither khoweth any does any truly know the Father, but the Son, man the Father,save heto the Son is pleased to reveal him: the Son, and he to
whom
and For
1
sect. L1X
-
iave that
;r
29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn ot me. for I urn meek and lowly in heart; and ye shall find rest unto your souls.
eaavj
30 For my yoke is and my burIS
or with the sense of xxxviii. 4,) or with the load of ceremonial observances which your unmerciful teachers are so ready to impose (Mat. xxiii. 4,) and I will ease you of the grievous burdens you are sinking under. 13e persuaded then to take my yoke upon you, 29 ana> to iearn * me as my obedient disciples ; for f ,. .* . , ,. , *.i ,, 1 * am mee -> condescending, and lowly in heart, and \\\\\ impose no unnecessary hardships upon vou mi t on such an application to me, you shall find that refreshment to your souls which you in that composure, vain would seek elsewhere satisfaction, and joy, which nothing but humility and meekness, with an entire subjection to For such is the genius of my 30 me, can give. gospel, that though it will indeed bring you under some restraints, they are not only tolerable, but, on the whole, desirable: and I may truly isay, that my yoke is easy and gentle ; or, if there be a mixture of difficulty attending it, such assistances and encouragements are provided, 10 that with them my burden is light and pleasant
with the distresses of
life,
guilt (see
Psal. xxxii.
(Compare Deut. xxviii. taking his yoke. and Isa. x. 27.) 1 Kings xii. 4 47, 48 observable, that the word yoke is It is particularly used for ceremonial impowhich would engage him to decline all sitions, Acts xv. 10, and Gal. v. 1 and the grievous impositio-.s and unnecessary bur- word burden is used in the same sense, dens, and tenderly to instruct them in the Mat. xxiii. 4. Compare Mat. xvi. 19 and way to pardon and life. Compare Mat. xii. ?iofe h there, sect, lxxxviii.
; ; ; ;
]'< Tarn meek, condescending, and lowlyinheartS Some have apprehended that r.ir Lord here intends peculiarly to recommend the imitation of his humility and meekness as what would especially tend, in the natural consequence of things, to promote the repose and tranquillity of their minds and Dr. Watts, in a very beautiful manner, has paraphrased the words tli us in Ids Hymns. (Book I. Hymn 127". 1 But I apprebend our Lord chiefly means to remind them of the general lenity of his temper,
1 ;
m
gov
My burden is light and pleasant.] Exot<p
properly signifies both //,j/if and pleasant
,-
and %e,ros, easy, may be also rendered êntie and agreeable ; and so with great propriety may express that true pleasure and cheerfulness which are the genuine result
of a sincere subjection to Christ's governmeat, which is plainly the meaning of
9/20. sect.
li.
328
Reflections on the sovereignty of the Divine dispensations.
sect, to those who by divine lix. (Compare 1 John v. 3.)
grace are
engaged to submit to
it.
IMPROVEMENT.
What can we imagine more dreadful than the guilt and condemnation of those who hear the gospel only to despise it How 51-24 can we read the doom of Chorazin, Bethsaida, and Capernaum, without tre mbling for ourselves, lest we should incur the like sentence Such have been our religious advantages and opportunities, that, like them, we have indeed been lifted up to heaven : The Lord grant that we may not, by our misimprovement and disobedience, be east down to the lowest hell ! that Tyre and Sidon, and even Sodom and Gomorrah, may not at last rise vp in judgment against us, and call down on our heads a punishment more intolerable than that which has fallen upon them, or which they must even then feel Our vain curiosity may perhaps be ready to ask. Whv were these advantages given to them that abused them, rather than to those who would have imp roved them better ? But let us impose since the great Lord of 26 upon our minds a reverential silence heaven and earth giveth not an account of any of his matters, (Job. xxxiii. 13.) It is so, Father ; for so it seemeth good in thy sight ! Still we see the gospel hid from many who are esteemed the 25 7visest and most prudent of mankind r and, blessed be God, we still see it revealed to some, who, in comparison of them, are but babes. Let not this offend us ; but rather taking our notions from the xvord of God, let us learn to honour these babes as possessed of the truest xvisdom, and adore the riches of Divine grace, if we are in their number, while many of superior capacities are
Mat.
xi.
!
stumble at this stone till they fall into final ruin. objections are brought against Christ and his ways, may we ever adhere to them, since all things are delivered to him by the Father ! From him therefore may we seek the true knowledge of God, as ever we desire everlasting life ! have all our burdens of sin and of sorrow ! While we la28 bour under them, let us with pleasure hear the gentle and melo29 dious voice of a Redeemer thus kindly inviting us to come unto him, Let us with pleasure subject that -we may find'rest to our soids. ourselves to him, and go on in our holy course with that improvement and cheerfulness which become those who learn by 30 their own daily experience that his commandments are not griev* ous, and feel that his yoke is easy and his burden is light.
left to
27
Whatever
We
',
A woman
that
had been a sinner washes Christ's feet with
tears.
329
SECT.
Jesus accepts an invitation
cates the
LX.
woman
to dine at a Pharisee's home, and vindizuho anointed his feet there. Luke VII. 36, to
the end.
Luke VII.
36.
at sect
A H?
sired
Lt-ke VII.
e
36.
f
AND one of the Pharisees who was present
a Hse es de-
him that he would cat with him: der a specious pretence of respect to our Lord, VII 36 and he went into the though as it seemed with an ensnaring design, & ' Pharisee's house, . . f and sat down to invited turn to eat with him that day, taking care meat. to have others of his own sect present to ob,
^discourse,* and might feel himself touche d by some insinuations which it contained, un-,
LX
serve what passed.
And
down
Jesus, being willing
to express his condescension and candour, accepted his invitation; and entering into the house of
the Pharisee, he sat
to table,
without taking
any notice of the omission of some usual ceremonies of respect which so great a guest might well have expected. 37 And behold, a And, behold, there was a woman in that city 37 woman in the city, w /l0 had once been a great and scandalous sinner, which was a sinner, * r .,, when she knew that ancl was stlu a ccounted intamous on account ot Jesus sat at meat in the lewdness and debaucheries of her former thePharisee'shouse, He and, when 6 he knew that he sat at meat in the brought an alabas- ni u * ^ r iarisee s house, she took encouragement from ter box of ointment, his late gracious invitation, and determined to give a remarkable token of her reverence and love to so glorious and compassionate a Saviour; and for this purpose she brought an alabastcrves38 And stood at sel lull of'richly perfumed ointment ; And stand- 38 lus feet behind him j USr by the couch on which our Lord, according weeping, and began ^ ; r to tllc custom ot those times, lay down to eat, to wash his feet with
,
/-
'
waiting behind him in the posture of a servant

at his feet, her very heart was melted with such pious remorse, that in the presence of the whole
company she was unable to refrain from weeping in such great abundance, that she began even to water his feet rvith a shower of tears : b
3
One of the Pharisees,
at tliis discourse.] Dr.
antly
proved this to
who was present This is the proper signification of the word Whitby hasabund- /Z^ûv. Compare Mat. v. 45. We are not be a. different story from to imagine she came with a purpose thus
;
that of Mary'* anointing Christ's head a lit- to wash and wipe the feet if Christ; but, probtle before his death (Mat. xwi. 6 13, ably hearing that the Pharisee who hi d sect, c.xlv.) And indeed the difference is so vited Jesus to dinner had neglected the great and so plain, that it is astonishing so usual civility of anointing the head of his great a critic as Grotius should so confound Divine guest, she was willing to supply (hem, and build so many remarks on that the defect and as she stood near Jesust gross mistake. she wad so melted with his discourse that b To voter his feet ivith a shower of'tears'] she shed such a flood of tears as wetted his
330 The Pharisee in whose house
this
happened being offended

tears,
at
it
sect, and, observing how wet they LX themwith the fine long tresses
.39
vi i.38
were, she wiped of her hair, c which she wore flowing loose about her shoulders 77 " then, to shew the warmth of her affection, kissed his feet, and anointedthem with theperfumed balsam she brought with her, as not thinking herself worthy to pour it upon his head.
;
and did wipe
t/iem with the hairs
$Z*tg$l them
ointed ointment.
with the
Now the Pharisee who had invited him,

int? [this,]
observ-
which, according to the traditions they maintained, appeared to him a veryindeS g, WaS S ff dedl tHat hC SUid ltkin l himself, I his man, if he were really a prophet, as he pretends to be, xuould certainly have known who and what kind of woman this vile creature ! 1 11 1 ^ a r 1 ts mat thus lamiharly toucheth him, and would immediately have driven her away with a just disdain for she is such a scandalous and filthy sinner, that her very touch is enough to pollute him. And Jesus, in reply to these uncharitable sen40 timents which he discerned at their first rising in his heart, said to him, Simon, 1 have something to say to thee on this occasion, which deserves thy regard. And, with an hypocritical profession of respect, he says, thou great Teacher, 6 I am ready to attend and whatsoeverthou wouldest 41 offer, say [it freely.] Then Jesus immediately delivered this parable as a just yet mild reproof
39 ow wnen tIie Pharisee which had bldden him, saw it,
^
;
'
hi-seT^yin^this
man, if he were a prophet, would have kn wn who and
what manner
01
wothat
man
tfct
,-,
;
-
toucheth him she is asinner
for
49 Anci j esus an . swering, said unto him Simon, I have

>
SSSSSSSSi
Master, say on.
41 There
certain
was a
creditor,
A certain creditor had txoo debtors; n whom owed him pve hundred denarii, or e Roman pence, and the other owed him but fifty
to his host:
which had two deteors the one owed nve hundred pence, and the other fifty
;
.-
one 01
i_
,,
..
feat,
which lay bare on the couch, his sand;ds being put off; and, observing- this, she wiped them with her hair, which she now wore flowing loose about her shoulders, as mourners commonly did and then, not. thinking herself worthy to anoint his head, pouredoutthe Wqmdpe fume on hisfeet. In
;
more than the English word master, especially in the sense in which it is now commonly used. Whether this was mere Aypocrisy, or whether it was intended as a sort
of sneer on our Lord, who, though he professed himself so great a teacher would allow this woman to use such freedoms with him, I pretend not certainly to say. " Five hundred denarii, or Roman pence."] It is in the original fnvxpi*, which is well known to have been a Roman coin, in value about seven pence halfpenny of our money so that Jive hundred of them were nearly equivalent to fifteen of our guineas, and fifty to one guinea and an half There is no reason to believe that there was any mvstery intended in Christ's fixing on these sums rather than any others that had as great a difference between them.
;
viewallappearsnaturalandunaffected. With the tresses of her hair.] So the word Spiî properly sig-nifies and the En*lish word tresses might be derived from it It is well known that long hair was esteemed a great ornament in the female dress (compare 1 Cor. xi. 15,) and women ofpleasure used to nourish and plait it, and to set it off with garlands and jewels, to render themselves agreeable to their lovers. So îSiTK^Ki properly O Teacher."] signifies, and I think expresses something
this
c
;
*'
yesus vindicates the woman

42 And when they Lad nothing- to pay,
in
what she had done.
1S3
now as they had not any thing to pay,

t } ier
the whole of debt, he freely forgave them and upon this it therefore, which of what they respectively owed them will love him ay be reasonably expected that both would most have some sense of his goodness say, therefore, which of them do you think would love him most? 43 Simon answer- And Simon very readily replied, and said, I sapd and said, I sup- ose so far a s I can judge from the circum:
53 TeK
be
them could discharge anv
M
;
so that nei- sect. part of his LX

-
42
vii
43
he
forgave
most, stances
thou hast mentioned, that he
to
whom he
he said unto forgave most could not but have the greatest him, Thou hast affection for him. And [Jesus'] said to him, , rightly judged. fhou hast judged very rightly, and the reflection is evidently suited to the case that we
And
44
'
And he
turned
S ,m
-
to the
woman, and
ti tins
a d c Seest 512 thou
wo-
!!'
entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my teet but she hath washed mvfeet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head.
?
man
45 Thou gayest
me
no kiss
but tins
woman, since the time I came in, hath
have here before us. And, turning himself to the woman, he said to 44 Simon the Pharisee, Thou seest this poor afflicted woman, and canst not but take notice of the ex' traordinary tenderness and affectionate regard to me that she has now discovered. I came into in 'me house as a guest, on thine own express ... y r invitation, [and J thou didst not give me any water f to [xvash] my feet, though that be so customary an(j necessary a refreshment on these occasions but $he hag p j enti fully rvater ed my feet with her tears, and wiped them even with the tresses of her hair. Thou didst not give methe usual respect 45 f j first came under thv roof s h ' h but s he, ever since she came in, has not ceased, with the greatest humility and affection, even
,
...
'
,.
not ceased to kiss to kiss
my feet. Thou didst not so much
as anoint
4$
"46 Mine head with

oil
thou didst
not
head with common oil, though few entertainments fail of being attended with that cir~]
mV
poses this
Drusius sup- in Calmcfs Account of the Jewish Feasts. I f is possible Simon might omit some of had said, these civilities lest his brethren who sat at much as water to wash my feet ; whereas table with him should think he paid Jesus some guests have their feet washed with too much respect and, if there was any n'ine mingled with spices." Athenxus does such slight intended, it might be an addiindced mention such an extravagance but tional reason for our Lord s taking such to be sure our Lord did not intend the least particular notice of the neglecth Ever since insinuation in favour of it. The evangeshe came in."] The usual respect of a kits, Sec] How list so expressly tells us that she heard of oustomary it was for the master of the Christ's being at dinner with the Pharisee house to receive his guests with such usal- before she came in (ver. 37,) that I make utation, to pvo\\dc them \v\ih water to wash no doubt of following those copies which their feet, and to anoint their heads with oil, or read it inxKxbtv, she came in, rather that* some liquid perfumc.the reader may sec in those which have tta-nxbov, in the frst permany other commentators, and particularly son, which our translation follows,.
to
Water
wash
my feet.
may be understood as if our Lord " Thou didst not give me so
332
sect,
Much was forgiven
her, therefore she loved much.
LX
vii
cumstance ;* but she, as thou seest, has anoint- anoint; but this wo ed even my feet with this precious and fragrant man natn anoin te(1 J m y eet with ointjitl r t u j omtment. Wherefore I say unto thee, and open- m nt both for her vindication and for 47 Wherefore I 47 ty declare it, thv admonition, Her many sins, which I well say unto tnee Her i i jsins, which are ma_ i know ihave been exceeding heinous, are gra- ny> ' are forgiven ciously forgiven ; and therefore, as I have been for she loved much the means of bringing her to repentance and but to whom little f the same peace, she has thus testified the high regard ; ov k that she has to me, and has loved me much, as being persuaded that she never can sufficiently express her sense of the obligation xvhereas thou who art over confident in thine own righteousness, lookest but slightly upon me ; as he to whom but little is forgiven, or who thinks his debt was but small, is not so much affected with the kindness of the creditor that forgives him, and loveth him but little. And, to renew the kind assurance of the par43 And lie saith 4g don that before was granted to the woman, he unto her, Thy sins says to her, in the presence of them all, I know are forgiven. the sincerity of thv repentance and therefore now, for thy encouragement under this severe treatment, I solemnly declare that thy sins are And they xvho were at table with 49 And they that 49 forgiven. him, began to say within themselves, Who is this sat at meat with an t0 sa y arrogant and presumptuous man, that not onlv ni beJf r o . within themselves, \ 1 transgresses our rules by permitting a harlot to wuo s this that fortouch him, but even presumes to say that he giveth sins also forgiveth sins, which is the peculiar prerogative 50 of God himself ? But, far from recalling what 50 And he said he had said,eopenly confirmed the consolation to the woman, Thy *\ that he before had given, and said to the xvoman, n Jfax r Thy faith hath saved thee} and as the tenderness and love that thou hast shewn have in a con.
*.
;L
>
'
^'^
'
^J
vincing, though silent, manner, testified thy beAnoint my head with oil, though few entertainments fail, tj?c~] How common this circumstance was may he judged by Mic. vi. 15 comparing Deut. xxviii. 40 and cxli. 5. civ. 15 Psal. xxiii. 5
' ;
k Therefore she has loved me much.~\. As passionately as Clarius opposes this rendering, and after all the immense pains Grotius has taken to find s sense in that which
ur translation follow- I cannot hut think the connection, evidently requires that we plainly shewed his knowledge, both oi should render olt, therefore, rather ilisaxfor their thoughts, and of her character.
or because, how singular soever such & sense of the particle may be. And so it is, the Hebrew particle that answers it is used All their iniquity is in Gilin Hos. ix. 15. gal ; for there I hated them ; or, therefore there I hated them. For it cannot be supposed that Israel is said to sin in Gilgal, but on because he hated them there ; account of the iniquity which they committed there, therefore it was that there he Our Lord by this answer hated them.
Reflections on the love
we owe
to
Godfor pardoning our
sins. 33'3
me, under the extraordinary sect. character I bear, go thy way in serenity and LX " peace} and enjoy the comfort of Divine forgiveness, without afflicting thyself for the severity with which uncharitable men would
lieving regards to
fn
treat tnee.
IMPROVEMENT.
an assurance must this be to a soul thus bowed Verse in the very dust under a sense of sin How * light did the reproaches of men sit upon her when she heard these reviving words from the mouth of the great Saviour, who alone
How joyful
down and humbled
had authority
to
pronounce them
Our hearts surely upbraid us with many and aggravated sins; but we hear the tidings of pardon : let us gladly embrace it and
;
acknowledging that not five hundred pence, nor even ten thousand talents, are sufficient to express the greatness of our debt let us retain the remembrance of it, even when we hope that God has for- 4 2, 43 given it ; and let us labour, that the tenderness of our love, the warmth of our zeal, and the steadiness of our obedience, may in some measure be proportionable to it and, blessed Jesus, how distinguished must they then be Let us with humble pleasure approach this compassionate Friend of sinners ; who, though in one sense separate from them, yet thus freely and graciously encouraged the chief of them to apply to him, though he well knew that condescension would ex: !
pose him to the censure of the selfconceited Pharisees* May God preserve us from that arrogant confidence in our own righteousness, which, while it leads us to dinpise some, perhaps much dearer to him than ourselves, would proportionably sink our 47 value for the Saviour, and our love to him ! As for what remains, let the candour with which Christ ac- 36 cepted this invitation, and the gentleness and prudence with which he behaved at this ensnaring entertainment, teach us to mingle the wisdom of the serpent with the innocence and sweetness of the dove ; and neither absolutely to refuse all favours, nor severely to resent all neglects, from those whose friendship might at best be very dubious, and their intimacy by no means safe. To conclude ; let us avoid that very ill temper which this 39 Pharisee shewed in upbraiding this poor humble penitent with the
1
Go
thy rata
in peace.~\
This was an and Jam.
ii.
16.)
Compare Luke
ii.
29
p.
usual form of dismissing inftriors, and was 74. There is an apparent propriety in the an expression of the friendship and good phrase here, considering' what had hapwishes of the person speaking (Gen. xliv. pened to discompose the tender spirit of 17 Exod. iv. 18 1 Sam. i. 17 2 Sam. this humble penitent.
:
xv. 27
Mark
I.
v.
34
Luke
viii.
48
s
Vol.
334
Jesus travels through every
city,
preaching the gospel.
sect, scandals of her former life. Where we * x that sin has been lamented and forsaken,
-
have reason to believe and consequently that
~ God has forgiven
it, let us cheerfully receive those whom our holy Master has not rejected and if the remembrance of for;
mer irregularities cannot be entirely lost, let it onlv engage us to magnify the riches of Divine grace towards such persons, and to rejoice with them in the display of it.
SECT.
from
LXI.
Our Lord, attended by some pious women, takes another progress, in zvhich he casts out a demon ; and, having vindicated himself
the blasphemous charge ofa combination with Satan,
sin.
warm
the Pharisees of the
pardonable Mat. XII.
danger they were in of committing the unLuke VIII. 1 3. XI. 14, 15, 17 23.
2232. Mark
III.
2230.
Luke
VIII.
it
sect.
-_
LUKE VIII. 1. pursuance of the great design which JV Jesus d |)rosecutmg in his mini try wherever he had been, it came to pass afterA7"0 W,
in
, ,
1.
Ag^jbrog:
'
A ND
came
to
wards (or
.
0l,t every citv and after the events related above,) that village, preaching,
,
he travelled through every city and village in a ld ftewing the u , J srlad tidinars of the 9, P those parts preacning every place, and pub- kino-dom of God lishing the glad tidings of the kingdom of God, and the twelve were which he was now about to erect among the Wltn n m children of men and the twelve apostles, whom he had lately chosen, were with him ; as he thought it proper they should be for some time, that they might be farther instructed for their work, and that their having been thus publiclyseen in his train might promote their reception when they afterwards came to any of these pla2 And certain 2 ces by themselves. And there were also some women with him who had been cured of grievous teeX?aktdof evil disorders brought upon them by evil spirits, and spirits and infirmiof other illnesses ; [particularly} Mary, -who zvas ties, Mary called Majjdene, out of called Magdalene, from Magdala, the place of 1 , , r whom went seven a person out of aeviig her residence a remarkable xvhom had been cast no less than seven demons,^
.
'
.*
<->
ill-
Called Magdalene, from Magdala, the or Mary of Magdala, which was a town place of her residence.] As l/io-sc N*^- in Galilee beyond Jordan. See Mat. xv. pvJ ) Jesus of Nazareth, or Jesus the Naz- 39. b Out had been cast seven demons. arene, so Mst<* M** J*\v, which we are <jf whom
used
to
render
as well be rendered
Mary Magdalene, might This Mary the Magdalene, been
is
supposed by Gregory
to
have
only a proverbial expression to signify
He
dispossesses one tJuit
was
both blind
and dumb.
335
sect.
]'
who, probably for the sins of her former life, were suffered by God to agitate and torment her in such a manner as to render her a spec-
X1
And there attended of great horror. wife of Chuza, He- him besides, Joanna, the wife of Chuza, a stexv***" the court ,/ king Herod: who vet did others which nun- not think such an attendance beneath the digistered unto him of n it\- of her family and one Susannah, and matheir substance. nif other [women;] xvho, being persons of some considerable rank and circumstances in life,
.3
ke
viii
Ami
Joanna, the tacle
>g
SSM-iSj
;
assisted
cheerfully
him with their possessions, which they employed to supply him and his disoccasion required.
'
ciples with necessaries, as
Mat.
Then
blind,
XII. 22. While he was making then this tour about *?.at was brought Galilee and the neighbouring parts, there was xu ~
sê/withTde^t brought
and dumb and he, healed him
:
who to him one possessed by a demon, had been rendered by this means both blind and dumb : and he immediately expelled the c'am^pass;^ cv " "P"*, * cured him that had been so misso that it came to pass y the devil was gone erably afflicted by it out,] tbe blind and that when the demon xuas gone out at the corndumb both spake mant i Q f T esus tJie person that but just before and saw- [Luke XL ,,j j +1 l a was blind and dumb, both spake ana saw.? 14 /j And all the multitude of people round him, 23 23 And all the people were amaz- perceiving he had healed the poor distressed ed, and said, Is not creature in an instant, were astonished at the [Luke XI. sight, and said, Is not this the Messiah, the long vidl expected Son of David ? 14.] ^ ut t/ie Pharisees who were with him, and 24 24 But when the Pharisees, [and the particularly the scribes jtyhb. came downfrom Je*
i
was a person of avery bad character, Zsfscq. sect, lxv.) and on the evening of Jesus reclaimed ; and Mr. L'Enfant which he crossed the sea, stilled the tempest, advances the same interpretation, as agree- and went into the country of the Gadarenes, able to the Jewish style : but, as so much where he dispossessed the legion. (See Mark is spoken of dispossessions in tbe proper iv. 35, isf seq. sect, lxix.) This is the reasense of the word by Luke, it is most nat- son of introducing it here, as most critics ural to suppose this to be referred to here, do; and no other story, not yet inserted, Some have thought she was the sinner can claim a place before it therefore mentioned Luke vii. 37,but there is no cer- Matthew and Luke, in their different order, tain proof of it. And the conjecture of are transposed to agree with Mark on that those who suppose her to be the sister of grand foundation laid down in note k on Lazarus, whose husband might have lived Mark i. 18, p. 192, at Magdala, is rather more improbable: The blindand dumb both spaie and saw.~\ since when Luke and John mention Mary have before observed that x.a><poc often of Bethany, they never intimate; that it was signifies both deaf and dumb (see note k on Mary Magdalene. See Calmet'a, Dictionary. Luke i. 22, p. 35;) but, as it is not said Then there wot brought to him. one pos- that Christ gave this man his hearing, it And indeed it sessed by a demon.'] This miracle appears to is plain he was not deaf. Have been performed on Xhennorning of that appears worthy of remark that we hardly day on which Chris! delivered the parables ever meet with entire blindness nasi deafof the sower, Kc. (compare Mat, xiii. 1, new in the same person
that she
whom
<l
We
336
The Pharisees say he did
it
by the help of Beelzebub.
sect, rusalem, LXI their
and still attended his progress to make scribes which came remarks on what passed, hearing [this] down fl'<"n Jerusa**% natural reflectionof the people, and fearing lest
xii.
Beelzebub, 24 tneir own credit should sink among them as [hath that of Jesus advanced, gave the most mali- and dot h not cast
^^
,
cious and unreasonable turn to the matter which , i r i / can be imagined tor they said, this is so bad a [man,] and so notoriously transgresses the traditions of the elders, and the law of God, e that he is certainly himself possessed by Beelzebub, and does not cast out demons but only by a secret combination with Beelzebub ; who be
ut
ii
Beelzebub,
p r i nce
P*?
but
the
[Luke,
11
'
or
the chief ]of the dev-
^J^t
*/"'
J
22,
view
ing the prince [or] chief of the demons? with a to confirm his own interest, expels other
inferior spirits
under his command,
at the
word
of this Jesus, who therefore deserves to be put to death as a magician (Exod. xxii. 18,) rather than to be thus extolled as the Messiah. And, Jesus knowing their thoughts, though he 25 Andjesus knew 25 was not within hearing of these reflections, call- their thoughts, [and C ed them to come near him, and said to them mthe hfm t an j said unto following parabolical expressions, before all the them, [in parables, people, How can you possibly imagine that, in How can Satan cast such circumstances as these, Satan should cast
*
tions of the elders
So notoriously transgresses the tradiand the law of God.]
There
this
i, 2, 3,) which is well known to signify The lord offiles ; this idol being worshipped, is sufficient reason to conclude that as some tell us, under the figure of a or
that they charged Christ both with come upon the flesh of any sacrifice in the sabbath breaking and blasphemy. temple at Jerusalem. (See Selden. de Diis f Beelzebub, the prince, or chief of the de- Syris, Syntag ii. cap. 6.) But why the inons.'] There is no doubt but this wasspok- Jews should speak of him under this title en by the Jews not merely in a general as the chief of the devils, it is difficult to way of a prince of the demons, or of one of say unless (as Heinsius conjectures, raththeir chiefs, but in particular of him whom er than proves) the Hebrew word Zebub they considered as the prince of the powers signified a deadly Hnd of insect, whose sting of darkness for in Mark it is tod ctôvlt, was mortal, and which was therefore though Matthew and Luke express it looked upon as a fit emblem of the misuiithout the article ; and the following chievous hosts commanded by this prince words shew he was supposed to be the of the power of the air. The title in the same with Satan, the grand adversary. Greek is Bs8X<fs/2*A, Beelzebul, which signiOne of the titles given him was Beelzebub, fies The lord (fa dunghill, and seems to be or Baalzebub ; and a Philistine idol who a contemptuous change of the former had his temple at Ekron (and is supposed name, by which it was intimated that the by some to answer to the Grecian Pluto, noblest of the heathen deities were fitter to yurieu, Hist, des Dogmes, p. 631,) was dwell on a dunghill than to be worshipped plainly called by this name (See 2 Kings in a magnificent templei
; :
known
must go on this principle in beetle, as defending people from these inrandom charge, which had not the least sects y though others think it may allude shadow of a proof and it was usual with to the vast multitude of files with which them to esteem a contempt of their tradi- the slaughter of their sacrifices was intions as equally criminal with the most ex- fested in the heathen temples, while (as press contempt of the law. It is also well the Jews report) no fiy was ever seen to
the Pharisees
-
fiy
Christ vindicates himself against this impious charge.
SS7
out Satan ?] Every out Satan ?s It may surely be laid down as a sect. kingdom divided a- ma xim,That every kingdom divided against itself Lxr 0t ]0 " floUrishi,1 S circumstances,
*
into contempt, and ts brought and [but] to desolation every city or house to utter desolation ; and every smaller society, if divided against itQr a s i n jr\ e family, divided against j t be but a self shall not stand, ,r t n \ ^ j +~ir)i*L- *~ [Luke, fartfidleth.] itself shall noticing stand, \but\falleth into ineviAnd, therefore, if Satan rise up [Mark III. 2325. table ruin. Luke XI. 17.] against himself as he certainly does if he join
;
"$ &2SL * T" quickly"? sinks
25
xii
2G
[riseupagainsSl! with
self and]
me
cast out posite to his
to confirm a doctrine so evidently opnature and subversive of his king-
Satan, he is divided to cast out ; and if he assist in such a cause against himself; how h ; hen ce that he jjj be evident f shall then his king. ,. ir , , ,,ithen shall fus dom stand ? [he can- t* divided against himself ; and not stand, but hath kingdom subsist ? It plainly follows that, in such
.
dom s .,..',
rom how
an end;] [Luke, a c ^ se ' he cannot standout has contributed himself \ because ye say, that , j , . , i I5ut, kingdom. r> *. cast out devils to P ut a speedy periodto his own I Beelze- as you never can suppose that such a crafty and through
bub.]
[Mark III. sagacious Luke I. 8] jj

fore,
spirit
asten hj s
would in so weak a manner own con fus n and defeat, you therei
must give up that unyou have been ready to insinuate and urge against me, and must appear to have been guilty of the most
upon
this account,
charitable, inconsistent charge
extravagant absurdity, because you scruple not to say that least out demons by the help of Beelzebub. 27 And if I by And if indeed you will be still so obstinate as 27 b b to assert that least out demons by the assistance devUs? by whomdo your children cast of Beelzebub, you may as well say that all mirthem out therefore acles of this kind are thus performed and I may particularly refer you to determine, by whom do your own children expel them, who practise exorcisms, 1 and are approved and extolled by you on that account, though some
? ;
This is certain (as many good writers have s Satan should cast out Satan.] answer of our Lord demonstratively proves observed) that the force of this argument that Beelzebub and Satan are names for the consists in a tacit appeal to the genius and same person and, consequently, that Satan design of his doctrine ; which evidently was considered as the prince of those appeared so friendly to the interest of true demons who were cast out by Christ, and religion, and so destructive to idolatry and who are elsewhere represented as his vice in which the kingdom of Satan conangels ; so that it must disprove every sisted, that he must really be his own hypothesis inconsistent with this assertion, enemy, and rise up for the subversion of It may not be improper to add here, that his own cause, before he could become an the Jewish rabbies call every demon by the associate with Jesus. See Archbishop Tilname of Satan, and often use the name in lotson s Works, Vol. III. p. 545. the plural number. So they call Sammacl, 'By whom do your own children expel which is but another name for Beelzebub, them, who practise exorcisms, lsfc.~\ For Kosn koi. hassatanim, the head or the proof of this fact, see Acts xix. 13 i
,
prince of all the Satans. See Casaubon, in h In 6uch a cause to cast out Satan.~]
loc.
Mark
Jud.
ix.
38
Luke
cap.
ix.
49.
It
lib. viii.
2. 5.
p.
Joseph. Antiq. 420. Haver-
338
He
-
shews he
casts out
demons by the Spirit of God.
name ? Therefore they they shall be your sect, of them do it in LXI shall in this respect be your judges, and con- judges. [Luke xi.
my
demn you
xii.28
d 110 ** 28 But I cast out demons by the finger, [or] the power and Spirit devils by [the linger, of God, then it undoubtedly follows, the kingdom or] the Spirit of God 6 r /r oj God is indeed come unto you, as 1 assert tnen r n0 dOUD t] the and all the doctrines that I preach are proved kingdom of God is oa by this to be Divine, and consequently worthy come unto UKE of your most serious and obedient regard, since it plainly shews my superiority over all
;

of a most partial and unequal conBut ify ou must allow that least out
19
>'
'
*-
29
the infernal powers. Otherwise, it is evident I could not do this 29 Or else, how for hozu can any one break and enter into the can one enter mt0 a n s h n house of a strong man, and i plunder his goods, str ? * T' */ o o unci sooil 1ms ôocis. while he is actually present to guard them, k except he first bind unless he first overpower and bind the strong the strong man and
:
.'
man, who will be sure to do all he can to ? 61 JjJ; ^mT'k J defend them ? and then indeed he may plunder i{ T- 27.] his house of whatever he pleases but without this it will be utterly impossible to do it. And therefore it is plain, from all these instances of dispossessions, that I have power over Satan to control and bind him, and consequently that I act by a Divine commission. But still it is not to be thought the contest Luke will be carried on without an opposition from Luke XL 21. xr 21 the enemy, nor can it fail of giving some alarm When a strong man for -while a strong man, completely armed} guards pXce.hisgooVs are his castle or palace horn invasion andattack, his in peace ni goods are maprofound/.;cffce, andhisprisoners,
1
}.
camp, and Dr. Whitby's note ; but above all, that of Grotius on this passage. I do not see that there is any need of referring this to the apostles who had not yet been sent out and if they had, they to be sure would be involved in the same censure with Christ, It is more natural to suppose that the disciples of the Pharisees are here probably
,-
xi. 37, sec. ex,) so I was not willing to insert so long a discourse twice : yet it is
not impossible it might occur again and if any, on the whole, judge it most probable it did, they may turn back from thence, and read these verses again. I likewise thought that the discourse, with the addi;
meant by
k
their children.
is actually present to guard This the course of the argument plainly supposes; and the case in question proved the presence of Satan. While a strong man, ci^c] The reader will observe that (contrary to most others) 1 have introduced in this section Luke xi. 14 23, as parallel to Mat. xii. 22 30, and Mark iii. 22 27. The reason is, because peace or quiet, but to the case of sinners, as there appeared to me no certain evi- who by the arts at Satan are lulled into a dence that the miracle and discourse re- state of security and confidence, while in the corded by Matthew were afterwards hands of their greatest enemy, and in the repeated at another time (^see note on Luke way to final destruction.
While he
them.]
from Luke, appeared most complete and beautiful. '" His goods are in a profound peace. ] Our Lord here (as also Luke x. 17 20, sec. cvi.) evidently takes occasion, from having spoken of dispossessions, to turn his discourse to that grand and complete victory over Satan, of which these miracles were a and these words refer not to specimen demoniacs, who were far from being in
tions
,-
He
that is not
with Christ,
is
against him,
339
22 Rut when a stronger than e Aim! an7o vcrc!,me him,he taketh /row rison,
hard as their situation may be, are afraid to sect. make any attempt to regain their liberty and such is the quiet which there seems to be while Luke But when xi. 22 Satan reigns without any control. one stronger than he, or of more power than the warrior I have mentioned, invades his gar'
and conquers him, he takes away all his armory in which he placed his confiwherein he trusted, (/ d distributes his sp oi /s amon g his folami divmeth his r lowers. So shall you see the internal powers s])() s yet more completely baffled and spoiled by me, and my faithful servants adorned by the trophies won from them. While therefore you are animated by such Mat. XII. 30. He that is not with views, you ought not to allow vourselves even for I in il state of n^trality and indifference and he etli not with me, must tell you, That he that is not cordially with n seattcreth abroad, me as a friend, is indeed against me, and will f Luke XI. 23.] accordingly be treated as one that is an enemy
him
all
his
armour complete
'
il
Mat.
xii.30
ESS!!
to
me and he that does not set himself according to his ability to gather subjects into my kingdom with me, is but vainly and foolishly scattering abroad, and, however otherwise employed, wastes his time and labour in what will Much more at last turn to no solid account. criminal and fatal then must the character and conduct of those be who with deliberate implacable malice oppose my cause, and are resolved at all adventures to do their utmost to bear it down, as you are attempting to do by these vile insinuations which you have now suggested.
;
31
;
Wherefore
I
* therefore give
you the most solemn and 31

;
ilv*)
to >ou,
say un[All sins
for compassionate warning of your danger dreadful preciy OLl are on the brink of a most
to ascribe these
That malignity of heart which leads you works of mine to a confederacy with Satan, may incline you to pass the same
pice.
impious sentence on the greatest and fullest confirmation, which is to be given to my gospel by the effusion of the Spirit on my followers and titer cjbrc, to prevent, if possible, such guilt and ruin, verily I say unto you, That all other
:
'
He
that
1; 'lot <a>ith
me
it
against me.]
if our
Lord had
into
said,
He that does not gather

disperses
I
How tJiis is to be reconciled with Luke ix.

BO, see the note there, sect,
a
subjects
my
kingdom
them.
xevi
According
to the
interpretation
have
tunc and labour in what given, it is a most noble maxima? Divine will at last turn to no solid account.] This wisdom; and happy is the minister) happy is a more natural sense than to take it as the man who attends to it.
Wastes
his
340
The
sin against the
Holy Ghost
is
unpardonable.
sect, sins shall be forgiven to the children of men , and shall be forgiven unLXI even [all] the other blasphemies xvith which they to the sons of men, an d b s P hemie s. shall blaspheme : but the blasphemy against the !?k wherewith soever Mat. o- -.. r /- i ii ispirit of (jrocl, in this most glorious dispensa- they shall blasxii 31 tion of it, p shall not be forgiven to those impious pheme ;] but the and incorrigible men who shall dare to impute ! las e rn2 L aEa * l the //o/v Ghost shall j. _., , r , to diabolical operation those glorious works not be forgiven unto 32 of Divine power and goodness. And I add, men. [Mark III. That whosoever speaks a contemptuous and im- 28
-
pious word even against the Son of man himself, while here on earth in this obscure form, he may possiblv be brought to repentance for it, and so it shall be forgiven him ; and conse, i quently even your case, bad as it is, is not entirely hopeless but rvhosoever shall maliciously speak any thin? of this nature against ., p.- -v. rr it the Holy Spirit, when the grand dispensation of it shall open, in those miraculous gifts and operations, that will be attended with the most evident demonstrations of his mighty power, it shall never be forgiven him at all, either in this -world, or in that which is to come,i but he is obnoxious to eternal damnation, and must irrecoverably sink into it ; nor will all the grace of the
: l .
ev
^peakh
against
it
word
the
shall
:
Dut speaketh againstthe Holy Ghost, it shall n t be ^g'ye" him, neither in this world, neither in the world
to
f
Son f man >

for S ive n
.
hlm whosoever
come; [hathnevbut
r forgiveness,
[Mark
/^ ftSion!]
III. 29.]
gospel, in its fullest display, afford a remedy for so aggravated a crime, or furnish him with means for his conviction and recovery.
Mark
iii.
This admonition he gave them with such

said,
Mark
spirit.
III.
30:
30 repeated solemnity, 6<?cm/6^% had maliciously
he hath an unclean spirit, and performs
SthSS wfmidto
expression to assure them, that there was no forgiveness to be had for those that should be guilty of this sin, either before or after death ; and that their expectations of forgiveness then would prove no other than a deceitful dream. (See LightBut foot's Hor. Hebr. and Grotius, in loc.J it is clearly shewn by Dr. Whitby, that this was used as a proverbial expression ,excellent dissertation on the subject, in his and that it only signified, a thing should fourth Appendix to Matthew, for the reasons never be, when it was said, It shall not be, which induced me to such a judgment. either in this world, or the world to come. i It shall never be forgiven him at all, However, as some think that it refers to either in this world, or in that which is to the Messiah's kingdom, which was often It is observed both by Lightfoot called the age to come, I have also hinted at com.~\ and Grotius, that through a fond imagina- that sense ; which is indeed included in tion of the final happiness of all the seed of the other, but does not seem to me to be Abraham, the Jews supposed there were so properly applied here for if our intersome sins that had not been forgiven here, pretation be right, the sin could not be that would be expiated by death, and be for- committed till that age commenced.
in this
The blasphemy against the Spirit of God, most glorious dispensation of it.] After all that Archbishop Tillotson has said (Vol. I. Serm. 17,) to prove that the sin against the Holy Ghost was that which these Pharisees committed, in ascribing the miracles of Christ to Satan, I have rather chosen to take the words in Dr. Whitby's sense and must beg leave to refer to his paraphrase on the places above, and to his
P
;
given after
it ;
and that our Lord designed
by
this
Reflections on the triumph of Christ aver Satan.
341
these
miraculous works by the assistance of sect, LXI Beelzebub.

-
IMPROVEMENT.
condescending was the conduct of the blessed Jesus while Though he was Lord of all, he not only waved the pompous manner of subsisting by continued miracles, but likewise declined to dzuell with the rich and the great, with whom he could easily have secured to himself a constant abode/ He chose a laborious itinerant course, and subsisted chiefly on. the bounty of a few pious women, whose company and friendship he did not despise. That subsistence was most pleasing to him which was the greatest testimony of the respect and affection of his hearers, and at the same time gave the greatest opportunity to testify his own humility and self denial, and to pursue his schemes for public usefulness. So may his followers, and especiallv his ministers, always judge! And may all the great things they seek for themselves be such as lie on the other side of the grave, and are to be enjoyed in the presence of our glorified Master ! have seen another triumph of Christ over the evil spirit, another of those glorious and delightful instances in which the great Captain of our salvation, with superior strength, hound the strong man, and spoiled his goods. May the victory still be carried on to perfection ! May his merciful alarms break that dangerous and fatal peace in which the slaves of Satan are for awhile detained, that he may with greater advantage, and greater terror, plunge them into final and eternal ruin ! And, in such a contest, may we abhor neutrality ! With pleasure and zeal let us list ourselves under the Redeemer's banners, that we may share his trophies ! And, while others are throwing away their time,
How
Lukp
he dwelt among us
Â
We
Mat.
xu 22
-
29
Lu ke
.
2 i 22
23
their labour,
and their souls,
may
we, by gathering with him ,
secure to ourselves everlasting riches ! must surely be astonished to hear of that perverse and Mat.^ malignant interpretation which these wretches put on such con- x"- 2 * vincing miracles ; and it must move our indignation to see the Son of God maliciously charged as an associate with Satan. If (hey have thus called the Master of the house Beelzebub, how much more those of his household f (Mat. x. 25.) Let us learn to imitate that meekness of wisdom with which the blessed Jesus pursues
We
The
rich, and the great, with* whom he leasily have secured to himself aeon-
slant abode.] Undoubtedly, to mention np more, the centurion (who had wealth and generosity enough to erect :ithis bring the gospel to the poor ; and the purown charge, Luke vii. ;>, p. 288,) would poses of his mission required frequent have been very willing to have received removes.
i
into his house a single Person of so extraordinal y a character, so perfectly temper rate, and so easy as to the common accombut Christ came to modations of life
:
,1
Vol.
I.
2 T
342
steer,
Reflections on the account of the unpardonable sin.
his vindication.
I
LXI
had almost
said,
Oh that his followers had ever traced it Yea Oh that they had learned even from the union
!
of confederate enemies, the danger of that house or kingdom which

*s
xii.26
unnaturally divided against itself It is matter of great thankfulness thus expressly to hear that every other sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven ; but artful to 31,32 think that the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost is excepted. Let those, who, while they cannot deny the facts of Christianity, despise and oppose its doctrines, tremble to think how near they approach to the boundaries of this sin, which is perhaps more obscurely described that we may more cautiously avoid all such approaches. But let not the humble soul, that trembles at God '$ word, meditate terror to itself from such a passage ; which, when viewed in its due connection, cannot, with any shadow of reason, be thought to belong to any who do not obstinately reject the gospel, and maliciously oppose it, when made known to them
with
its fullest
evidence.
SECT.
LXII.
Our Lord goes on to caution the Pharisees of the danger of such sinful words ; and answers to the exclamation of the woman who extolled the happiness of his mother. Mat. XII. 33 37. Luke
XI. 27, 28.
V ITHER make warned the Pharisees of danger ^ %*& they were m of incurring unpardonable
faithfully
WHEN
.
Mat. XII. 33. our Lord had thus
Mat. XII. 33.
the
guilt, or else
make
: .
the
by blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, he pro- tree corrupt, and his for ceeded to enforce the admonition in the fol- "'* corr u P t the tree is known , A lowing manner Attentively consider what I by his fruit. have offered to you, and either lay aside your vain and hypocritical pretences to religion, or quit that malignity and wickedness which render these pretences insolent and odious either make the tree good, and shew it to be so by making its fruit also good a or else make, and allow, the tree to be corrupt, and its fruit also corrupt, if it in fact appear to be so for the tree is to be known by the fruit it produces, which
1
,-
Make the tree good, &c] The sense I man. Zegerus and Grotius understands have chosen is that which seems to agree it as if our Lord had said, " Since you canbest with what follows. I could not ac- not but allow that my life and the tendency quiesce in that of Mr. L'Enfant, who sup- of my doctrine are good, be not so inconposes it as if he should have said, Either sistent with yourselves as to suppose I am allow me to be good, or prove the casting out a confederate with Beelzebub." And it is devils to be evil ; for that would suppose indeed very possible that this may be every one who cast out devils to be a good the sense.
Every
unprofitable -word must be accountedfor.
343
it
is
an
infallible
proof of what quality
is.
ye generation (Compare Mat. vii. 17, 18, sect, xlii.) of vipers, how can abominable brood of vipers, ye perverse, venye, being evil, speak omous ' deceitful creatures, how can you. who * eoocl tlnnars tor out , ) , , , of the abundance of are so wicked yourselves, speak good things f the heart the mouth It is surely a force upon nature whenever you speakcth. Jq j t . an(j y OU jjj easily return to such un34
sect, LXI1
-
~~~~"
V -,:%V xu J *
-
we have now been hearing from you for the mouth naturally speaks out of the overflowing abundance of 35 A good roan, the heart. And thus, on the one hand, a good 35 good man out out of the p-ood treasure of the heart, freely of the 7 ' treasure of the i .. . \ i produces good things, and scatheart, bringeth forth and abundantly good things and ters the seeds of wisdom and piety in the an evil man out of inds of all with whom he converses and, on the other hand > a icked man ^ being full of corbringeu? forthTvU rupt affections, and a secret malignity against things. religion, out of the evil treasure of his heart, as naturally brings forth evil things ; and, even when he labours most artfully to disguise himself and his character, breaks out like you, in some unguarded moment, into such language as betrays the shame he would conceal. (Compare Luke vi. 43 45, sect, liv.) B ut ta^ e heed how you suffer your tongues 36 36 But I say unto you, That every idle to run on in this profane and licentious manword that men shall ner for /solemnly declare unto you, That hi the awful % f the fina and un iyersal judggivtaccouS there! of in the day of ment, men shall give a strict and impartial ac* judgment. count for every unprofitable, and much more for every pernicious word, b which they shall speak
charitable and impious language as
; ,
,
b For every unprofitable, and much more Though the for every pernicious word.'] terms inconvenient -dndunprof table are some-
discourse tending, by innocent mirth, to exhilarate the spirits, is not idle discourse ; as the time spent in riecessary recreation is not nor does a wise and gracious times applied to things capable of much idle time worse epithets (compare Rom. i. 28 ; Eph. God expect from men the life of angels. v. 4, 11 ; Tit. iii. 9 ; and Heb. xiii. 17,) The Jews about Kimchi's time had a yet I cannot think that our Lord here uses proverb among them, That a scholar maybe
,-
Afiyov,
We
idle, merely to signify mischievous, are certainly accountable for usetess as
well as vjicied discourses, and they will be taken into that last survey which is to determine our character and state which they, whose life is one continued scene of or sneering raillery, would do well serivihim ously to consider. And it was to our Lord's purpose to observe it here, as it inferred, by the strongest consequence, the danger such vile and criminal discourses as those of the Pharisees in this case. But
;
improved even by the idle luords of his mas~ but I think Heinsius had no reason to ter value himself so much as he seems to do on his attempt to explain these words of Clirist as an allusion to that. If any, on the whole, are dissatisfied with die account of things here given, I would beg leave to ask them, whether unprofitable talk be not a sinful wasting of time f and whether that must not render a man in some degree criminal before God
,-
'
344
The woman's exclamation upon hearing
Christ.
who have used that noble only to vain or to wicked purposes. For let every particular hearer ap37 For by thy at shalt be ^ ply it to himself it is not by thine actions words thou l '* r 7 alone, but in some degree by thy words, shalt at last be justified, or by thy words thou condemned. shalt be then condemned ; c as by the tenor of these the disposition of thy heart is shewn, and thy true character discovered. Luke XI. 27. And while he was speaking these things,*1 a Luke pass, xi. 27 certain pious woman was so transported with And it came to r , , 1 as he spake these ^ c a mixture 01 pleasure at hearing his words, tjd njr S} a certain and indignation at the unworthy treatment he woman of the commet with from his adversaries, that she could P an y ljft U P her voice, and said unto r ,7 f/\j not forbear lifting up her voice, and crying out B i e ssed is the from amidst the croxvdf she said unto him, O WO mb that bare thou Divine Teacher, Happy is the womb of thee, and the paps hast thou her that bare thee, and thrice happy the breasts ^d which thou didst suck ! With what unspeakable delight must thy blessed mother look on so illustrious a Son But he modestly and seriously replied, Nay, 28 But he said, og rather happy are they who hear the word of God ^^^toZtteSi " which I preach, and keep it in their hearts as a e WO rd f God, vital principle of holy obedience ; for they and keep it. will be entitled to eternal blessings, infinitely more valuable than any natural relation to me could give, or any opportunities of the most intimate converse with me, separate from such a practical regard to my instructions.
sect, and wo be to them LXI1 faculty of speech
-
o*
thou^^^
J^
'
IMPROVEMENT.
Luke
xi.
27
heart does not echo back the exclamation of this pious Yet who does not too frequently forget that weighty and important answer which succeeded it ? Let us not only
Whose
P
woman
by thy words thou shalt be condemnSince both the clauses in this verse cannot belong to the same person, it is plain that x.*i here, as the Hebrew particle Ve in many places, is put for the alternative and agreeably to this we find that Or instead of ic<t/, the particle is here inserted in many ancient copies. While he was speak'mg these things."] Luke brings in this story at the end of the parable of the relapsing demoniac, which was delivered just at the conclusion of the
c
Or
ed.~]
<*
And though it discourse before related. is uncertain at what exact time this exclamation was made, yet what was now said or, if it might be a proper occasion for it be a little transposed, the reader will excuse it, as it serves for a. Jit appendix to this short section, and likewise prevents the more unequal length of thefollowing. e From amidst the crowd] So ix. vx c%\x
;
plainly signifies
and it may thus, I think, be very properly connected with the words
;
which follow
it
in
the original.
Reflections on the account
we must give of our
-words.
word of Christ ; and we shall thus he happy sect. nearer union with him than ever could arise from any natural LXI1 relation to him, and shall ere long have opportunities of more noble and more delightful converse with him than those with
hear, but keep the
in a
-
which the virgin Mary herself was honoured during the time of abode on earth. Let us especially attend to those instructions we have here received, and judge of ourselves by our fruits ; never flattering ourselves that our hearts are: good, if our lives are abominable and disobedient, arid to every good xvork reprobate ; (Tit. i. 16.) And
his
Mat.
xii -33
in particular let us remember that not our actions only, but the fruits of our lips, are to be brought into the solemn account which 36 we must give to the great Judge of all the earth ; and that the
day is coming when all our idle and unprofitable talk, which has proceededyrom the evil treasure of a depraved heart, will undergo 37 a strict examination, and we must answer not for our actions onlv, but shall be justified or condemned by our words. And, if foolish and wicked speeches are to be accounted for in the day of
judgment, let us set a watch on the door of our lips to prevent and labour daily to use our tongue so that it may them indeed be, as it is in scripture called, our glory. (Psal. xvi. 9 xxx. 12.) For that purpose let it be our great care to lay up a good treas- 35 lire of Christian knowledge and experience in our hearts ; that while too many are poisoning those that are round about them with erroneous principles and vicious discourses, the opening of our lips may be of righteous things ; and we mav still be ready, upon all proper occasions, with freedom, variety, and spirit, to
;
hearts
bring forth good and profitable things from the good treasure ofour ; which may be edifying unto those that hear us, and may
Lord himself hearken and exactly record it in the book of remembrance that is written before him ; and, producing it at last to our public honour, will own us for his in the day zuhen lie makes up his jewels. (Mai. iii. 16, 17.)
go from one heart
to another. will the
So
with pleasure unto what
we
speak,
SECT.
Our Lord upbraids
a farther sign
niac.
;
LXIII.
the Pharisees witli their perverseness in asking and delivers the parable of the relapsing demo-
Mat. XII. 38
-
45.
Luke XII. 16,24
26, 29
32.
rT",
Mat. XII. 38. HENccH:imof
Mat.
XII. 38.
SEC
r-
the cribes,and ~* o. the Phansees an-
CjHEN some of the scribes and Pharisees who

were present, hearing how plainly Christ admonished and hew severely he rebuked them, answered him, by diverting the discourse to
lx '"'
^~
346
The Pharisees desire a sign from heaven.

;
[d72<r/] with a view to try him, demanded of him a sign from heaven, saying, ~~ Master, thou professest thyself a teacher of -j . Mat. ,. iL extraordinary authority, and we may justly xii.38
sect, another topic

lxui.
swered, [tempting and s ught ot

^\
i!'
m
m
'
expect some proportionable proof of it now these supposed dispossessions which we have lately seen or heard of, are so liable to fraud and collusion, that xve cannot fully acquiesce in them but would gladly see a more remarkable and convincing sign from thee, and particularly some such celestial appearance 1 as several of our ancient prophets gave. But when the multitude was gathered in a 39 crowd about him, eager to hear what Jesus would reply to this demand, and ready to conelude that he would now perform some wondrous and peculiar kind of miracle, he answered and said to them, This is an evil and adulterous 7 . , K generation, a very perverse and degenerate people, \that\ amidst such convincing miracles as I am daily performing in the most public manner, still seeks after a farther sisrn : but no s -i_ l ij such sign as their bold curiosity prescribes shall be given them, unless [it be~\ that one yet greater miracle, which I may not improperly call the sign of the prophet Jonah, because it bears so great a resemblance to that miraculous occurrence that will be seen hereafter with respect Luke to me. For as Jonah was a sign to the NineXl 30 vites, A and was miraculously sent among them
: ; i
i
*\^ neaven.j saying, Master, we would see a si?11 from 1 L IjUK p

*
,
^^
^'
39 But [when the people were gather

e f ^êrfdfTnd
-
sa 1(i to them, '[This is] an evil and adul-
V -, 1 [whichi] seeketh ater a ^1,, an ^ there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign
r
.
ero
enera tl0"'
,n
?t LuKE
L
^"yi oqi"^ aL 2y.j
as j onas
wa8 a 'sign
unto the Ninevites,
Some such celestial appearance.] The words of Luke expressly fix it to this
a
b Adulterous generatiofi.'}
signifies a spurious race,
This plainly degenerated from

;
sense; and Matthew, in another story of the piety of their a?icestors. Compare Isa. Psal. cxliv. 7, 8 and John viik this kind (Mat. xvi. 1. sect, lxxxvii,) ex- lvii. 3, 4 pressly tells us they demanded a sign from 39, seq. c It Unless it be the sign of the prophet Joheaven. (Compai'e also Markviii. 11.) As the resurrection of Christ was is not therefore to he understood of a sign nah.~\ only of deliverance from the Roman yoke, or attended with the appearance of a descendof the erection of the Messiah's temporal ing angel, it was with greater exactness kingdom, as some have supposed, but than is generally observed, the very thing rather of some miracle performed in the that these Pharisees demanded, a sign visible heavens, where, they seem to have from heaven. d For as Jonah ivas a sign, &c The atthought, impostors had less power than oh ] (Compare John vi. 30.) And they tentive reader may easily observe that earth. might probably conclude they had the bet- some passages of the eleventh chapter of St. But I rer excuse from making such a proposal, Luke are transposed in this section. (Exod. ix. 22 24;) Joshua will not insist on the necessity of doing it, ;is Moses Samuel (1 Sam. vii. 9, 10 ;) since it is very possible the same words (Josh. x. 12 but there is so and Elijah (1 Kings xviii. 36 38; and 2 might be repeated again Kings i. 10 ;) had given such signs. (Com- very small a variation, and the discourse is and xxxviii. 8.) parelsa.vii.il See so long, that I chose to unite all the three evangelists, as far as might be, into one comVUring. Qbserv. sacr. lib. ii. cap. 16,
The Ninevites will condemn

.10
the Jezu.r.
347
sect,
WlVl
j-
of
shall also the Son man be to this

ion.
genera
by means of an unparalleled deliverance from so also shall the Son t ie nios t imnainent danger of man, by a yet more surprising Divine interpoj
;
u
_
sition in his favour, be
made
Mat.
XII.
40.
sign
to
this generation.
For as Jonas was three days r three days and three

;
and three nights in the belly of the xii-40 }i swallowed him e and J t after _ % <5 / nights in the whale's wards came out alive and unhurt so shall the so shall the belly Son of man be three Son of man, after he has been slain by the infithree and days ddity and cruelty of those to whom he comes, ^ e P art * tliree days and three ?iights ( in the oi'the earth. heart of the earth, and on the third day shall, with the ministry of an angel in a visible form descending from heaven, burst the bands of death, and come forth from the tomb living 41 The men of and triumphant. And, by a natural conse- 41 Nmeveh shall rise m quence t /lc men f Nineveh shall rise up in the r judgment with this ? ,. generation, andfehall " nal judgment with this generation,^ and, by the condemn it; because circumstances of their case when viewed tothey repented at the e ther, shall plead against it, and condemn it, as preac nngo jon s, g far more inexcusable than they for they repented'in the very dust at the preaching of Jonah, though he made them but a transient visit, and wrought no miracle in their presence to
'
; ,
.
a very illustrious x j 3 q For as jfonah xvas Mat
pound
text.
The reader who chooses

-
follow Luke's order exactly will find a memorandum (Vol.11, sect. ex. note 1 ) of the place where this paragraph comes in according to that and I must, on the whole, leave it among some other passages in the evangelists, where it is neither possible nor important to determine the exact series. * In the belly of the great fish."] It is no where said in the Old Testament that Jonah
;
was swallowed by a whale
and
it is
done after three ov seven days, Sec. if it was done on the third or seventh day from that last mentioned. (Compare 1 Kings xx. 29; 2 Cliron. x. 5, 12 and Luke ii. 21.) And as the Hebrews had no word exactly answering to the Greek w^dxyiôv to signify a natural day of twenty four hours, they use night and day, or day and night, for it. So that to say a thing happened after threv days and three nights, was the same as to the say it happened after three days, or on the
to
;
less probable, as whales are seldom found in the Mediten anean, and as the gullet of a
third day.
(Compare Esth.
vii.
1; Gen.
whale is said to be so small as not to be xxxiv. 28.) capable of receiving even the head of a man. Vindicated, p. 8. It is therefore much more probable it was s Rise up in judgment with this generation.^ a shark, or some other great fish, which, it Some think there is a reference in this exis said, the Lord had prepared to swallow up pression to the custom of witnesses ruing Jonah: (Jonah i. 17.) And the word xjitcc up to give their testimony but it was not in Cre.t, (as well as Tanim in Hebrew,) properly on the testimony of the Ninevites may signify any large fish, as some of the that these sinners would be condemned. Greek lexicographers have observed. The plain meaning is, that the remenif Part of three days and three nights."] It brance of their case would be considered i*s of great importance to observe (as many as illustrating the guilt of those that rejectgood writers have done) that the easterns eJ Christ so that here those are said to reckoned any part of a day of twenty four condemn others who furnish out matter for hours for a whole day ; and say a thing was thqir condemnation.
;
,-
12; Exod. xxiv. 18 and See the Miracles of Jesui; 6

;
iv.
16,
with
v.
348
The parable of the relapsing demoniac.

one
sect, confirm his mission ; and, behold, Ixm. greafer than Jonah is here, and ~~
much
reject
and behold, a greatr

tlian
-f"
*-
him, though he has been so long among you, ^j 41 and has performed a great variety of most surprising miracles before you. And much more may it be concluded that 42 the queen of Sheba, in the south country, shall rise up in judgment with this generation, and, y the signal instance that she gave or her great desire to improve in knowledge, shall plead against the obstinacy and perverseness ,, i f.. or this wicked age, and condemn it ; since, great as her rank and her affairs in life were, she ca?ne from the extreme boundaries of the earth, even -v r r a u from the remotest parts or Ix. Arabian coast, the to hear the wisdom of Solomon, that she might imnrove by his learned conversation (see 1 Kings x. 1. &? seq. ) and, behold, however contemptible he may appear in your eyes, one much greater than Solomon, both in dignity and wisdom, is here before you, and is daily con-
you
J onas
UKE
32
bl
42 The queen of the south shall rise u n J ud ment ? !

WlLll
^t
and
it
-.
l*
11115
eclTCril -
tion,
shall con-
demn
for
th(
;
she
1"
-,
. .
V termost parts of the eaT th near tiiC
came from
wisdom of Solomon
and behold, a greater than Solomon is
j
..
lere
["Luke XI
31.]
4,3
among you.' Take heed therefore how you behave to me, iest all your inquiries after the kingdom of
versant
1 ,
heaven, and all your converse with me, serve ' J ' walketh through dry _, only to aggravate your guilt and ruin. .For, places, seeking rest, if speedy repentance does not prevent it, I
,
43 When the tinclean spirit is gone out *. a ma "' he ,
foresee that (to borrow a simile from the late subject of our discourse) your case will be like that of a demoniac, who, after a little for respite, falls into a more violent relapse as it sometimes happens that an unclean spirit, when he has gone out of a man, goes about, in a roaming disconted manner, through dry deserts and wild uncultivated places,* seeking some rest
:
stand in him. The attentive reader will observe many more instances of the same kind, and see from hence how little ground there is for what some have supposed, that Lvike's account is so exact that all the gospels should be regulated by his order. See note 8 on Luke i. 3. p. 22. Through dry deserts and wild uncultihis saying lie was greater than Solomon, Here is a plain reference that most illustrious of all the royal de- vated places.'] scendants of David, was as plain an inti- to the common notion that evil demons had Here is their haunts in deserts and desolate places, tnation as could well be given. another undoubted instance in which Luke (Compare Isa. xiii. 21, and Rev. xviii. 2.) has plainly inverted the order of our Lord's Some may think that a desire of doing
:
One greater than Solomon is here..] Our Lord speaks of himself in such sublime language with the utmost reason, and with perfect modesty and decorum. The humble form of his appea: .mce, and his necessary reserve in declaring himself the Messiah in so many words, made it yet more expedient that by such phrases as these he should sometimes intimate it and indeed
'
words;
for the
connection cannot be
si
cured without transposing
the verses as the\
The
and findeth
last state
of a hardened sinner
is
worse than the

;
first.
349
none
[Luke XI. 24
I
to his
own malignant nature

:
and, through the sect.
.]
invisible
restraint of Divine
providence, he
^ XI "-
44 Thenhosaith, findeth none

return into house, from whence I came out: and when he is come, he findeth it eniptv, swept, and garnished. [I. uke XI. 24, 25.
will
mv
Then he saith, I will return to Mat dxvellinv, from whence I came out; and 4A " xu.4* resolves to make another attack on the person he had lately quitted and it may be, ivhen he
.
6W
.
45 Then
goeth
he, and taketh with himself seven other

spirits,
more wicked
than they
(we
himself, and enter in and there sand
the last state 01 that man is worse than the first. Even so so that the last condition of that is shall it be also .m,o worsc than the ' ormerm Thus also will it be to this wicked genera- j7 . , , , tflts 7V ? c e d generation ; l instead 01 growing tion. TLuke
comes to him, he finds, as it were, an habitation ."' .. , f emP tl * an >' better guest, and even sivept and J adorned to receive him k that is, he finds the miserable sinner unaffected with his late affliction and deliverance, and still a slave to those vices which render him an agreeable dwelling .1 1 .. c c \ , r for Sutan And thenS i_ V the J ust judgment ot 45 ^ (iod on such an incorrigible wretch, hegoes, and associates with himself seven other spirits which are J t niore xvicked and mischievous than him,r se {J-< and, entering in, they dwell together there;
.
..
77//
f
man
..
much
XI.
26.]
better they will
grow seven times worse than
mischief might rather have prompted the evil spirit, of whom our Lord speaks, to have continued in some citv, or other place of public resort : but as he may be suppos-
ed
in this
parable to apprehend
adorned, the demon could not enter in with' out a confederacy of seven yet more potent than he But this is quite wide from the meaning of our Lord, who hereby strongly that, after suggests that indulging siiful habits is like
being driven out, he should for a while be under some extraordinary restraint, it seems to me a very natural and beautiful circumstance thus to represent this malignant being as impatient of the sight of mankind, and rather choosing to seek hit rest in the prospect of a sandy desert, than in the view of any more agreeable scene which might renew his anguish, by presenting to him the memorials of divine goodness to the human race. Another explication has been given to this passage, and Dr. Whitby and some others interpret it of lie devils beingcast out of Judea, yet finding no rest in the deserts of heathenUm, because there also the apostles cast them out, which drove them to return again to the Jews, and to make themiuorê than before 1 but, though it is possible that eur Lo/d's comprehensive mind might have some view to this, his hearers could not understand it thus and perhaps, after all, the circumstances might be merely parabolical and ornamental. k F.mptv, raept, ani adorned to receive Mr. Jurieu draws a strange arguhim.] ment from hence in favour of purity (one would think he meant of cleanliness, ) tiiat finding his former habitation tvtept and
t
;
sweeping and furnishing the house, to invite the abode of Satan there in the same manner as purity, devotion, and love, are else;
as consecrating the soul for a temple to the Holy Ghost. (See ICor. iii. 16, 17; vi. 19, 20 ; Eph. ii. 21, 22 and 1 Pet. ii. 1 I know some judicious 5.)
where represented
writers have glossed more minutely on these words, as if the meaning were, "empty of true grace, swept from gross sin, and gamislied or adorned with seeming virtues and selfrighteousness." But, with all due submission, especially to one very great name by which this interpretation is patronized, I think that in this connection it enervates rather than illustrates the sense and spirit of this fine passage. Nor should I be forward to say that a reformation of life, without a thorough change of heart, though utterly unavailing as to his future state, brings a man more under the power of Satan than he was before, or makes him worthy of the punishment of being given over to seven demons instead of one. Thus also will it be to this wicked generation.'] They who have read the sad account Josephus gives of the temper and conduct of the Jews after the ascension of Christ
'
VoL
I.
2u
350
Reflections on the danger of abusing" the light
we
enjoy,
sect, before, as both the natural

lxin.
and the judicial con;
M
xii.
sequence of their rejecting the methods of Divine Grace for their recovery till, as if 45 tne y were possessed by a multitude of devils, they are madly hurried on to their irrecoverable ruin in this world and the next.
IMPROVEMENT.
Mat.
xii.
the revelation of the gospel is so clearly dreadful things should come upon us, and " 45 the abuse of our advantages should render us an easy prey to Satan^ and a fit habitation for the powers of darkness. Let those
us, to
Let
whom
made, fear
lest these
particularly fear it, who, having been brought to some serious impressions and some external reformation, are tempted to relapse into former vices, which would render their latter end far God has permitted worse than their beginning ; (2 Pet. ii. 20.) some such awful instances to occur ; and unhappy wretches, perhaps some of them the children of religious parents too, who were once not far from the kingdom of God, have so abandoned every principle of religion, and every sentiment of wisdom and vircue, that it seems as if seven devils had possessed them, and were driving them headlong to destruction. May we, instead of demanding farther evidence of Christianity 3g than the wisdom of God has seen fit to give us, make it our care to hear and obey, and diligently improve the light we have received May we be brought to a sincere and lasting repentance 41 by the preaching of Christ and his apostles, lest the Ninevites rise up in judgment against us, and condemn us ! May we own the 42 SLl P er i r wisdom of this Divine Teacher, this better Solomon ; and say, as the queen of Sheba to the "Jewish prince (1 Kings x. 8,) Happy are these thy servants, who stand continually before thee, and hear thy wisdom ! for thou speakest as never man spake (John vii. 46 ;) and in thee all the treasures of -wisdom and knowledge But. oh, how many are curious to know are hid. (Col. ii. 3.) what little concerns them, and are fond of improving their own wit, and trving that of others, by hard questions, while the far more obvious and important points of wisdom are neglected as as if every thing were more necessarv beneath their regard than being wise to salvation ! need not travel to distant climates to learn this heavenly philosophy; no, it is nigh us, even
!
We
and just before their final destruction by the Romans, must acknowledge that no emblem could have been more proper to Their characters were describe them.
the vilest that can be conceived, and thej pressed on to their own ruin as if they had been possessed by legions of devils, and wrought up to the rastdeg-rees of madness.
Whore
in our
there
is light it
must not be concealed,
35 i
mouth
and we
it
Inexcusable, if
are, on that account, so much the more be not also in our heart. (Rom. x. 8.)
SECT.
Our Lord declares
LXIV.
his resolution of persisting in his work, i/rges
the admission of the light he xvas dispersing, and declares his obedient disciples dearer to him than the nearest relations could
otherwise be. 46, to the end.

t.cke XI.
I
Luke XI. 33
36.
VIII. 19
21.
Mat. XII.
Mark
53.
Luke
XI. 33.
VTOmanwhenhe r* hath lighted a

candle, pututh it in :i secret place, mither under a bushel; buton a candlestick, that thev winch
come
light.
in
may sec
the
blessed Lord, in the conclusion of sect 3 this exce n ent discourse, which was lv. ' _, occasioned by the perverseness or the Pharisees, who had been impiously reflecting on his > miracles, and asking for a farther sign, assured ' .i . j., * 1 them tnat ne was not u thus to u diverted r De from
/^\UR
\J
"
his work, but, notwithstanding

sition to
it,
all
their oppo-
yet would he still go on to bear his testimony to the truth and to engage them to a free admission and improvement of the light which was then shining round them, he addressed the following exhortation to them
;
:
You have indeed endeavoured
to oppose
me
with the greatest obstinacy and perverseness, nevertheless you shall not silence me for no man having lighted a lamp, puts it in a by place, or wider a bushel, to conceal its rays but rather
;
sets
it
on a stand, that they
who come
it
in to the
:
house may
see the lustre that
gives
and
thus, according to the charge that I gave formerly to my disciples (Mat. v. 16, sect, xxxvii.)
I too will take all opportunities of publishing the important message that I bring, and making my light to shine before men ; and do you see that what I offer to you be received as it ought, and guard against those prejudices The light of which would lead you to exclude it. For the 34 body is the e e ;^ as \ t were the lamp , of the whole body : h y
ihc
In the conclusion of this excellent disr Luke has inserted here the fob lowing passages, which are delivered in
ourfte.]
voids parallel to Mat. v. 15, and vi. 22, 23. (See the /SorqÂraw and jiate* there, p. 213, Yet thev appear in this connection 237.) to have a different sense, which I l|ve ex> pressed at large.
finest ancient writers than by an obvious figure to call the eyes the tights of the body, as our
The eye is the lamp of the whole Nothing is more common with the
*>
body.'}
Lord here has done. I render xio-v*, lamp, because it had been so translated in
the verse before,
and
it.
did
not.
seem
necessary to change
352
The great advantage of a well informed judgment.
LWV any
-
sect, if thine eye therefore be clear, c
vicious
humour
that
sight, thy whole bodtt also will be enlightened ; , 7-rr,,-17 7 , 1 34 bui U {thine eye] be distempered, thy whole body Xi. also will be proportionablv darkened, and no
7"-
and free from would obstruct the

, , ,
eye: therefore when t,mie e . ve 1S single,
Luke
H ^"f^S?
is "ill
a ,s
is
is
of light; , ? but
thine
when
evil,
e.e
other part can supply the defect and so it is with respect to the judgment, which is to the See to it 35 mind what the eye is to the body.
:
thy body also ful1 of darkuess

-
35
Ta ke
heed
which is as the light in thee, be itself darkness ; which it will be if those perverse maxims be adhered to on which you now go, in rejecting my miracles, and the doctrine confirmed by them. (Compare Mat. vi. 22,
therefore,
lest
that
^^
therefore, that the Vl S ht w,,ich is in
"^
^^
23, sect, xli.)
36
It may indeed cost you some pains to reform 36 If thy whole your judgment, but the pleasure and advantage Dod y therefore be t, w will be an abundant equivalent for all the labour ful1 of J *j?* , ^ no part dark, the _, that you take in doing it. for though the case w hole shall be full that I but just now mentioned is so sad, vet, of light, as when the on the other hand, if tin/ whole bodu, d in con- bri ^* sl V ni "g f'f a candle doth give i c 11 sequence ot a clear eye, and thy whole mind, t lee u~ nt# * by means of a rectified judgment, be enlightened, having no part remaining dark through distemper or prejudice, (being [thus] all en,
.
the benefit of it will be such that when a lamp light thee bi/ its sprightly lustre^ and thou goest on with secuit
lightened,* )
will be as
c ' Bei>g thus all enlightened.] By allowing If thine eye therefore be clear."] See note b these words, 7v.vv ohar, to be thus inon Mat. vi. 22, p. 237a For if thy whole body ; it av re <to>/j.ol <tk eluded in a parenthesis, we prevent the oxov.] This is an unusual rendering of the absurdity of supposing, as our translation particle v, but it appearedtomenecessary; would lead one to imagine, that our Lord for this verse is not introduced i.s an inline- says, If thy whole bod,' be full of light, the diate consequence from the foregoing, but tuhole shall be full of light. Else the clause botli of them are collateral inferences from should be so rendered as to shew that the ver. 34, as the intelligent reader will easily following words make a part of what our observe. And if it be admitted that }-*;>, Lord asserts of the enlightened body it for, as well as av, therefore, is sometimes shall be all as full of light as -when a used with such a latitude as that ihe former lamp, &c. f may be understood to introduce a reason By its sprightly lustre.] This seems to fur, and the latter to introduce a consequence be the force of the word r/)*5rj, which from, something not immediately preced- signifies a very strong and virid flame, and ing as also that they are sometimes used is indeed most commonly applied to that promiscuously; it will, I think, clear the of lightning, being here only used in the connection in some places, where it will Neto Testament for any other fiame. (See otherwise give us a great deal of perplexity, Mat. xxiv. 27; xxviii. 3 Luke x 18; and, I fear, after all our fine spun reason- xvii. 24; and Rev. iv. 5; viii. 5; xi 19; (See xvi. 18.) It may perhaps bean oblique ngs, but very little satisfaction. Luke xx. 37, 38 Rom. i. 16, Lf seq. and hint of the celestial original and vigorous Heb. ii. 9, isf seq. Greek ; and many other active influence of that lustre which Christ places.) Compare0te'onMat.xii.8,p.283. diffused to illuminate and guide the minds
Christ's mother
rity
and brethren
seek to
come at him.
353
and pleasure in those paths which would sect. i.xxv. otherwise he full of uncertainty and danger. And as he ivas i/et speaking thesv \\vv\y and Mat. XII. 46. While he >vt talked important things to the people ,s Mho in vast ^' x 4g fo the people, hegathered about him, behold,' muUitutles were . hold, [there came ,. , , then] [Likc, unto there came unto him, just then, his mother, and him] his motb.er.and his brethren, or near kinsmen who standing his brethren, [and jf noU f and apprehending the danger to which blandnu* without, iri i c ie exposed himself by such iree remonstrances then sent unto him, railing him, w/]dc- and admonitions as these, sent to him, to call siring to speak with n j m away from so dangerous a situation [and] lTkl Vljn 19 V ôrtriis enu*, desired earnestly to speak with him, A nd, as Mark Mark III 32. as about some affairs of importance. And the multitude the multitude sat round about him, there was no Ul 32 sat about him, [and ro0 for his relations to get near him ; and, they could not come notwithstanding uU lhat th e V could Urge of a at mm for. toe press. ,,. J [Like VIII. 19.] peculiar interest in him, the people were so Mat XII 47 eager in attending to him, that none of them Then one said unto were willing to give place, and they could not him,Behold,thymo- come at him on account of the crowd. Therefore Mat. rher and thy brethf th j f Behold, thy xii.47 y ren [without seek for thee, and'] stand mother and thy brethren stand without at some desiring [Luke, to distance, inquiring for thee, [and] earnestly desee, and] to speak s j r } l} g- to see [and] speak with thee : what there32. in. Luke ôre must be done ? Wilt thou go out to them, or give orders to the people to make way for VIII. 20.] 48 But he answer- them to come hither to thee ? But he, to en- 48 ed and said unto .1 i .u ., pourage those that were truly serious in their him that told him, attendance on his preaching, answered and said Who is my mother? And who are my to him that told him, Who do you think is my MAnK mother? And who are those whom you imagine 1IL3XV ^ h And looking round 49 49 And he [look- ^ consider as my brethren ? ed round about on on them that xvere sitting about him to hear his them which sat worcj an d stretching out his hand with an affecahout him, and] .. i j n regard, especially toxvards .l those that stretched forth his tionate hand towards his were his constant followers and professed
,
w
, '
'
&c] Mat- his affection to his obedient disciples in R bo express ia connecting this story peculiarly endearing manner; which could with the preceding-discourses (not to insist not but be a great comfort to them, and m Mark's following- the same order too) would be to Susannah, Joanna, Mary Magthat it is absolutely necessary to transpose dalene, and the other pious women who sat I. uke viii. 19, 1st sea. unless we suppose near him (Luke viii. 2, 3, p. 334, 335,) a hat it happened twice, and that perhaps rich equivalent for all the fatigue and exon the. same day ; for Matthew assures us pense which their zeal for their kcavcnlf that the parable of the soiver (to which Master occasioned. And as this seems to Luke also joins it) was delivered this day, have been towards the beginning of their xiii. 1 3. Mat. progress it is observable that our Lord aph Who is my mother ? &c] To suppose pears to have been peculiarly concerned that our Lord here intends to put any slight for their encouragement. Sec Luke xi.
i
-hid as he luas yet speaking,

is
ihew
',
on
hit
only took the
mother would be very absurd he 27, 28, opportunity of expressing

:
p.
324v
354-
Reflections on the use
we
should make of the light
we
enjoy.
What kindred or relations disciples, and said, are nearer to me or more esteemed Behold my mother than these Behold, my mother and my breth' , ' MARK *" J*Mac. n ,,, / --, , ren here * r or these that hear the ivord of God, L 50 For [Luke, xii. 50 and practise it, are considered and acknowl- my mother and my
ixiv.
sect, disciples, he said,
h ave
i
j t h at
^mîuÎT
.
edged by me as mil mother and mu brethren : bre tI "'f n ar thes 5 which hear the word j T nor do I thus regard these only that are now f God and do it; before me, but I declare the same too of all and'] whosoever
<;
-
'
aU do thewffl-of others of their character; [for] whosoever ,, shall do the will of God, my heavenly Father,^ even this very person, of whatever place and the same is my family and station he be, is regarded by me as Mother and [my]
uYnZ^t
and m0tIl er
for fg*'J mother :* o . ARK 111. OJ. L this pious disposition will render such dearer Luke VIII. 21.} to me than any of the bands of natural relation, if separate from real holiness, could possibly do,
!_**
my
brother, or
l*
*'
my
sister,
'it
or
1*
IMPROVEMENT.
So may it be our care to do the xvill of God, that we may be thus dear to our Redeemer, who ought by so many tender bonds to be dear to us ; and who, by such gracious and indulgent declarations as these which we have now been reading, is drawing us as with the cords of a man, and with the bands of love! Luke Still does the light of his Divine instructions 6hine with the **' brightest lustre, and diffuse itself around us Let us open the eyes of our mind with singleness and simplicity to receive it and make it our care to act according to it. Then shall we know, if wefollow on to know the Lord (Hos. vi. 3.) and thus with cheer36 fulness shall we reap the fruit of a well informed mind and a well regulated life ! May we be delivered from all those false maxims which would 35 darken our hearts amidst all this meridian lustre, and turn our boasted light into darkness ! Would to God there were not renewed instances of this kind continually occurring among us ; and that we did not daily meet with persons whose pretended wisdom teaches them to forget or despise the gospel, and so serves only to amuse their eyes, while it leads their feet to the chambers of death !
Mat.
*"
'
should he found to do his mill would be preferred in his esteem before them, and be considered as united to him in a relation that should never be dissolved. This is one of those many places in which x.*/ (and,) is put for ('or ; ) for to be sure our Lord cou\d not speakof the same person Sec the. nearness o their relation unto Christ as his brother, and sister, and mother. qccording to the flesh would be no manner ?wte c on Mat. xii. 37, p. 34-1. -of advantage to them but those that
'
This very person is my brother, or my This possibly might be mother.] intended as an awful intimation to some ufhis near relatives, to take heed how they indulged that unbelief which so long after prevailed in their minds : (compare John For in this case vii. 3 5, sect, xcviii.)
sister, or
Khrist preaches to the multitude out of a ship.
3S5
SECT.
Christ,
LXV,
teaching by the seaside; delivers the parable of the sower,
and assigns the reason of his speaking- to the multitude in parables. Mat.XIII. 117. Mark IV. 112. Luke VIIL 410.
Mat.
xiii.
l. <la . v
Mat.
f\
XIII.
1.
TH HE
of
same
N that day* Jesus, going out of the house, into
sect.
which, at the importunity of his friends, he lxv. sat by the seaside, had retired for a while, sat down by the side of' [and began again to the sea of Galilee, and began again to teach there. \^f\ u-acb.] [Mark 1\ SJ(C f ^ reat mu ltittides of people were again 2 2 And great mul- gathered together about him, and came in crowds titndes[LuKE,mucli from almost every city round about to hear hi?n, people] were gathert j iat t hev began to press upon him, as they had aud were come to ( l ne before in the former part of the day (see him out of every ci- Luke viii. 19, p. 344,) so that, entering into a u-,] so that he went sh\p ror the conveniencv of being better heard, h a d and less incommoded by them, he sat down oh [in u.e 'sea and
thThouSTand
^j
'
,]
the whole multitude the vessel stood [by the sea] the shore on the' shore. [Mark
'
4 _]
'
in the sea, at a little distance from and the xvhole multitude stood by the sm upon tne shore, shewing the utmost eagerness to hear whatever he should say.
;
And, to make his instructions the more agree- Mark Mark IV. 2. And he[LuKE,spakebya able to them, and the more deeply to impress iv. 2 them on the minds of honest and attentive hearers, he spake to them by a parable^ concerning a
and compare Luke 14; and xx. 1.) to the day on which the preceding occur- Matthew might know the fact we have rences happened. I sw,jixesthem to it,-for now before us more circumstantially than though the phrases, iv y.m ra>v x/uipw, on a Luke, though the latter's account be certain day , and iv iKe/va/c af/.i^mic, in those exactly true so far as it goes a reflection days, be very ambiguous in their signifioa- which we have frequent occasion to make lion (see Mat. iii. 1, and note*, p. 96,) I can- with respect to all the evangelists. h A parable.] not apprehend any thing more determinate The word, according to
On
that day."]
evangelist
Matthew who expressly J?.vm
is
the
only
v. 17,
viii.
these parables
and 22;
note
p. 256,
vi. 6,
12;
xi.
than this of n t
tif/.t^x
The way
in
which Luke introduces
tuny*, on that dav. this
its Greet etymology,pvopcv\y signifies a com,parison or simile: in which sense it is used
discourse, as if it was delivered at the beginning of the progress Jesus made, before the passages that we have mentioned in the preceding sections (sect. lxi. if sec/. J is not enough to fix the time when this (liscourse was made and we have already
here and in most other places ; though sometimes it appears to be particularly used for an instructive apologue or fable.
(Compare Ezck.
xvii. 2,
ISf
seq.J
And,
as
shewn, in several instances, that it is nounUsual thing with Luke to neglect the order oftime, and sometimes only to relate a fact as happening on a certain day. (Sec Luke
these often were expressed in poetical language (see Judg. ix. 7 15,) the word parable sometimes signifies a sublime discourse, elevated beyond the common forme of speech, though no simile be used. (Numb, xxiii. 7 xxiv. 15 Job xxvii. I
356
sect, sower,
He delivers
-
the parable
of the server.
pat-able, and]
LXV
~and
iv.
which shall be now related; [and] taught them also mam/ other things in parables ; beginning with that of the sower, in the 2 c urseoi his teaching this day, he said unto them: Hearken with peculiar attention to what I am 3 now going to say that you may thus be taught to hear my other discourses with improvement, and may not through negligence, inconstancy, or carnality of mind, lose the benefit of mv re* r> peated instructions. Behold, at the spring of the year, d a sower went forth to sow the u -.i j , ground with his seed. And, as the ground laj-near a beaten path, it 4 happened that, while he was sowing-, some of the
"
taught
theih
many things by
SS&lShdS!
trine [Mat. XIII. 3LukeVIII. 4.]
;
j^gSj&tSS
a
sower
his
to
1 *-
sow
*
[Luke,
t
seed:]
MAT
,
..
Luke
VIII.
,
.
^J
J
5.1
4 And
it
came
\r.
pass> as he sowed>
some
si(le >
fell
by the wayit
[Luke, and
seed was scattered, and/e/% and, lying there uncovered, it was either trodden un- a ir came anddevourderfoot by passengers, or picked up by the birds ed it up, [Mat. LuKE of the air. who presently' came and devoured {*}}} 4
'
*tWM*,
Z5Em3&
v III.
" 5
>
'
3.
And some
stony
;
fell
of \tfell on stony soil, upon a rock that lay but just beneath the surface of the * j ,i .-~.,,i * / giouncl, -where it had not much earth to cover it ; and immediately it sprang up, and appeared green, because it had no depth of earth to make
i
'
.
And some
on
C
,
L UK E
ground, u P. n a
]
rock,] where it had not mucn eart t
and immediately it sprang up, because

:
But its verdure was very ^Jtf^TJ^^j earth [Mat. XIII. when the sun shone hot upon it, 5. ijUKE vill. 6.] it was presently scorched by the warmth of its 6But when the sun beams and withered anvay, almost as soon as w llsll P was scorch: J . ed, and [Luke, as r it was sprung up, because it had no room for soonas t was sprung
v" shortlived
i
its v
way through
;
lor
'
l1;
taking root in such a shallow bed of earth, up,] because it had [and] wanted sufficient moisture to nourish it. no ro l [Luke, and And some more of the seed being thrown near ^ withered'* away. 7
thehedge,yt //rt;?zo72o-thebriarsand^<?r?z.ythere; it began to shoot out of the ground, the thorns sprang up with it, and grew so much r taster, as not to leave it either room to grow,
,
[Wat.
XIII.
S
and when
LuKE VIIL
6. ]
^ZJtfi 5 among thorns, and the thorns [Luke,
mC
xxix. 1 and Psal. lxxviii. 2.) And, as short parables after grew into proverbs, or were alluded to in them, hence the word parable is sometimes used for a proverb.
;
Mic.
c
ii.
4,
and Hab.
ii. 6.
benefit of my repeated instructions.] As our Lord afterwards explains all the parts of this parable, I thought it sufficient to give this general account of its design in as few words as possible. Dr.
The
Clarke, by taking the contrary method in

kis paraphrase (though in this he be fob 'd by others,) both renders the apns-
question as to the meaning of this para* very unnecessary, and occasions a needless and disagreeable repetition. d At the spring of the year.] Many circumstances below make "this probable and indeed I do not find that in Judea they sowed even wheat sooner : but to conclude from hence, as Sir Isaac Newton does (in his Discourse on Prophecy, p. 153,) thi\tthis parable was delivered in the spring, is very precarious. One might as well argue from that of the tares, delivered the same day;
tie's
bte
that it
was
ht&tost.
His
disciples ask
him why he spake
in parables.
357
sprang up with it,] or nourishment to support it ; and so they sect* LXV and choked it, and c }w ked it, and it yielded no fruit. ldded n fl U And the rest o c the seed fell on rood 5 ground, rV Y Tu r Mat. XIII. /. , , r i i ll J Mark and yielded Jruit, which, being well rooted and Luke VIII. 7.]
'
-*
.
other fell nourished, grid ground, proport i on did yield fruit that r. , , ,
8
And
d
in-
grew up and
.
increased to
filled,
i
its
/
full
aml the
i
ears
and produced a
sprantr
forth
up and
creased,and brought
some
0n
8
thirty,
an ltffidred [Mat. XIII. 8. Luke VIII. 8. them, that hath ears to hear these im<] W ;^ Luke VIII. 8 p 0rtant truths, let him hear and regard them ' And when he had ' ... 7 said these thing's, he wit h the most diligent attention, and seriouslycried, [Mark, and reflect upon that instructive moral f which is said unto them,] He contained in the parable I have now been x that hath ears to , ,. delivering. hear, let him hear, And when the assembly was broke up (after [Mat. XIII. 9.
[fold.]
8ome
-r r nc 1 and plentitul increase, some or them thirty, and some sixty, and even some an hundred fold, c for one g ra in that had been sown. And when he had said these things, he cried Luke out with a louder voice than before, and said viii. 8
'
He
Mark
Mark
IV. 9.]
Anfwhen*
alone, they [the distiples] that were
Vwl ^
1
about him with the

1
WClV'C
C3.TT1G 1TKL
asked
him the parable, [Luke, saying, What might

'of'
tins
parable be ? ] why speakest unto them in parables >] [Mat.
land
i
Ll KE
VIII
91
Mat.
i!.:
XIII.
11.
other similitudes of iv. 10 is kind to them, which will be mentioned afterwards,) when he had parted with the multitude, and was alone in a retired place, the rest of hh dilicipies i i tn the tzvelve, who had been Wlt ^ nim he spake these things, came and asked him [concerning'] the parable of the sower, desire thou wouldest more parsailing, * . i 1? explain to us what may the meaning 0I tne several circumstances of this parable be f [and] give us leave to ask thee, Why dost thou preach in such a manner to the multitude, and speak to them in parables, which probably so lew of them can understand ? And he replying, said unto them, I thus ex- Mat.
Christ had delivered
many
wpi
t"*
We
cause it is snven unto 1 wnosc , hearts are rou to know the mysteries of the the love of it, to
answered, and press myself in parables, because, though aid unto them, Begranted, through the Divine goodness, to "
it is
xul11
you
.
.
open
to receive the truth in
knoxv and understand
the
mdredfold, Sec] Such an increase* lationof the phrase oi Trtgt aJ7ov, which frethose fruitful countries, was not quently is used in the best authors, for the very common, but however sometimes disciples, or followers, of the person it refers happened, See Gen. appi. 12. to; and as it thus agrees with. Matthew, ^Reflect upon that instructive moral.] so we may fitly understand it of those who Thiii sob inn proclamation was sufficient to attended Christ in his progress with tlic declare that they also were to regard the twelve apostles. And in this way the style as intended to convey appears more natural and easy than if we '.ructions, and not as mere read it as it stands in our translation, where
even
in
matter of amusement. i His disciples.'] This
it
is
a very just trans,
that ivcrc about
sounds some what harsh to speak of these him when he was alane.
Vol.
I.
358
s*ect.
He
-
acquaints them with the reason of it.
mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, which have kingdom of heaven, but tothe m it is not been lone: concealed vet it is not granted to , jj ,, P*i, l *g iy en: [Luke, but others, who are prejudiced against them, but 1 otneir r t0 them s Mat. they are justly suffered to continue unacquaint- that arc without, all xiii jj ed with them and therefore to them that are t ese thin E s ar ^ 1 ^ ^* e *J without, and who are strangers, through their own neglect and folly, to what they might be- Luke VIII. 10. #-] fore have learned, all {these'] things are now
** v
r^^
which} involved in parables and figures h though they affect the mind of the attentive
;
hearer, and promote his edification, are disregarded by the rest, and onlv looked upon as an 12 For whosoever 12 empty amusement. For to every one who hath anv talent committed to him, and shews that hath, to him shall be
'
it by his diligent improvement of it, yet more shall be given, and he shall have a still greater abundance of means for his further improvement but even that which he already , K ,, I i , i r i hath, shall be taken axuatj jrom the srvthlul creature, and be withdrawn from him who acts like one who hath not any thing to improve. (Compare Luke viii. 18.) Thus wise men deal with their servants and thus God will generally act in dispensing opportunities of a religious na-
he hath
KT^^S
:
.
r.
nnce but whosoever hath not, from him sha11 b tak en away, even f. that he^
]
ia th.
13 ture.
on this very principle, do them in parables, whereas I have formerlv used the plainest manner of discourse ' r
therefore,
And
/now
7
speak
to
13 Therefore spea'k t0 them in para-
seeing , see not ana. oecause seeing, theu see not; and hearing, they hearing-, they hear hear not, neither do thei/ understand ; inasmuch net, neither do they unders tand
;
1
""* \lT^
?3
as they
do not honestly use the
faculties that
has given them, but are like persons that have their eyes and ears, and yet will neither So that it is in just displeasure mark IV. Mark se e nor hear. iv. 12 that 1 preach to them in this obscure language, That seeingthat what has been their crime may be their punishment k that seeing my miracles, they
;
God
12.
they
k It is in just displeasure, lfc.~\ late All these things are now involved in parables and figures ] Here yivilxi is plainly learned writer has endeavoured to prove put for r/ I therefore render it all things that Christ's use of parables was not in disare in parables. See Mat vi. 16 x. 16 ; pleasure, but in tender condescension to their Mark i. 4 Luke ii. 13 xxiv. 19 John aversion to truths delivered in aless pleas.: ;
;
i.
6
'
and elsewhere.
inging-
manner
both
but this
is in
effect suppos-
Seeing, they see not; and hearing, thevJiear not."] This is justly and elegantly para-
Mark
(chap.
iv.
12) and
Luke
phrased
in
the version of 1727, in a
few
words
they overlook
what
they see,
Yet I think the Hebraism without some peculiar empluisis. Our translators have well expressed the force of it, Gen. ii. 17 Jer. iv. 10; andZech. vi. 15.
inattentive to vthdt thev hear.
;
and are cannot
(chap. viii. 10) to have reported what our Lord says in a sense directly contrary to what he intended for they say in so many words it was that the multitude might not and it also makes perceive, nor understand Mat. xiii. 12, both foreign and opposite to the purpose for which it was spoken. must therefore submit to the difficulties
;
,-
We
Those that
xv'ill
not see are justly
left in
darkness.
359 *
may see and not per- mat/ see the outward act, but not perceive the sect. LXV ' ceive; and hearing evidence arising from them and hear in sr ; thev mav hear, and , ., 1 .i j i i c discourses, theij may indeed hear the sound of not understand: lest Mark at any time they them, but not understand their true intent and jv> 12 should be convert- meaning- ; lest at any time they should be coned, and their sins , and [their] sins should be forgiven them, , L ' 7 J should be forgiven , . , , r , i them. [Luke VIII. which to many 01 these people thev never 10.] shall.
my
most exactly fulfilled (Isa. vi. 9,10,) which xi.W C indeed was originally intended to include them, of Esaias ^whlch " By hearing you shall hear (or you saitii, By hearing ye and saith, shall bear, and shall m av still go on to hear with eagerness,) but you not understand; and s }la ll not understand ; and seeing you shall see, seeing ye shall see, and shall not per- or V u may still go on to see, but you shall not ceive perceive. For, like a wretch who has besotted j 5
ful:
Max. XIII. And in them is
14-
And
thus in them
is the
prophecy of Isaiah Mat.
15 For this peo- ancj s tupified
himself with
riot,
the heart, or
gross, andtheirears intellectual faculty of this people, is, as it were, m and they hear with are dull of bearing, stiff' with fatness, and then- eyes they heavy ears, and up their eyes as if they
grown
draw
aSrtimethey should
were more than half asleep ; so that one would imagine they were alraid lest at any time they shotdd happen so to be roused, so as to see xvitii
another considerable argument for the interpretation here given of the whole context. pious and learned friend, by whose kind animadversions I have been led to insert some additional notes in this work, has urged several arguments to prove that this clause should be rendered, seeing* Sac. you WILL But on the maturest review not perceive. of this passage, both in Isaiah and the several places where it occurs in the New Testament, I cannot apprehend that it was spoken merely byway of complaint, but think it plain that it was intended also as a prediction: (compare Mark iv. 12 Luke viii. 10 John xii. 40 Acts xxviii. 26, 27 Rom. xi. 8.) Now in predictions we generally render the future form, "Such or such a tiling shall happen," though we only mean to express the certainty of the event, without denying the freedom of the moral agents concerned in it, or detracting from it in any degree, m Grown stiff toith fatness.] This is the proper English of TotûvS, and alludes to a notion the ancients had, that a great quantity of fat about the heart stupifitu both the intellectual and sensitive powers. Compare Deut. xxxi. 20 xxxii. 15; Pbiu cxix. 70; and Isa. vi. 10,
which attend this natural interpretation; which are much lessened by considering that this happened after Christ had upbraidcd and threatened the neighbouring places (from whence, doubtless, the greatest part of the multitude came,) which was some time before this senium : (see Mat.
20 24, sect, lviii.) And it is not improbable that the scribes and Pharisees, who had so vilely blasphemed him this very morning (Mat. xii. 34, p. 335,) might with an ill purpose have gathered a company .of their associates and creatures about Christ to insnare him ; which, if it were the case, will fully account for such a reserve. It signines little to plead, on the other side, that Their being so to these parables are plain. us is no proof they were so to these hearers i and since the apostles themselves did not understand even that of the sr.ivsr, it is no wonder if the jest were unintelligible to the careless and captious hearer. Consistent with all this is what was said of the advantages attending this method to those who were honest and attentive; in ihe par. aphrase on Mark iv. 2, p. 355.
xi.
1
ceive.']
Seeing you shall see, but vou shall not perThis is a jnat translation, of the
original,
both h ere and
in Isaiah
and
is
A 360
The happiness of such
as are enlightened by the gospel.
and hear with their ears, and under- see with their eyes, stand xvith their heart, and should be converted, and hear with their anil should heal and save them. I therefore ust V leave them to their own obstinacy, and heart, and should xiii.l5J
sect, their eyes,
LXV
-
tSSllStZ
I
-
direct thee,
Isaiah,
to
methods which
know
16
see ;
will inscrease it."
I be converted, and should heal them
But happy indeed are your eyes, because they and your ears, because they hear : you
and
16 But blessed ore

;
have
your eyes, for they not only greater opportunities of instruc- ?:ee anc vour eavs
-
'
tion than others, but greater integrity

:
seri-
17
ousness in attending to them and I congratulate you on so happy an occasion. For verily I say unto you, That many of the most holy prophets, and most singularly righteous men, under the Jewish dispensation, have earnestly desired to see the things which you see, and did not see them, and to hear the things which you hear, and did not hear them; but onlv had imc c , i l pertect intimations ot those mysteries which are now revealed with much greater clearness to you, and will, through the Divine blessing, render you singularly useful in this world, and proportionably happy in the next. (Compare
.
. .
17 For verily I sav unto you, That many prophets and right-
^^"to" sef ta
which ye see, and have not seen ***> and t0 1 'f a p those tinners which ye hear, and have not heard them.
thing-s
'
Luke
x, 23, 24, sect, cvi.)
IMPROVEMENT.
at>
xii.
Let us hear with fear and trembling these awful declarations from the lips of the compassionate Jesus himself. Here were crowds about Christ, who indulged such prejudices, and attended with such perverse dispositions, that in righteous judgment he 13 took an obscurer method of preaching to them, and finally left many of them under darkness and impenitency to die in their sins. Let us take heed lest the bounties of Divine providence should 15 be thus abused by us, as a means of casting us into a stupid insensibility of the hand and voice of the blessed God : or we may otherwise have ground to fear lest he should leave us to our own delusions, and give us up to the lusts of our own hearts. And then the privilege of ordinances, and of the most awakening providential dispensations, will be vain; seeing we shall see, and not perceive ; and hearing xve shall hear, and not understand. It is our peculiar happiness under the gospel that xve see and hear what prophets and princes, and saints of old, desired to see and hear, but were not favoured with it. Let us be thankful for our privilege, and improve it well lest a neglected gospel by the righteous judgment of God be taken axvay, and our abused seasons of grace, by one method of Divine displeasure or other.
12
;
Christ explains the parable of the sower.
36 !
sect.
-
But if by grttcfe it is given to us be brought to a speedy period. masteries of the kingdom of heaven, let us learn a to know the corrupt thankfulness in some measure proportionable to the been overborne, and the important blessprejudices which have ings which are secured to us.
SEC T.
Our Lord explains
ciples to a diliq-ent
LXVI.
Mark IV. 1325. Mat. XIII. 1823. Luke VIII. 11 18.

Mark
IV. 13. saidun-
the parable of the sower, and exhorts his disimprovement of their knowledge and gifts.
MARK
a tfj)
IV.
13.
<
the twelve apostles, in a retired sect. to J , ~"~ , w observed above, Mark iv. 10, LXVI v r _, ve not this parable? f of the paraand how then will p. 257,) asked Jesus the meaning delivered to the iv 13 ve know all piu-a- ble of the sower which he had bles multitude as he sat in the ship, he said unto
he ANDthem, Know
w hen
them, Know ije not the meaning of this easy and familiar parable, so nearly referring to the prophetic language ? (see Jer. iv. 3, and Hos. How then xvill you understand all the x. 12.) other parables that I have spoken, some of
Mat.
the
XIII.
18.
Hear ye therefore
parable of the
which are much harder than this ? I shall however yield to your request, and s hew myself on all occasions ready to instruct yQU hmr yi therefore, according to your de.
Mat.
sriii-18
1>S
-
sire, the explication of the parable of the sower. Luke VIII. 11. Now the meaning of the parable is this. It is Luke Now the parable mtenc e d to represent the differentsuccessofviii.il [which] tl^sower the gospel in the world ; for the seed soweth] is the word the sower I spoke of sozueth, is the word of God, [Mauk w hich I am employed to preach, and which of God.
i
:
IV 14 3
committed to you but too of our labour will be lost on three bad kinds of hearers, whom I described in the parable by different kinds of unfruitful ground. An4\ in the first place, these are they whom Mark Mark IV. 15. And these are they I described as receiving the seed by the way- iv. 15 by the wayside s e -where the word is no sooner sown, but the effect of it is presently lost, and their true charTo'wT but "when any one heareth the acter may thus be represented to you: when word of the king- an y one hears the zvord of the heavenly kingdom, d of the gospel of the grace of God and sSn;1 e.'r ,/"t';> [*rj [the through a careless inattention understands Satan then wicked one] cometh no t then Satan, that zvicked one, who is the
ill
ere long also be
much
,-
362
sect, great
i.xvi.
The several sorts of unpr ofitable
hearers.
enemy of God and souls, flying as immediately, and eagerly as a bird to his prey, comes immediately, take th aw ay tbe , word [which wa$ *l j+m.~a ana catches away the -word that was sown in sown m his ieartj have heard it should be- [Luke, lest they s his heart, lest theif who y j5 lieve, and be saved; and as nothing is like to be should believe, and S long remembered which is not well under- h ^ch recdved stood, all trace of it is quickly lost out of such seed by the wayM, s 'de.] [Mat. XIII. a mind, as grain scattered in the road 19 Luke VIII.12.] is he that received the seed by the wayI say, side in the parable. . ... ,a A r 16 And these are , ,. A n , , And in like manner, in the next place, these they likewise which 16 are they who were described as having received [received the seed] the seed in stony soil, or on a rock under a very " ston y ground, shallow bed of earth such, I mean, who hav- oc {^f w 10 wheu ing heard the message of pardon, life, and glo- they have heard the ry, which the word of the gospel brings, imme- word, immediately diately receive it with a transport of joy, and ncss^ViVlAT XHI feel their natural passions elevated and enlarg- 20. Luke VIII. But 13. 17 ed at the report of such agreeable news e no 17 a as thev have no root of deep conviction and real "l root ,n themselves, ,, love to holiness in themselves, they have no and so [Luke, betrue impression of the power of it on their lieve, and] endure **" hearts, and so believe it only in a notional, not a but for a time .. , r terward [Luice, m r r vital manner, [and] endure in the profession ot t meo f temptation,"! it but for a little xvhile ; [and] afterxvards in a when affliction or time of sharp trial, especially when anv domes- persecution ariseth tic oppression or public persecution arises, on ^Ît^hlf^l account of the xvord, they are presently offended, offended, [Luke, fall away.] [and] apostatize from that warm and eager pro- and Mat. "Kill. 21. fession which in times of less difficulty &ey J L>. Luke v III. <. , were so forward to make. And, in the third place, these are they whom I 18,19 18 19 And these described by telling you that they received seed are they which [reseed] amongamonsr thorns : even suck as hear the xvord, perceived * , .. thorns; such as hear , haps with great constancy, and the appearance the word> LuKE) of serious attention [but] almost as soon as they a ?id when they have have heard [it,] go out of the assemblv, and, im- heard, go forth,] merging themselves in secular affaire, permit
, j :
'
.
{r
'
'
-77
,-,
,
'
j-
the cares of this xvorld, and the artful delusion of ceitfulness of riches, riches,* or perhaps the pleasures of [this] animal [Luke, and pleasuresofriw life,] and life, or the desires of some other things which
J**" anTthede!
equally tend to alienate the soul Irom God, to

a The artful delusion of riches.~\ This founding' disappointment which often min phrase, clttiiIh th >&\>sli:, is very elegant, g-les itself with their labours, and even with and admirably expresses the various arti- their success. Compare Prov. xi. 28; Luke 2Tim.ji Jices by which people in the pursuit of xviii. 24; 1 Tim. vi. 9, 10, 17 ric/ies excuse themselves from day today 4; andiv. 10. ki putting off religious cares, and the con;
-
Only
the fruitful hearers are accounted good.
363
becometh unfVuit* and so it becomes unfruitful: [yea,] t/le word L/ .1J Mark J J fill; [LuKE,vea,thcy ' , they themselves are choked, as it were, with iv lg choked, and are bring no fruit to per- these fatal incumbrances, b and whatever purit
things, entering in, enter [into their minds,] and take up all their sect. choke the word, and thoughts and time to such a degree, as to choke LXVI
-
am t efforts they mav make towards r 1 r reformation, they bring no Jruit to perfection, but remain destitute of every degree 20 And these are they which [receiv- of genuine and prevailing piety. ed seed into] good And once more, these are they who were said 20 ground; such as hear h receivcdthe seedinto good ground : even tlic word, [and un i demand, and re- *acn as do not only hear the word with attention ceivc, [Luke, an J and simplicity of mind, but understand what is keep it in an honest S p k en and receive it without prejudice and op* * and pood heart, , .. , , position and when they depart, are solicitous and bring forth fruit [Luke, with pa- to retain [it] in an honest and good heart, bringtience,] some thirty in$r forth the good fruit^f substantial holiness, J J .. fold, some sixtv, and , -., some an hundred. in various degrees, xvith patience and persever[Mat. XIII. 23. ance, some thirty, some sixty, and some an hunLuke VIII. 15.] dredfold, both to their present joy, and to their
XIII. 22. VIII. 14.1
teetion.j
[Mat.
OSes or Luke p
'
.
pî't'al
"|
, 21 And he said f unto them, Is a can. _! _? i And he said farther to them, I appeal to your- &L dlebrouglittobeput under a bushel, or selves, and urge it as a proper consideration to under a hed ami engage you to communicate the lip-ht you have not to dc set on it to others, Is a lamp brought into a room, to be candlestick! Luke VIII. 16. put under a bushel, or under a bed? [and] not to
?
No man when he be set on a stand f You know it is not. For Luke -,<hath lighted a can- ._ r man r common s^nse will even waste a lew tiii.1& die, covereth it with a vessel, or putteth drops of oil so nor is there any one that, having but lighted a lamp, covers it xvith a vessel, or puts it it under a hed setteth it on a canundcr a coucn x but sets it upon a stand in a con-
They themselves are choked,
kc.~\
Luke expresses it, perhaps to intimate the uneasy situation of the mind while clogged
and straitened with such incumbrances as these, and rendered, as it were, unfit to breathe its Own native air, and to delight itself with celestial and eternal objects, Choking arises from any thing which straitens the gullet, or windpipe, and so obBtructs the passage of food or air. And thus young plants, or corn, may properly be said to be choked by thorns, which do not leave them room to grow and theviord, which would exert its vital power and principle, is represented as choked when thus pressed with secular cares prevailing in the mind, c Covers it <with a i.?e/, or puts it under a couch.'} Mark expresses it as a question,
\
So and Luke as a direct negation. I havegivca it in both the forms, as what seemed most
effectually to secure the credit of both the : and I humbly submit it to bet ter judgments, whether, in some of these instances, Christ might not immediately repeat the thought a second time in nearly the
evangelists
same words, in orderto fix some very memorable passage on the minds of his hearers, who to be sure needed line upon line,and precept upon precept. In this view lie will appear, if less like a polite orator, yet more like, a. father instructing his children and perhaps if more of this familiar and condescending method was practised in our sermans, though the delicacy of a few might
;
belessamused.thesoulsofthe people might be more ediiied aud consequently the eud

;
A 364
-
A diligent
may
improvement should be made of our
gifts.
that they
sect, spicuous place, that all they
who
it,
enter in to the dlestick,
and guide their which * in may - motions by it (compare Mat. v. 15, p. 212, sc and Luke xi. 33, p. 351.) And can you vnil6 213 think it is fit that you should waste the precious oil of my instructions, which I am pouring into your minds, to render you the lamps of my 17 sanctuary? Be not then backward, as occasion 17 Fop noth m Is offers, to communicate to others what you re- secret, that shall not ceive from me for nothing is now said in sebe made manifest r a " y th '"S cret among us, which shall not be revealed ; nor JfJ? l hid, that shall not be ,. 77 7 77 any thing hid, xvhich shall not be made known k nown anci come and published d as we are carrying on no works abroad. [Mark IV.
LXVI house
see the light of
:
'
,1
or counsels of darkness among us, but concert- 22 -3 ing measures for the public instruction and reformation of mankind. Mark If any man therefore hath ears to hear, let Mark IV. 23. If iv. 23 him hear,- and if you have intelligent powers, f n y man have ears to J ,. hear, let him hear. S T let it be your peculiar care to exert them to this important purpose. And he said also to them, Do you above all 24 And he said un04 take heed therefore, and carefully attend to what to them, Take heed what vou hear from me, \and~\ how you hear it for in [therefore] this sense I may say, as formerly on another oc^{{measure
.
and Luke vi. 38, ye mete, it shall be measured to you p. 303,) The measure with which you mete to others, shall be used to you ; and to you that attentively hear, more shall be given,* and those g.; ven Luke VIII. who are most diligent in teaching others shall 18.] 25 Fo ? he ****** most themselves. For, as I said beo<r ~ be taught hath, to him shall be *- n -i> isuit nr- n \ + fore in this discourse (Mat. xm. 12, p. 358,; to iven and he t lat him that improves what he hath, more shall be hath not, from him given; but from him that acts as one who hath shall be taken even W not, from him shall be taken away even that which r^se TOthtoha*e.] present he hath, [or] secmeth to have ;* [Luke VIII. 18.] for the
casion (Mat.
vii. 2,
p. 242,
^
'
^t^JZret
. .
of Christian ordinances(xvh\ch'isby no means Xhcapplause of those who administer them,) might be more effectually answered.
d &ar any thing hid., which shall not be made known and published.] Though a pros-
Luke
xii.
2,
3, sect. cxi. in
which two
places the
as often elsewhere, to have a different sense. c To you that hear, more shall be given.]
same words seem,
know
there
may
Beet of the final discovery of the great day would contain a strong argument, both in comprission to others, and from a prudent regard to their own happiness, to engage his disciples to make a. faithful report of the "ospel committed to their trust yet I think the words will contain an important sense, without supposing them to refer to that,
;
whether these
three verses in
be some room to doubt Mark, at the

,-
close of this section, were spoken to thedisbut I ciples apart, or to the multitude
Compare Mat.
x.
think these words make the former much more probable. f Seemcth I know fox.it ?/;<:, to have.'] scemeth to have, is sometimes a. pleonasm, which signifies to hceoe ; yejt the parafhrast 26, 27, sect. lxxv. and shews it is not necessarily so here, which is
Reflections on the care xve should take
how
xvc hear.
36o
but which he shall soon find was not, accurately sect. speaking, his own, and must be strictly accounted for, to the real proprietor. Mark
iv.
25
IMPROVEMENT.
Let us apply to ourselves this charge of our blessed Redeemer, Luke and take heed how we hear. Especially let us be very careful that v iii.lS we despise not him that now speaks to us from heaven; and remember the authority which his exaltation there gives to the words which he spake in the days of his flesh. Let us attentively hear the parable of the sower and its interpretation, Still, is Christ, by K\sxvord<md ministers, sowing- among x ji;'i8 us, the good seed. Still is the great enemy of souls labouring to ifseq. snatch it away. Let us endeavour to understand, that we may Verse retain it and to retain, that we may practise it. Still do the Marlc still iv. 20 cares of this world press us; still do its pleasures solicit us do our lusts war in our members ; and all unite their efforts to Verse prevent our fruitfulness in good works : but let us remember, that with having our fruit unto holiness, everlasting life is connected as the end ; and that in due season we shall reap, if we (Rom. vi. 22, and Gal. vi. 9. faint not. Let us therefore be concerned that the seed may take deep root 17 in our minds, that we may not rest in any superficial impression on the passions ; but, feeling the energv of that living principle^ may flourish under the circumstances which wither others, and may in due time be gathered as God's wheat into his garner. Nor let us repine if we new go forth weeping, bearing this precious seed, while we have such a hope of coming again rejoicing,
; ;
bringing our sheaves with us.
(Psal. exxvi. 6.)
SECT.
36
LXVII.
in the field:
Our Lord delivers the parable of the tares wards explains it at large to his disciples.
and after*
Mat. XIII. 24
30^
43.
Mat. xili. 24.

parable JTX. put he forth unto
No
Mat. XIII. 24. -vj QW to return to the story of our Lord's J .. fV teaching the multrtude from the ship he r ~
.
.
-L.
likewise at the same time proposedanother parableto them, tointimate thatpersons of various characters should come into the gospel profesalso favoured by Luke xvi. 12, sect, exxiv. also 1 Cor. iii. 18; Gal i. 3 ; and lam. i. 26.) However, as I confess itmav
possibly be a pleonasm if any choose to take it thus, then the last clause, which is indudedina/>arefl*Aem, raast beleft oat
Vol.
I.
2 x
3>&
Christ delivers the parable of the tare*.

saying, The ; but that there should be a final separation them, between them in the other world, however they kingdom of heaver* is likened unto a j v mi Sht be blended together in this. And he man which sowetI taught them, saying, The kingdom of heaven* or good seed in his
.
sect, sion
lxvii.
Mat
xiii
24
the success of the gospel dispensation,
may
be
field
compared to that which happened to a man h who But one had sown pood seed in his ground : 25 night, rvhtle the men who were set to watch it
slept,
slept> his enemy an illnatured neighbour, who was his came, and sowed enemy, with a malicious view to spoil the crop, tares among the t,ud went ,ns came and sowed a quantity of tares among the
^"
&6
27
28
29
30
26 But when the ground, and rvent away without being discover- blade was sprungup, But afterwards, when the bladexvas sprang and brought forth ed. and produced fruit, then the tares also appeared among the ears of wheat in a manner 2rSo the servants And the servants of the householder easily to be distinguished. me, 1<I U of the proprietor of the estate came in a surprise, Jf s^ JSi n ^ and said to htm, Sir, didst thou not sow good seed t 10 sow seci \ from of pure wheat in thy field? whence then hath it in thy field these tares which now appear mingled with the whence then hath it crop ? And he said unto them, Some illnatured 2 s He said unto and malicious person in the neighbourhood has them, An enemy undoubtedly done /\y,taking advantage of your hath done this. The " nto absence or negligence. And the servants' wil- Sfr rvanti ** then him, wilt thou "i ling to make the best amends they could, said that we go and to him, Wilt thou then have us go directly to root gather them up 29 But P aM them out, and gather them up, before thev get Nay, lest while ye XT r 5 r> \r t j" But he said, J\o, I do not gather up the tares, anv farther head : lest while you endeavour to ye root up also the think that proper them srather up the tares, you should, before you are wheat with x , fw wheat also with them : 30 Let both grow / * :/i** aware, root up some oi the together until the It will be better to permit both to grow together harvest and in the
wheat which had just been thrown
into the
^^Sog^
'
i
,j
^j
?
'
ii-
ii
till
the harvest
come
and
in the time
of the
time of harvest I will
harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye tocLhev^l togXher get her first the tares, and bind them in bundles, first the" tares, and that they may afterwards be burnt for fuel d but hind them in bungather ye the wheat into my barn, that it may dle * buf? th(r m ; / -' J but gather the wheat ", , r there be ready lor my use. into my barn.
;
.
* The "kingdom of heaven."] That this is He is supposed to be the master ofthefield, frequently to be understood of the gospel and of some lodge, or farmhouse, in which dispensation lias been observed before in these servants dwelt.
note h
b
on
Mat iii.
be
2, p. 99.
* May afterwards be burnt for fuel. combated to that which happened to a man.] Or may be illustrated by This plainly proves that the word tivi* t the following similitude. See note'.on Luke whieli we render tares, does not exactly
May
vii.
c
32,
]>.
322.
estate.]
The proprietor of the
So o/xsJV
is
(rrolin
seems- to- signify in this connection.
to that vegetable among up, which a kind of pulse too good to be used mere\y for fuel.
answer
Trie explication
86
of the parable of the
tares.
367
Then
Jesvis
sent the multitude
away, and went into tl.e. house: and his

disciples came unto him,saying-, Declare unto us the parable or the tares ot the
field.
37 He answered and said unto them,
^d'lXt ****
Son of man:
S8 The
;";
field
is
i^JJ^Sm
king.-
dren of the
dom
but the tares are the children of
the wicked one
Then Jesus^ after he had spoken some other sect. parables, e flavin* dismissed the multitude, went lxv5 V ,i i t u* he ,rom the vessel where i_ had been.preaching M^ into an house, to refresh himself a little before xiii 35 f disciples, who and his he crossed the lake constant i v attended him, came to him, satAn?, ' ,~ ">' 11 desire thou wouldest explain to us the parable of the tares in the field, for we do not perAnd he answered and said 37 fectly understand it. unfo them, He, in the parable, that .sowed the is intended to present the Son of man, the great preacher ot the gospel, which is ordained as the most illustrious instrument for the reformation and happiness of mankind. The field is indeed the whole world, in which 38 the gospel 1S to be P reached and nottobe con fined to the Jewish nation alone: th-e good seed are the children of the kingdom, or those truly pious men who, beinp- formed on the model of
'
We
'
'
are the heirs of future glorv, as well as entitled to but, on the present privileges of my church
as
it
it,
:
, the gospel,
',
and
were assimilated
.,
to
the other hand, the tares are wicked men, who are indeed the children of the wicked one, though many of them may profess themselves my disciples, and for their own unworthy ends pretend a great zeal for my cause and church.
The enemy The enemy that sowed them is the devil, who 39 sowed them, is studies by all means to corrupt men's princies and ^ euaucn their lives, and puts those on velt^s tbe^ndtfthe I^ world: andthereap- 5 hypocritical profession of religion who are en are the angels, utter strangers to its power. The harvest I mentioned is the end of the world, the great day of judgment and retribution and the reapers 40 As therefore are the angels, who are to be employed in the the tares are pathQ. , ' , a r As therefore tae tares in 40 ered, and burnt in services ot that day. the fire, so shaH "it the parable are ordered bv the owner of the thC Cnd f lhiS f,eld to be Sphered together, and burnt in the u."ld so likewise shall it be at the end of this 41 The Son of f"' e > man shall send forth world. The Son of man shall then send forth 41
39
that
;
.
.
>
After
lie
had spoken some other para- some

wre contained in the
objection to this
but the reader ma\

sect. lxix. thai
hies.]
Some ofthese
see in
my paraphrase there,
intermediate verses (per.
3135 ;) but I I apprehend it may be reconciled with apprehended the explication of the parable this interpretation and order of the story would appear with some peculiar advant- yet I acknowledge it possible that the age thus immediately after it. 'house here spoken of might be on thcot/icr A little before he crossed the lake.] aide of the /aê, and that they might go into'
; 1
am
sensible thai
Mark
iv.
36,
may seem
it
the next day.
3.68
The
xvicked shall at last be separatedfrom the righteous.
and they\ in obedience to bis angels, and the,} gather out of his kingdom s liaU | atl,er out of TJ all things which have been an offence to others, t ngs 'X? offend! evm a^ those that practise iniquity, and thereby and them which d xjii'41 bring a reproach on their profession, and lay iniquity And 42 And shall cast 42 stumbling blocks in the way of others: these blessed spirits, as the executioners of the them into a furnace fipe l here sha Divine vengeance, shall cast them into hell, the be waihn JJ ?"<* .? r r u ui r li if i furnace of unquenchable pre : and dreadful in- gnashing- of t<*eth. deed will their condition be for there shall be
sect, his attendant angels
'* vii
-
his
command,
shall
lamentation and gnashing of teeth for ever, h in the height of anguish, rage, and despair a despair aggravated by all the privileges they once enjoyed, and the vain hope which, as my 4q professed disciples, thev once entertained. But j \i l n 4.1 i *i ivi i then shall the rignteous be publicly owned and honoured, and with a joyful welcome be received into the heavenlv world, where they shall shine forth with divine radiancy and glory, like the sun itself, and be fixed for ever in the kingdom of their Father, to enjoy the transforming visions of his face. This misery, or this felicity, i-s the end of all nor can I ever declare a truth of the living greater importance to you. See to it therefore, that you regard it with becoming attention and even/ one xvho hath ears to hear, let him hear it, and govern his life by its extensive influence.
;
j.
f3 Then shall the righteous shine forth P tne sun as tue jn kingdom of their FaWho hath tber
. -
^toheir.lethiip
IMPROVEMENT.
Oh that these important instructions might, as it were, be 38 ever sounding in our ears It is matter of great thankfulness that this earth, which might have been abandoned by God as a barren xvilderness, is cultivated as his eld, and that any good seed ^7, 29 is to be found in it but grievous to think how many tares are intermingled, so as almost to overrun the ground, and hide the -wheat from being seen. Let not aforxvard zeal prompt us, like these over officious servants, to think of rooting them out by
Verse
!
o 0pvy/jLoe tuv ofovlvv signithe knocking, or, as we commonly exnir Lord here g-ives of himself, when he press it, the chattering of the teeth, through speaks of the angels as his attendants, who excess of cold. Yet some have been weak were at the last day to v>dit on liim, and enough to argue from hence that (accordat his order to assemble the whole world ingto the Mahometan notion) the alternathe extremities of heat and cold should before him. h Gnashing See of teeth. ~\ Sinf e what is here constitute the torment of the damned. spoken of is supposed to pass in a furnace Archbishop Donne's Sermons on Hell, serin ,r iii. p. 14. f'.tire, it is s,tranjjc that any should have
Shall send forth his attendant

will observe
angels.'}
imagined that
The reader
how
high an idea
fies
The parable of the seed growing
insensibly.
369
violence; but let us xvait our master's time., and be patient till sect. ,xvii day of the Lord. The separation will at length be made nor shall one precious when the angels shall 1 Awful important time grain perish. perform their great office with a sagacity too sharp to be eludGather not our souls, ed, and apoxuer too strong to be resisted Lord, xeith sinners ! but may they be boimd up in the bundle of life ! that when the day cometh xvhich shall burn as an oven, and when the ivicked like chaff shall be thrown in to be consumed, 42
the
-
the execution of the Divine judgment with awful being owned by God as his while he is making up his jcxvels, and spared by him as his obedient children. (Mai. iii. 17, and iv. 1.) Then shall we not only be spared, but honoured 43 and adorned, and shine forth like the sun in our Father's kingfor these vile bodies shall be fashioned like to the glorious do?)! ; body of our Redeemer (Phil. iii. 21,) and our purified and perfected spirits shall be clothed with proportionable lustre, and reflect the complete image of his holiness. Amen.
we may survey
triumph
;
SECT.
LXVIII.
Our Lord adds other parables relating to the speedy progress of the gospel, and the importance of the blessings it proposes. Mark IV. 2634. Mat. XIII. 3135, 4453.
IV. 26. had delivered the fore goJTV. is the kingdom n p. p ar able, he went on with his discourse ****" vv ::V of God, as if a man iri_ j n should cast seed in- to tne multitude, and farther said, oo is the ____*, to the ground, kingdom of God, and such the nature of the dis- Mark
Mark IV. 26. A N D he said, So
Mark
i
AND ul
j
after Jesus
ii-
And
should
sleep and rise night and day, and the
and
ly grow in"
1 '1
up,
l* he
knoweth not how. 9r P/.Wd earth 2b * or the k
pensation of the gospel in its progress, that it iy is like the growth of vegetables, and may fitly be illustrated by the case of a husbandman for it is as if a man should throxv his seed upon And after it is sown, should take no the earth > farther thought about it, but sleep by night, and 2< r } se fry ây, an(l applv himself to other business;W in the mean time, without his thought , t and care, the seed should spring up and increase For the earth, by a certain he knows not how. / . 2q curious kind of mechanism, which the greatest philosophers cannot fully comprehend,* does, as it were, spontaneously, without any assistance from man, carry it through the whole
-
{ '
'
'
a By a curious kind of mechanism, life.'] could not forbear hinting at it. The The word ttxflou.*}*, which is generally in reader may see a very elegant illustration
good authors applied

^>
to artijicial machines,
naturally
suggest^ thw thought,
that
of it in Dr. Watts''s Philosophical Essays, No. ix. 2.
3^0
The parable of the grain of mustardseed.
3ECT. progress of vegetation ; and produces first the bringcth forth fruit Ixvm. blade, then herself 5 first the the ear, and afterward the full grain f e in the ear. But at the proper season for it, as *
'
af
iv.29 S(?on as f ' le fr'wt * y />i he immediately the sickle, because the harvest is come;
puts in corn
^
the ear.
in
and
1
all
29 But when the
that remains is to receive the bountiful provi- fruit is brous*tforth, immediately he put 1 l- u .t j r 11 sion which the great Lord or all i has produced tet x m the sickle
byhi6 own power.
By such
:
insensible degrees because the harvest

-
appear to gather it in. And he made a pause in his discourse, and compare it 30 then said, I am thinking, zvhereunto shall rue Mat. XIII 51. compare the kingdom of God ? or with what Another parable put 11 / he forth unto them, 7 v rr /; parable shall we place it in 6uch a point ot light sav nQ% The kingas farther to illustrate it. dom of heaven is After which reflection, he proposed another l' ke to a S rain of Mat.
!
,
shall the gospel gain ground in the world, and 1S come ripen to a harvest of glory and therefore let not my faithful servants be discouraged if the effect of their labours be not immediately so 3 q And ]ie sa d conspicuous as they could desire b a future Whereunto shall we crop may spring up and the Son of man will liken the kingdom of God ? r wit h what in due time
; ;
?
pa;ah le to them, saying, The kingdom of heaven, *** of which I am speaking, or the interest of the c d in his field gospel in the world, is like a grain of mustard- [Mark IV. 31. seed, which a man took and sowed in his field to , ir^ A RK KZ'IiJy-i 7 [indeed] Winch !-. L It is, I say, like when it s sown hl Mark ra ! se an d Propagate the plant earth, is [the iv. 31 this grain, which indeed, when at first it is sown the in the earth, is very small and inconsiderable, least { a11 seeds ] and [one of] the least of all the seeds that are rM^xill 3^ 32 cast in the ground : c But when it is sozvn some 32 But when it is
-,
t-t*
b Let not my faithful servants be discouraged, (Jfc.~] It cannot be the design of this parable to encourage private Christians to imagine that religion will flourish in their own souls without proper cultiva. fion; nor to lead ministers to expect that it will flourish in their people while they
38, p. 177,)
which he might in part refer, John iv. and I hope the remark may sometimes be applicable to our labours,
(to
neglect due application in private as well as public. I hope therefore the reader will acquiesce with me in the paraphrase given above; supposing that our Lord meant to intimate that his apostles and other ministers were not to estimate their usefulness merely by their immediate and visible success ; but might hope that by their .preaching a seed would be left in the
hearts of
especially with respect to those wlio, baving enjoyed a religious education, and be ing restrained from grosser irregularities, have not been so far as others fromt/ie kingdom of God. There can be no reason to interpret this (as Grotius and Dr. Clarke have done) of Christ only he does not go away and sleep ; and he perfectly knows horn the seed springs tip.- on the other hand, eve ry faithful minister may be said to /wf in his sickle, as having his part in the final (See John iv. 36, p. 176.) harvest.
:
The
least
of all the seeds, &.c]

that
it
many which might afterwards of the least,- and so small
Or one was pro-
produce happy fruit. On these principles, vcrbi ally used to signify a very little thing. See I doubt not but our Lord's preaching greatly (Compare Mat. xvii. 20, sect, xci.) promoted the signal success of the apostles Liglnfoot's Hor. Hebr. on Mat. xiii. 32
The parable of the leaven covered up

aovvn.itgrowethup, time in the earth, it and becometh great- degree, and becomes
i?i
meal.
371
[uncfbeclothâ
tree,] and
shooteth out great branches, so that the fowls of

trie air
may [come
lodge the branches, and] unUre shadow of it. .- 32.J i ai.
and
to a surprising sect, greater than all other lxvm h ^bs; yea, I may even say, it becomes a tree and shoots out great branches, so large and thick iv 39 that the birds of the air may build their nests in u and come and lQ(tf, e in its branches* [and] t 1 i_ harbour under its shadow. In sucn aremarkable manner did our Lord intimate that his gogpei s hould prevail amidst all opposition, inconsiderable as its beginnings were, should spread itself abroad through the whole
-
grows up
^^
Mat. XIII
Another
33
parable
spake he unto them:
hca'venis îTunto haven, which a woman took and hid in like a little leaven, which a woman took and covthree measures of measures J me al ; and though erej ufj f r , , , meal, till the whole ,., , r lt seemed lost tor a while in the mass o4 dough, was leavened.
world, so as to afford weary and fearful souls a grateful and secure retreat. JTe also spake another parable to them, to the Mat same purpose with the former, which, like the xiii.33 r est, was taken from a very familiar circumThe kingdom of stance dail 7 occurring in life : heaven, said he, or the cause of the gospel, is
m ^.^
it secretly wrought through it by a speedy though insensible fermentation, till at length
34 All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables land with mabv such parables spake he the word unto them, as they
;
?tfand
whW a
:
parable spake he not
Thus shall the gospel the whole was leavened. spread in the world, and influence and assimilate the temper and conduct of men. All these things Jesus spake to the multitude 34 in parables ; and with many other such parables spa g jie t /le word unto them as theu were able to "\ . , / ,, r well knowing that so llt '" r an " receive [it; J many enemies were then hovering round him, that, had he declared the mysteries of his kingdom ?**** *e*i he wouki have been in continual danger, and must, without a series of
.
.
,
writothem
IV. 3o, 3%.
J
it
[Mark repeated miracles, have been cut off by their malice an d upon this account, without a para:
ble
he spake not any thing in
all
that he delivered
35 That
be
fulfilled
might to them on that day ; 'That so it might be seen 35 e winch t h at p assa ge was remarkably fulfilled in him,
d Come and lodge The of the same species are among us. See in its branches.'] Talmud mentions a mustardtree so large JRaphel. Annotat. ex Herodoto. p. 163. that a man might with ease sit in it and That it might be fulfilled.'] So many
;
another, one of whose brandies covered a (see Trtmell. Mot. in toe. and LightAnd it is certain we foot'a Hor. Hebr.) shall be much mistaken if we judge of or animals, in the eastern and vegetables mUhern countries* merely by what those
tent
:
jrri/ttfwres
are thus quoted byway ofallusion, that I cannot think it necessary to suppose, as some late ingenious writers have done, that these words did not originally belong t< the seventv eighth Psalm, but are a jj-a^ ment of some other, describing* the manner
07.2
The parables of the hid treasure and of the pearl.

which was spoken by the prophet (Psal. lxxviii. was spoken by the 2 ,) and that he might with the utmost propriety prophet, saying-, I adopt those words that Asaph h*i ilivered, sa y* ng-> " I will open my mouth in parables, I will utter things which give vent to dark sayings of old, even to things nave been kept sefrom * he {ou ": which have been hid from the J foundation of the J elation ot the world rT Tor thus did Jesus teach important xvorld. truths that were before unknown, in manner something obscure, though to the attentive
sect,
lsvui.
xiii.35
^gST$a
-r,
mind
Mark
iv.
peculiarly impressing.
sent away the multitude, Mark IV. 34. and was retired from them, he freely expound- And when they were ed all these things to his disciples when they J^VJJJSjjJ were alone with him. ciples. Mat. And when he had given them the foremen- Mat. XIII. 44.
34
And after he had
si"- 44
tioned explication of the parable of the tares, Again, the kingdom ot heaven is like un, ii ne again added some other parables to the t0 treasure hid in a same purpose, to promote the diligence, zeal, field the which and resolution, of his disciples, in searching wlien a man hath l ' found, he ludeth, ., into and teaching these great and important and fol joy there()f truths, in which the glory of God and the sal- goeth and selleth all vation of souls were so much concerned. Par- that he hath, and buyeth that field ticularly, he said to them, The happiness to which the kingdom of heaven, or the gospel dispensation, is designed to conduct men, is like an immense treasure hid in a field, -which when a man has found, he hides and covers up again with all possible care ; and, in the transport he is in for joy of it, goes and sells all that he has, and buys that feld at any rate, as being sure that it will abundantly answer the price. Or again, to represent the matter in a like in- 45 Again, the 45 stance, that I ma)' fix it yet more deeply on your kingdom of heaven
iii
i.i.
minds, f The kingdom of heaven is in this respect 1S llke unt0 a .er r ... ... 9,, r chantman, seeking like, or may be illustrated by the similitude or, p. oocuy pea rls a merchant, who goes about from one country to
,
"
another, seeking the largest and most beautiful Who finding had foundVn e pearl 46 pearls? and other fine jewels one pearl of an exceeding great value, ofiered to of great price, he
;
in
which the Messiah was
to preach.
(See
a
Jeffreys's Jicview, p. 117.)
They have
plain connection with the following verses, and might, perhaps, be a kind of preface
trials they were was proper the thought, should thus be inculcated upon them by a
Considering the many
shortly to expect, it
variety offigures. ? Beautiful pearls."] The sacred writers to all Asaph's psalms, in which there are some dark sayings, though the greatest elsewhere compare and prefer wisdom to jewels. See Job xxviij. 1519 ; Prov. iii> part of the seventy eighth is very clear. * Fix it yet more deeply on your minds. and viii. 11. J 15
j
The parable of
went
that
the net gathering all sorts
of fish.
373
and
lie
it.
sold
all
had,
and
bought
him on very advantageous terms, would by no ^1 means slip the opportunity, but presently went away, and sold all that he had, and bought it; as Mat well knowinghe should be a considerable gainer, xiii.46
.
47 Agatn,tne king-
dom
ot heaven is like unto a net that
was cast into the sea,

and gathered of ev-
though he should part with all he was possessed Thus, though a resolute profession of for it. of my gospel may indeed cost you dear, yet it will, on the whole, be infinitely for your advantage, and richly repay all your losses. But see to it, that you are in good earnest in your religion, and do not impose upon yourr j, r f lor, to add one selves by an empty profession parable more, which I shall again borrow from an object with which some of you have been verv conversant, The success of the kingdom of heaven in the world is like that of a net thrown into the sea, which gather ed\n [fishes] ofall sorts ;
-'
47-
'
that it was 46 dragged to the shore, and sitting down. to shore, and sat there,to survey the draught that they had made, EJ^SS gathered the good into proper vessel*, but threw h So 49 sels, but cast the bad away the bad, as not worth their regard. away. mixed and undistinguished here are the charac48 Which when
full
it
W hkh,when the fishermen perceived
was
they drevrfull, they
oTmd
world
the angels it is preached promiscuously to all, gathers in shall conic forth, persons of all sorts, and hypocrites as well as and sever the wicktrue believers are brought into the visible church, ecl from anion? the ~ . r 1 1 ,, c "_ : But an exact survey will finally be taken 01 the ust
: . .
atêên^Vtoe
ters ofthose
who
profess the gospel, which, as
and so it will be shewn at last how great a difference there is between them by the assignment of their state : for at the end of the world the angels shall come forth in the general resurrection, and separate the wickedfrom among the just, with whom they often have been joined before, even in the same religious society and in the participation of the same external privileges shall cast them into afurnace offire, the 50 50 And shall cast Andthty them into the fur- seat of the damned ; where their torments there shall never end, but there shall be incessant wailnace of fire shallbe wailing and d * /w ,./w Jf teeth, for rage and despair, 1 ? <51 gnashing 01 teeth. ; 1 hen Jesus saith unto them, Have ye, with the 51 Jesus saith unto them, Have ye un- key to them which I before gave you, underwhole
;
(
'
Mr. Horberry justly the bad.~] The word net with the living. which we render bad, generally observesthatthisinthcstroiigesttcrmsrepsigmfies corrupt or putrid, and seems an al- resents the luopeless state of sinners at last. futurepunishment, p. 29. lusion to the drawing' up some deadfish in a See his Discourse of
h
But threw away
atiLTr^*,
Vol.
I.
2 Y
37"4
Reflections on the
sect, stood all these things?

biviii. 2,0*7/,
They say unto him,
Yes, derstood
all
these
They say im*" ^' M7</ to /ze*, See therefore, that as you under- to Ji ', Yea }f T 52 Then said he 1.1 Mat. t i t r stand them ' y u make a S ood use of them, for llTlt0 them There. xiii.52 your own advantage, and that of others for fore every scribe every scribe who is disciplined'm the mysteries which is instructed and has attained to the knowledge of the king- hâvett, is like unto dom ofheaven, or every faithful minister who is a man that is an fit for his work, is like a housekeeper, who lays householder, which rin eth forth " ut oF in a variety of goods for use, and keeps them fr nis treasure things t , K i'i in such order, that he readily brings jorth out new and old of his store things nexv and old, as the several occasions of life require, dispensing them in such a manner as may best suit the case of those who are under his care.
clearly understand them.
we
And
he
things
1
'
vi
5-3
Andit came to pass, that when Jesus hadfnished 53 And it came these parables, which he added to those he had * P ass ^hat when Jesus had finished ~~t 1 r ; j j j w îi spoken public, he departed thence that even- ^hese parabi es he ing, to shun the farther importunity of the peo- departed thence. pie, and crossed the sea with some remarkable
circumstances, which will be mentioned below*
IMPROVEMENT.
5,Iat
xiii.52
way
Let'us be concerned to gather up thesefragments, that nothing be lost ; and to lay them up in our memories and our hearts,
according to our respective stations in
use,
life,
that,
we may have
them ready for

Mark
iv.
in the seed of the word 26-29 may for awhile seem lost ; or when the fruit appears, it may advance and ripen but sloxoly.- Let not niinisters therefore too confidently conclude they have laboured in vain, and spent their strength for nought, because the fields are not immediately white to the harvest ; but with believing hope and humble patience let
"^ et
us
rememD er
heart
is like
that sometimes the that of vegetables in the earth.
growth of piety
The
them recommend the seed that they have sown to Him who, by the secret energy of his continued influences, can give at
length a sure and plentiful increase. When Jesus took to himself his great power, and reigned, the ^xiii. gospel, which had gained so little ground under his personal mm31, 32 istration, ran, and was greatly glorified, in the hands of the apostles. The grain of mustardseed shot up and branched forth into a spreading tree, and birds of every wing took shelter there (oh that there had been none of the ravenous and the obscene-
Mat
kind ! )
little
Thus when the Lord shall please to hasten it in his time* one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation
(Isa. lx. 22.)
foregoing parables.
375
that the triumphant progress of his kingdom may sect. lxvuu In the mean time let it be our desire that the principles the gospel may, like a sacred kind of leaven, diffuse themselves of
Let us pray
come.
through our whole souls that all our powers and faculties, that 33 our thoughts and passions, may be, as it were, impregnated and elevated by them. Let us remember the value of the bless- 44-45 ings it proposes; and regarding Christ as the pearl of great price, and heaven as that immense treasure in which alone we can be for ever rich and happy, let us be willing to part xvith all to secure it, if we are called to such a trial. *?"& It is not enough that we are nominal Christians, or possessed of the day of final separation the common privileges of the church will come, and the angels employed in the work will not overlook us, but conduct us to the abodes of the righteous or the nicked. Oh that we may not then be cast with abhorrence into the furnace offire ! But now seriously realizing to ourselves this awful day, of which our Zor^/has given such repeated prospects, may we so judge ourselves that we may not then be con;
all
demned of him
'
SECT.
LXIX.
Our Lord, having given some remarkable answers to some who seemed disposed to follow him, passes over the lake, and stills a mighty tempest as he xvas crossing it. Mat. VIII. 1 8--27. Mark IV. 35, to the end. Luke VIII. 22 25. IX, 57, to the end.
Mark
IV. 35.
AdaywttiTe!
N0Win
\-enwascome,[when __ Jesussawgreatmul- were delivered, xvhenfesus saivgr eat multitudes Mar titudea about, him,] b purposing for a little st \\\ waiting about him, i v 35
.
IV. 35. the evening of the same day- on which SECT. LXIX. tne parables that we have been relating
jj.
MARK
* In t he evening of the same dai\~] Or, that very day, when it was evening for these
.-
are the express words of the evangelist , tv exttvH t tiptf*, e>4<*c ytvo/Aiwit and .indeed they are so express, that I am
:
amazed any critics, who do not suppose he was mistaken, can pretend it was not the tame day which yet Dr. Clarke does, as it'the phrase meant nothing more than one
,-
demoniac who was blind and dumb (sect. lxi. p. 335) happened in it; nevertheless, I see no absurdity in supposing that all these tilings might pass in less than twelve hoursCompare note c on Mat. xii. 22, p. 335. b Great multitudes still waiting about him.'] They sometimes staid with or near him several days together (compare Mat.
:
day towards evening. I dare not take so great a freedom with the sacred author, and have therefore been obliged to transpose, though not to contradict, Matthew. This indeed appears one of the busiest days of Christ's life, as all the events and discourses recorded from his miraculous cure of the
And it seems that xv. 32, sect, ixxxvi.) wow they staid a while after Christ had dismissed them, perhaps with a prayer or benediction (Mat. xiii. 36, p. 367:) for, on his coming down again to the shore, the disciples joined with him in persuading them which, when they saw him to disperse determined to cross the sea, they would the
;
3T6
yesics takes ship in the evening to cross the sea.
from them, he came out of the [Luke, he went inhouse, and went into a ship, which stood by the a s hi P with l)is * disciples unci lie n hbourm S shore, with those of his disciples sa id unto them, Let Mark ^S With whom he had just been discoursing and us go over unto the iv. 35 said unto them, Let us go over unto the other side ?t er pVie ^ And when they had dismissed the i&_Luke VIII 36 f the lake. multitude, and had atlengrh persuaded them to 22. withdraw, they took -him just as he was in the 36 And when they s$p,' without any farther provision for their ^niSeftheytook passage. him even as he was But before we relate the particulars of their n the ship, voyage, we shall here take occasion to add two or three little occurrences, one of which happened at this time. Mat. And first it came to pass, that as they went in mat. VIII. 19. viii.19 the -way* fr om the house out of which he came, And [it came to to the shore where he proposed to embark, a cer- P ;iss tnat as th e y , i went in the wav,l a ; -l i tarn scribe, pleased with his entertaining para- ccrtain scribe ame> c bles, and concluding from the tenor of some of and said unto him, 6 them, as well as from the zeal with which the people flocked about him, that he would soon become a mighty prince, on declaring himself the Messiah, came with all the appearance of profound res-pect,andsaidimto him ,0 thou great Lord
^ IX
sect, while to retire

-
"
^nf
'
_,
"
jrore readily do for so we may conclude from what Mark says above, ver. 36, that,
;
when Luke
introduces
it
by saying
it
was
just as
jfesits
And
way
took shipping, they (that is, sent them away, this appears to me to be the easiest
lie
and
his disciples J
to reconcile this difference,
which
is
none of the least. c They took him as he was in the ship.~\ This may seem an objection against the solution proposed in the last note but I
,
think the turn given in the paraphrase may remove it. If any are not satisfied with that answer,theymust suppose that Christ's going into an house, mentioned by Matthew was some ti?ae ifter , which seems not so natural a sense of Matthew's words. (See Mat. xiii. 36, with note (, p/367.) But had that appeared to me the meaning of them, it would only have occasioned the alteration of a clause or two in the paraphrase ;
it would have been improper to have dixi&ed the explication of \he parable of the tares from the parable itself. d As they went in the way-~] As this and the next story are inserted by Matthew between his account of Christ's giving comonandment to cross the lake, and his entering into the ship to do it (see Mat. viii. 18 23,) I cannot but conclude they both happened at this time; and consequently, that
for
as they went in the way, his meaning must be at large, one any as Christ and his discipies were walking, and not (as Sir Isaac Ne%u~ ton supposes) as thev we?it on in that journey in whjch the Samaritans had refused him a lodging. The following words would indeed have been proper on that occasion : but they had also an universal propriety, as Christ had'no house or stated lodging of his own, and was now going over to a place where we do not find he had any acquaint ance. But if any think St. Luke's expression too strong to bear this interpretation, they must, if they will not impeach St. Matthew's accou.it of it, conclude that this little occurrence happened twice, as it isvery possible it miglit. e Concluding from the tenor of some of them.] The parables of the mustardseed and the leaven were both spoken before the multitude (Mat. xiii. 31,34, p. 370, 371,) and they were both so plain that the discipies did not ask Christ to expound them; as
explication could
intelligible.
indeed one can hardly imagine how any have made them more
The
scribe's
lie
on the declaration
circumstances,
made
it
makes
forsaking Christ, of his destitute evident he was
actuated by these views.
certain scribe declares- his readiness to follow him.
377
[Lord andl Master, [cmd] Master, who hast another kind of autho- sect. LXIX will follow thee 1 r jty tnan we scribes can pretend to (Mat. vii. whithersoever thou -.' *~ _< \ T 1 l b eseech dice to give me leave to Mat 29 ' P' 2j1 goest. [Luke IX. attend thee in thy passage for I am determin- viii. 19 57,]
-
^.1
t-
ed that / will follow thee whithersoever thou goest, and devote myself entirely to the service And Jesus, knowing the 20 20 Ami Jesus of thy kingdom. sakh unto him, The niotives which engaged him to this resolution, /""7 Do not flatter yourself with the and thibirds ofthe saith unto but expectation of any temporal advantages from air have nests the Son ofman hath sucn an attendance for I plainly tell you, that X * ÎX* w^ ereas (not to speak of domestic "animals, header 5^,t which are under the care ofman) even the very foxes have holes, and the birds ofthe air have nests, lor themselves and their young yet the Son of man, successful as his kingdom must at length be, does now appear in such low circumstances, that he has not so much as a place where he may lay his head: he knows not one day where he shall find food and lodging the next and his followers must expect no better a condition.
'
;
'
21 And [he said unto] another of his disciples, [Follow me : but hel said unto him, Lord, suffer me first to go hCr
thou wouldest^rv/' permit me to go home and buru mi/ aged father,* to whose remains I am But fesus, who 22 22 But Jesus said going to pay my last duty. unto him, Follow thought it proper on this occasion to make an me, and let the dead extraordinary trial of his faith and obedience, ' burv their dead; ,. ,. r ,, [but go thou and scncl a g am unfo him,Jollozv thou me immediately preach the kingdom and leave the dead to bury their dead: let those 0<i t LuKE IX wno are themselves spiritually dead, perform the "n? ^ rites of funeral yea,let the dead remain unburied, rather than disobey my word when I give thee so great a commission or than neglect it but one day when I say, as I now do, Go thou and preach this gospel of the kingdom of God*
.
[U;Kd5o]
'
declaration sufficient to deter a person who sought nothing but his present interest and advantage. And to another of his disciples, who had for 21 somc time attended his discourses, he said fol, j, iU * ow me stat edly, as these my servants do, "i that thou mayest be trained up to take thv part with them in the ministry of the gospel. But he said Unt hhn ^ Lord^ wiU mOSt Sladl V d h >' et l be S
1
.
'*
my aged father.'] seems to take it for granted he was ahead) think that this expression only dead. intimates, his father was so old that he i Go thou and preach the kingdom ofGod.'] could not livelong; but Christ's answer As our Lord called him now to follow him,
f
To go home and bury
Sonic
78
sect,
'
Another desires first
to settle his affairs at
home.
which thou hast heard, and shalt farther hear from me. Luke IX. 61. And, at a certain time, h another also said, Lord, Luke ix. <rt J will presently follow thee; but permit mefirst to ? ^*\ J3 go and settle the affairs of my family, and take follow thee but let 1 my leave of them which are at my house, asElisha me first go bid them was permitted to do when called in so extraor- f^re ' e11 ^hl f h ave at ,. home at my _ , , , ir clmarv a manner to the prophetic office, (1 Kings house. 62 xix. 20.) And Jesus said unto him, Take heed 62 And Jesus that no fond affection for anv who mav stand sald " nt ? him No man having put his * -~i. a * i related to ^.u thee, nor any solicitous concern about hand t0 1 ^ plough, thy temporal affairs, prevent thee from execut- and looking back, is ing the important purpose thou hast formed of fit for the kingdom
LXIX
;
'
>
devoting thyself to my service; for no man having once laid his hand on the plough, and
afterwards looking back,
the kingdom
is fit for the service of of God ; k as indeed, if the work of ploughing the ground require that a man should look before him and resolutely mind what he is about, you may easily imagine that the du-
^ AT
e(i
i
VI 11, 23
; .
'
entere d into a ship,

his disciples follow-
ties
Mat
viii.23
of a gospel minister will require a much ~,. steady attention r ^ ^ more * and more firm resolution.
, 1
i
nim:
they
.-,
[ Ll
'
KE >
And now, as
it
was said before that Jesus was
launched forth p and there were also with him
a nd
and take nny leave, &c] In this doubt not but the phrase rectly to be put in execution. The circum- tLwolctâtrbiu rm as tov oikov /* is to be stance was plainly extraordinary, and taken here, though it has something of a might turn on reasons unknown to us. different signification, Luke xiv. 33, sect. Christ might, for instance, foresee some exxi. Intending to give up his possessions, particular obstruction that would have he probably designed to order how they arisen from the interview with his friends should be distributed among his friends at Ins father's funeral, which would have as Heinsius has very well explained the prevented his devoting himself to the passage. k No man, having laid his hand on the ministry ; to which he might refer in saying, Let THE DEAD bury their dead. I plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingsee no reason to suppose any regard to the dom ofGed.~] Hesiod has given it as the jbriests being forbidden some usual cere- character of a good ploughman, that he monies of mourning, which some have keeps his mind intent on his work, that he thought to .be intended here. may make a straig ht furrow, and does not h At a certain time."] This probably allow himself to gaze about on his companhappened at another time; for it would tone, ( Hesiod Eg^. lib. ii. ver. 61 63) Our have been very improper to have asked Lord, on the like obvious principles, may permission to go and bid his domestics use the phrase of one that looks behind him. farewell, when Christ had just made such "while his hand is on tlte plough, as a kind of
latitude
I
;
we must conclude that this commission which he gives him to preach was not di-
my family,
an answer to the former: but the story is so short, and so much resembles the former, that I chose (as St. Luke also does) tojoin them together. Nor do I think it any reflection on the evangelists, that they did not follow the order of time provided they do not assert a regard to it where they
vary
'
proverbial expression for a careless irresO' lute person, who must be peculiarly unfit happy for the Christian ministry.
How
had it been
it
church had this lively admonition been regarded, without which

for
his
is
impossible
aright,
vi. p.
opBcl oftut
tcv 15.
xoh'i
thc
a.\nba-M, to divide, or rather direct the
word
from
it.
of
truth
2 Tim.
ii.
See Bqg*
Pc unit, pie first to settle the affairs of Observ. cap.
23%
A violent
other
little
tempest having arisen,
is stilled
by Christ.
379
r the various labours or the day, he Jell asleep : much was covered with and behold, there came down a violent storm of the waves; [and the xv \ n d on t/le fafe and on a sudden it was so waves beat into the .1 ,, and unushin, so that it wis tempestuous, that there arose a great now full ;] [Luke, sual agitation in the sea, 1 insomuch that the vesand they were in sel was even covered with the swelling rvaves, e p d i ,? .?I >^ Î'îj which beat into the ship, so that it was now full IV.
,
.
And as storm of wind on other little ships were also ivith him. the lake and] there they were sailhig over the lake, Jesus laid himarose a great ternse jf down tne sn ip an d b e i n rr wearied with '
,
;
about to cross the lake, ruhen he was entered'sect. into the ship, his disciples followed him ; and they LXIX directl y launchedforth, even as many as could 24*And 'behold, [Luke, as they sail- conveniently get a passage in that vessel, or viii.2.*? ed, he fell asleep an)- others that were thereabouts ; for they and there came ^ desirous to attend him ; and several down a [great] a
ships.]
C Mar *
|V.
36.
^~
......
m
,
a **
pest
in
the sea, insotiiat the ship
fA
,,
.1
01.
came to him, fatigued with the labours of the day. m And awoke him, ' .1 w rien to att 't. ^ human appearance they were just sayinc- 1 Master [Luke, Master,] sinking, his disciples came to him, and awakened carest thou not, him, saying, with great surprise and importu r 'aTr*.*? ' -' we perish.] [Mat, n itv, Master. Master, is/-it no manner of concern 1 1? 1 VIII. 25. Luke t0 t 'iee that we are all or us in the utmost danVIII. 24. ger, and hast thou no regard to what we are Mat. VIII. 26. exposed to in such a terrible extremity as this ? And he saith unto T * , . J ,. r And, "*at^ them, VVhv are ve Lord, save us, lor we are just perishing i vm [so] fearful, O yc'of hesays to them, Why are ye so exceeding fimorlittle faith [Luke, ous Q l/e f little faith ? Can you imagine that Where your /-' 1 19 ij cc i\/r ? ^1 T would surfer Me to 1be r lost in a tempest? faith ?] rHow 'is it ^ that ye have no or that I would consult my own safety in the faith?] Then he a- neglect of yours? Where is your faith ? and how rose and rebuked s ^ tn t j faith in exercise on such J Uie winds, [Luke, / . , and the raging of the an occasion, when you have had so many water:] [and said signal evidences both of my power and my unto the sea, Peace, tem T er care ? And t flm rising u p w t h an air be still: and the r t->1 .u 1 1 1 j w wind ceased ] and * lJ lvine majesty and authority he rebuked the there was a great winds and the raging of the water, and said to dm. [Mark IV. f/ie sca ' as a master might do to a company of -.9,40, Luke VIII. 1 r> . 1 *-n Ju had turbulent servants, Fence, be still : and he. i, A 24 25 1
pies
they xvere in extreme danger 01 Mark IV. 38. being cast away. And [Jesus] in the mean Mark iv 3 *" And he was in the tim for fa refreshment of his wearv body, Binder part of the . 1 r r t 1t r 1 as we ^ as ror the tria ^ * their laitn, was asleep ship, asleep on a nillow [and his disci- on a pillow in the stern of the ship, being greatly
23.]
Luke
VIII.
or water,
and
re
"
and
.,
'
'
..
A great
agitation in the sea.~\
litrf-*&
(tryttt
properly signifies a ?nig/itv agitation,probably it was something of a hurricane. Fatigued with the labours of the day.]
This we may reasonably conclude from a review of the preceding sections- See alsothe latter part of note * iu the beginning of
this section.
380
sect,
lxix.
Reflections on Christ 's
power over
the
winds and sea.
Mat.
viii.2r
no sooner spoken, but the wind rested, and there 27 But the men And the men that marvelled,[andthey was presently a great calm. fea red xceedin ? were with him were greatly amazed, and struck and said one sly J . , to anj _. K r Wltn suc " a reverential awe that they jeared other,] What manner of man is this, exceedingly, saying to each other, What a wotitllat [Luke, comderful person is this, who has not only power r J mandeth even the .i over diseases, but commandeth even the most winds and the sea tumultuous elements, the winds and the sea ; [Luke, and they] and amidst all their rage and confusion they nbev hltn [Mark IV. 41. Luke VIII, u ui / ii A v humbly obey him, and are immediately com2 5"|
, -
<.
4.
posed
at his
command
IMPROVEMENT.
Mat.
viii.27
How great and glorious does our blessed Redeemer appear, as having all the elements at his command, and exercising his dominion over the winds and seas! He stills the very tempests when they roar, and makes the storm a calm, (Psal. cvii. 29.) He silences at once the noise and fury of the tumultuous rvaves : and, in the midst of its confusion, says to the raging sea, Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further ; and here shall thy proud waves be Who would not reverence and feat stayed, (Job xxxviii. 11.) him ! Who would not cheerfully commit themselves to him I Under such a protection, how courageously may his church ride through every storm and weather every danger ! Christ is still with her, and she is safe even while he may seem to be sleeping. 24 Blessed Jesus! that power of thine which hei-e commanded the tempest into zcalm, can easily silence all our tumultuous passions^ and reduce our souls to that blessed tranquillity in which alone we can be capable of enjoying thee and ourselves. May we still be applying to Christ with such importunate adand, sensible how much we need his help, may we cry dresses 25 out, Lord, save us, or we perish ! And may it be the language, not of suspicion and terror, but of faith; of a faith determined at all adventures to adhere to him, whatever dangers are to be encountered, or whatever advantages are to be resigned Did his compassion for us, and his desire of our salvation, 20 engage him to submit to such destitute and calamitous circumstances, that when the foxes have holes, and the birds of the aithave nests, the Son of man himself had not a place where he might lay that sacred head which with infinite mutual complacency and delight he had so often reposed in the bosom of the Father ! May our zeal and love animate us cheerfully to take our part in his May no consideraindigence, and distress, if he calls us to it tions of ease or interest, or even of human friendship, lead us to turn a deaf ear to the calls of duty ; or suffer us, when we once 21 have enp-aged in his service, to think of deserting it, lest on the
; !
!
Christ arrives at the country of the Gadarenes.
381
whole we should be judged unfit for the kingdom of God! May sect. LXIX thv grace, O Lord, animate our souls, that nothing may prevent deprive us of that crown f~^~^ our faithfulness unto death, and so (Rev. ix life which thy grace has promised to such a character.
-
ii.
10.)
SECT.
herd of swine,
end.
is
LXX.
Christ being arrived at the country of the Gadarenes, dispossesses two demoniacs ; and permitting the evil spirits to enter into a desired by the inhabitants to
so returns to the western side
of
the sea.
IX.
1.
Mark V. 121.
after they
withdraw ; and Mat. VIII. 28, to the Luke VIII. 26 40.
Makk.V.1.
MarkV.
]
1.
A
Ix.
e
ND they came AND

over unto the
S
!L, rT ,!lt
Li
ar.
were thus delivered from sect Jl t ie J an e r of the storm, they came over to lxxg the other side of the sea of Tiberias, and arrived
a territory beto that of the ancient Gerpesenes. or Girgashites, (see Gen. ' .. 1 t xv. 21 ; Deut. vn. 1; and Josh. in. x. 16 which is situated over against Galilee ; be10,) tract Q f i an(j w hich fell to the half t h at jn g of Manasseh beyond Jordan, and was tribe afterwards called Trachonitis. And xvhen he was landed out of the ship, he o was no sooner got ashore, but there immediate/ mc i } \ m f W0 men * possessed with demons* * y the sepulchres* which were in ..i a l h i u out
<*>
rived at the country at the country of the Gadarenes ; of the Gadarenes, longings [<?;-] at least adjacent, er esen( s [.r
"J
which isoveragamst
Galilee.]
']
[Mat.
VIII. 28. VIII. 26.]
Luke
2 And when he was come out of the ship, [Luke, to

land,]
conang a J there met him [two possessed with dev- buryingplace near the city, whither they had out of fled as to a place affording them some shelter, ils, coming the tombs, exceedan(i sui ting their gloomy imaginations ; and ing fierce, so that
t
immediately
they were both of them exceeding fierce and
but I rather undoubtedly such notions Matthew. The same remark may arise think, witli Eisner, the demoniacs chose from comparing Mark v. 22 43 with Mat. the caves of this buryingground as a kind of ix 18 ~ 6; a,ul Mai 'k ix. 1727 with shelter,- and he has slu wit that wretches Mat. xvii. 14 18, and some other parallel in extremity sometimes did the like. See passages , not to mention histories recorded Eisner. Qbserv. Vol. 1. p. 6568,
:
kim two men.'] Mark and only one, who probably was the fiercer of the two ; but this is no way inconsistent with the account that Matthew gives. I cannot but observe here, that Mark tells this story in all other respects so much more circumstantially than Matthew, that it abundantly proves that his gospel was not (as Mr. Whiston maintains in his Harmony J an abridgment of
There met
Luke mention
bvMark; and not See Mr. Jones's
to be found in
Matthew.
St.
Vindication
of
Mat~
them's Gospel, chap. vii. and ix. b Coming out Grotius of the sepulchres.] supposes that the demons chose to drive the men that they possessed among the tombs, to confirm some superstitious notions of the Jews relating to the power of evil spirits over the dead. T\iz heathenshad.
"
Vol.
I.
382
sect,
He
-
is
there met by two exceeding fierce demoniacs.
mischievous, so that no one could safely pass by nomanmightpassby [Luke, that waif : and [one of these was"] a certain man tliat wa 1 Utof of the city with an unclean spirit, that had been thecitv,] withanunl^Sfi Mark / j // j 1 r along ly clean spirit, [Luke, 9 known to be possessed with demons jor Who was so terribly outrageous that he which had devils a time; AT 3 zvore no clothes, nor xvould abide in any house, -yî^Jo but had his dwelling sometimes in the burying- vill. 27. ground, among the tombs, and sometimes in a 3 Who [wore no desert, or a common, that lay near it c and clothes, neither awas under so strong an operation of the diabol- but j^ j^ dwen' ical power, that no one could confine him even ingansongthe tombs. xvith chains : For he had often been bound with and . man could
Lxx
''
'
y
"1
"
-i
yet in a most surprising SchZ's: [Luke manner the chains xvere broken asunder by him, vill. 27.] and the fetters xvere beaten to pieces ; and, after 4 Because that he ad been often boun-.l all the methods that had been taken with him, with letters and r 7io one was able to tame turn, either by force or chains and the been entreaties, or any kind of exorcism that had chains had And he was always plucked asunder by been tried upon him. him, and the fetters w ^ 5 night and day upon the mountains, and among ^^^ m pieces the tombs, crying out in a terrible manner and, neither could any when there was no body else to spend his rage man tame nim
4 fetters and chains;
upon, cutting himself zvith sharp pieces of the stones he found there. And when he saw Jesus afar off, the demon 6 that possessed him was so overawed, that he ,. r n r immediately ran and jell doxvn upon his race before him, with all the appearance of the 7 Greatest reverence, and xvorshipped him : And -j ttsi -j.i j i crying out xvith a loud voice, he said, What have I to do xvith thee, Jesus, thou Son of the most high God? I am not come here to enter into any contest with thee, and / beseech [and] adjure thee by that God whose Son thou art, that thou do not exert the power which thou hast to torment me: I know there will be a ... season when thou wilt have an ample triumph over me but art thou come hither to torment us before the time allotted for our final punishment ?d And this he spoke as he was acted by the demon that possessed him who was
1 ,
i i i
ni ht
in
| ^day
the
,
hS
off,
mountains, and in the tombs,
cr vi:1 a; !' 1 cutting ^' himself with stones. g But wncn he

,
saw Jesus
afar
.
be ra "> C anJ
fel1
4.
down
and him
;
before him,]
worshipped
[Luke
VIII.
28.]
rLuKEôotl with
i
ud
lth
voi'ce,
and
I
said.
What
ii
J ^ Son oi the most. ; thou
have thee
i ?
to
do
esus
\^\ Goc
x
[Luke,
beseech thee,] I adjure thee by God,

I
me
come
r. lrt tnou not . hither to tor-
desert, or a
common,
So it was said by Luke, ver. 29, that he was driven into the wilderness. d Art thou come hither to torment us hefore the time ? ] Here was such a reference to the final sentence which Christ is to pass upon these rebel spirits in the
it]
.
that lay near judgment of the great day, to which they are reserved (Jude, ver. 6,) as could not be dictated by lunacy; and it is much to be questioned whether either the person speaking, or any of the hearers, but Christ himself, understood the sense and pro-
prietyofit.
One of
these
was possessed by a
legion of demons.
_
383
sect.
For Jesus was so afraid of being driven away : itfent us before the time ?][M.vi VIII. moved with pity and compassion at the sight of 29 Luke VIII. suc h a miserable spectacle, that he already had
.
^T
the unclean spirit [and]said with an v hi.29 (For he liad com- air of authority to him. Come out of the man manded the unclean tjl0U unclean spirit. For (as it was observed
Luke VIII
29.
commanded
spirit
,[> /said unto

Come out of
the
him,
fa
; man, thou unclean sprit] For often- chains, and kept under the closest confinement times it had caught ye et f . rs V t none of them, were strong enough him and he was < , .,, , , , kept hound with to no\< nim i "tit 'ie would still break loose ; chains, and in fet- and having broke and torn off all the bonds that and he brake t ] iev CO li1c1 fix upon him, he was driven bu the the hands, and was + t r j the impetuous impulse of ^.u raging demon into driven
seized him in a most violent d vr manner and notwithstanding he was bound xvitli
f
, '
^
.
of the devil into the wilderness.) the
desert places,
,
where
the buryingground
rkV.B.] 30 And Jesus

oil
ay.
,
ask\
J him, saying-, What is thy name sawug, [and he answered, saying,

1 ;
~
..
possessed the man had many others with him, and a multitude ofdeu mo us had entered into him^xuS. had been suite reel to unite their malice and power in harassing and tormenting the wretched creature. 31 And they be^ d ast |iev f0Und that Jesus was determined 31 J . sought him [much,] ,. to dislodge them, they earnestly entreated him be would not them away that he would not send them quite away out of out of the country, f hoping that if they had permist/le CO untry sion to hover still about it, they might do some:]
for
because because the evil spirit that

'
we
are
7 What is thy name f Ana he ansrvered name is Legion ; for we are many. e My And this replv was not without some reason, J
.
a skedt\\t evil spirit that was in him. 30 i

.
.-.
,,
thing to obstruct the progress of the gospel, against which their chief efforts were centered : [and] they particularly were importunate thathe
f That he would not send them out of tht Legion, for vie are many."] no need of concluding from hence country. ~\ It seems from Dan. x. 13 20, that the number of these evil spirits was ex- that different evil genii preside over distinct actly the same with that of a Roman legion, regions by the direction of Satan their which was now upwards of six thousand, prince. These, who perhaps were spirits of (See Pitisc. Lex. de Legione.) It was a distinguished abilities, might be appointed phrase that was often made use of to ex- to reside thereabouts, to oppose as much ass press a great number,- (see Light/, jgor. possible the beneficial designsof Christ; and Hebr. on Mark v. 9.) It is observable that havingmade their observations on the charLuke here adds, that many demons were en- acters and circumstances ofthe inhabitants, 'ered into him; so that it is evident he they might be capable of doing more mis thought it not merely a lunacy, but a real chief here than elsewhere, and on that: possession. Probably a band of evil spirit.: account might desire leaYC to continue on united in the vexation of this wretched the spot. creature but in what manner and order it
'
My name is
is
rhcre
impossible for us to say, little of invisible beings.

ii
who know
so
35d>
.'ject.
The demons beg
leave to enter into a
herd of swine.
commanded to go out into the hot- and] tomless abyss, the prison in which manv of the J en? to S * into the deep. [Mark r r n i i -i lallen spirits are detained, and to which some v. 10.] Luke viii.31 wno may, like these, have been permitted for a while to range at large, are sometimes by divine justice and power remanded. (Compare Rev. xx. 1 3 ; 2 Pet. ii. 4 ; Jude, ver. 6 ;
LXX
-
would not command them

.
...
l.j
and see Gr otitis,

Mark
v
-
in
he.)
there within their view, at a Mark V. 11. Now th v considerable distanceJ from them, on the mountains therf was 3 t ^ a . good wav on from . n i i near the seashore, a great herd oj many swine them,] nigh unto the feeding on the mountain ; for, unclean as those mountains, a great animals were, the Tews in that countrv bred up henlof[many]swine
the re
Now
was
great numbers of them out of regard to the gain of such merchandise, which they sold to the Roman soldiers, and other Gentiles, who were very numerous in these parts. 5 And all the demons which had possessedthis miserable creature,(set upon doing all the mischief that they could, though they were under such a sensible restraint, and desirous to bring an odium upon Jesus as tjie author of mischief ) entreated him again, saying to him, If thou art determined, after all we have said, that thou wilt cast us out of this man, send its, [or] give us leave to go away to the herd of swine which is feeding yonder, that
.
'
feeding-
[Luke.
on
the
mo^tain.]
[Mat. VIII 303 LvkeVIII. 32
12
** s
And all the devDes u.? nt ,lim >
^$3g J^' ^
away] mt0 tne [herd of]
suffer us tog-o
""î^
[Mat.
Luke
VIII. 31! VIII. 32.]
we may enter into them ; for we have no power of hurting even them without thy leave. And
13
And
forthwith
immediately Jesus permitted them to do it ; partly Jesus gave them to punish those who dealt in so infamous a com- leave > [ an d suc* un * modity, and chiefly to prove the reality of a diabolical agency in these cases, h and to dis-
Which they
sold to the
Roman
sol-
Our Lord's permitting

into the
;
the frit spirits to enter
appears both wise and gracious inasmuch as it unanswerably deJesus vindicated, p. 34, 35. h To prove the reality of a diabolical monstrated at once the malice of Satan and agency in these cases.] The cavils against the extent of Christ's power over him. No this miracle ire equally malicious and weak, miracles are movesuspiciousthan pretended,
this action evidently
;
and other Gentiles, Ifc] The /aim of IPyt cam/s had indeed prohibited the Jews from keeping swine (which shews it had been much practised among them ;) but these Gadarenes who had so many Gentiles in the neighbourhood, having- long been under Heathen government (Joseph, &" Antiq. yud. lib. xv. cap. 7 (al. 11,) 3 Bell yud. lib i. cap. 20 (al. 15,) 3,) and living in the extreme part of the country, presumed to do it, scandalous and illegal See Miracles of as the employment was.
diers,
;
swine was not properly sending them into those beasts or if he had done it, the punishment to the owners would have been just ; or had it been less apparently so, his extraordinary character as a prophet, and the proof he gave of a Divine cooperation,
would have set him above cur censure in an action, the full reasons of which we might not perfectly have known. But though this solution is to me very satisfactory, it is not necessary to have recourse to it for
:
Christ gives them leave,

to
and the whole herd
is
driven into the sea. 385

:
them, Go.]
unclear,
And
to
p] a y
the malice of those evil spirits
spirits
went out [Luke, ot . the man,] and enter- sire it, ed into the [herd of] please. swine: andfbehold,] ^|rectly out J
lhe[whole]herclran
violently sea, and
fore
^
.
he therede _ and operate on those creatures as you

/
'
"
And upon
this the unclean spirits
went
,
a e "i an " steep place into the was the
down
r 7 entered into the nerd of swine : and such strange effect of their power, that, be.
.
of the man <* ... .
whom .
thev had possessJ
were chok- no i(i
t /ie
'
w jl0 lc /^-îmmediately grew mad, and
precipice into the sea,* and perUhed in the~wa- ran v l0 ^cnt kl down a ters :]rtHrfthey were were all suffocated in the sea, and perished in the about two thousand, ivaters ; k being in number about txvo thousand. [Mat. VIII. 32. Andthc swine herds seeing what was done, fled i* 14, * v Luke VIII. 33] 14 And they that in great amazement, some one way and some fed the swine, another, and told all the story, both in the citij and [Luke, when thev country; and circumstantially related what had ' sawwhatwasdone,] .1 _,, demoniacs, and how the defled, and told Teve- happened to the two And when ry thing] in the city, mons had been ejected from them. and in the country, the people heard it, they were so much impressC aS bc fcn lT'\f possessed with the report, thaitheu went out'm crowds fallen to the T * * ed of the devils] to see what xvas done, and to satisfy themselves, And they went out on the testimony of their own senses, as to the to see what it was And when they 1 * trut h of so unparralleled a fact. J that was done. c^ ,, f [Mat. VIII. 33. came to fesus, and saw the demoniac (_even him Luke VIII. 34, 35.] that had been tormented by the legion, and out of 15 And they come xvhom the demons were departed calmly sitting J
.
"
[the
man]
that
the was at
possessed with the
and now decently clothed and
feet f Jesus
t0 reCeive his instructions,
perfectly composed^
It is a pitiadispossessions, as there is so much room sand, of them into the water. for collusion in them ; but it was sclt'evi- ble thing tosee a writer of such a character dent that a herd of swine could not be con- reduced to so hard a shift. He seems infederates in any fraud: their death, there- deed to think the common notion of posforc, in this instructive and convincing sessions absurd and dangerous, and cercircumstance, was ten thousand times a tainly opposes it with a very good design
:
greater blessing to mankind than if they had been slain for food, as was intended, The whole herd ran violently damn a precThis story is an unanipice into the sea.~\ swerable demonstration of the error of the hypothesis advanced by the author of the late Inquiry into the Case of the demoniacs, &c. (mentioned before in note c on Luke iv. 33, p. 199.) That ingenious writer is forced to suppose these swinefrighted by the two madmen, and so driven down the precipice : but, not to mention the absurdity of .supposing their lunacy thus to rage after Christ had spoken the healing word, one might venture to appeal to any body that lias observed what awkward creatures swine arc to drive, whether it would be possible, without a miracle, for two men (0 drive twenty, ur.d much less two thou'
hard to say how Christ could have encouraged that notion more than by his conduct on this occasion and I doubt not but this extraordinary occurrence was permitted chiefly to prove the reality of these possessions, and will always beeffectual for the conviction of every imparbut
it is
;
and perished ii: display of the malignity of these demons, in this instance, served to illustrate the value of every miracle of this kind, and to display the grace as well as
all suffocated,
tial k
inquirer.
And were
the waters.']
The
power of Christ in every dispossession in which View this circumstance appears to have been determined with great wisdom
,
and goodness, though full) and perverse ness have so strangely disguised it
SS6
sect, as
LXX-
The Gadarenes pray
jfesus to depart from thence.
being restored to his right mind, they were devil, and had the * [ nt struck with such a mixture of astonishment and Legion, _^__ , whom the devils , r r re verence i that they were afraid oi conversing were departed,] sitMark the ting [at the feet of v. 15 with so great a Prophet, and dreaded farther effects of his power. (Comnare Luke v. Jesus,] and clothed, _ and lnhisrightnnnd; \ .1 a j " 16 8. sect, xxxiv.) And they also who were pres- andthevwe rft afraid ent, and had seen all that passed from the be- [Luke" VIII35] 16 And they [alginning, gave them a particular account of * '\2 and told them., more largely than the swine E&J herds had done, by zvhat means the demoniac means i ie that was had been recovered ; and also told them concern- possessed of the was healed.] ino" the swine, how they had been so strangely êyils ' and also concerning' , j c .1 destroyed by the apparent agency of. those the sw ne# [Luke evil spirits by which the men had before been vill. 36] M.\r. VIII. 34. possessed. A"d h Mat. behold, all the inhabitants of the whole And _ f^' *5 a a whole city came out r , 11 -'* as the rumour increased, come to citij ot Gadara, Jesus meet and the cut to meet Jesus ; \_and~\ indeed the xvhole mul- [Luke,
**
hole titude of the country of the Gadarenes round ^' <j *j / country or tiic tile about flocked to see so wonderful a person Gadarenes round aand zvhen they saw him, they presently began, bout ] and when saw him * e Z with all submission, to entreat him that he
:
;
multitude of
would please
a
to depart from
them out of their
[W a
coasts; pretending that they,
who had
number of Gentiles round
[ lia f /ie would deso great part [Luke, from them, were not them] out of their
to receive so great and holy a person: for they unreasonably looked on him as the author of the calamity which befcl the swine, and zvere seized zvilh ffreat fear, lest he should send j r r1.i i some farther judgments upon them, which they were sensible the great irregularities of their behaviour well deserved m and he, by no means willing to obtrude his presence on those who were so insensible as not to desire it, zuent into the ship again, and returned back to the western shore of the sea. Mark And zvhen he was come into the ship, the dev 18 momac, out r zvhom the demons zvere now departl *r j j j. + v * oj cd, fearing lest after this(as it had been supposed
fit
c ast;
t
êre^taben
:
w iu, great fear

,
and he went up into the
^turned slu P> an< ? back again. J [Mat? k
17.
Luke
VIII.
37.]
^nd when
come
18 he was
into the ship,
ne tliat ***** been possessed with the devd> r ollt f whom

the devils were de-
The whole city of Gadara] Josephus describes it as a very considerable place, lt was by the righteous judgment of God, t he first Jewish city that fell into the hands of the Romans in the fatal war under Vespasian, and suffered great extremities, Joseph. Bell. Jud. lib. iv. cap. 7. (al. v. 3.) See IVits. de Decern.. Trih. cap. 8. $ 3, 4. 2. '" Lest he should send some farther
1
judgments upon them,
Some have iS?c.~] imagined, that they thought Christ a magician, and feared the effects of Ids art but the cause assigned in the'paraphrase seems to me much more decent, and, all things considered, more likely. They were probably a licentious sort of people, and might naturally, from what they s&\v,fear
;
some
farther chastisement from so holy Prop!;-'
;.
The demoniac
parted,] prayed him that he might be
desires to
go with them, kit
is
sent home.
387
sect.
of some, Mat. xii. 43 45, sect. Ixiii,) he might De danger of a relapse, and, dreading the U E terrors f nis former condition entreated him T VIII 38 that he might be allowed to continue with him, to enJy tne fartntr benefit of his instructions. 19 Howbeit Jesus suffered him not,but Yet Jesus did not permit him to do it, but sent [sent himjiway, say- him away, saying, Return to thine own house,
LXX
77~~7"
y jg
19
ing,
Return
to thine
own house, home to thy
an " *au not particularly to tell them how great and (ell them liow things the Lord God of Israel, whose messenger greatthinratheLord j an has by h s Almighty power performed God hath done lor 1 ona how graciously he has had comthee and hath hndJ ort' lee compassion on thee, passion oi thee in those deplorable circum[LukeVIII. 38, stances which rendered thee a spectacle of And 10 SOAnd he depart- horror to them, and all that saw thee. ed, and began to upon this he went away, and began to publish publish [throughout through the whole city of Gatlara, in which he e le (hve1 ^ &"*] in S rj?c ol^how Decapolis, what a11 the neighbouring region of great and wonderful things great things' Jesus had done for him Jesus had done for him: and all men were and all men did mar- amaze d at so stupendous a miracle. And Jesus, having entered into the ship, de- Ms:. 39 l Mat. IX. 1. And parted thence as soon as the demoniac was 1X he entered into a dismissed and, leaving those ungrateful peoand passed slup, ^ ^ ^ no greater va ] ue for n ^ s presence, * over, and came into he passed over the sea of Galilee, aua shortly his own city. Mark V.21. And after came to his own city of Capernaum, where [it came to pass, ] ie had dwelt after his leaving Nazareth. (See that] when Jesus Mat< y> lg 19Q ^ ' wus p: ssccL over n~ And it came to pass that when Jesus had pass- Mark gain by ship unto the other side, much ed over again in the ship to the other side of the v. 21 people gathered un- jgj-g^ ne was no sooner landed but a great mulpeople gladiv receiv- titude gathered to him ; [and] the people most ed him; for they gladly received him n y#r they expected his were all waiting for speedy return, and were all impatientlv waitinp" . him I and lie was r ., j or m: an " he continued some time G72. Me nigh unto the sca.J [Luke VIII. 40.] seacoast, teaching and working miracles.
friends,
;
,
i |
and] go
r^j J
L
,.
,
,
*
.y
friends and
i
re lations at
,,
, ,
home ;
"
>
-|
'
"
IMPROVEMENT.
From the remarkable story which is here before us we must Mark surely see the most apparent reason to adore the good provi- v.3,1 dence of God, which restrains the malignant spirits of hell from spreading those desolations among beasts and men, which would otherwise quickly turn the earth into ^wilderness, or rather into a chaos. But what matter of joy is it to reflect, that all their
n Gladly received him .] This Grotius has 'observed to be the meaning of the word
1
(ttTrtâlo,)
and
in this sense
it
may
like
!7
vrise-be understood,
Act? xr.4,andxriii.
38
sect, fury
Reflections on the poxver
of Christ over Satan.
and rage is under a Divine control, and that they canfioi hurt even the meanest animal without permission from above ~ The unhappy creature, whose state is here described in such q lively colours, is an affecting emblem of those who are in a i spiritual sense under the power of Satan. Thus do they break 4,5 asunder the bonds of reason and gratitude, and sometimes of and, thus driven on by the frenzy authority, and even of shame of their lusts and passions, they are so outrageous as to injure Human attempts to moderate others, and to xvound themselves. 1 5 and reform them may be vain ; but let us remember that the Almighty Saviour has a voice which can put this worst kind of demons to flight, and restore those that have been agitated by them to their right mind, so as to place them at his feet in holy composure, and in calm rational attention. 7 see here a legion of devils trembling before the Son of God, confessing his superior poxver, howling as it were in their chains, and entreating the delay of their torments. And can human pride stand before him, and rebellious mortals triumph over him ? Happv souls that are Hated undar his banners ! The)' shall share the victories of the great Captain of their salvation, and the God of peace shall bruise Satan under their feet shortly. (Rom. xvi. 20.) 17 But oh, how stupid and how wretched were these Gadarenes, who preferred their sxvine to their soids, and besought him to depart oitt of their coasts whose presence was their defence and their glory ! Mav Divine grace preserve us from a temper like And may those of us who have ourselves experienced theirs the restoring power of Christ and his gospel, be engaged to ad18,20 here to our great Benefactor, and gratefullvto devote those powers to his service which he has rescued from dishonour, mischief^
LXX
-
We
and ruin
SECT.
not keeping so
LXXI.
disciples for
Christ, being entertained at Matthexv's house, justifies his convers-
ing xvith publicans and sinners ; and vindicates his
John
29,
did.
many fasts Mat. IX. 10
as the Pharisees
17.
and
Mark
II. 15
the disciples
of
22.
Luke V.
V. 29. Levi made
a
to the
end.
Luke V.
29.
Luke
a ^ter J esus had continued for sect. a while on the seashore (as was oblxxi." -i-^l served, Mark v. 21,) he entered into CaLuke pernaum and Matthew, or Levi, who dwelt
:
^\T O "W*
A ND
him
S^**
there,
and who had some time since been caljed from his former office of a publican.
'The Pharisees are

feast
in
ofended at
the
Christ's eating
with sinner*.
attendants
389
2 60, 261,) desirous at once hls res P ects to Christ ' and to give his Luk to shew [behold,] a great former companions and acquaintance an op- v 29 company of publi- 0r t U nity of enjoying his instructive converp Sat '' n ' '""dea.featentcrtaiwnent for him in a and it came to pass that, as also together his own house : sat with Jesus a!ul his esns sat at table there, behold, a great number the P llblkam i and SUch aS had the S eneral rrs'rMAT ionherc f character of sinners, being invited by Matthew, were many. they followed him] came, and sat also at the table with Jesus and Mat. IX. 10. Mark his disciples ; and several others at that time were present for there xvere many of the
house;
sect#
his own into [Mark, and / see
number of
x j v>
p#
his stated
^J ^_
.
jS^S
2jJSacS
character above
described in Christ's train
(compare Mat. xi. 12, and Luke xv. 1,) and they followed him with great eagerness, being charmed with the condescension with which he treated them, while many others shunned
.50
But
[when]
and
them with abhon-ence. But when the more reserved and

of peop i e
stricter sort
30
their
scribes
m tnat pl ace
and
in particular their
2Hto
who pretended to be eat wi scribes and Pharisees, publicans and sin- most exact and scrupulous in their conduct, murners, they] thus openly converse and eat with h\
^lsr%^Publicam ^sinners, murmured Why

do' ye cat and drink, [Mark, and how is it that [your Master] eateth and
mw m
'
at his disciples
they were offended, and on that account, say-
^^^ Why
t
do you, who should be examples to cornt ami drink in such scandalous h _ .. ., . , t especially, how zs it that panv as this ? [and] your Master, who sets up for such an extraordinary Prophet, will allow himself to do it ? for, while our traditions teach even the stu.

dents, and
much more
the teachers of the law,
house.]
many things hap* entertainment for him in his own have mentioned it :) so Nothing has perplexed the gener- pened before the calling ,f Matthew, that the be far advanced, and there could ality of harmonies more, and nothing has day must thrown the authors of them into greater not have been time to prepare agreatjeast, of guests, at least till inconsistency with the sacred writers, than and invite a number and so many things their taking it for granted, that Matthew supper (see sect, xlv ;) made this entertainment on the very day that happened after the feast (see sect, lxxn) suppose them to have been Christ called him to attend upon him. The that we cannot little remainder of the early harmonies of Tatian and Ammonitu crowded into the which account it very justlv separated them. (Sec Chemnit. evening after supper : on Harm. cap. 43.) And, to the manv con- is certain the feast was after the day of his intervincing arguments which Mr. Jones has calling, perhaps (as it seems by the when brought to prove that thev ought to be sep- mediate stories) some months after, reguarated (which see in his Vindication of he had made up his accounts, and other hands, Matthevt, p. 129137,) 1 will add, that it larly passed his business into seems to me very evident, they were not which, to be sure, from a principle oi jushe. would takCj both on the same day, from this considera- t ice, as well as prudence, ":on (so obvious, that 1 wonder nene should care to do.
<>reat
Vol.
I.
390
Christ vindicates his freedom in conversing zvith them.
sect, to avoid LXXI

"
all commerce with such polluted and drinketh] with putt* infamous persons, you see that he publicly eats 1 '^ns d sinners* an d drinks with a considerable number of pub- mark II. 16.'] J uke v. 30 licans and sinners, as if there were no scandal in being accounted their friend and companion. And Jesus, having heard that they were so mark II. 17.
Mark
ii.l7 offended at[it,']ansiveredthem,sayi?ig,
They that when Jesus heard perfect health have no need of the converse it, he [Luke, anand advice of the physician, but those that are sick ; and therefore, out of compassion to their whole, have no need need of him, he visits and converses with them, of the physician, but though it cannot otherwise be agreeable to him * hey Ulat *r s ,; . . . . I came not to call T r to do it and 1 act on the same principles ; tor t ie righteous, but
are
zz
^^^SSm
]
not come to call the righteous, as you ar- sinners to repentrogantly imagine yourselves to be, but such ance [Mat. IX. 12 ' 13. Luke V. 31, , * a i these, to repentance and salva- 32 poor sinners as û
.r
I am
Mat.
'
you are offended at it, you may Mat. IX. 13. go your rvay, and would do well to set your- But go ye, and learn selves to learn the meaning of that instructive what that meaneth, I will have mercy, r m i fxi r\ u* t. r j [scripture,] (Hos. vi. 6) which I cited on a and not sacrificeoccasion (see Mat. xii. 7, p. 283,) and former which you Pharisees are so readv to forget, " I require mercy, and not sacrifice." For, had you understood this saying, you would
tion.
But,
if
-4-
have seen that a ceremonial institution of Divine authority, and much more a mere hu-
man
tradition,
is
to give
way
to the great duties
of humanity and charity, even where men's

bodies, and
much more where
their souls are
concerned.
Mark
ii.
18 S ame time,
Another occurrence which happened at the Mark II. 18. and bore some resemblance to the Aml tlu? disciple.-, The disciples of John the ^SCusfd^to former, was this. Baptist, who had himself lived so austere a fas andVthe dislife, and was now in a calamitous state of con- ciplesof johnjeome
t
:
fmement, as well as the disciples of the Phari- a "f s: v " nt0 , hll Whv do [we] the r c ana the latter particu- ci; sc ipies of John, sees, used tojast otten larly twice a week (compare Luke xviii. 12, and [Luke, likew,se the disciples'] of sect, exxix,) now, seeing J & Testis at a, publican's the Pharisees fast r ,, -, r\- , table on a festival occasion, surrounded with so fLuke often and
,
7ii
'-
T1
'
many of his
,
stated followers, some of the disci- make prayers'] but pies of John come and say unto him, Whence is thy disciples fast b no \' it that rue the disciples of John, and also those of J and drink ?] ?mf^ [Mat. . n \ rJ J i r the Pharisees, havejrequently our days or so- ix. 14. Luke V lemn devotion, in which we fast, and make 33.]
P^?^
many prayers and supplications to God for

-
our-
selves and the people
whereas thy
perceive
;
disciples
fast not at
all,
that
we can
but,
on the
Why
his disciples
did not fast as folm's did.
391
contrary, eat and drink freely, though thou pro- sect. fcssest a righteousness superior to that of the IXXI scribes and Pharisees. (Mat. v.20, sect, xxxviii.) And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of- \ 9 19 And Jesus said unto them, Can the the bridechamber, who are invited to attend the
'
while the [and] fast, while the bridegroom is yet continbridegroom is with umgrvith them ? As long as they have the pleasthem As long as ure Q f tne resence anc| company of the bridep J r thev have tlie bridegroom with them, groom among them, they cannot reasonably be cannot fast, expected to fast, and every one would then they [Mat. IX. 15. account it to be out of season. presand'] fast,
J
l
chambeT^C^
nUptial
cerem nYi with an ^ decency mourn
Now my
ence and converse renders this a kind of festival to my disciples for, as John taught you but a little before his confinement, I am the great Bridegroom of my church ; b you cannot therefore in reason expect I should command them to fast now, or that they should do it without 20 But the days such a command. But, I assure you, the days 20 Ucome, when the quickly come,tvhen, as your master is sepabndegTOom shall be in T t i away from rated from you, so even 1, the bridegroom, shall taken" them, and then shall be taken away from them; and then they must N 6 da rM i** ex P ect to undergo a great deal of hardship, anc^ particularly shall be obliged frequently to 15. Luke V. 35.] fast in those days ; as those whom I have mentioned might do if their festival was interrupted by the removal of their beloved friend whose joys they were sharing. c (Compare 2* Cor. xi. 1 Cor. hr.il 27.) Nor do I now think fit to lay such rigorous Luke Luke V. 36. And he spake also a par- commands upon them, because prudence will v. 36
:
'
man
able unto them, No reuire a{ p res ent to accommodate their putteth a piece * . . , Z1 And, farther to mus[of new cloth unto trials to their strength. an old garment ;] if trate this, he spake also a parable, or proposed
me
b I
am
the
to them, saying, No man y mending clothes, will of choice sew a piece of new cloth on cm old garment d but great Bridegroom of my should either be slain or taken prisoner,
another similitude,
is
when he
which would damp all the joy of his is in used a friends, and change the scene into lamenand it tation, fasting, and mourning, A New cloth on an old garment."] is possible there may. (See Carpzov. DeThe fence of the ffcbrnv Bible, p. 220, 221.) proper meaning of the words gaxsc tiyv*Q>s, Tlinv is no doubt a reference to what John by which new cloth is here expressed in had lately said to his disciples so expressly the original, is cloth that has not passed on that head. John iii. 29, p. 159. through the fuller's hands, and which is c If their festival was interrupted, ciJV.J consequently much harsher than what has Our Lord seems here, with a beautiful pro- been often washed and worn and therepriety seldom observed, to suppose some fore yielding less than that, will tear away This sense hostile invasion to happen during the time the edges to which it is sewed. of a nuptial feast, in which the bridegroom Albert has vindicated from exceptions not
church.]
Some have supposed
there
this similitude which Christ lias reference to the book of Canticles ;
392
Regard must
be
had
to the
mutual agreement of things.

:
what is a little worn for other- otherwise then bott* found that both the new, being the new maketh a rent, and the piece m A vi J stron S erthan th other, makes a rent in the that waste** out of Luke f be stretched and the new, [ami put in. e dges of it when it comes to v. 36
6ECT. rather chooses LXXI wise it will be
.
\taken\ out of the nexv, [and'] tonllitup.jagreeth * * ' j *. j the lormer rent and ii it up, not with the old, * j to put in * mend *u c Jill Mft aketh [ Mark> agrees not in colour and form with the old ; away from the old, and,beig improperly put together, is of no ser- and tne rcnt ,s made
the piece that
was
/)
vice to the garment,[tt?] takes away more from it adds to it and thus the rent is increased and made worse than it was before. And again, on the same principles, no wise 37 man puts nexv wine into old bottles, where the , ., leather is weakened, and almost worn out, (compare Josh. ix. 4, 13, and Psal. cxix. 83 ;) for else, if he should, the fermentation of the :iew wine will soon burst the bottles, and so the wine will be spilt, as well as the bottles destroy38 ed: But nexv xvine must be put into nexv bottles, and by this means both are preserved. Now, -, ~ ,. riT as in the ordinary attairs ot lite, common sense dictates a regard to the mutual agreement and disagreement of things, it is necessary that I *? , ., j , should attend to them in my conduct towards disciples ; and, as they have not been inured to such severities as you and the Pharisees have long practised, 6 I do not therefore choose immediately to impose them, lest otherwise, to the great detriment of the world, they should be discouraged from attending upon me. And you cannot surely blame me for this, when you consider how difficult it is to alter the ways of living to which people have been accustomed even in less things than these now in question. As for instance, though some may be fond of new wine, while it is yet ferthe old than
:
^'m
37
'
\.
tl%\
-i
ji
putteth
llie
And no man new wine

will
into old bottles; else
new wine
the
burst
bottles,
and
[Mark,
the
w
"i the bottles sir 11 perish [Mat. IX.
17.
Mark
II.
^Zi, 4 38 But new wine
mustbeputintonew
and both are preserved. '-[[ Mark II.. IX. 17. 2 2.1
bottles;
Ma
i*I
my
worth mentioning here. See

p.
71
e
76.
Albert. Observ.
As you and the Pharisees have long That the Pharisees used to practised.] fast twice a week is plain from Luke xviii. 12 and, no doubt, their young people were trained up to it. But it may be objected, that John's disciples were not so trained up,
;
and consequently might have answered, that the disciples of Christ might as well, Knd as soon as they, have been brought unBut dcr such severities and restraints. the truth is, it was not divinely required
of the one or the other. The character and circumstances of John laid them under some engagements not common to Christ's and, considering disciples, as he intimates where and how the Baptist appeared, it is very probable many of his stated disciples were Essenes, who (as it is well known) were a kind of hermit Jews, educated in great abstinence and more hequentfastings than any of the rest of them. (See PriAnd deaux's Connection, Part II. p. 358.) if so, nothing could have been more con* vincing than this reasoning.
;
Refections on the condescension and grace of Christ.
3U3
39 No man also meriting in the vessel, yet those that have been sect. having drunk old usc d to drink another sort, will have no liking IXX1 straightway vine,
-
cjlesirctli
he
saith,
new The
tor
is
old
better.
hag generallv drank J good old [wine] that is well ripened and refin- y ed, 7^?// immediately choose to drink nra; ; for he says, The old is better, as being both more Judge then pleasant and more wholesome. how fit it is that I should not oblige my disciples to a new course of severities at once, but graduallv form their characters to what the honour of their future profession and the use.
"
ukf*
fulness of their lives
may
require.
IMPROVEMENT.
There
is
no reason to wonder that Matthew should gladly ^ uke

%
'
'
embrace so proper an opportunity of introducing other publicans and .sinners- into the presence of that condescending Saviour, from whom, though he once was numbered among them, he had received grace and the apostleship. Let us with pleasure observe how ready our blessed Lord was to receive them. Surely, whatever offence the proud Pharisees might take on such an occasion,
!
jfesus will appear peculiarly amiable in such a circle as this. Compassionate Redeemer thou didst, as the great Physician of souls, 30 willingly converse with objects that must have been most hateful to thy pure and holy nature Mav we each of us have a due sense 31 s 32
!
of the malignity of sin, that fatal disease of the soul, that we may with a becoming temper applv to Christ for a cure ! May we also, like him, be willing to condescend to the meanest and vilest, if it may be the means of winning them over to true religion and happiness ever preferring mercy to sacrifice, and choosing Mat. rather to govern ourselves bv the dictates of a benevolent heart 1Xthan by the maxims of proud and censorious men. Christ would not discourage his disciples by over rigorous in- Luke stitutions ; and it is unfit that his religion should be burthened o ywith them. He suits the duties of his people to their circumstances, and kindly proportions their work to their strength, with a tender regard to their weakness, till bv degrees thev mav be
!
^
.
iitted for the
more
difficult
and humbling services.
From
his
example, and the whole genius of his gospel, let us learn to make all proper alloxuances to those about us, that we may teach them, and train them up as they are able to bear it; not crushing them under any unnecessary load, nor denying them any indulgence which true friendship will permit us to grant them lest the good ways of God should be misrepresented, disgraced, and abandoned, through our imprudent, though wellmeaning, seve rity : a caution to be peculiarly observed in our conduct towards young persons; and not to be forgotten with respect to those who, like the fisciples here in question, are training up for the ministerial office.
;
394.'
jfairus begs Christ to come
and heal his daughter.
SECT.
Christ, having' in the
LXXII.
way cured axvoman bij the touch of his garment, raises the daughter of yairus from the dead, and afterwards performs some other miracles. Mat. IX. 18 34.
Mark V.
Ec.?'
22, to the end.
Luke VIII.
41,
to the
end.
Mat. IX. 18. Mat. IX. 18.'JIT'HILE he was speaking these things to them \VT H I L E he VV s P ake *^ se "" yy in Matthew's house/ behold, a very rething-s unto them, !_ iiimarkable circumstance happened, which open- behold, there came Mat ix. 18 ed the way to one of the most signal miracles a certain ruler [of which Christ ever performed for, though it tI,e synagogue, Jairus bv name; and i' was an uncommon A_. thing e for persons in an ele- wheI/he saw bim> vated rank of lite to pay any regard to him (see he fell at his feet] worshipped John vii. 48,) there came a certain rider of the and im sunapos-ue in that city of Capernaum, whose L ?* E *^ d ' & besought him, that _. name was Jaims ; and when he was entered he would come into into the room where Jesus was, and saw him, hishouse.] [Mark LuKE he fell down at his feet with the profoundest %\^'^T\ humility, and worshipped him in the presence of all the company, and entreated him to come LukeVHI.42. Luke imaaediately to Ms house: For he had one only viii.42 daughter, about twehc years old, and, having in Fo1 he had one on_ the bloom of life been seized with a very danLt'feSoftge!
j
,
"
'
'
Mark appearance,
v.
23
gerous distemper, she then lay, to all human at the very point of death. And he applied himself to J Jesus with the utmost imri portumty, and earnestly entreated him, saying, Mif dear little daughter is in the last extremity, [or] is perhaps, as she was just expiring when I left her, even now dead ; b [I beseech thee] therefore, that thou wouldest be pleased to
.
.
and she lay a dying.
MarkV.
he
jjttie
23.
And
llini
besought
daughter
srreatlv, saving,
My
lietii
at the point of death, C or
"
eyen
come 'and
lay thine
hands on her, that
them
While he ivas speaking these things to in Matthew's house.] These words fix the order of this section so plainly, that it is surprising Mr. Le Clcrc should suppose that many events happened between the discourses recorded just above, and thisappli-
sect. lxxi. note -, p. 389, to prove Mat* tliew's feast did not immediately follow
his calling, lie would have seen this criticism as unnecessary as it is forced. b Or is perhaps, even novt dead.~\ It is certain from Mark's expression, ts-yulm cation of J aims to Christ, which St. Mat- t%tij which is literally rendered, is in the thew so strongly connects. That critic is last extremity, as well as from the message driven to the hard expedient of paraphras- relating to her death, which both he and "While he dis- Luke afterwards mention, that the young ing this clause thus: coursed with them on the same subject, lady tvas not dead when her fither came and consequently that Matthew's which he had been upon the beginning of out the year ;" which is extremely unnatural, phrase, ttflt tleMvlno-tv (if not Luke's, a.-J] and, so far as I can recollect, quite unex- a^jSvua-xsv,) is to be taken in this extent, ampled in any author ancient or modern. She had been given over when her father Had left her, and actually ivas dead before he (See Le Clerc's Harmony, p. 197.) and he might therefore, he thought of what is suggested above, could return
A woman
she
meets him, as he went, that had a flux of blood.
095
may be
IX.
healed, come,
and
;
j
and she
shall
[Mat.
18.]
live.
reC over
and
lay thine hands on her, that she may sect. lxxiJ I doubt not but, extreme as the
case
s ^ jf t jlou
w ^t
mter p 0se n ner behalf, she

i
shall live.
^^
v 23
-
Jesus arose and followed him, and [so Mat. Jesus arose and fbl- did'] his disciples. Now, as he was going to the ix 19 ' lowed him, and to ru j er s house, much people folloxvcd him to see disciples. did his , j i in such and they pressed upon i [Luke, But as he the event went,] [much peo- a manner that he could not walk without some
Mat. IX. 19. And
And
mm
pie
followed
him,
difficulty.
[Mark v!?LtiS*E
VIII.
And
'^hold,
among
zvho
those that were crowd- Mark

v.
42]
a
certain
ing about him, there

j
Mark V. 25. And happv ivoman

[behold]
,, , * a j / diseased with] wCva-fiux of blood for no less than txvelve years : And sue of blood twelve she had suffered a great dealfrom the many
years,
20.
woman [which was

[Mat.
IX_.
evous dlsorder having laboured under a
11
was a certain poor unhad been long afflicted with
25
26
nis; \cuins she had consulted, by disagreeable Luke \ IIL4o.| p] .. 7 11 And had suf- medicines and uneasy restraints, as well as by fered many things of the great expense she had been at in applying many physicians ,and to t h em for indeed she had wasted all" her substance, and spent all that she had upon them ; c livinJl'that'slie h'ad [upon them, neither but her distemper was so inveterate, that she could be healed of could not be healed by any ; and, on the whole, any;] and was. Kiththd f u f/ h ing bettered, but *, rather grew worse scriptions, but rather grew worse, and weaker [Luke VIII. 43.] than before And, having heard of Jesus, and 27 27 When she had t ie extraordinary cures he had wrought, being heard ot Jesus, came ,. publicly to mention her case, she in the press behind, ashamed and touched [Luke, came in the crowd behind him, and touched the the border of ] Ins fringe which, according to the Divine comgarinen L *?^ mandment (Numb. xv. 38, and Deut. xxii. 12,) he wore upon the border of his garment. VIII. 41. ]
'
26
....
; . .
i.
u'o
when he
applied to Christ for his miraculous assistance, be ready to fear she was by this time dead, and might accordingly express himself in such a manner as to intimate his apprehension of it. Nor is it necessary, after all, that we should understand the phrase in Matthew as implying she was now actually dead} for ttfli does hot only signify what is now come to pass, but whati.sju.sf at hand (as mav be seen in Phavorinus ;) and so it may imply no more than that she was considered as just dead, and that there waanohope of her recovery but by a miracle. c Spent all that she had upon them."] The ingenious Dr. Friend imagines that he discovers something remarkable in the difference of those seemingly synonymous terms
the former, signifies to squander axây ; rgeo *v*xo sttf-*, in the latter, significs a more gradual consumption of her stock, by taking a little at a time from it (see Dr. Friend's History of Physic, p. 37.) But, with submission to so great a name, I am not satisfied with the justice of the remark, since, on the one hand, fa.iatia.m is used in a better sense, 2 Cor. xii. 15, (and Jaây*, in Luke xiv. 28, is the tiecessary expense of building as a prudent man would compute it;) and, on the other hand, a.vttxiTx.te plainly signifies to destroy or consume, however that destruction or consumption be accomplished. (See Luke ix. 54, and 2 Thess. ii. 8.) Nor does it seem altogether certain that a in speaking of others of t\\r tenderness which Mark and Luke make use of upon faculty is any sure diagnostic of a this occasion, and pleads that J<tTv>iTacr<*, cian y s writings.
in
whereas
396
She touches the border of his garment, and
is
healed*
lxxii.
sect.
v.
For, as she knew that many had before been healed by touching him (see Luke vi. 19. p. 296,) she had such a firm persuasion of the virtue that was in him, and of his power to 28 cure her, that she said within herself, If I may but touch any part of his clothes I shall be reA And immediately on her having done 29 cover ed. it, the fountain of her blood that issued from her xvas at once staunched and dried up ; arid r , n she Jelt such an unusual vigour and flow oi spirits, that she plainly perceived in her body that she was healed of that wasting and dangerous distemper with which she had been chastised for so long a time. e And upon this she would have retired un30 observed but Jesus, who had secretly performed the cure by the concurring efficacv of ... _ -. ,. p. nis will, immediately knowing in himself that healing virtue xvas gone out of him, thought fit on this occasion to shew that it had not escap, , ,
.
28 For she said [within herself,] If
Jffijfia*
whole. 21.]
[Mat.
IX.
29
And
straight-
,-
the fountain of her bloo d was dried , up and she lelt in tnat she h er bod was healed of that plague. [Luke
; l
way
44. J
,.
'
dihis notice,
mend
as well as to illustrate and comthe faith of the patient and therefore

;
.-
f 1
,,
'
30 And Jesus unmediately knowing n him ! eM> that vir tue had gone out ol him turned him about in the press, Vho aml *** ^ touched n\v clothes
!
,
[Luke
.
VIII.
,
45.]
*<-
he immediatelv turned himself about in the T crowd, and, looking round him, said, IP ho is it when
Luke that has just
viii.45
MH
ail
denied,
"
.,...., ana his disciples

him, Sir J 1
now touched my clothes P And all Peter, and [his diswei e the rest that were near him denying *X S Peter * ciPlrf tlla tJ r
.
with him, said [unto that zvere near him, said unto him,] Master, fthou Thou secst that the multitude are seest] the multitude
,
)
''
/ shall be recovered."]
crwbyxro/usti,
I shall be
saved
;
other places in used in the same sense as to be sure it with all possible candour. h Peter, and his disciples may with great propriety he applied to a said unto him, rescue from any imminent danger or press- Sir.'] Our English word Master, which ing calamity, especially in an extraordina- we indifferently apply to almost any man ry way. Compare Mark v. 23 vi. 56 to whom we speak, whether learned or Lukeviii. 36; xvii. 19; xviii. 42 Johnxi. unlearned, and which modern usage in com12 and Acts iv. 9. mon converse generally appropriates to e Of that distemper with which she had inferiors, does by no means answer either been chastised, &c.~] This being the to the Greek (ftJWmiAs, which signifies plain meaning of jua.îyo; here, I did not teacher, and would be most literally rendthink it necessary to render it plague or ered doctor (a word just of the same imscourge, as I have done in some other port in its original language,) or to sir/s-afa, places. the word here used, which denotes at f To shew that it had not escaped his least a presiding authority. I have there notice.] And perhaps also to prevent a fore here chose to render it Sir and superstitious regard to any thing which should think ef/JWjcaxs might as well be might look like a relic of his, and from rendered Rabbi, as by any other word I It is no wonder that titles which weak people might, without any can recollect. of honour and respect cannot be perfectly warrant, have expected benefit. The phrase not neces- translated from one language into anoLher< e All doming it.} sarily implying that the woman herself considering the diversity of ranis and oi" dented it, it would he unjust to suppose she ceremonies in different nations.
many
the original was base or foolish enough immediately to and there are deny what she had done especially as the which the word is next moment we find her owning it at large
It is in
:
;
The -woman owns what she

throng thee, and press thee, and sav1
did,
and
is
sent
home
in peace.
3Q7
crowding around thee, and press thee on every sect gi^ and dost t/wu say, Who has touched me f lxxii ~~"~ ed me"' [MarkV ne mi g nt rather ask, Who that has walked near thee has not clone it? or which way is it 31.] ^45 possible in such a crowd as this, to avoid it ? 46 And Jesus And Jesus said, I am well aware that somebody 45 said, Somebody hath here has touched me, not merely by accident, touched me for I Dut on some important design for I Perceive perceive that virtue . i rr r ' t lat a healing virtue and efficacy is gone out oj is gone out of me. me, and am not ignorant of the particulars of the cure it has produced. And upon this he looked round about again, to MarkMarkV. 32. And he looked round a- see her who had done this ; and directed his eve v 3 ~ bout to see her that towards her with some particular regard. And Luke had done this thing. ,,/ Luke VIII. 47. 7V hen the woman saw that she was not concealed vin.47 And when the wo- from his all penetrating view, knowing (as we man saw that she before observed) what a marvellous work was was not hid, she , r j M [knowing what was wrought in her, she came fearing and trembling,
;
came lest he should be displeased with this surrepti[fearing and] trem- tious method she had taken ; and, falling down bUng, and falling h candidlv toM him // th down before him, J , , r she [told him all the [and J declared to him bejore all the pcople,xvrthout truth, and] declared any reserve, for what reason she had thus touched unto him before all s /le fo a(j fj een i mme di a telu healed bv ana / fe the people, tor what r ^1 i touc h of the grievous distemper she had caus'e she had touch- that ed him, and how she been so man}' years afflicted with, which no was healed iramedi- force of medicines could remove or abate. aey. L 1 A1 But jfesus, having thus turned about and seen Mat. Mat. IX 22. her, instead of reproving her with the severity ix.22 But Jesus turned s he expected, said to her, in a most gentle and ,imab<, ut an cUvhc:" condescending manner, Daughter, take eour! he saw her, he said f T n1 [unto her,] Daugli- ag c and De comforted, tor 1 am not offended ter, be of good com- with thee I know the sincerity of thy faith, fort; thy faith hath n tne re g arci w hich thou hast shewn to me, made thee whole; , 1 i_ r
done
in
her,]
^
,
^
r
>
md
ww
1
11.
'
->
and it [go in peace, and though mingled with some infirmity be whole of* thy has made thee well, and fitted thee for a cure plague ] And the thou couldest not otherwise have received
;
woman was made

whole
from
and
r therefore go home in peace and cheerfulness ; hour. [Mark V. for I dismiss thee with my blessing (see note 1 34. LukeV1II.48.] on Luke vii. 50, p. 333,) and assure thee thou shalt continue to be free from anv return of thy distemper. And accordingly the woman xvas perfectly well from that hour, and the malady Mark V. 35. never returned upon her as long as she lived. While he yet spake, * / ; T ^l In the mean t,me ' whlle hc as yet speaking Mark there came from the niler of the syna- to the woman, [some] messengers came from v 35 gogue'shouseyceitain [the house of] Jairus, the ruler of the synagogue,
.,
1
that
./-..
-
Vol.
I.
3 u
.398
message comes
to
Jairus, that his daughter
is
dead.
sect,
lxxii.
whom we mentioned above: and they said which said [to him,] nntQ fo m T/ly daughter, in whose behalf thou Thy daughter is 5
Maik
v 3i
Wy /beyond consequently
.
11
"^ to J es us,
'
is
now
actually dead, and
117/
dead
lest
Why troubtI /e
of help why LuKE 49 great Master in our Israel to come any far- C 1 ther f Do not trouble him to come into the house of mourning, where he can only renew their sorrows by the lateness of his arrival But as so on as Jesus heard the word 36 As soon as Jegg there. which xvas spoken by these messengers, in which sus heard the word thev related this melancholy news, he says to &# was spoken, he saith unto the ruler */.' m' 1 / r+1 t> v the afflicted ruler of the synagogue, Be not disof the synagogue> couraged by these mournful tidings ; and, not- Be not afraid, only withstanding thev have brought thee such a believe, [and she sad account, be not afraid, as if there were no sh al ! - be rTmade
:
the reach of prayer and further therefore dost thou trouble the [trouble him not.]
thou ter any
Mas .
?
vm
*.
1 7 t-wnope only believe in the Divine power and goodness operating by me, and I will answer
7 71
;
whole. vill. 50.]

,
[Luke
for
it
that,
may now
Luke
viii.51
desperate as thy daughter's case appear to a human eve, she shall still "
be 'recovered.
" man [>Iark to except his three most intimate friends, n 'follow him, save lor j-vi 77 i-tv and fames, and John the brother oj James, p e ter, and James, whom he Avas pleased to distinguish on this, as and John the brother he did afterwards on other occasions; and f J a "ies and H16 these, with Me father and mother of the deceased ei f tne maiden" maiden, were the only persons whom he per- [Mat. IX. 23..
-And when he came to enter into the ruler s into the [ruler's] house, he permitted none of the company to follow house, he suffered
in,
>
;
L UK E V In 51 . And when he came

'
,
him
D reter,
',-'
mitted to be eyewitnesses of the miracle he Mark v. 37, 38 And, as she was an an bailed her 52 was about to perform. only daughter, all their relations and friends [Mark, and he who were present wept bitterly, and lamented seeth the tumult, her : and. as soon as Testis was entered, he saw â " cl the Pf pk] that wept and wail., r tne tumult, ana the crowd 01 people who wept and [and e d greatly,] k and there were also the cried out aloud flute the minstrels mak_
,-
Why dost thou trouble the Master any farther? Do not trouble him.'} As several persons came, one might say, Why dost thou trouble him ? as Mark has it and another, as Luke, Do not trouble him. I am sensible the mention of both together is no ornament to the story and perhaps it might have been as agreeable to our taste snd manner had both been expressed by saying, Messengers came, voho viould have persuaded him not to have given Jesus the
; ;
with which
different evangelists
record the
saviefacts ; and it seems an end considerable enough to excuse some little inelegancies of style which the execution of such a design must occasion. This remark is to be applied to many preceding and following passages. k Cried out aloud.'] late version renders
howling,- which is indeed a sense that the original Will bear, yet it is not always to be so translated: (see 1 Cor.
txaxafov7*c,
But I endeavour in this xiii. 1. Gr.J And" as the word howling is reader as exact a view as seldom used among us but in the case of possible of the (very consistent) varieties brutes, or where great contempt is designed.
trouble
of coming.
work
to give the
Christ, having' come to the house, raises her to

ingaitoise.]
life.
399
IX.
23.
1 [Mat. players, as usual on such occasions, making a sect Mark mournful noi.se with their musical instruments, lxxu
,
S8 And Math, grief of the afflicted family. ;JT \l . And to soothe the Mark V. 39. A , o when he was come wAJ he wascoine in to the house, he says to them, v j9 m, he saith unto Retire, and make way that I may see her ,
,
.
them,
not;]' Why' ye this ado,

!
in this abandoned and incon[y/w/] fa no txveep and Jake solable manner: for wfy <fc t/ok fa****, and make a noise ? and where is the need of all this weep the damsel hurry and disturbance ? The damsel, whose dem lcad bewail as if her loss was r J"* / [Mat. parture vou so bitterly - . hleepetli. , , , iallen IX. 24. LukeVIII. irretrievable, zs ;?o finally dead, 6ztf m 52.] </*/> and if vou have a little patience you shall 40 And they laugh. see her awakened (by which he intimated that ed him to scorn, ... _ ,., \ sleep; knowing tnis death should be but like a transient [Ldke, And they, 40 that she was dead.'] see John xi. 11,13, sect, exxxix.) But when he had not understanding his true meaning, were so n l0 they derided him, as if the assertion fau,er de that [akVth' u;i and the mother of had been altogether wild and ridiculous, well
i
[Give place,
,-
the
damsel,
that
and knoxving that she
was
t
really
.
and certainly dead.

.
them
enter into a clamorous > with him, and en. , tereth in where the debate with them, desired them to withdraw ; damsel was lying, and when he had put them all out of the way, he
were
g *
[Mat.
53, 54.
IX. K
24,
"
_]
41 And he took [her by the hand,

C
5nt
cumi, being
her?' Taliiha
which
is,
interpreted,
Damsel, (1 say onto thee,) arise. [Luke VIII. 54.]
42And straightway
[Luke, her
a
;
K
55.
she5*ose f and walked for she was

of the age of twelve
2? tiiVviH
takes the at jier anci mo ther of the deceased maiden, and those three disciples that were xvith him, and enters in to the chamber xvhere the And, approaching the bed 41 (jamse i lay dead. on which the corpse was laid out, he took hold of her hand ; and, to express his power over death itself, called with a loud voice, saying to / indeed been only asleep,) ; v as if she had , falit/ia eumi ; which Synac expression, being translated into our language, signifies, Maiden, And he had no 42 ( J sa y wito thee, J rise up. sooner s P oke these words > but presently her spirit came back again to animate the body wn ich it had deserted, and she was so perfectly rec0verccl tliat she arose and xvalked; which she was well able to do, for she xvas Uvelve years old.
;.
I rather chose to drop a little of the emphatis of the viord, than to shock a compassionate reader by so harsh an expression, To lift up the voice in Keeping was common in the eastern countries: see Gen. xxi. 16; Jud^.ii. 4; and 1 Sam. xxx. 4. The flute pi yen, as usual on such occasions.j It is well known that musical inttrttments were used by the Jews as well as the heathens, in their lamentations for the
l
dead, to soothe the melancholy of sun iving There friends by soft and solemn notes. were persons who made it their business to perform this office, and to sing to their
music. (See Jer. ix. 17; xlviii.36; 2Chron. xxxv. 25; and the notes of Dnisins and Wolf.us on this place.) Many have observ ed that flutes were used especially on the death of children, and larger and louder instruments on the death of the adult.
400
sect.
lxxii.
He
restores
two blind men
to their sight.
43 And [he] And, as the life to which she was restored was a de<l no t to be supported bv a continued miracle, but ^, ? should ,?,** something' be i i must haê rood to nourish it in a natural way, given her to eat. 40 he ordered that something should be given her to [Luke VIII. 55.] eat ; which, on account of her late illness, she had not been able to do for some time. And her parents, and they [all] who were Luke VIII. 56. I. uke her parents viii.56 present, were exceedingly astonished, as well as Anc* but [Jesus] befilled with joy and gratitude haved with his usual modestv, m and strictly great astonish. but he charged them, that they should tell no man the ment ] t em particulars of what xvas done, nor make it their ""K, ! 11 i-i ii [straitlv] that they business to blaze abroad an event which would should tell no man of itself become more public than he would what was done. And indeed it soon did so J^ AR-f V ~~ 42 > Mat. have desired. ix. 26 for such numbers knew that she was reallv Matj IX 26 dead, and saw her alive again, that the fame And the fame hereofit, as of a most illustrious and extraordinary j" went abroad into miracle, went abroad into all that country ; and, being made the common subject of discourse, greatlv increased the reputation he had before acquired bv so long a series of wonders that he had wrought among them. And as Jesus passed on from thence out of the -? And when Je. 27 s departed thence, ruler's house, Txvo blind men, who had heard 'wo bund, men fol1 r 1 r 01 his being there, and waited tor his coming lowed him, crving, ont, followed him, as he went through the street, and saviner. Thou crying' out, with great importunitv, and saying, son of Davifl> have thou Son of David, have compassion on us in 28 ^ j w ien ^ e the miserable darkness that distresses us, and was come into the restore to us that precious sight which we have house, the blind men b ' an d And he took no notice of them as he came t0 saith unto 28 lost. t Jesus ... walked on but zvhen he was come into the house them, Believe ve to which he was going, the two blind men, bv that I am able to do V saK " n his permission, came unto him: and Jesus says V\ y to them, Do you indeed seriously believe that I 09 Then touched
,
[^SîtTa
1
.,
'
'
I1f
'
"
am
1
able to do this ?
They say unto him,
Yes, he their eves, say-
Then in & According- to 29 Lord, we have not the least doubt of it. vour faith, be it unj l j +l j have to Vf)(1 bmce you 1, he touched their eyes, and said, epersuasion, be it unto you according to the that 30 And their eyes 30 sincerity of your faith. And immediately they were opened; and st tlychargboth found that their eyes were opened, and thev J them, saving-, See ' en ^ saw strongly and distinctly. And J esus gave that no man know it.
'.
m With his usual modesty.] It is well v.orth the reader's observation, with what perfect decorum our Lord conducted himand how entirely he self on this occasion appears master of himself, and superior to
;
any views of human applause. Dr. Lardner has illustrated this with a just and lively spirit of criticism. See his Ansvie)
to Wulston, p. 89.
He
it
cures a possessed person that
was dumb.
401
strict charge, that they should not report sect. publicly abroad, and should tell no tnan n of the Ixxu But they were so trans3 But they, when cure they had received. J^~ they were departed, ported at what he had done for them, that xvhen xlim \
them a
tfoy were ^ one ou t, they were from publishing the miracle, but immediately began to spread his fame over all that country. And when he had thus cured the two blind 32 32 As they went out, behold, they men, just as they xvent out of the house where brought to him a behold, they brought to him a dumb J J numb man, possess- j ' , r i person, who had been lor some time deprived ed with a devil. of his speech by being possessed with a demon. 33 And when the And xvhen by the victorious word of Jesus the 33 devil was cast out, demm was expelled, the man who had so long and the multitudes Deen dumb spake readily and distinctly and the
spread abroad
1
his
not able to refrain
country.
*"
thUt
marvelled, saying-, multitudes xvere astonished, saying, It was never It was never so seen seen so, even in Israel itself, though it be a
people
among whom God has wrought such

But the Pharisees 34 and blasphemous
34 But the Phar- unparalleled wonders. isees said, He cast- continued their senseless
,
eth out the devils c h ar o-e against him as a magician ; and, not through the prince . . e .7 , r being able to deny tacts that were so notorious, of the devils. in order to prevent the effect which they might
have upon the people, they said, He certainly casts out these inferior demons by a wicked confederacy with Beelzebub himself, the prince of the demons? whose interest gains far more than it loses by dispossessions wrought by such a
hand.
IMPROVEMENT.
Wf. have here a scene of complicated wonders, worthy to be had in everlasting remembrance. Any single story of this kind might justly move our admiration; but when we are reading the
life of Christ, such a constellation of miracles rises, that the number renders us less sensible of the lustre and glory of each.
"Jesus gave them a
strict charge,
that
they should tell no man.']
Our
version is
but the sense is perfectly the intended the variation only as a specimen of several of the like kind, which 1 think might be made in a manner which would better suitthe genius ofour language, though (perhaps through an excess of tenderncss) I have not often ventured to take even such little liberties as these. See Mr. Pote's note on Homer's [Iliad, Vol. II. Book
literal,
I
more
This reflection was perfectly just; for no one of the prophets that we read of in the Old Testament, appears to have wrought
itself]
same.
so
many beneficial miracles in his whole life,

Lord did
in this
p
as our
one afternoon. demons by the prince ofdemOur Lord had in an unanswerable ons.~\ manner confuted this base calumny before
He
casts out
vi.
ver. 665.
It
was
never seen so,
Yet the) (see sect. lxi. p. 336, 5* seq.J had the assurance to advance it again, without any regard to that confutation. Such were the infidels of those days, as well aft even in Israel of these.
402
sect.
Lxxn.
Reflections on the raising of fairus's daughter,
s?<\
We may observe in the story of the distempered woman a mixture of weakness and of faith. She could not reasonably think to steal a cure, without the knowledge of him by whom or imagine a charm in the garment that Christ ** was wrought v. 25, Hfseq. wore, which could produce so glorious an effect, independent of Verse n is agency and will. Yet she acted as if she had thought thus ~8 and a compassionate Redeemer commended her faith, and excused her infirmity. Such candour should we exercise towards those in whom we find any thing trulv valuable ; not despising the day of small things, but ready to encourage and support the weak, and to commend whatever good we may discover in them. e nave already beheld Christ frequently giving sight to the Luke viii.51 blind, and casting out evil spirits : but we have here a second in&seq. stance of his power over death, and behold one under its dominion hearing the voice of the Son of God! In how majestic, and yet in how gentle a manner, does he address himself to this adDamsel, I say unto thee, Arise. And immedi54 mirable work ately she heard and obeyed. Thus shall he, with equal ease, call forth myriads of his saints, who now seem perished in the 52 dust: and it may be said with regard to them also, in reference The maiden, of whom 55 to that day, They are not dead, but sleep. we here read, arose only to a dying life ; a life which needed the support of food, and was in no respect more noble or
;
'
more secure than that of other mortals

resurrection, in
;
but
we look
for a better
which all the infirmities of the body shall be left behind in the grave and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying. (Rev. xxi. 4.)
Mark
v.
39
In expectation of this, let us restrain immoderate sorroxv when our pious friends are taken away let us not make too much ado on the occasion, nor allow ourselves to be thrown into a tumult of passion, even when our children are stretched on the bed of 36 death; but believing in Christ, and governing ourselves by his precepts and maxims, let us in humble resignation, and submissive though mournful silence, wait the issues of his providence and grace since he knows how, as in this instance, to overrule the calamities of our families to the good of our souls, and even to strengthen our faith by those exercises which might seem most likely to overthrow it.
:
Christ goes again
to
Nazareth, and preaches there*
403
SECT.
LXXIII.
he is again rejected by the in. Christ renews his visit to Nazareth, where habitants; and thence rakes a circuit through th< neighbouring country. 6. Mat. XIII. 54, to the end. IX. 35, to the end. Mark VI.
1
and was departed from Capernaum, where bam. and cume into his jj e |iacj raised the daughter of Jairus and perSToSSftfi! formed the other mir?cI e3 whith have ust bee, i him. [Mat. XIII. mentioned, came again into his oivn country and 54. town of Nazareth, and there renewed the gracious proclamations which they had several and months before so ungratefully rejected 2 And when the his disciples, as usual, followed him thither. sabbath day was 2
from thence,
-*
J' .
A ^Dhewentout
VI
4 ND 1
MARK VL
J esus
*"
when be went
out from thence* szcr.
St
come, he began
teach
in
to
And when
the sabbath
the syna-
teach in the synagogue, as he
was come, he began to had formerly done,
hearing him, were

astonished,
though they had then attempted in a tumultuous manner to destroy him on the same occaFrom whence hath s on xxxii. p. 188.) And many of his ( sec t. this man [this wistownsmcn hearing him, were struck with amaze ' and dom, these . , , , r mighty works?] and ment, and said, as several had done before," what wisdom Willis, From whence hath this man, whose birth and which is given unto C(j uca tion we know, this wisdom which he manInm, that even such r ,. mighty works are dests in these excellent discourses, ana the wrought by his power of performing these mighty works f And hands? [Mat. XIII. wna supernatural wisdom is this which is given f "~3_ to ^rn t ^lat even su -^ am azing miracles as these is not this the
saying,
j
.
">
carpenter: the car- arc done by his hand? penter's son is not man who but a while
?
Is not this Jesus, the *
his
mother
.
tailed
IMarv and his Brethren, James and Joses, and Simon,
ago wrought among us as carpenter, c and was the son of Joseph the car*
,
penter $
And
still
Mary,
not hts mother, who is called living? And [are not] our neighis
and Judas?] [Mat. b.Qurs, fames'
and foses, and Simon and fudas,
Mat. XIII And his sisters,
56
are
daily converse with, his jyf at And are not all xHi-56 brethren or near kinsmen ? d
all
.
wn m we
know and
c And he went out from thence.'] These Wrought among' us as a carpenter.'] The? words of Mark do plainly shew, that this Jews tell us, he made rakes and yokes. Their
Nazareth, is to be placed here ; I canons required, that all parents should teach say, to Nazareth, that being called his own their children some trade ; and probably the country, by way of distinction from the rest poverty of the family engaged Christ, while f Galilee, and particularly from Caperna- he was at home with his parents, to work
visit to
urn,
iv. b
whence he now went

186*1
out.
See Luke
23, p.
at his. See Grotius on Mat. xiii. 55. d 2T/*retArenornearkinsinen.] Whether
And
Luke
said, as several had done before.] plainly asserts that visit to Nazareth
many occurrences which Mark

difficulty in supposing-, that
have been before tells us happened before this. It is evident therefore they aix- different visits ; nor is there any
to
which he mentions,
sent,
fore,
some now prewho perhaps had not heard him be-
might repeat so natural a reflection
they were the children of Joseph by a former marriage, or the children of some brother or sister of Joseph or Mary, is not material. Every one knows, that it was common with the Jews to use the name of brethren in a larger sense, and to apply it to cousins and near kinsmen, as well as pi those that were brethren in th sense of the word,
as this.
Compare Luke
iv.
22, p. 180.
404
He
is
despised at Nazareth as a carpenter's son.
sbct. his sisters, lsxHi. xotth us
or kinswomen, here at Nazareth they not all [here] Whence -whence then hath all wi* * - these extraordinary thing* which this manhim e, h t ''! s man furnish these things* a11 ,. Mat. r n . u- l l or t tnis illustrious character which he assumes [Mark VI. 3. ] xiii 56 superior to that of the greatest teachers and And they And they were offended 57 57 princes of our nation ? onCeno, ed > in him, and stumbled at the poverty of his edu- ere nim "-j [Mark VI -l i' i cation and c family ; so .i ^ A. that they paid very little gi regard to what he preached. Mark But jfesus said tint o them, This is indeed a Mark VI. 4. But V1 4 most unreasonable treatment that I meet with J es,ls said un \ from you but it is obvious, even to a proverb, notîtb^tour! That a prophet is no where less esteemed than in but in hisown counhis orvn country, and among- his nearest rela~ tr.v> and among' his own kin an his tions, even in his own family / who form their J" [Mat. , i-i own house. r judgment of him by the mean appearance which XIII. 57.] they remember he made formerly in private life, and are regardless therefore of the excellence of his doctrine, and of the plainest evidences of his Divine authority and mission. And this was verified in their conduct to 5 And he could 5 him for notwithstanding all that he had done thcre do no mi .?ht .v work' save thathe in other places, they were so strongly prejudiced against him by the meanness of his outward circumstances, that they were openly regardless of the favour of his presence, and would not come to him for help for which reason he could not there have any opportunity to exercise his power, or to do any miracle of note, excepting only that he laid his hands upon
2
-
From
'
\w
pi-it
'
' Whence hath this man all these extraordmarytkings?^ This, like many other things which have since been objected against the .H'ospel of Christ, is as much the language
of stupi iity as of infidelity ; for the meanness of Christ's education was a demonstration that his teaching in so excellent a manner must be the effect of some extraordinary divine influence on his mind. ' A prophet is no 'where less esteemed, &c. ] This is plainly the sense of the words
(though our translation is more literal -J for and often is, affronted at a. prophet maybe, a distance from home as Christ himself found by frequent experience. (Compare John iv. 44, p. 180, and Luke iv. 24, p. I have rendered the last words, 187.) a.%1 sv th omm etuis, even in his own family ; as mtt often has such a signification, and here seems most forcible if it be so in;
srpreted. b He could not there do any miracle.'] are not to understand these words so
but only, that as they brought but Jew sick people to him for a cure, he did not judge it convenient to obtrude his miracles upon them, and so could not honourably and properly perform them. On. the same principle it is, that faith in some cases, though not in all, is made the condition of receiving a cure (compare Mark ix. 23 Mat. ix. 28 and Acts xiv. And Christ saw it proper to make it. 9.) as he well might, considering so here what they must undoubtedly have heard of him from other places, and what they had confessed themselves but just before, of mighty works being wrought by his hands: which shews indeed, that their unbelief did not so much consist in a doubt of his miraculous power, as of his Divine nnission, which to any unprejudiced person's mind that power so abundantly proved. In this view therefore it is hard to
;
:
disarmed
We
say, how he could with honour and decency have lavished away his favours on so
a people.
strictly, as if the
power of Christ was here unworthy
Their unbelief prevents his working miracles among them.

laid his
ll,: ' 1
405
afewsick
,
hands upon a few sick people, and cured them ; [but] he did sect. ,XXUi folk, and no t perform maim mighty works among them,
.
And he wondered Mark on a'ceount of their unbelief. 'r J J did not '''"TJJ'T _ ... many mijchc ty works, because- at the continuance or their inpaelity, especially vi 6 of tlieir unbelief.] considering the manv additional evidences [Mat. XIII. 58.] thev had received of his Divine power in his And lie mar6 veiled because f late signal operations. their unbelief. And upon this Jesus left them, h and depart- Mat.
,
Mat. IX. 35. And n ^. f Nazareth, went round about to all the 1X 3 ^ neighbouring cities and villages, teaching in their about a5"the cities and villages, teach- synagogues, and preaching the good nexus of the ing m their syna- kingdom which God was about to erect and gogues, and preachgave abundant testimow K n;vc r lc came * he p ing the gospel of the kingdom, and heal- mals or the truth ot his doctrine, by healing inic every sickness, even/ disease, and even/ maladi/ among the people. and every disease Aml beholding the multitudes which flocked 3G anionic the people. around him, /?<? w.s' moved with tender compas[Mark VI. 6.] 36 But when "lie sion for them, because then were faint with the saw the multitudes, fatigue of frequent journevings, and exposed to continual danger, as sheep that had no shepherd com^SsTorTonthent because they faint- to feed them with spiritual iood, or to watch ed, and were scat- for the safetv and edification of their souls. tend abroad, as Th ag he intelK ed immediately after this to 37 having no sheep send out his twelve apostles, he says to them shepherd. 37 Then saith he and his other disciples, to quicken their devounto ,,is disciples, tion and zea ^ The harvest of souls to be gathbut the er sd in is indeed great, but the faithful labourers nlenteous who assist in it are few : And therefore let me 38 labourers are few 38 Pray ye there- ur e vou to make your importunate supplications g 6 to rcat Lord and Master of the harvest, that harvest tha?he will send forth labourers he would by the secret but powerful energy of hito his harvest. his Spirit on men's hearts, conquer their natural disinclination to this excellent work, and
-
mm
'
^g
so thrust forth a sufficient number of active indefatigable labourers into his harvest,^ by
*
Jetus left them.]
So
far as
we
learn from the gospel history, he never after this returned any more to Nazareth. Faint and exposed."] Though the learned Eisner has taken a great deal of pains to prove in his note on this text, (Obsens. Vol. I. p. 49, 50) that MKtKUftnot signifies sciittered, or wandering ; yet I still choose to render it, they were faint; which senseof the word is sufficiently vindicated by Wolfius, fin toe. J and Albert, fObsero. p. 76, 7",) and is established 1)\ tin use of it in other places of the Nevi Testament, Compare Mat. xv. 32 Markviii.3; Gal. and Heb. xii. 3, 5. vi. 9 But I think
'
can Eisner has advanced enough to justify the rendering of t^ty/uwoi, exposed to every invading danger, s sheep are when thrown, up OV abandoned by their shepherdk Thrust forth labourers into his harvest] The word exfx;i so plainly imports this. that I am sorry 1 retained our less cmphatical translation in the Jirst edition. Whoever considers the immense difficulevery ties and oppositions with which
;
minister qf Christ's kingdom was sure to encounter in those ci.rh days of it, will see the necessity of som< unusual energy
and impulse on the mind to lead RPy undertake th
ty.
Vol.
I.
.3
106
sect,
Ixxin.
Refections en the treatment Christ met with at Nazareth.
whom
own
it may successfully be carried on, to his greater glory, and the edification and salvation of souls.
IMPROVEMENT.
Mark
v *- 1
Since the blessed Jesus vouchsafed to renew his visit to Nazwhere they had attempted to murder him on his first preaching among them, let us not be wear y of xvell doing, nor refuse to renew our attempts on the most obstinate sinners, where
areth,
the interests of their immortal souls are concerned. But though they were astonished at his wisdom, and could not: but allow the mighty works that he had wrought ; yet these ungrateful creatures went on to reject him, and in so doing were condemned out of their own mouth : nor can we be at any loss for instances of those who in later ages have fallen under the like condemnation. He is spoken of as the carpenter ; which intimates that he 3 once wrought at that mean employment. What amazing condescension was this in the Son of God, and the Heir of all things, hi/ whom also the worlds were made ! (Heb. i. 2.) Yet surely while the hands of Christ were employed in these daily labours, his soul was rising in holy contemplations and deyout affections. So may we intermingle pious meditations with our secular cares, and have our conversation in heaven, while our chvelling is on
earth
How much did these Nazarenes lose by their obstinate prejuHow many diseased bodies might haye dices against fesus
.'
been cured, how many lost soids might have been recovered and May Divine saved, had they given him a better reception Grace deliver us from that unbelief, which does as it were disarm Christ himself and render him a savour of death, rather than of life to our souls
!
* at
ix.
35
3Q
3~
3g
he continued his gracious labours, and, when rejected in one citij, vent and preached in another; still surrounded with a crowd of admirers, whom he viewed with tender regard. Let us, ministers, learn of him, tenderly to pit y those who are faint and exposed to danger, and are as sheep having no shepherd. The extreme necessities of his churches in many places are but too apparent let us earnestly pray, that God would behold them with compassion; that he would graciously provide for their instruction, and would thru t forth such labourers among them as mav be diligent and faithful in their work, and prove the happy instruments of gathering in fruit to everlasting life. (John iv. 36.)
Still
:
The twelve
apostles
prepared for their mission.
407
SEC
Our Lord sends forth
them instructions
T.
LXXIV.
with a commission, and gives 15. Mark Mat. X. 1
his apostles
to preach the gospel*
VI. 711.
Luke IX. 15.'
AND -T\-
Mat.
had
X.
l.
7
Mat.
lie
X.
1.
when
called
Jl
A A "/) Jesus having

together* whom',
called his twelve disciples sect.

(it
unCh!mhis?wete
disripks,
fore,
Luke
vi. 13, p.
has been observed be293,) he had chosen some
lxxiv
he
gave
time since to be his constant followers and
at- x
them power [Luke, tendants, and who were named apostles from and authority over gift h j mission //6 endowed them with the all devils or J unclean spirits, to casi them of working miracles, and gave them power and out, and to lieal all authority over all kinds at demons, [<?r] unclean manner ol sickness, s r i ts to cast them out of those unhappy perand all manner of pj \ V disease. [Mark VI. sons whom thev had possessed, ana to cure 7. Luke IX. L] even/ distemper, and even.) maladu, how malig-
...
,
17
nant and dangerous soever. Now the names of'the twelve apostles are these : 2 of the twelve apos- The first of them, who was one of the most ties are these The , followers of Christ, and the first that was ' first, simon, who is . / called Peter, and called to a stated attendance upon him (p. 192,)
Now the names

:
Andrew
er; James the sonoi Zebedee, and John
and whose remarkable zeal and piety rendered r 1 m a k m(j Q l ead er among them, was Simon, Christ had honourw 10 zs a so calkd Peter, b as 9>, bis brother; ed him with that sirname, (see John i. 42, p. 130,) and Andrew his brother, who was called the same day with him James [the son] of Zebedee the fisherman, and John his brother, that beloved disciple who were also called at * ne same time with the two former, as they 3 Philip and Bartholomew Thomas, were fishing at the sea of Galilee, (p. 193.) and Matthew the Ph\l\p f Bethsaida, and Bartholomew : Thomas 3 S P " hl called Didymus and Matthew, who had been ' 7u J .m,i son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose sir- the publican : fames [the son] oj Alpheus ; and name wasThaddeus; Lebbeus, whose sirname ivas Thaddeus, and who
his brothj
j
'
; >
ter's being named first, that it is strange doubt that any should have attempted to prove from this is the proper place bf the mission of the this text the authority of Peter over his apostles, considering its connection with the brethren, when we never find it declared preceding stories in all the evangelists thai by Christ, or claimed by Peter, or owned mention it. by any of the rest of the a/orf&, but rather find so many scriptures which appear to b The first, Simon, who is called Peter.'] look a contrary way. See Mat. xxiii. 812 The reasons assigned mtiie paraphrase are Acts w. 13, &seq- 2 Cor. sii. 11 and o apparently sufficient to account for Pe- Gal. ii. 1 1
Having
called his twelve disciples togeth-
er.]
There can be no room
to
408
sect,
Ixxiv.
They are sent forth
in pairs to
preach the gospel.
was also called Judas or Jude, the brother of Simon the Cananite, a native of Ca- 4 Simon the C.ij ames na c and Judas hcariot or a man of Carioth, nanite, and Judas '^ that wicked and miserable creature, who afterbSyed him? wards even betrayed him, and then laid violent hands on himself.
:
These twelve disciples

truo
i
Jesus sent forth by

,
These twelve
and tzvo in pairs, d that thev might be agree11 able companions and assistants to each other in their work and he commanded them to go into those places which he himself purposed shordv to visits and to breach there the o gos,,,-'. _ J pel or the kingdom oj hod, or to proclaim the joyful tidings of the approaching kingdom of the Messiah and, in confirmation of it, to heal , _, the sick, and exert the other miraculous powers which he had given them. And upon this occa1 i
i
J esus sent fortnh C b >"
two and two! and
;'
commande d them [Luke, to preach

the
kingdom of God, and to heal the sick,]

not into f the Gentiles, and into any Clt >' of the Saman " tans enter ye not
saving-,
t ] ie
Go
way
'
''
MiRK V
l.
7.
Luke
IX. 2.]
sion he made an excellent discourse to them, saying, In this circuit which I now send you, do not go into the way of the Gentiles ; for the glad tidings of the gospel are not vet sent to them: nor enter into\anif\city of the Samaritans^ if you should be obliged to pass through their country ; though I once did it, and preached among them with considerable success. (See 6 John iv. 40, 41, sect, xxx.) But my message is chieflv to be delivered to the Jews (compare Mat. xv. 24, and Rom. xv. 8,) and therefore go ye rather to them, the poor lost sheep of the house of Israel, who are generally wandering in the paths of error and sin; vet they shall receive this farther token of mv regard, that the first notices of mv kingdom shall be sent
1
6 But
t0 the lost
go rather s,1 eep of
the house of Israel,
Simon
The reader may

title
a native of Cana.] rather than convincing- argument. See see an illustration of this Fleming's Cliristnl. Vol. II. p. 167, ISf seq. * Which lie himself purposed shortly to and that of Lebbeus, sect. lii. p. 295,
the Cananite,
visit.]
f and g. By two and two.~\ It is obvious this would conduce to the bonfirming of their testimony, as in the mouth of txvo witnesses every word is established (Mat. xviii. 16,) as well as make their mission much more comfortable than if each had been sent alone. Mr. Fleming has taken pains to shew, that there was great wisdom in .joining them together in such pairs as are
Our Lord was now entering- at least on the third year of his ministry, and therefore purposed to take a larger tour than he concluding, that the had formerly done fame of so many miracles would make way for his being heard with greater regard than before. (Compare sect. xxxi. p. 180, and sect, xxxvi. p. 205.) The time they had spent with him in an immediate attendance on his ministry, since their first here intimated, on account of theretem- call to the work, would no doubt conduce
notes
d
;
1
blance or contrast of their characters. The much to their fitness for it and the notice discourse is very ingenious but the me- taken of them by multitudes who had seen moirs of some of the apostles are so short, them near Jesus would promote their acthat much of it is uncertain conjecture, ceptance in it. See Mark iii. 13, 14, p. 294
;
;
They are directed to
take nothing xvith them for their journey.
40$
And as ye go from one place to an- sec t. 7 And as ye go, to them. preach, saying, The other, wherever you come proclaim this good lsxiv kingdom of heaven news savin?, with that ardour and zeal which is at hand. M:it , u 'r t* 1 i lbecomes
u my heralds/
y/^long expected king.
do m of heaven is approaching ; prepare \ ourselves therefore to receive the blessings of it.

8 Heal the sirk,
the lepers, raise tlie dead, cast out devils freelv ye have received,
cleans.;
And
mav
"
that a declaration of so great importance 8 not want suitable testimonials, and the
i
r
i
your personal appearance may not render the truth of it suspected (as any proper
meanness
freely give.
occasion offers,) heal the

yea, raise the dead*
sick, cleanse the lepers,
and cast out demons : for such a power I have given to you, and see that you exert it in a manner most honourable to yourselves and me [and as] you have received
;
unto others the assistance enables you to impart, and scorn the thought of making anv gain of those for whom these works of mercy and power are performed. And he commanded them, that they should take Mark Mark VI. 8 And ftecommandedthem, nothing for [their] journey, except only a staff', vi 8 thattheyshouldtake which they had the ir hands h and, to prevent r J '. nothing tor their .. an y solicitude as to the means ot their support, journey, save a staff' only; [Luke, andhe he said unto them, Disburden vourselves of all said unto them,] anx ious cares on this occasion, and provide nei[ Provide J no bread, r r r ' no money, [neither t ier bread, or any other kindot lood, lor your gold, nor silver, nor subsistence, nor money to purchase provisions ; brass in your purs- ne \ther gold, nor silver, nor brass coin, in your ' cs ;] [Mat. X. 9. , T ? purses : to Nor even ^ , so much as a scrip # take Luke IX 31
it
freel//, freel?/ give

it
which
Proclaim
with
which becomes my heralds.]
that ardour and zeal This is the
proper import of the word jt/>i/<r<re7, which is derived from a;<t.v[', a herald. Probably they were to make this proclamation with .'' is they passed through the streets of the towns they went to; as Jonah See delivered his message to Nineveh. Jonah iii. 4.
'
Raise the deal.'] Though many ancient have not this clause, and though we <lo not find that the apostles exerted any such power whilst Christ lived yet since the oldest versions have it, and it is certainly much easier to drop than to insert a clause by accident, I choose, with Dr. Whitby, to retain it, though there are great author i- hands and that, however common it ties on the other side. It is to me very might be for those who were to travel a evident that some passages in this discourse long way to be provided with (too staves as refer to events which did not immediately well as with two coats, they need not be take place. See Mat. x. IB, 21, 23, in the solicitous to have another ready in case next section. one should fail. h Except only a The original wore! //; your purses.'] staff, which they h ad in
R
copies
is no difficulty thus to with what is said in Matthew (ver. 10,) that they should not provide a staff (as it is there expressed in the original /j.nfi *<fsv ;) for many copies read it in the plural number, y.v&i îd'as, nor yet staves ; which reading is confirmed by Luke (ver. 3,) where it is so expressed. Nor is there any need we should suppose, here with Heinsius, that ti is put for in Mark, as if they were commanded to take not king with them, not even so much as a staff. For all that Christ intended was, that they should so entirely depend upon the providence of God, that they should set out with nothing but the staff in their
their hands.]
reconcile this
There
clause
'
410
sect, carry
v
'
A
ney
blessing should come on those that received them ;
M
x.
lVlttL.
10
any manner of provisions/or [your] jour- Mat. X. 10. Nor nor think it needful you should have two scri P for y ur jour* ne ther tw coats apiece, or anv change of raiment nor what ney T TjKF CO'ltS I might seem more necessary still, even another piece,] neither pair of shoes, any stronger than ordinary, but be shoes', [but be shod shod just as you are with sandals y k nor yet take Wltl1 sandals >] n01 anv.to^,butonlythosethatyouareusedtowalk *' [s WO rtnv
;
;
3.
"
with,
/-or
f/ier
labourer
is
food: and as you
supplies of life when offered by those to whom you preach, so you may cheerfully trust the Providence of God to take care of you while engaged in so good a cause ; and he would rather support vou by a miracle, than suffer vou to want
may freely accept the necessary Y L
surely xvorthy of his ofhismeat.~[MARK 9 LuKB > 1X

-
endanger your own reputation, by takkur ud w ,:lts :" "'"""seye u \> enter into,] y " lJV,11 l ' i> ' ,. there ayour lodging m any disreputable family And bide, [till ve depart whatever house you thus enter into, continue there fl om tli:i t place.] m till you leave the place ; that you may not seem [ arkVI.10.Lokb to have too great a regard to the little circumstances of domestic accommodation, which it is beneath your character as my ministers to be very solicitous about. 12 And, as an early intimation of the friendly 12 And when ye intention of your visit, xuhen you first enter into come 1to an ll0Use te il any family, salute it in a courteous and religious manner, saying, according to the usual custom
'
be necessary for your sustenance. 1 farther said unto them, Go forth there1 1 And [he said fore with a holy alacrity ; and into whatever citif unt0 them >] In t or village v you enter, make it vour first business ;vhatsoev cit vt or *" iuat uuoiiiLSb town 9 , .'. ve shall enter, . r to inquire who in it is of a xvorthy character for inquire who in it is hospitality and piety ; for I would not have you worthy; and [Luke,
shall
what
And he
'
'
il
'
of friends when they enter the dwellings of each 13 other, "Peace be upon this house." And if
(Wtt, expresses the custom they had of He would carrying money in a kind of fobpocket, or miracle, &c.] which was made in the duplicative sion in part, fiitrse, of their girdles: See Dr. Shaw's Travels, apostolic wort
i
13 And if the house
rather support vou by a Our Lord intended this misas
P- 292.
k
Nor
shoes, but be shod with sandals.]
apprehend the word vnroS>,y.-j.U,shoes,m\ist here signify a kind of short boots, which they used in long journeys, that covered the whole foot and small of the leg; whereas their mhoW* were pieces of strong leather, or wood, tied under the sole of the them to recollect it, Luke xxii. 35, sect, foot by strings, and something resembling clxxiii. modern clogs. See Calmet's Dictionary, Vol. <p Peace be upon this house.] This cuson the word sandals , and torn of saluting friends after this II. p. 615, manner is L'ghtfoot's Hor. Heb. on Mat. x. 10. still retained among the Turks and ouiel-
an initiation into their it was, no doubt, an encouragement to them during all the remainder of life to recollect the singular care which Providence now took of them, though they had abandoned their families, and with them the means of subsistence, and went out whollv unfurnished for such an expedition. In this view Christ leads
,-
and
hut dreadful
be worthy,
let
was
the ease of those that rejected them,
41
sect.
your the family be
worthy the Divine regard, your
14
And whosoev-
er shall not receive you, nor hear your words; when ye depart, out of that
house, or city, shake offthe [Luke, very]
even then your kind wishes for its peace and happiness shall not be lost, but shall return unto you in blessings on your own heads, as being the genuine workings of that pious and benevolent temper which God always approves and rewards. And whosoever shall not receive you, nor in an 14 obedient manner hearken to your words ; as for i/ou come out of n unna ppy persons, when v 1W .. . , /. , . 7 ,, */r that house or city, in which they dwell, shake off the very dust of your feet, as a testimony against them, or as a token that you look upon them,
,
antimony a|linst as devoted by God to destruction, and therethem.] [Mark VI. fore desire to separate yourselves entirely from 11 Luke IX. 5.] them, that you may not be partakers of their plagues. (Compare Rev. xviii. 4,' and Acts
xviii. 6.)
for indeed you have reason to do it J say unto you, That whatever profession J more tolerable tor î r.% *v * r< t1lc >' may make of their regard to the true God, the land of Sodom and Gomorrah, in and however they may continue to boast ot the day ofjudgment, their national privileges, it shall be more tolerable
15 Verily I say unto you, it shall he ver ily
;
,
And
m" ^'vi-in
3 ''
not onlv for the generality of Gentile sinners, in the day of final judgment, but even for the natives oi" the land of Sodom and Gomorrah, those monsters of unnatural wickedness who
were consumed with fire and brimstone from heaven, than for the inhabitants of that the people of Sodom and v. retched city ; for Gomorrah never sinned against such extraordinary light and such singular favours as they.
eastern nations
;
and
it
thought
it
not im-
so peculiar an holiness in the land ofl
proper to express
for the illustration of that
when
they
came
hwme from any
heathen country they stopped at its borders and wiped the dust of it from their shoes, ~. n "lour r 1 peace shall come upon tl.\ ,r,,ni3 is . ,. ., sac-red inheritance miHit not br ' that tin- ,.,. ... i/ fine ot those mam passages winch (as , -. , ,, , , polluted with it ; nor would the\ permit , ,. n' .' p .. , the grammarians speak) the imperative is '. , L-, herbs in be brought to them from their ,, r . -f ". ,. put lor the 'future; ihat is, Let it come, tor ,, . ., , 00 N rt o . And neighbours, lest they should bring am ot . .. It shall come: (so 1 Cor. xvi. 22.) ' the (tust <n their land upon them. So that , perhaps many seeming imprecations in the ., ',,,,.' ' the action cniomed to the apostles here * t i r ,. Oh: Testamentmvs mosteasih lbe accounted was a lively intimation, that when tin,r '. , lor, In such an explication, us prophetic , , .. -, yews had rejected the i'ospel, the\ were no I, fi .r predictions ol what should liappen to ,i , the / ll .... . be ,. longer to / regarded as the people ol ' enemies ot God and his people. , 9 -,, , , God, but were on a level with heathens and Shahe off the very dust of your feet, iS?c.~] idolatorsSec Mr. Flemings Christol. VoL The Jews thought there was something of II. p. 160.
what
follows.
m
.
,,.
'
'
'
,.
-.
...
,.
'
'.
"
..
'
'
'
44 2
A ejlectio)is
}
on the mission of the twelve apostles:
IMPROVEMENT.
sect.
lxxiv.
~
x. 1
$ 5
abundant reason is there for humble thankfulness that tne ambassadors of Christ were thus sent forth to preach the gospel, and that at length tneir number was increased, and their commission enlarged; so that instead of their being thus confined to the lost sheep of the house of Israel, their, instructive
What
line is gone out through all the earth, and their rvords have resounded even to the end of the world; (Psal. xix. 4.) May the purport of their message be seriouslv attended to since it will so certainly be a savour of life or of death, of eternal salvation or aggravated condemnation and ruin. Let us tremble to think, that it will be more tolerable for 15 Sodom and Gomorrah in the day ofjudgment than for those by whom the gospel is rejected: and let us earnestlv pray that Divine Grace may enable us to receive it in the love of it, and to obey the truth, that we may be saved ; (2 Thess. ii. 10.) They who have the honour in this respect to succeed the
!
apostles as ministers of this gospel,
may
learn
most
useful in-
Divine Master, Let .them 12, 13 speak and act as the messengers of peace and the friends of mankind, who cordially wish well to all around them; and 10 gratelullv acknowledge the kindness which, as faithful labourers, Let them shew a true greatness of thev have justly deserved, mind in an apparent superiority to temporal interests and present gratifications easy in whatever accommodations they find where Providence leads them and forgetting themselves, to remember their Master, and the souls he has committed to their care. Let them faithfully warn all around them of the importance of their eternal concerns, and of the unutterable danger of receiving the grace of God in vain, that, whether men will hear or for 9,?jfc bear, they may be clean from their blood. And, while we preserve such a temper and conduct, we may cheerfully hope that
structions
this discourse of'our
; ;
from
God will
be -with us in the
way
that
we
go, and,
how precarious
soever our circumstances may seem, will give us food to eat, and raiment to put on. May we all have this token for good, that God will take care of our interests; even the consciousness of our being faithfully engaged to promote his glory, and our joyful readiness to spend and be spent for the service of souls (2. Cor,
!
xii. 15.)
Christ warns them of the dangers they xvmdd be exposed to.
413
SECT.
Our Lord faithfully Warns
theij
LXXV.
of the danger and opposition
his apostles
might expect
16
to
encounter in his service. Mat. X. 16
28.
our Lord had thus instructed his sect. LXXV you forth as apostles as to their behaviour and office sheep in the midst Kenera he went on faithfully to lav before 7T~~ Mat. o , ;. , of wolves; be ye . .mf trials they were to ex- x 16 therefore wise as them the difficulties and and added, Behold, serpents, and harm- pect in the execution of it
Mat X
MaT X
"V
BEHOLD, Isend
VV
X THEN
i
16 *
__
"
less as doves.
senci y OU 0U f as s0 many innocent and defenceless sheep, in the midst of a whole multitude of fierce and ravenous wolves,* who will not fail to watch every opportunity to attack
and even devour you be >jc therefore continually on your guard against them, and labour to approve yourselves prudent as serpents, in b but, far from avoiding unnecessary dangers the malignity and revengeful nature imitating
:
of that animal, maintain at all times a holy simplicitv of soul, and be harmless and inoffensive
17 But
;
as doves, those gentle creatures who are innoBut be upon your 17 beware of cent and loving to a proverb. men for the) will guard against the men of the world with whom deliver you up to the conver se, that you do not bv any inadvert" councils, and they i r advantage against you for will scourge you.in ency give them
.
their synagogues
they will seek occasions of mischief, and betray you to the councils, and deliver you up to the sanhedrim and other inferior courts of judicature,
and will
also scourge you in their synagogues.*
18 And ye shall And, in some cases, the prosecution shall be be brought before carr i eci vet farther ; for you shall be brought ,governors and kings , r . a
for
18
Bake, for a before against for a witness to them, and to the heathen, as this testimony jfj them and the Gengj ve y OU an opportunity of testifying
my
governors and
hugs
on
my
account,*
my
tlles-
gospel
more solemnly both to Jews and Gentiles.

is a sort of discipline which has long since been used in their synagogues, where they keep their courts; and which the
*Assheepinthemidstofv:olves.~\ So frankly did our Lord warn his apostles of the hardships and dangers with which they should he surrounded. Nothing could be more fair; nothing more generous, b Prudent as serpents.] Pliny has given US some very remarkable stories of the sagacity of serpents, some of which, I confess, have the air of fables: (see Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. vii. cap. '2.1, 27) But it is certain there is a peculiar vivacity in their eyes; so that to be as sharpsighted as a serpent was a proverb both among the Greeks and Romans. See Erasm. Adag. p. 580. c Scourge you in their synagogues."] Compare Mat. xxiii, 34, and Acts xxii. 19.
This
wretched Acosta tells us he himself unSee Acost.de Vit. Hum. ad Jin. derwent. Wits. Fit. Pauli, Limborch Colt. p. 349 sect. 1, 19 21; and Vitring.de Synagog.
Vet. lib.
d
ill
par. 1, cap. 11.
Before governors and tings, hSfc.~\^ Acapostles were several of them obliged to appeal before princes, and were severely prosecuted by tneir malicious enemies before Herod, Agrippu, Felix, Festus, Nero, Domitian, Ike. as we learn fr
cordmgly the
om
sacred or profane hi'staff
Vol.
I.
3n
414
They must expect
to be
haled of men for his sake;

19 But when the/ deliver you up, take-
x.
sect. lxxv.
But when they shall accuse you with the u t m0 st virulence, and deliver you up to appear
before such, high personages, be net anxiously
19 soliatous about your deience there, hoiv you for it shall be given shall answer for yourselves, or rohat you shall you in that same hour eak speak : but cheerfully throw yourselves upon what ?* sha11 s P
-
^HKSE
the Divine assistance, which shall be abundantly sufficient for you for it shall be given you in that very hour -what you shall speak;
;
proper thoughts and words shall be suggested

to you, and your minds shall be maintained in that composure and dignity which is necessary
20
21
honour of the cause you assert. e For 20 For it is not ye when you appear on these occasions, that speak, but the and are called to answer for yourselves, it i*J^gSS&Z not [so much] you that speak, as the Spirit of vou< your Father that speaketh in you, in defence of that gospel which it is his peculiar office to promote in the world. Nevertheless, all the wisdom and justice of 21 And the broth
for the
indeed,
your apologies, though divinely inspired,
will
not disarm the malice of your unreasonable an(j the father the enemies, which shall prevail to such a degree child; and the children *"."? rise up as even to triumph over natural affection, and atrnmsttkeir parents, . ... f / r break asunder the strictest bonds 01 social hie ancj cause tne m to for one brother shall betray another, not only to be put to death. some slighter punishment, but even to a violent and tormenting death ; and the father shall thus become the murderer, instead of the guardian and protector of the son; and children, on the other hand, forgetting all the obligations of filial duty and affection, shall rise up as witnesses against their own parents, and cause them to be And you, my apostles, notwith- 22 Ami ye ^hall 22 put to death. standing all the humanity of your character, and be hated of all men sake the benevolent design of your office, shall be the for y name s objects of such general aversion, censure, and persecution, that you shall in a manner be hated of all men for the sake of my name ; f when
, , ,
.
^SStaJEES
'
was sufficient to prevent a thousand anxions apprehensions. f You shall be hated of all men for the sake They who believe the tesof my nam.e.~\ pearing before such great personages and timony of the apostles, as multitudes did, in the hurry of could not but ardently love them, as their might have feared lest, This their spirits, they should have been be- fathers in Christ : (see Gal. iv. 15.) trayed into any impropriety of language or therefore is plainly one of those many behaviour, by which the cause of the gospel scriptures in which the universal term a// might have suffered: so that nothing could is to be taken with great restrictions. See Phil. ii. 21 and Rom. v. have been more suitable than the promise John. xii. 32 As there seems in this text a pecuwhich our Lord here makes them, which 18.
'
For the honour of the cause you
as-
Persons of so low an education as sert.1 the apostles generally were, might have been much terrified at the thought of ap;
but should be faithful

but he that endureth to the end, shall bc
still
in
preaching the gospel.
41 5
your calling yourselves by it shall appear, to sect. LX only crime y OUI enemies themselves, the med but be not discouraged chargeable upon you Ma( for he that courageously en- x gg at these trials dures to the end, shall on the whole be saved ; and whatever extremities he may suffer in this world, God will not only deliver him from the destruction that shall come upon the wicked, but will amply repay his fidelity in the next. (Compare Mat. xxiv. 13, and Rev. ii. 10.) But I say not this to encourage you to rush 23 23 But when they persecute you in this upon martyrdom, before you have a plain and ^ vcrUv ni lawful cal1 to il for> n the ther hand lt 7"U otAer^ f prolong such useful lives say unto" you, Ye rather be your duty to shall not have gone to the utmost limits you lawfully may, and over the cities of Is- w /len they persecute you in one city, to fee to S0Tk another: and though this may contract the *kbeme time of your abode in each, be not discouraged at that, which may, on the whole, be no inconvenience for verily I say unto you, Tou shall not have had time to finish [your progress through] all the cities of Israel, and to preach the gospel in every place, until the Son of man. shall comt 1 in a yet more awful appearance, to fulfil your prediction concerning the manifestation of his kingdom, and to take vengeance on your cruel persecutors. 24 The disciple And as for the unkind usage I have warned 24 js not above his masyou to expect you have no reason to be surter, nor the servant J ! > t r i prised at it for, as I have formerly observed above his lord
-
'
it
(Luke vi. 40, sect, liv.) The disciple is not above his teacher, nor the servant above his 25 It is enough lord: It is abundantly sufficient, if the disciple 25 for the disciple, that e as fr fa teacher, and the servant as his lord ; bC S the disciple and and th\ tervanHs a d in such a circumstance his lord if they the servant have cause for thankfulness rather
:
emphasis in the phrase, for the sate of cannot understand the coming of the Son of my name, I choose in this edition to render lt man to signify his overtaking them in this more literally than in the first ; though (as journey before they came to the end of it Sykes I had there observed) it is apparent that nor does it appear natural, with Dr. the name of a person is sometimes put for (in his Essay on the Truth of Christianity, the person himself. See note on John ii. p. 85, 5* seq.) to refer it to Christ's covin ig Whiston 23, sect. xxiv. It is rather, as Mr. to judgment. observes (in his discourse of Prophecy, p ** P Until the Son of man shall come."] I do 63,) to be explained of their being not find that llie apostles met with any out of Judea by persecutions, so that they persecution in this frst progress, from which had not time to visit all the parts of it be,tus ' thcy soon returned to Christ, and told him fore the destruction of Jerusalem by J all that they had done (see Mark vi. often called the coming of the Son
liar
:
and Luke
30, 10, sect, lxxviii ;) and there.ore, as well as for many other reasons, I
ix.
which
is
*"' 1 of man. See Mat. xxiv 27, 37, 39, 44;
Luke
xviii
8.
41 6
Theyshould not
be afraid
of men, but of God.
sect, than complaint. If then, as you have already have called the Mas e h lxxv. heard and found, they have called me, who C h e ,^ bl the Master of the family, Beelzebub, and reviled m uch' more shall
am
they call them as a magician, whom received as the Messiah (see p. 336,) how household much more will they be likely thus to abuse his domestics, whose character and station are so
me
they should have
of his
much
26
inferior to his
Since therefore you have mv example before fear them not, but you, and suffer in mv cause, ' J : -i i ncourageously sustain the utmost efforts of their and assure yourselves that I will suprage port you till you have finished your testimony for there is nothing now hid which shall not be revealed: nor has any thing passed in secret
,
.
26 Fear them not therefore: for there is not Inner covered, that shal f not t, e revealed; and hid.that shall not be known.
between us xvhich shall not be universally made <yj what See to it then, that you remember to I tell 27 known. what purpose I have admitted you to so great you in darkness, Mat s P eak e in h S h an intimacvwith me, and discoursed so largely anc* what ye hear \in J t and what I say to lhe ear> ât preach concerning my kingdom you in darkness, speak [it~\ in the light of open ye upon the houseand what you hear as it were whispered t0 P s day in the ear, proclaim publicly with a loud voice
'
>'
as
from
the housetop?.
28
And though the boldness of your testimony may indeed at length cost you vour lives, vet
28
And
fear not
kill
them which
the
be not afraid of them who can only kill the mor- IgîSS fl^soul: tal body, and cannot kill or hurt the immaterial DU t rather fear him soul, which will still survive in all its vigour which is.able to deb<>th soul anc* h but much its tabernacle lies in ruins
while
rather fear, lest, by being unfaithful in so important a trust, you should incur the displeasure of him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell, and has power to fill the separate spirit with anguish, or at the final judgment to
it to the body, and condemn both to everlasting misery in that infernal prison.
^
^
reunite
IMPROVEMENT.
How apparently fit is it that this eternal and almighty God should be the object of our humble fear, and that in comparison with him we should fear nothing else ! All the terrors of
h Cannot hill the soul, kSfc.~] I have paraphrased the words so as to illustrate the certain argument they contain to prove he existence of the soul in a separate state,
its perception of that existence ; else the soul would be as properly killed as the body. Grotius has an excellent not*
and
here
Reflections on the trials that the gospel
may
expose us
to.
41 7
the world are disarmed by this ; and by this are its flatteries sect. In whatever stations of life we are fixed, let LXXV also disarmed.
*
this
engage us to be faithful to
God
in
them
so shall
we be
"
most
and trials ; but godly in Christ Jesus must expect some degree of persecution, (2 Tim. iii. 12 ;) let us therefore arm ourselves ivith the same mind, that we may bear it with a truly Christian fortitude. Mav Divine grace teach us to mingle the wisdom of the IQ serpent with the innocence of the dove, and to shelter ourselves from the ill usage of a perverse and sinful generation, so far onlv as we can do it without offering any violation to our consciences It is indeed matter of groat lamentation, that the sentiments of 21 benevolence and goodness, which seem so natural to the human mind, and are always so ornamental and delightful, should prevail no more and it is shameful that the name of religion, so well calculated to cultivate these sentiments, should be made use of as an engine to destroy them and instead of cementing kingdoms and families in closer and more affectionate bonds, should inspire them even with mortal animosity. Let us bless God for our public liberties and earnestlv prav, that where persecution reigns in its utmost terror, the wrath of man mav praise him, and the remainder of that wrath be restrained ! (Psal. lxxvi. 10.) The ill usage which the blessed Jesus endured from an un- 24, 2a grateful world, may surely prevent our being surprised or offended if we meet with some share of it too. May we be willing to suffer with him, that we may at length reign with him ! (2 Tim. ii. 12.) And if by unexpected revolutions in providence we should be called out to the severest trials, may the spirit of glory and of God rest upon us ! and may we not account even our lives dear unto us, that, approving our fidelity to him, we may finish our course xvithjoy ! (l Pet, iv. 14, and Acts xx. 24.)
all that will live
!
The
truly faithful to ourselves apostles were exposed to peculiar dangers
SEC
Our Lord concludes
T.
LXXVI.
with an assurance of and with a
his charge to his apostles
God's providential care for
their encouragement;
promise of abundant future rewards
to all that shouldfaithfully serve him, or assist others in his work : and, after this, they separatefrom one another, and go to different parts to preach the gospel.
Mat. X. 29, to
Mat.
X. 29.
the end.
XL
1.
'
Mark VI.
12,13.
Luke IX.
6.
X. 29. A RE not two 4 these faithful warnings of the XX sparrow sold dangers to which the apostles would be exposed in his service, our Lord went on to
J\
FTER
Mat.
~
T
x.
SEC
"
29
418
They are encouraged

lay before
to rely
upon the providence of God.

for a farthing an3 n ofthemshallno1
1
them such encouragements as might animate their courage and pious zeal; and began with reminding them of the universal extent of the Divine Providence are not txvo young sparrows, said he, soldfor a single farthing? yet there is not one of them that by any
:
without your Father
accident shall fall to the ground and die zvithout the observation and permission of your 30 heavenly Father.* And not only are the more 30 But the very noble and vital parts of your animal frame hairs of your head regarded by God, but even the very hairs o/ are a11 numbei ed Fear not, 31 p e ar ye not 31 your head are all numbered by him. for, therefore ye are of therefore, that you should be overlooked even as men, and especially as mv servants mol e valuethan ma and ambassadors, you are more valuable than many sparroxvs, or than the whole species of them ; and therefore may assure yourselves that Providence will watch over you. And let it be a farther encouragement to 32 Whosoevei32
'
'
'
remember, that whatever you may now therefore shall conmen, vour fidelity to me, it will on the Jess me before J _ him will I confess whole be most amply rewarded tor the re- a s0 before my Fa-
vou
T
to
suffer for
,
,
'
gard that every one expresses to me here, shall be publicly remembered and acknowledged
hereafter
:
ther which fteavcn

-
is
in
-whosoever,
therefore,
shall cour-
ageously confess me before men, be he ever so mean in the eyes of the world, / also 7vill not fail to confess him in all the glories of my final appearance, not only before the assembled world, but even in the immediate presence of my Father hi heaven, to whose everlasting favour all my faithful servants shall be introduced
:
Not one of them shall fall to the ground, more convincing' manner be argued from Some have supposed, there is a the prayers and praises offered in scripture reference here to the two birds which with regard to particular events, and the made a part of the leper's offering. (Lev. promises of temporal blessings made to xiv. 4 As if the sense of what our those that fear and serve God. Nor can I 7.) Lord expresses were, that providence de- think we are much concerned to deteri ermines which of those tvia insignificant mine, how far any of these are miraculous, animals shall live, and which be tilled, and how far the result of general laws setBut as the words are capable of a more tledinanexactcongruitytothe temperand extensive sense, and our Lord elsewhere conduct of every individual affected by mentions five sparrows just to the same them, which an omniscient God foresaw, purpose, (Luke xii. 6, sect, cxi.) I see and whichhis perfect schemes might easily no reason for paraphrasing them with any provide for, by methods to us unsearchaparticular view to that rite. They are a ble. It is plain, Homer thought Divine
a
<jfc.~\
proof of the -universality of the Divine Providence interested itself in the lives of but the singular interpositions brute animals. See Iliad, lib. xv. ver. 274'Providence of it in favour of good men, may in a much See also Grotius, in loc.
lull
,-
Christ
33 But whosoever
is
not come to send peace, but a sword.
419
But whosoever
shall renounce vie before men, as sect,
deny me before men, him will I also deny before my Fatherwhichisinheashall
ashamed or t j j
afraid to
lVl
acknowledge
his relation lxxv JMat.
heaven, as x 33 ven. who has forfeited all claim to my patronage and favour in that awful day. But, to prevent the mistaken expectations 34 34 Think not that lam come to send V/hich the apostles might form of the immediate C e temporal prosperity of his kingdom our Lord
oame not peace, but a sword, farther
'
U renounce him before my Father , 1 a mean and unworthy creature,
added, Do not suppose that lam come to which we send and establish peace on the land dwell b for, though the general purport of my gospel has so powerful a tendency to promote it, vet the prejudices and lusts of men will so oppose and pervert it, that it will rather seem, from the event of it, that Icame not to sendpeace, For a few will indeed embrace 35 35 For I am come but a sword. but they will be so cruelly persecuted even to set. a man at van- it
Twnd
ance against his

le'agahfsllu
r
fa-
by their nearest relations, that
may
say,
er.andthe daughter- father, and the daughter against her own mother, inlaw against \vz* and the daughter inlcav against her motherin-
modi'
<*
to set
man
at variance against his
lam own
mothennlaw
S6 And a man's fro? shall be they of his own household.
lawf when the circumstances of the family were such, that they might otherwise have So that the ties of blood shall be for- 36 agreed. KOtten an j tne bonds of friendship violated * . ., r. and a mans enemies, yea oftentimes the most severe and inveterate of them [shall be] those of his own family, and it may be, the nearest of
;
,
dwell.]
To send peace on the land in which we zeal for the truth, and better proves it That the word y often signifies to be worth their while to suffer fur consome particular land, and especially yudea, science sakeb
rather than the whole earth,

plain
;
is
undeniably
c And the daughterinlaw against her mo(compare Mat. xxiii. 35, and Luke The thought seems to sink iv. 25.) And I have given it that turn here, therinlaw."] because there was no part of the world here, as it is much more usual for mothers where Christianity occasioned so much dis- and daughtersinlatv, in whatever relation, sention, and none where peace was so much to quarrel, than naturalparents and children.' expected from the kingdom of the Messiah, but if we consider, that our Lord speaks of Yet how very unjust, it is, that any of those this asthe^r.s occasion of a quarrel between contentions which the gospel has accident- them, it may intimate a supposition, thai ally occasioned should be urged as an ar- they were persons of a friendly temper, jnlment against its Divine authority, the who, even in such a relation, might otherreader maj see in the excellent sermons of wise have lived together on easy terms a the present bishop of Winchester on this sub- thought which seems to me to enliven the In one discourse, and which may lead us to reject, in his Miscellaneous Tracts. word, the matter will issue in this that fleet how often bigotry entirely transforms
:
if Christianity has occasioned more discord a natural disposition, that in itself waft than any other religion, the only reason is, mild and amiable. Compare Luke xii. 5$, ?>ecuuse it animates its professors to greater note, d Vol. II. sect, exxxv.
420
We
must take up our cross and follow Christ-
sect, his relations,

lxxvi
"
,38
from whom lie might justly have expected the greatest friendship. Prepare yourselves then for such severe trials as these, bv rememberinp-, that he who loves ., r ,7 ,/ his Jat/ier or mother more than me, and is induced bv his regard to them to disobev my precepts, or to renounce rav doctrine, is not r J n have an}' interest \ worthy oj me, nor shall i_ m my and he that loves even his son saving benefits or daughter more than me,- is not worthy of an interest in me and my friendship, though it should be an only child that he prefers to me, and for the sake of whom he abandons my gospel. And, in a word, he that is so concerned .,, r lor his own ease and safety that he will not suffer for rav sake, and does not resolutely take up his cross when providentially laid in his way, andfollow after me, 6 even to die upon it, when the honour of rav name and cause requires it, and I, as the captain of his salvation, lead him on to it, cannot be owned as my faithful disciple, and is not worthy of an interest in me.
*
37 HethatlovetL
filther
or mothcr more than me, is not worthy of me- and
'
he tha'tlovethsonor daughter more than me, is not worthv

f
me
ip
11
^8
A And
,
* he that
,
.
taketh not his cross, and followeth after me ' 1S not worthy of
;9
(Compare Mark viii. 34. sect, lxxxix.) Be assured however, that you shall find
;
it
to
39
jj e tnat
fi
n deth
be well worth your while to endure all these his life, shall lose it-. extremities for my sake for he that finds and a K\.|? e ^ that los f tn his hie for my sake, rr by deserting 11 saves his lije, my cause, shall lose snan niKi it. it on the whole, as he will thus incur a sentence of final condemnation and destruction e but he that out of faithfulness to me loses his
,
",
life,
in a far
and lays it down for my sake, shall find it more noble state of being, which infindeserves the
itely better
name of life.
servants, let none be
And
as for you,
my
shewing kindness to you, lest they should share with vou in vour sufferings for my sake for he that entertains you, docs in
afraid of
;
losing theirs by crowding into it. The beauty and energy of Christ's discourse in a parallel place (Mat. xvi. 24 26, sect, lxxxix), would be quite lost by this interc He that finds his life, shall lose it, &c.] pretation and indeed many Christians had The sense that I have given in the para- actually lost their lives for the gospel phrase, as it is much more general, and many years before that siege commenced(
up his cross, and me.] This alludes to the custom n\ persons carrying the cross to which they were to be fastened and was a strong infimation, that he should himself be crucifi.1 ; and that none coidd be a sincere Christian without a willingness to bear even that shameful and cruel death for his sake, if lie was called to it. See Grotius, in loc.
,!
He
-'
that does not take
after
to me much pre erable to that of Dr. Hammond, who interprets the text, of the Christians saving their lives by leaving Jerusalem in the last siege of that place b_\ the Romans, and the
more important, appears
Jews
They
40
that entertain his disciptes shall be rewarded*
421
effect entertain w<?, whose ministers vou are; and sect. he that entertains me, does also entertain him lxxv me; thtsent me an d mv heavenly Father will reeth him that sent me. gard it as done to himself; as, on the other x 4fJ hand, all the slights and injuries which are
He that receivreceived) and he that re-
eth you,
offered to
that receiveth a prophet in the name of a prophet,
41
He
not only on me, but on him.

truly
. .
w0li|j r tor he that nospiand in which you are engaged el's reward f he that receiveth a tably entertains a prophet in the name of a righteouamwiinthe ro ie t, G r with a pious regard to the office he p *p/ .1. name of a righteous \ *,, r ,, ,, man shall receive a bears, shall receive the rexvard oj a prophet nimrighteou8 man's re- self, or a reward proportionable to the worth ward. of the person he shelters and accommodates in and he that ena time of danger and difficulty tertains [any] righteous man in the name of a righteous man, or with a cordial regard to the virtues of his character, shall himself receive Nor shall even 42 42 And whosoever the rexvard of a righteous man. shall give to drink t h e smallest and cheapest favour to the least of for whosoever, beser nts be forgotten STones, a^cup of Y cold water only, in ing able to do no more, shall give to drink unto the name of a disci- one of these little ones, or to one of these my pie, verily I say unto f u mvers wno makes the meanest appearance, vou, lie shall in no wise lose his reward, even so much as a cup oj cola water only, to refresh him in the fatigue to which he is exposed in my service, if he shall give it to him
;
shall receive
aproph:
considered as reflecting And did men 41 understand their own interest, they reJ i ce to assist vou in that noble work
you
will be
in the
to
name of a disciple, or with a real affection him on account of his relation to me, verily
I say unto you, he shall by no means lose his proportionable rexvard, but shall find himself abundantly repaid both with present and future
blessings.
And it came to pass, after this solemn and in- Mat, itcamc to pass, when structive charge had been delivered, that when XI 1 Jesus had made an giving instructions to esus had made an end
Mat. XI.
1.
And
of
n?s
twelveXdple?
hls twelve disciples,
he departed thence the service they not lav aside the

it
and had prepared them for were now to undertake, he did work himself, but still pursued with an unwearied diligence and zeal, and
to teach
departed thence
f
the Jews, in other parts,
Hospitably entertains a prophet.'] The fi%i utv& here plainly signifies to entertain in an hospitable way, as it docs likewise Heb. xi. 31; Jam. ii. 25; and else where nor can the gradation in the following words be understood without
word
such an interpretation. The apostles were, no doubt, regarded as a kind of divinely inspired prophets; though that title by way of distinction, was afterwards approirsons of an inferior rank priated
1 Cor.
xii.
28,
and Eph.
iv.
11.
Vol.
I.
3 e
422
Reflections on the zeal
and charity
to
that Christ requires.
sect, the doctrines

Ixxvi.
ffagif.
of his gospel, and
preach in
to
teach
and
td
1
cities.
preach in their citieS
Mark
VI 12
commission theyhad now received, set out at the same time and they departed'from the presence of their Master, and went through the towns of
;
Mark. VI. 12. And they [dcparted.and] nt ; e toinf preached [the gosGalilee,and the neighhouringplaces,am//>ra?c/2- pel,]that men should
The
twelve apostles also, in pursuance of the
J2d
edthegospel wherever they came insisting with e lt t LuKE IX g 5j great earnestness upon it, that men should repent of their sins, and prepare for that glorious manifestation of his presence which God was about 13 And thevcast 13 to favour them with. And in consequence of out many devils, and that miraculous power with which Jesus had anoint<jd with od invested them, they expelled many demons^ and &he&ledtkem[ev. anointed many sick persons xvith oil, as a signal euy where.] [Luke of healing which he had been pleased to direct IX 6 (compare Jam. v. 14,) and perfectly cured them, whatsoever their malady was ; and this thev did every where as they went on in their progress.
-
'
IMPROVEMENT.
"Mat.
oy
Justly may the blessed yesns set so high a value on himself, anc^ on the blessings of his grace justly may he insist upon our 28 readiness to abandon allfr htm, who is so just an equivalent for all. Mav his grace teach us to love him more than the clearest of
:
34 35 36
29 30 39
42
to be ready for his sake to sacrifice our us willing to take up and bear any cross for him, who bore his cross and expired upon it for us ! Thegospelhas indeed been the occasion of much contention and persecution, not only in yudea but elsewhere: yet let us not charge it upon any malignity, or any deficiencv in that, but on the lusts and corruptions of men, who have either directly opposed or Let us endeavour to arm ourselves with grossly perverted it. courage to encounter, and resolution to endure, whatever persecutes orinjuries our adherence to it may cost us ; ever confiding in that gracious Providence which extends itself even to the meanest creatures : reposing ourselves on the support of Divine consolations, and esteeming ourselves happy, even in losing our lives in this world, if we may find them in that which is everlasting. In the mean time, may this excellent discourse of our blessed Redeemer animate us to every rvork offaith, and every labour of love ! Let not the poorest be discouraged from some charitable attempt for the good of others ; since the munificence of our heavenly Master will remember even a cup of cold water given to the Yet since there will least of his servants under that character.
relations,
lives !
our
and even
Mav
it
make
lie
such a variety of rewards proportionable to different degrees
Herod hears of
the
fame of Jesus.
42
of liberality and zeal, let us indulge a generous ambition of sect. lxxvi abounding in the work of the Lord, that we may shine with distinguished glory in the day of retribution, and have an abundant entrance into his kingdom.
SECT.
Herod
LXXVII.
whom
hears of Jesus, and suspects him to be John the Baptist, he had lately murdered in a manner which is here recounted.
1, 2,
Mat. XIV.
612.
Mark VI. 1429.
Luke IX.
79.
Mat. XIV.
1.
SEC t. Jr\. [king] Herod JJ>| making their circuit about the country, Ixxvii: . , the tetrarch heard , , f . of the fame of Jesus, Proclaiming every where tne glories of their [Luke and of all great Master,and working miracles in his name,
.
A T
that
time
"T^T
OW at that time* while the apostles were

.
Mat. XIV.
1.
Herod (asthe tetrarch we mentioned above b was generally called) heard of the fame ofjeîa!iabro^] [Mark VI. 14. sus, [and] was informed by many of all the marIukeIX. 7. ] vellous things that were done by him and his apostles for, by the account they gave concerning him in their mission, concurring with his own miracles and preaching, his name was every where spread abroad, and had reached many places far more distant than the court of
that
was done
by king
"
Herod. c
9 A 1 n 1 'd unto his servants, suggested a fear which he could not forbear disThis is John the closing to those that were about him ; ayidsuch. Baptist he is nswas ^\ s surprise and terror, that he said even to
;
And
immediately his own guilty conscience 2
and therefore migh- his own servants, This is John the Baptist,\vhom ty works do shew I put to death he is undoubtedly risen from the
;
forth themselves in
dead,
andfor this reason he appears with greater honour than ever, and these extraordinary
Mark and Luke tween
lib.
At that time.~] Both
so expressly connect this with the prcceding section, that there can be no room to doubt that this is its true place. b The tetrarch we mentioned above.] Though he was called tetrarch for a particular reason, as heir to only a fourth part of his father's dominions yet in this district (which was that of Galilee) he was properly a king. Sec note "on Mat. ii. 22,
i
-
Christ and Abgaeus, king of Edessa, and preserved by Eusebius (Hist. Eccles.
1, cap. 13,) are probably spurious; though Dr. Cave, the learned Dr. Grabe (Spicileg. Vol. I. p. 1 6,) and the celebrated Mr. Addison (in his Discourse on
Christianity,
sect.
1,)
seem
inclined to
receive them. They might however have their foundation in some message from that prince to yesus. But the remark in the sect. xiii. and Luke ill 1. sect. xv. paraphrase is much more certainly CQn c More distant than the court of Herod.] firmed by Mat. iv. 24, 25, sect. XXXViThe letters pretended to have passed be-
424
sect,
lxxv11
.
He fears him
'
to he
John
the Baptist risen from the dead.
powers now operate in him, though before he him. [Mark VI Ô wrought no miracles. Luke IX. 7. And notwithstanding Herod had imbibed the L ,v_7 principles of the Sadducees, d which were di- And he was perr
rectly opposite to such a supposition, he was t was saklofsome> exceedingly anxious* on account of the reports that John was risen he heard ; for the notion was not merely his fr m the dead ;
j
_. i
plexed,because that
own, but
it
John was
risen
was said from
too by some others, that the dead, and would un-
doubtedly use his miraculous power to punish 8 those who had murdered him. And it was also 8 And of some conjectured by some that Elijah had appeared, that Elias had apaccording to the general expectation, as the peared and of othforerunner of the Messiah (compare Mai. iv.
;
and by others, that one of the ancient prophets was risen again from the dead and others also said, It is *
5
;
Mat.
xi.
14
and
xvii.
10
12
^'^Swlris:
;)
e n again [and others said, that it is a et ' or a *
PPJJ
of
certainly a prophet of the former generations, or [a person] at least like one of the prophets /
for such miraculous works do as evidently speak Mark a Divine mission as any of theirs ever did. But vi. 16 i(j s t f this variety of opinions, when th e Herod heard what was discoursed [of J Jesus'] he J ,. , \i was exceedingly distressed, and said with great anxiety, John I have certa'mlv beheaded, and received the strongest proofs that the execution was performed but who is this, of whom I hear such things ? I would not willingly believe it, yet I cannot but suspect that whatsoever be the name he now assumes, it is John, that venera-
the
f prophets.
[Mark
VI. 15.1
Mark
rjhn
VI. 16. But
when Herod heard

^fTy'. have
ft e
he
sa
T
I
'
d
is
be-
aded
but
who
I
this, of
whom
?]
hear
It
is
such things
headed he^s risen

from the dead. [And
man whom I beheaded, and greatly fear he is risen from the dead. And he was so uneasy under the consciousness of the enormous crime he had committed in putting him to death, that licentious as his principles and character were,s he was alarmed and
ble holy
a Herod had imbibed the principles of the Sadducees.J See note B below e He -was exceedingly anxious.'] kmraftt strongly expresses a mixture of doubt and fear, which must necessarily throw the mind into a very uneasy situation. f A prophet, or a person at least like one tf the prophets. J This plainly proves that by tli e word prophet they generally meant one of the holy men whom God had raised up to his people in former ages ; and if the particle be omitted, as it is in some manuscripts, the argument is equally concluB Licentious as his principles and character were.] Josephus tells us that the Sadducean principles prevailed much among the rich and great ( Antiq. lib. xviii. And it is very probacap. 1, (al. 2) 4.) ble Herod was of this sect, as what is called in one text the leaven of theSadducees,\sin another called the leaven of Herod (compare Mat. xvi. 6, with Mark viii. 15 ;) not to mention a kind ofhereditary quarrel which there seems to have been between the Heradian family and the Pharisees- (See note onMarkiii.6, sect. 1.) But it is no easy
1 ;
siye.
See
note
sect.
1.
The occasion of the

he desired to see terrified him.] [Luke IX. 9.] actu ally
Baptist's death.
425
17 For Herd had laid hold upon John, and bound him Her0dl "
,
as's'sakc
:-
18 For John had said, It is not lawful for thee to have thy brother's wife. '
with the apprehension of his being sect. lx;vu and, not knowing returned to life heard of Jesus, what to think of the reports he ^ he earnestly desired to see him, that his doubts x i iq might be removed. Thus was nis guilty mind perplexed and tor- 1 7 mented, and not without reason for, as we Herod had formerly have before observed. seized John and bound him with chains inpris. on, on account of the reproof he gave him for his Because, as Herod had 18 marrying Herodias ; seduced her from his brother Philip, who was daughter by her, John stin liy & d had b i ^ , , , had said to him, with a freedom that he could not bear, It is not larvful for thee thus to have
;
11
,.
And we had likewise jg 19 Therefore He- thy brother's wife. rodias would have added, that for this reason Herodias also was 1 butshe incensed against him, and xvould have put him coiildnot" to death ; but for a long time she could not comF r Herod had so great a 20 P ass ^ er design : 90 w reverence for John, that he would not yield to feared
'
'
John
'
'
her solicitations.
But we must now inform
21 And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birthday made a
supper to his lords, high captains, and

chief estates of Galilec
:
[Mat. XIV.
the reader, that before this time she had found a way of accomplishing her cruel purpose. F r as ner heart was filled with malice, and 21 she was ever watching for an opportunity to be revenged on Tohn, at length a convenient day , r *.*. *!. , c i_ happened of preferring her petition with unexa public circumstances of advantage pected 1 festival was kept, when Herod on his birthday'
mac/e a
army, k
S pl en did
supper for the entertainment of
his lords,
and of all the chief officers of his and other persons of distinguished rank
'
matter to arrive at a steady belief ofsogreat orta lit y of the soul, an absurdity as the The existence of the soul after death and a state of future retribution, and other evident principles of natural religion connected with both, will even force themselves upon the unbelieving heart, and wring it with anguish which it cannot always, though it may frequently, conceal. This is admirablv illustrated by Bishop Atterbury in his
When Herod
on his birthday.']
Some
great critics, and particularly Grotius, Hcinsius, and Reland, choose to interpret this, of the day o/Herod's accession, rather than his birth, which they think would have been more properly expressed by ^mflxiav, than yivetriuv. (See Eisner. Observ. Vol. I. p. 100 102.) But it is evident, the seventy use [A.tp*. yiviaimi; for a birthday ;
Gen.
k
xl.
20.
4
Though officers of his army.] word x^^fX properly signifies one 6 As we have before observed.] who had the command of a thousand men, I have ventured to repeat here a few clauses of and held a rank in their army nearly Mark, because they seemed to me abso- answering to that of the colonels in ours,
sermon on this
text
and subject.
Chief
the
lutely necessary to introduce the following
account of Herod's beheading John

Baptist.
the
These
verses are before inserted
there can be no reason to imagine that the entertainment was confined just to that. rank of officers: I have therefore rendered
it
at large in sect, xxuii. p. 164, 165.
in a
more general way.
426
HerocVs rash oath
to the
daughter of He radios.
sect, in Galilee, lxxvu

-
over which he presided: And, to 22 And when the grace the solemnity, Salome, the daughter of the daughter of the said abovementioned Herodias by Philip her former SdSedrtdbS Mark vi. 22 husband, a young ladv of celebrated beauty, them,] and pleased coming in publicly among them, and dancing Herod, and them iat sat wllh hi > in the midst of the assembly this instance of
.
condescension, so unusual in those days and tne damsel, Ask of countries, especially in persons of such high me whatsoever thoa. * "}~:I dignity, was so exceedingly agreeable and ^"H^f .it thee [Mat. XIV pleasing unto Herod and his guests , that the king 5-1 said before them all to the maiden in a kind of
1
.
i"'ii
;
i
^!
t ' ie
king- said unto
transport, Ask of
me whatever
thou wilt,
and I
give it thee. And when she seemed sur- 23 AndheTpromprised at such a declaration, to encourage her ised her with an to depend on what he said, he promised her oath and ^ sware un " with the solemnity of an oath, [and] profanely SûshakasfcoTme! and foolishly sware unto her more than once, m I will give it thee, I will give thee whatsoever thou wilt ask of me, unto ,he half of m v [MAT even though it should be to the [value of] half^wTl of my kingdom. And, young as she was, she perceived this 24 24 And she went was now grown a circumstance of high import- forth, and said unto hat ance, and might be managed to considerable h er11 " 10l 1< r Q ,, shall I ask? And she , r ^ ^ she therefore went out, and said to Sli K advantage ^ T le head of her mother, who was not in the assembly, IVhat John the Baptist. shall I ask? And she, struck with this unexpected opportunity of executing her revenge, eagerly replied, Ask the head of John the Baptist, who would have expelled and ruined us both for nothing in the power of the king to grant could give me equal satisfaction. And, though at first she hesitated at so shock- 25 Andshe [being 25 ing a proposal, yet being- thus before ursred to it bcftn-e instructed ot her mother,] came j */ A *u r ^l by her mother, and at length confirmed in the iu straijjhtwav with resolution," she immediately, after a very short
23
"will
'
'
i-i
'
77
4.
This instance of co n descension, so unin those days, &o.] Dr. Lardner very justly observes that it was very unusual for ladies of a high rank to appear before the onen (Esth. i. 10 12,) and much less to dance at such banquets as these. See his Credibility of the Gospel History, part i.
1
lias
usual
observed and there is indeed much more reason to wonder that she was induced to make such a request at all, than that she made some difficulty for a while ot
;
presenting
it,
considering
how
savage
it
Vol.
I.
p. 23.
may
n
unto her more than once.] This be very well concluded, because both the evangelists, use the plural opx.ni;. Mat.
xiv. 9,
m Sware
and Mark
vi.
26.
Being before urged to it by her mother, and at length confirmed in the resolution.] So the word rarpoSiCuo-bmrn seems to inlimate, as Beza, with his usual accuracy,
seemed, and how many pleasing views must be sacrificed to it. But at last her mother's remonstrances seemed to have wrought her up to great emotion, which the evangelist well expresses by saving, She came in sv3-5&><: y.{]ct <nr*.$w: immediately, and with eagerness. The whole narration of Mark, which is by far the most circumstantial, is very much animated; as Mr. Black wall has justly observed in his Sacre(Classics, Vol. I. p. 383-
She asks the head of John the Baptist, and obtains

haste unto the king-,
it.
427
absence, came unto the king with speed in her SKCT ; xx%u motion and eagerness in her countenance, and will that th,m give madeher demand, saying, I desire that, in ac- M , pt Mark. me|_herejbvimdby, 77 ihacharger,thehead comphshment of thy promise, thou ivouldest vi.25 of* John the Baptist, ghe me, present///, the head of John the Baptist [Mat. XIV. 8.J an j ^.^ j ma y ê sure the execution is done, let the head be brought and delivered to me here in a charger, or large dish. -4wfl? the king was exceedingly sorry, as well 2S 36 And the king" was exceedingsorry as greatly surprised, that she should prefer so [nevertheless] for strange a petition ; nevertheless, as she persistJUS OHtn S S3.KO, 111(1 J* I f1 1 ? in ^Jor the sake oj his repeated oaths, and fbrtheirsakes which ccl sat with him [at out of regard to his guests, in whose presence meat,] he would not tney WC re made, he would not deny her, [but] manoid"tobe^v?n granted what she asked, and ordered that it Aer.][MAT. XIV 9.] should be given her. 27 And immediAnd immediately the king sent one of his 27 ately the king sent wards* U s an executioner, that very night, and i J an executioner, and commandedhishead commanded his head to be brought into the asto be brought and sembly and, as soon as the soldier had receivhe went and behead- ecj \{xs> orders, he presently went, and without cdrjmn inthepris~ c ^ 1 ; oii.TMat.XIV. 10.] an v turtn er warning, beheaded John in the And brought his head in a charger, and 28 28 And brought his prison. head in a charger, q- a ve it to the maiden ; and the maiden, forgetting; and irave it to the "1 -^ ru n ic thc tenderness of her sex,* and .1 the dignity of. and the damsel damsel [brought it, ner rank, with a steady cruelty, agreeable to ami'] gave it to her her relation to so ill a woman, brought [and] Mat delivered it to her mother with her own hands. XIV li 1 And thus, till the righteous judgment of God
and asked, saying,
I
.
fc>
'-
"
overtook them
The head of John
It
is
all,
they gratified themselves
the tongue which she imagined had injured her, and piercing it with a needle. r Till the righteous judgment of God overtook them all.] Dr. Whitby, after many others, observes, that Providence interested itself very remarkably in thc revenge of this murder on all concerned Herod's army was defeated in a war occasioned by his marrying Herodias, which many yews thought a judgment sent upon him for the death of John (Joseph. I chose to retain it. lib. xviii. cap. 5 (al. 7,) 1, 2.) Both he p One of his guards.] So cttix.x? .afluftt and Herodias, whose ambition occasioned properly signifies, or one ivho was then his ruin, were afterwards driven standing centry. There were no execution- their kingdom with great regret, and died ers in those times whose peculiar business in banishment at Lyons in Gaul ("Joseph. it was to put persons'to death ihid. cap. 7 (al. 9.) V2.) And if am ci q Forgetting the tenderness of her sex.] may be given to Xicephorus (Hist lib. 1, This may perhaps be intimated in the rep- cap. 20,) Salome, the young lady whi etition of the word maiden. Jerom tells made this cruel request, fell into th< iLSthat Herodias treated the Baptises head as she was walking over it, which cl "in a very disduinfyj manner, pulling vyj, suddcnlv, cut oil' her head
thc Baptist in a charg-
that it was and is customary with princes in those eastern parts to require the head of those they order to be executed to be brought to them, that they maybe assured of their death, The Grand Signior does it to this day. See Dr. Lardner, in the place cited in note ', p. 44, 45. The word <r/v<t| signifies a targe dish, which the antiquated word charger well expresses ; for which reason
tr.~]
well
known
428
sect,
lxxvu.
Refections on the death

in the indulgence of their lusts,
and triumphed
^ e mur der
^^ ^Qiy prophet.
M
vi.
29
And'the next day, his disciples hearing[of it,] 29 And when Ins came to the prison, anaf having permission to do ^sciples heard,//?, it took up his corpse, and laid it with great up his corpse, and reverence, and due lamentation, in a sepulchre laid it in a tomb; and belonging to some of them who were willing went and told Jesus. to pay this last act of duty to their master's memory and then they -went and told Jesus what had happened, and remembering the repeated testimony which John had borne to him, continued their attendance upon him.
*-
IMPROVEMENT.
dreadful a thing is it to have a guilty and accusing consc i ence ana< how remarkable was the force of it in the instance 14 16 before us ! Herod was a king, yet it addressed him in language
Mark
How
22,
25,
made itself heard and felt amidst all the hurries of a court. Vain was the power of a prince ; vain the caresses of a favourite mistress, basely gratified with the blood of a prophet ; and vain the yet more besotting tenets of a Sadducee. In one instance at least a resurrection shall be believed and if a prophet arise in Israel, Herod shall be among the first to say, It is John the Baptist, risen from the dead; and shall be ready to forebode the sad effects of his recovered life, and to prognosticate evil to himself from the mighty works he performed. Let us make it our care to preserve a conscience void of offence, that instead of a continual torment, it may be to us a continual feast 23 And if we really desire to preserve it, let us take heed that we be not excessively transported with the entertainments of life, or rashly enter ourselves into engagements which perhaps may plunge us into some degree of guilt, whether they be performed or violated. 24 see, in this dreadful instance of Herodias, what an implacable degree of malice may arise in the hearts of sinners on being reproved for the most scandalous and mischievous vices. Instead of owning the obligation to one that would have plucked her as a brand out of the burning, she thirsts insatiably for his blood ; and chooses rather to indulge her cruelty and revenge in taking axvay his life, than to gratify her avarice and ambition in demanding agiftthnt might have been equal tothehalfofa kingdom. But how mysterious was that providence which left the life of 27 so holy a man in such infamous hands, and permitted it to be sacrificed to the malice of an abandoned harlot, to the petulancy
of terror, and
and
flatteries
We
of John
of a vain
.'
the Baptist.
429
and perhaps an
sect.
girl,
and
to the rashness of a foolish
intoxicated prince,
who made
dance The ways of God can never be at a loss to repay his servants in another world for the greatest sufferings they endure in this, and even for life itself, when given up in his cause. We may reasonably conclude that death could never be an verse
the prophet's head the rervard of a 1XXV " are unsearchable ! but we are sure he
When the execu- 07 unseasonable surprise to this excellent saint. tioner came into the prison by night, perhaps breaking in upon his slumbers, and executed his bloody commission almost as soon as he declared it, a soul like his might welcome the stroke, as the means of liberty and glory assured that the transient agony of a moment would transmit it to a kingdom where the least of its inhabitants would be in holiness, honour, and felicitv, superior
;
John in his most prosperous and successful state on earth. His enemies might a while insult over him, while his disciples 29 were mingling their tears with his dust, and lamenting the residue of his days cut off in the midst. His death was precious hi the sight of the Lord, and the triumphing oj the wicked was short. So v, ill he ere long plead the cause of ali his injured people, and give a cup of trembling and astonishment to those that have made themselves drunk with their blood. Let cruelty and tyranny do their worst, verily there is a rewardfor the righteous, verily there is a God that judgeth in the earth. (Psal. lviii. 11.)
to
SECT. LXXVIIL
When
the apostles ivere returnedfrom executing their commission* our Lord passes over the sea of Tiberias ; and finding vast multitudes had folloived him to the place of his intended retirement he instructs and heals them ; and, having miraculously fed above fve thousand, retires afterwards to pray. Mat. XIV. 13 23. 'Mark VI. 30 16. Luke IX. 10 17. John VI. 1 15.
'
'
1u ickly aftt r this awful event of the se tk rT' Baptist's death,8 which has been just relat- lxxviii tin were return" ed,^ gatheredthem- ed, the twelve apostle^, -when they were returned selves togetberuntn from their circuit, gathered together unto Jesus, Ma J* V1 Jews, and told bim (md hhn (/// occurrences of theh late
S
v
Mark
N
VI. 30. the
A ND
MARK
'
VI. 30.
"
* After this awful event of the Baptist's death.] Matthew, Mark, and Luke, are all so express in the connection of thin story
with the foregoing, that there can bo no doubt as to the propriety and necessity ot" placing it herei
Vol.
I-.
3 f
430
sect,
lxxviii
Jesus
journev
they
;
retires
with his
disciples to a solitary place.

all
recounting to him both zvhat miracles

h5s divine ass i s tanee,
things both what
kad done by
and
what doctrine they had taught according

direction.
~\
^^j*** J"j
10.
to his taught.
[Luke
IX.
formed
.
And when Jesus heard [of it, and was in(as we have just now seen) of the death
.
of John, as well as of the event of the journey
which his apostles had been making, he said to them, Come ye yourselves privately with me into a solitaru place in the neighbouring desert, and
'
repose yourselves a while alter the latigue ol
i-i
,i
your journey, that we may there indulge such meditations as are suitable to this awful dispensation. And it was necessary to give them
31 And [when Jesus heard of it,'] *? said unt0 th ,ern Gome ye yourselves apart into a desert place, and rest a wmle for there were many coining antl g in-, and thev had no leisure so rauch t0 eat ; o A1 l>, ' *'
'
'
were many continually coming and going to and from the public place in which they then were, so that they had no
this advice,
1
for there
opportunity even
to
eat
without interruption,
leisure for religious
. .
and much
1.
less
had thev
retirement and recollection. a ,. n Luke Ana, accordingly, after these things" he took 1X 10 them with him, and retired from the multitude ; and they departed from thence, (even from the place where they had been so much crowded and hurried,) and setting out in a ship privately, they withdrew into a lonelv desert belonging to the city called Bethsaida, which we have several times mentioned before. [A.nd] as this desert was divided from the place thev set out from by a creek or bav of the sea, J Jesus in passing to it 7 ,-, r r r> }, went over a part 01 the sea of Galilee, which zs
-
L UK E IX
A , A- ntl
ri alter [John, ~~e}'
'
these things,] he took them and went lde > [Mark, and
"
[thence] bv ship 1
privately, into a descrt pko6> belonging
Bethsalda^TJoHs
and Jesus went over the sea of Galilee,
J**** Tiberias.]
the
ot
[Mat.
xiv.
13.
Mark
also
b
sometimes called
a
[the sea] of Tiberias,
VI. 32. John VI. 1.]
I have before obon John v. 1, p. 262) that Mr. Manne supposes this sixth chapter of John ought to be connected with the end of the fourth (see his Dissertations, p. 157 163;) and the rather, because he fancies one may find a connection between the first of which John iv. 54, and vi. 1 text tells us that Jesus was in Galilee and the latter, that he went over the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of Tiberias. But I cannot see the least force in the argument, considering how often Christ chang-ed his place, and came back again to hat which he had formerly visited nor can he urge it with any consistence, because, according to his own scheme of the harmony, Christ had crossed the sea to Gergasa, and dispossessed the Legion,
After these things.'}
served (in note
after the cure of the noble-Irian's son, and long before the passing over the sea, that is here referred to (which was plainly not to Gergasa, but to the desert of Bcthsai' da : ) so that tlic-re is no shadow of a reason for such an unexampled transposition, which has no copy or version to support it. Besides, that this requires another change in verse 4, which is equally arbitrary, and (as we shall shew in note c of this section J most contrary not only to the faith of all copies, but to the reason of
things.
the sea of Tiberias.] have before observed that it had various names. (See note b on Luke v. 1, It is not necessary to suppose p. 195.) they crossed the lake : if they did, it was only over the extremity of it or posiblV
c
Sometimes called
We
The peoplefollow him

because that
,
to the desert
of Bethsaida.
431
is
the
most considerable place on sect

lxxviii
its
shore.
Mark
And
VI.
33.
[when]
the
j
n g. on
And ivhen the people who had been attendj^ m n s trv saxv them departing, and,
i
i
distance, mam/ of them Sorting* d m* though he was at some ny knew him, [ :ind knenv himf and others thereabout heard of [it,] thereof] a heard g rea t multitude folio-wed him ; because they
SSSiSSSd Si ** seen
because
they
his miracles, -which he had just before saw performed on them that were diseased, and, his miracles, which struck with the energy of them, were impahe did on them that tientlv d es i rous st in to hear so divine a , diseased:! were r And, therefore, observing how ran Teacher. [they] and afoot thither out of he steered hie course, and guessing right as to -dl [the] cities, and lace at wn i cn he intended to land, they the *,... ., outwent them, and , came together unto ran thither on foot, and increased their minihim. [Mat. XIV. bers out of all the cities by which they passed 13. Luke IX. 11. ami t hey pursued their journey with such John VI. 2.J eagerness, that they outwent them who had taken ship, and, getting round to the shore where he was to land, they came together to him. and stood ready to salute him in a large body. And Jesus, when he came out of the ship, and 34 34 And Jesus, when he came out, saxv such a great multitude of people, who had saw much people, ta k en so uch pains to meet him there, was * moved . was and r , with compassion to- moved xvith tender compassion for them ; because ward them, because he perceived they were sadly neglected by
, ,
.
m
,
they were as sheep tn ose
who ought
to
have been their
spiritual
guides, and were forced to wander from place herd *fx!uKB and lie received them,] to place, as sheep having no shepherd to feed and began to teach am i ta k e care f them and with this he was them many things, } deg fc Luke, and spake p > that tho h he h d unto them of the come thither ior retirement, he did not either kingdom of God, dismiss or forsake them but, on the contrary,
:
I
healed [their rcce \ vecl jh em sick, even au\ tnem , ,

.
a most condescending and .^, , that had need of indulgent manner, and began with renewed healing.] [Mat. zeal and fervency to teach them many importXIV. 14. Luke IX. ant things ; and, in particular, spake to them concerning the kingdom of God which he was now erecting, and healed many of their sick people, [even all] those that were brought to him and had need of healing*
in
,
,
''
and
they only
some
d Many Anew him."] a coasting voyage round It should seen, bay of it; otherwise it is that Christ ordered the vessel to be prehard how the people going on foot pared at some distance from the place could have been there before him, as it is where the multitude was yet not so fai said they were, Mark vi. 33. See Lightf. off but some of the company could make a Uor. Hebr. on Mat. xiv. 13; and Cahnet, shift to dietingtdlh who he was,
made
creek or to say
Dissert.
Tom.
I.
part.
i.
p. 89.
432
sect.
His
disciples
would have dismissed them
in the evening.
Ixxviii
And, in prosecution of this design, that he might be heard and seen with the greater advantage, Jesus -went up into a himthtain, and there sat down with his disciples, and the multitudes about him. And indeed it was a season of the year which admitted it; for the spring was now so far advanced, that the Jpass ., over, a graxidjeast of the Jews; was near.* And rvhen thev had thus spent the dtvy in a Luke ix. 12 delightful attendance upon him, and it now r began to decline, and indeed Was so jar spent that the evening came on, then some of his disciples, and particularly the twelve apostles, who ...^ j ~ juj were now round him, came to him, and said, Tf Fhis is a solitary desert place, where there is neither
. ,
John VI. 3. And Jesus went up into a mount'ain,afid there Wlth dis "
**J*
4
VC1 '
*
And
the passoa feast of^he

1
ewS ' was

Ll'KE
'
And
r
iv' , IX. 12. when the day
,.
began to wear away, and was [ MA ? K now tar spent, n|| and ; twas evening jjihcn
>
|
[his disciple's]
tI,e
even
"
..
twelve, came [Mark, unto him,
dlltl
|-,,
^dl.l,
.
1
lllh IS
' *X
desert
place,
and
The passover, 2. feast of the Jevos, was Almost all who have compiled harmonies of the gospels have concluded that this was at least the third passover of cur Lord's' public ministry and Sir Isaac Newton reckons it the fourt h. See note a on John ii. 13, p. 141, 142.) But Mr. Manne advances a most singular hypothesis, which is, that it was no passover at all, but was
(
near.']
the feast of pentecost : ( Dissert, p. 163.) Buthe has no authority for making such an alteration, all the old manuscripts and versions agreeing with the received reading, which therefore should not be changed without urgent necessity ; whereas there is no necessity at all for it in this mean time having been seized (for it is place nor is it possible that this should be, directly said, he was at liberty after the as he supposes, the feast of pentecost, fol- first passover, John iii. 24,) and after frelo wing the first passover of Christ's min- quent audiences, while Herodias long waitistry ; because such things are expressly ed an opportunity to destroy him, being at said to have happened between that pass- length beheaded.] All these events, except over and this feast, as could not be crowd- those included in crotchets, Mr. Manne exed intothe narrow compass assigned them pressly mentions, (p. 166 171 ;) and those on this scheme. For, according to Mr. that are so included, the evangelists in cxMamie's scheme, the passover happened press words connect with the rest. Now I on April the 2i, the Tea*? of pentecost on appeal toany unprejudiced persons, whethMay the 237, amd this viiracle of feeding the er it is possible these things could happen fve thousand at the latter end of April, in a month. It may rather be doubted Now he himself allows that, after the first whether two years be sufficient for them, passover [at which he staid long enough and others connected with them in the to work many miracles, and to have aeon- preceding sections. On the whole, I cannot ference with Nicodcmus,] Jesus [haying, recollect any instance in which a. person of as John tells us, chap. iii. 22, tarried some such distinguished learning and abilities time with his disciples in Jialea, and made has been betrayed, by love to an hypotheso many disciples there that he alarmed the sis, into so palpable an error. The reader Pharisees ; see John iv. 1] went through will pardon my having been so large in Samaria and after having spent two days confuting a scheme so inconsistent with that at Sichar, fSnd every hour in such a cir- laid down above and will, I hope, per'umstance is important,] came into Gal- ceive that it is proved, not only to be lee, and taught in all their synagogues; precarious or unlikely, but even impose preached the sermon on the mount; and then sihle.
:
[having, as Luke tells us, chap. iv. 31, dwelt a while at Capernaum, and taugh t them on the sabbath days,"] cured Peter's matherinlaw : then having- cast out Legion, cured the paralytic, called Matthew, and [after having kept them with him some time, as Mark and Luke intimate, sect. lii. and p. ?94,] sent out the twelve apostles having on one sabbath vindicated his disci' pies for plucking the ears of corn, and on another cured the man with a withered hand, he then goes to Ifdzareth, [where he spent at least one sabbath ,] and after many ether miracles, and the return of the twelve, goes into the desert ; [John the Baptist in the
,-
Jesus would first give them something

now
the time is far passed,! scud the
to eat.
433
aw*y,that I^lt they may go into the towns and country round about, and
lodge,
[Mark, and
themselves
bny
'
bread,] and get vietuals
[Mark,
A
for
food nor lodging to be had, and the time of day sect. Ixiwfli ; s n0 far advanced ; it will therefore be proper to put an end to thv discourse, and to dismiss T r Luke flb multitude, that they may go into the towns IX 12 an d country places round about us,<7//f/iind convemences to lodp-e there, and man have oppor ", tunity to /wy themselves Oread and get other food ; for they have fasted all the day, and can
they have nqtbing to
jj^g
i! 1j.
36.]
m SI Mark
VI S" \ i. j3,
?*
./
mtfong here
to efc&
lifted j
TCfl
company who
.Jl
(as
up his eyes, and, seeing a John i -iu r a was said before) were vi. 5
to
?',
John VI.5. When come out G f
the cities
him, he says
to
*. <*> !? acquainted companj come

him, he
saiili
bel "s nativ<1
**!"' *"
that these ma) eat
(John l. 44, sect. X xii.) How and whence shall'we -buy breadTor Whence Philip, that they h cntel ta nment of all these people, *.,.,.'' < * shall we buy bread, r s ( And tins o may ttrf n\ ith me belore we part i
unto unto
in that country,
*.
said to prove for he hunselt
and to give him an opwhat followed more atknew ,r r n * very well knew what what he would do.) tentively for he himself 7 Philip answered he was about to do, and had determined how to him, Two hundred proceed.) But Philip, forgetting what had 7 been done of this kind by Elijah and Elisha, them, that every one prophets so far interior to Jesus (1 Kings xvn. of them may take a 14 I6,and2 Kings iv.4 6,42 4*4,) and even bv Jesus himself at Canain Galilee, (John ii. 6 11, sect, xxiii.) was surprised that he should mention such a thing, and answered him, Two hundred pennyworth of bread, or as much as could be purchased for two hundred denarii, which is at present all our little stock, is not sufficient for them, that every one of them may take a little refreshment, and much less would it furnish them with a full meal it will be necessary therefore immediately to dismiss them, that Ma t they may have time to shift for themselves. and to them that stood M at. XIV. 1 6. But Jesus said to hi m, But Jesus said unto near him, who had but just now made the same them, They need not They have no need to go away fasting, nor am I willing todismiss them so without any and therefore let them have food for supply
6
(And
this
he he said on\\ to try him,

:
him
poj-tunitv of observing
'
ITSSESX
p^^^
;
their refreshment here
them away
'For two hundred denarii.] toounta to about six pounds fioe
of our tnonty.
to
and, instead of sending provide for themselves, do you

;
shillings
This seems to intimate (as in the paraphrase) that their whole stock amounted to so
The mention
of that
sum much.
434i
sect,
lxxviii
-
He orders
to eat.
them
all to sit
down on
the grass.
depart, give ye them say to unto him, Shall we
make ready for t\\em,znd givey ethem[something]

say unto him, Shall rue then i i 77 7 to an y neighbouring place, and buy two hun dred pennyxvorth of bread [a?id] meat for all this multitude of people, and srive [it] them to eat, .. î 'j. c > tt u u u that it may go as far as it can ? It such be th* pleasure, we shall not offer to dispute it, whatever be the consequence as to ourselves. But, as he purposed in himself to entertain the multitude outofthelittle store of provisions they r J ., , T , had,Jesus.s<'/A to tuem,lioxu many loaves haveyou here already ? go arid see that, and there will be no need of buying any more. Upon which one

And theii
?*&**&%
,
Mat.
xiv.16
g0 and buy two mn . dred pennyworth of bread, [Luke, and meat for all this peoand ?ivethem
^
37.
eat
?] [MarkVI. L u *vE IX. 13.]
Mark
vi.
Mark
He
liave ye?
VI. 38.
38
Sidth unto
them,
loaves
>
How many
andsee.
John vr 8
-
John VI. 8. One n sciple s namely, Andrew, who was Simon f hls l : Peter drew, Simon 1, 'A s Feter s brother, went to inquire and, soon re- brother, saith unto turning back with an account of what they had, him, a la 9 There 9 he says unto him, I find there is a lad here, V ^ that has five coarse barley loaves, and two small five 'barley loaves. but xve have andtwosmallfishes. fishes, which he would let us have no more to offer them, either of bread or meat but [Luke, we have *" [and] what are they among so ?nany,to satisfythe ""g" ^^' mo so hunger of so great a company ? And he said many [Mat. XIV. Mat. Siv.18 to them, Do you be under no concern about 17. MarkVI. 38. the scantiness of J your provisions : but bring- Lli l; E ^"l^J 1C l Mat. XIV. lb. ,. r them hither to me, ior even tnese shall sumce. n e said, Brin- them And, when they were brought to him, hecom- hither to me. 19 manded the multitude to sit down upon the preen 10 And he commanded the multi.i r'j____ grass,\vmch at that season ol theyearwaspretty tude to sit down '"uphigh and, that the distribution of the food on the green grass;] might be more orderly, and the number of per- [Luke, and he said s sons be the better observed, he said to his disci- r J!l A^fiftit [Make them all sit ples,Let them be placed in order,and cause them down by compaall to sit doxvnby companies in rows. Now there nies.] [John, Now mucl xvas then much rrass in the place.s in which there W;T 4 * r g-rass in the place.] *,. . j -i they might sit down with ease and pleasure. [Mark VI. 39. Luke And his disciples would no more dispute the Luke IX. 14. ix. 15 matter with him; but they di d so as the Lord had John VI. 10
of his *
ii,
disciples,
commanded them, and
caused them all to sit And theydidso,and down, though they could not see how they were made them all sit
water to drink yet, as Mr. Henry truly and beautifully observes on Mat. xiv. 19, " There was more real grandeur disbut not near the feast of pentecost, when played by the Master of this feast, than even the corn harvest was concluded, by Ahasuerus in that royal feast which Though they sat thus on the ground, under was intended to shew the riches of his glorino canopy but the sky, and had only bar- ous kingdom, and the honour of his excellent ley bread, and, as it seems, cold or dried majesty." See Esth. i. 4 7. jfshes to eat, and probably nothing but
;
is
t There was much grass in the place.] It also said (Mark vi. 39, that the grass was green as it was before the passover,
,
He feeds five
iown.[JoTiN, So the to
thousand with five loaves and two fishes.
4SS
men
sat
CB Sd *
down] hU
[in
fiS
number
:
[John,
about
"
in
thousand.] [Mark VI. 40. Luke IX.

five 14.
John VI. 10] Mark VI. 41. And

and the two
when[JoHN,Jesus]
loaves,
fishes,'
he looked up and to heaven, [John, whenhe had ; given thanks, he J blessed [Luke, cmn manner, blessed them, commanding upon them] and brake the the provisions before him that singular blessing loaves, and [John, ^ v which they were to be multiplied in the dis'.. ' ,,., distributed them to , z_ ., , and then he brake the loaves hisdisciijlesfLuKE, tnbution ;
]
be fed. The men therefore sat down by SE6 : xx themselves in roxvs, which there was room to P ass between, by hundreds and by fifties, in a long square, containing an hundred in rank and IX 15 h and they w-ere about fifty in file five thousand n num er no t to mention the women and ... , children who were placed apart. And Jesus, taking the five loaves and the two Mark VI '*1 sneSy l00 kedup to heaven with great reverence fi an<1 affection, and, having given thanks to his heavenly Father for the bounties of his kind providence, and the extraordinarv instance of div i ne favour now to be manifested, Ac, in a sol'
. :
-
}}
to
that
set
before
the pieces,
and distributed them
to his disciples,
that
t /iei/ ig.ni sCt \theni\ before the multitude, who 1 Z. j A u a j j ~ ~Z down,] [and the. dis- vere set doxvn u P on tlie S rass as Ile had or dered and accordingly the disciples [gave them] ciplcs' gave them to them the multitude ;] and round to all the multitude, with believing hearts, [JoH,likewise.3the and unsparing hands and he likewise divided o
:
multitude]
[John, were set
. two fishes divided ,, , ,, he among them all, tnetwo p.- lies among them all, and gave them by [John, as much as the hands of his disciplesto the whole company,
'.
tl.ey
][M at. supplying them with as much as they would'take. IX 16. John- VI. And so wonderfully were the provisions in- 40 creased by passing under his creating hand, 11] 42 And they did all t aat t fleij 'did all eat of them till they had every eat, and were filled. urn \c j one enou g n and were all tully satisfied. ["Mat XIV c>0 And, when they zuereaW sufficientlv filled, he John Luke IX. 17.] John VI. 12. .says to his disciples, Let there be no waste made VI 12
would.
i
.*
f rather Q the divine bounties, but * J 7 filled, ) his disciples, Gatlier up the broken pieces that remain, that so nothing up the fragments may be lost. The disciples therefore, in obedi- 13 remain, that ence i that Q n s word, went throuoh the several , nothnur be lost. , r 13 Therefore thev ran ^ s i the whole company, and picking up gathered them to- the pieces that were left, they gathered them gcthcr, and fiHed together, and filled no less than txvelve baskets * w-ith the very fragments of the five barley loaves,
.
When
they were Q fhe said unto
count above with Luke's, who only speaks abun- of their sitting dovin byffties. Thus disdantlv proved by Mr. Pierce, in his Fifth posed, they would wait more patiently till Dissertation annexed to the Hebrews, they were served in their turns the >mmThis was the shortest and exactest way her would appear at once and they would iff ranging them, and reconciles Mark's acsee that Christ kne w h
'
An hundred
this is
in
rank and
fifty in file.]
is
That
the proper import,
436
sect,
The people
think to
make him king.
and of the two fishes, which remained over and the fragments of'the V B* i above t0 tnem t /iat ]lcl( gaten : a quantity vastly j| bai-le y TMark, and ot the , i r gCr an "shes,] whidl re ' Mat And vet Mq/ w/20 had eaten of the loaves and Brained over and X(V 2i fishes (as by the disposition of the multitude in abov e, unto them rows the number of them might be easily com- rM A T XIV 20. pitted) 7vere about Jive thousand men, besides Mark VI. 43. Luke. ivomen and children, who sat by themselves, and IX 17-3 A.?'' mip-ht almost amount to an equal number. 1 that And they } I had %,. r Lhe men therefore who were present upon eaten [of the John tliis occasion, and were thus miraculously en- loaves,] were about ri (we thousand men, tertained, havinsr seen the miracle xvhich
lxxviii
i
'
'.
"
Jesus besides women and c 11 ir wrought, alter all the preceding wonders of the children. [Mark day, were so mightily struck with it, that they VI. 44.] John VI. 14. said, Truly his is the great Prophet who was to u Then those men, :, come into the world, and has so long been impa- when thcy had seei tiently expected by us even the Messiah him- the miracle that said, did, self, whom God has appointed to rule as well as Jesus u h to teach his people. (Compare Deut. xviii. 18: T s j? \ \ '^l Prophet that t,utt tit \ a iiand see also 1 Mac. xiv. 41.) And, concluding that should come into the same miraculous power could make itself the world. victorious over all opposition, and easily could subsist and maintain an army' in the greatest extremity,they began to enter into measures for proclaiming his title to the kingdom of Israel, 15 When Jesus and fixing him on the throne of David his father. 15 Jesus therefore, knowing that they would *"*> perceived / would that thev r quickly urge this proposal, and that their hearts come an d"take him so much set upon it that they xvere ready to by force, to make were come and seize him by force to makehim kinsr,\\?i% him a king, [Mark, straierhtwav he conI- :,i -.v. .1 1 ^ etermined immediately to part with them, lest strai ed y[g discihe should give umbrage to the jealousy of the pies to get into the Romans, and lead the people that followed him SQiP> an.<* 10 S C be m.\ lo t c e into inconvenience and ruin: he therefore immcunto side,
, i
>
111
.
"
di
.... ,.,,,..,.,. aiately obliged his disciples to get into the ship in
,
.
'!'
'
otlier
which they had come

1
thither,1*
and to go
Bethsaida, while he before sent away the peo-
Concluding that the same miraculous subsist ami maintain an army.] It is certain, that an army of less than jive thousand men might, under such a Leader, have accomplished the greatest events, and have obtained even universal empire, had lie been pleased to exert his power to such purposes. Thcy probably remembered how vast an host had been defeated by Gideon with only three htm4red men with their trumpet* and lamps (Judg. vii. 22,) not to mention Samson's slayii g a thousand with & jawbone (Judg.
xv.
150 and other extraordinary events of
power could
recorded in the Old Testament. iii. 21 24; 2 Chron. xx. 22 25; and compare Lev. xxvi. 8.) The*" also knew that the whole bod} of the Jewish nation was then highly spirited with these sentiments and might reasonably expect ihat legions of them would soon pour in to the standards of such a Leader: K Obliged his disciples, Ijfc.'] This phrase
this kind
(see 2 Kings
may
pear
intimate that the),

u>
who
plainly ap-
have beentoo fond of secular vieivs,
Reflections on Christ's feeding'Jive thousand people.

pie.]
437
Mark VI. Mark
[Mat.XIV.22. him to the other side of the creek, to the city of sect. 45.] Bethsaida, ivhile he dismissed the multitude,^""'
1
2
[and
US tX
the
evening'
VI. h
46
who
n seemg his
disciples
go aboard
was
come,]
he
fS]
ed
up [John, himself again xvithdrexv, according to his frequent -..lone] into a mountcustom [and] ascended up by himself alone to a
ri
^t
would be more mOlj prevailed upon to go awav. And, xvhen he had accordingly dismissed Multitude, and sent them off as well as his disciples, and the evening was now come, he
Sv5y i0M Vl' 15.]
mowltain in those P arts ' t0 P rai to his heavenly J Father, in which delightful exercise he spent the greatest part of the night,
IMPROVEMENT.
every
So evidently true is it that man liveth not by bread'alone, but by Mark VI 41 word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God! (Mat, iv. 4.)
-
How wonderful did the poxver of Christ appear in thus multiplying the food! and how amiable his compassion,\n his affectionate Mat^ concern for the relief of his necessitous followers! It is to be happiness when the ministers of the gospel have esteemed a great
it
in their
power to
,
assist
men in their
temporal as well as spiritual
and it is peculiarly incumbent upon them thus to do good and communicate ; for with such sacrifices from their hands God is peculiarly well pleased, and the success of their ministry may be greatlv promoted by them. (Heb. xiii. 16.) The disciples received from the hand of Christ the food the}' John Vl11 delivered to the people: and so should ministers be concerned that they may receive from Christ what they dispense to others as the bread of life, and that they also at the same time may live upon How great an honour is it it as the support of their oxvn souls. to be emploved as stewards of the mysteries of God ! Let not immoderate secular cares, let not the desire of worldly riches or
necessities
greatness, interrupt us in this blessed work from those who wduld have made him king
were rather inclined to stay, and quitted the multitude with some reluctance in what
they thought so favourable a conjecture, But it was certainly the highest prudence in Christ, considering what his purposes were, to order them awav, and to dismiss them and the multitude before any thing happened which could alarm or offend even the most jealous spies, who might perhaps herd among the crowd.
1
ill
Christ ivithdrexv 15 therefore does

creek that
from
it
the land:
by some bay or and Christ
run into
now
only ordered
his disciples to pass over this creek to the city of Bethsaida, where he might after-
wards have joined them when he had But in their passage; thither a great storm arose, and they were driven by a contrary wind into the midst of
sent anvay the people.
This reconthe sea towards Capernaum.cilea the place before us with the beginning of the next section, where, notwithstanding the direction Christ had given them to go before them to Bethsaida, we find them going to Capernaum, which lay on the other side of the lake. Compare note * >fl the foregoing page.
And to go
before
him
to the other side
of
the creek to Bethsaida.'] It was observed before (Luke ix. 10, p. 430,) that they were now in a desert place belonging to Bethsaida ; which probably was divided
Vol.
I.
^'oB
The
it
disciples take skip to
go
to
Bethsaida.
sect._
Ixxviii
~
jo
Mat.
nv.23
pursue earthly grandeur ; and most of his ministers to act as if his kingdom were oj' this world. May we learn in every state to be content ! (Phil. iv. 11.) In want may we cheerfully trust Providence! In plenty, may we not wantonlv abuse it ! but learn, by his command of gathering up the fragments even of this miraculous feast, a wise frugality in the use of our enjoyments that nothing may be lost, nor a reserve be wanting by which the streams of future liberality may be fed I When the day had been thus employed, Christ retired to a mountain to pray. Thus must secret devotion attend our public labours for the instruction and salvation of men, if we would secure that Divine blessing, without which, neither the most eloquent preaching, nor the most engaging and benevolent conduct, can command or promise success.
his disciples to
is it
become
unworthy
SECT.
pest.
LXXIX.
As the disciples zvere upon the lake they are overtaken by a storm ; and Christ comes to them, walking on the sea, and stills the tem-
Mat. XIV. John VI. 16 21.
24, to the end.
Mark VI.
47,
to the
end,
sect.
lxxix
-
..
John
vi.
16
j v iii" ered his disciples to depart, and go before down unto the sea him to Bethsaida and, accordingly, when the [Mark VI. 47. ] evening was come, his disciples went doxvn to the
i
i
i
TT was before observed that,

,
;
John VI.
16.
after the mirac-
ulous feeding of the five thousand, Christ
**
John VI. 16. ND, whenever

disciples
nis
"".*** <***: went
And, having entered into the ship 17 sea [side ;] which waited for them, and put off from land, ,i 4i -i.i they quickly met with across wmdthat changed their course, and were soon driven farther from the shore than they designed; so that, instead of getting to Bethsaida,^*/ zvere going to the other side of the sea towards Capernaum : a and, night
17
And
entered
*o a ship, and went

over the sea towards
Capernaum was now
and
it
dark, [MARK,and the ship
coming
on,
it
was now dark, and the ship was in

opposite side to Bethsaida,
'
Were going to the other side of the sea This exactly exSwards Capernaum.'] presses what is said in the original; ^'/jvlo
cree*
tjk
S-sixatrtrac
from which the \ were driven over the sea to Capernaum (Compare note in the preceding' page.)
Kasrjgy*!*^
cannot but look upon it as an arguthat Bet hsalda lay on the east side of the sea of Tiberias (though most of our maps have placed it in a different situation,) since Capernaum is allowed by all to have been situated on the western shore, and is here represented as lying on the
and
ment
This situation of Bethsaida is likewise confirmed by Josephus (Bell. Jud. lib. ii. cap. 9, (al.8) 1,) who calls it by the name of Julias; which Pliny also speaks of as on the eastern side of the lake of Gennesareth. See Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. v. cap.
15,
and
JLightfoat Cent. Chorog. in
Mai:
cap. 93.
Jesus comes
,a
to
them, walking on the sea,
439
the sea
but tliem,] alone on the land.] [Mat. XIV.
the midst of the midst of the sea, they did not exactly know sect. ami Jesus where. Noxv Jesus was not yet come to them* lxxi -x -. was nqt come unto r j. b himsel f t j ft L
:]
employed in secret devotion on the mountain to which be retired. >4, m.\ ate VI. 47. J j n t h e meaQ time thev were in circumstances j18 And the sea c r / ot g rt at danger and distress lor the sea arose by reason oi' great wind that in a very tempestuous manner, by reason of a blew, [an.l the ship violent storm of wind which blew hard upon it wi tossei s an j tjie vesse[ 7Uas tossed ha the swelling waves the tor s r rind was contrary.] J * the wind was contrary to them, and had
alone on the land,
,
Mark
m
,
j^ ^
,
V1
i
John
\,
'
lij
I'M ARK,unto them.]

e
'J. Tot" VI. 4S.J

they about
[in
19 So when
had
five
rowed
and twenty or
thirty furlongs,
the fourth watch of Jesus] the nignt,
[Mark, saw them
aSêomethûnfo
them walking upon the sea, and would by passed, have tluin.][MAT.XlV.
25.
Mark VI.48.]
3
Mat. XIV. 26. And when the disci-
W
on
the
Sip
b
sea
driven them far out of their intended course. ^ when that had rowed about twenty ' five or \q ' ' r , thirty furlongs, or something more than a league, in the beginning of the fourth watch of the night, or about three o'clock in the morn_. n S-> Jems, who knew the distress they were ] in, perceiving that they were weary with rowing, ant [ vam attempted to weather the storm, came to them ^'"^ "''.?" on the sea, e by his miraculous power rendering his own body lighter than usual, or strengthening the waves to bear a)U/' farther to exercise their faith and cour^t age, he seemed, at tirst, asn hewould have passed Mat. by them. And when the disciples, by that little X1V 26 Hgbt which the reflection of the moon on the water afforded them, f saw him walking on the
.
. .
,
->
It is a great
Jesus was not yet come to them-'] they could to avoid crossing the sea and imperfection of our language to get to Bethsaida. (hat We have no proper copulative particle In the fourth watch of the night."] The. but [and ,-] which is here so much the Jewish night was divided intofour watches, each containing about three of our hours, -e unhappy, as, in laving together the The frst especially so near the euuinox. It narration ol'thc evangelists, the use of began at six in the evening, the second at that particle is much more frequent than it would have been in any single one. I nine, the third at midnight, and the fourth choose therefore here, and in some other at three in the morning. (See Godwin's places, to change it for the word [;;ow,] Moses and Aaron, book iii. chapter 1.) which in this connection .signifies almost, F. Calmet (in the word hours J thinks they if not entirely, the same thing. learned this division from the Romans.
Now
ll
When
they
had rented about twenty
five
See
Veget. dc
Re
.
militari, lib.
iii.
cap. 8.
Probably, when they and Pitisc. Lexic. in Vigil. _,_ ,,. found the wind so violent, they were ., ., < Halting on the sea.] ,. ,.,,.,. shipwrecked it ,. ' came ,". *^ J , This was thought ,v> afraid ot being they so impracticable, that the picture ot two ., i u i .i i and therefore, having near tlie shore ,, .t-i i -i c r feet walking on the sea was , an.. Egyptian ' , the wind, J .. . perhaps sailed a while before ii hieroglyphic r And thing. r e * r.. tor an impossible , ... they *, thev now rowed out to sea c ' as .i for, ., the scripture it is mentioned as the pre, must have been several hours at sea, one C ., ,. , ..f , rogative ot God, that lie alone treadeth up,, ... ,i ft r ean hardly imagine that with so brisk a , f , T on the waves of the sea. Job ix. b. .", u this J ' thev made ., more way in all agale .i no f By that little light, &c] It is well tune than a little above a league/ unless impute it to their ha\ing laboured aljl known that i.t is never. entire'-/ dark on tht
or thirty furlongs.']
.
-,
'
'
'in
.
...
440
sect, sea,
Ixxix.
Peter attempting
to
walk on the sea
is
ready
to sink.
and
passing- near the ship, not perfectly [John, and drawing
thev were [John, * .. _ l c certainly an apparition, for no hu- afr^ d sayin ^ ft s Mat. be supported by the water a spirit and they xiv.26 rnan body could thus aWf/Whadsucha dread of what mip-ht be the cried ollt for fea1 I"MarkVI.49. John / tt u * i jy ^ J that they cried out aloud jo r j ear.
discerninir
who it was, they were much terrifi ed,

l
n ' u onto the ship]

-
Wi
T? /?
-j
'-
a consequence,
y.
_ 19
-.
Mark
VI 50
-
him ; and, notwithstanding the MarkVI. 50. For miraculous power that he had lately given they all saw him, them over evil spirits (Mat. x. 1, p. 407,) yet S^Selvlfe were they greatly troubled. And therefore, to talked with th'ern, deliver them from that anxiety, he immediately andsaith unto them, spoke to them, and said, Take courage ; for it is ? e * good c ,en !* I, your Lord and Master: be not afraid oi me, hvIat xiv. 27. who am your Friend; norof the violenttempest, John VI. 20.] which cannot hurt you while under my protec/'or they all saxv
'
*>
tion.
Mat. vi. 28 Yy
Then, as they knew his voice, they present- Mat. VI. 28. And answered began to lay aside their fears and Peter, Peter 11 :Ln< saKl, L ord was remarkably warm whose natural temper | thou, bid me i. if it he and forward, immediately answering, said -unto come unlo t lee on
;
, ' , '
'
him, Lord, if it indeed be thou who art walking the water. on the sea, as I now apprehend it is, I am so far from being afraid of the tempest in thy presence, while I continue in the ship, that I am willing thou shouldest, if thou pleasest, command me to come to thee even upon the water, 29 and I will immediatelv venture to do it. And 29 And he said, And, when Testis, that he thus mioht exercise his faith, Come. was come L-I,*. Peter and, by convincing him of his weakness, might down out f the ship, give a check at the same time to his excessive he walked on the confidence, complied with his proposal, and water,togo tojesus. said to him, If thou hast faith and courage to and attempt it, come then, and make the trial Peter, being now assured it was indeed hisMaster, came down from the ship, and, fully satisfied that he was able to uphold and bear him up, walked on the water for a while, to come unto GO jfesus : But, soon perceiving that the wind 30 But, when he was verv strong, and the sea raffing with great Eruv t,ie wind bo,s * was j 'j fL i i j u* terous, he violence, he was ajraid of being ilost ; and, nis ^. bc>-ina a:(1 a11(1 faith failing him, he presently began to sink, 5 n ing to sink, he
*
,
*.
water; not to urge that the moon might perhaps now be in the last quarter, as it must have been if this was about three
'
some secret dependence on his

God,
for wise reasons,
art,
which
fail
suFTered to
iveeis before the passorer.

s
He
began
to sink .]
He
probably could
swim, as most fishermen can (compare John xxi. 7 ;) and perhaps lie might ventare on the attempt he now made with
him. The word **T:ttPs:7/fs3-3-*< is very expressive, and may intimate that he feK himself sinking with such a weight that he had no hope of recovering himself, and expected nothing but that he should go
directly to the bottom of the sea.
Jesus comes
cried, saying, Lord, save me.
into the ship,
and the wind
ceases.
441
and cried out in a great consternation of spirit, sect. saying, Lord, save me, or I shall be swal- '* X1X ~ 31 And immedi- j . momen t. And immediately I ateh Jesus stretched .. y Mat. i.,., forth A/? hand, and Jesus stretching out lus liana, laid hold on nun ; xiv .3i caught him, and said oh^ to remind him of his unbelief, .sajtff to Aim, rmtohira, Othouof Q thou of little faith, why didst thou doubt of
litlle
taith,
whore-
fore
didst
?
thou
my
doubt
Mark
them
'and
VI.
51.
And he went up unto

into the ship;
when they were come into the

ship,]
was so near when thou hadst my commission to make the trial, and hadst in part experienced my power in supporting thee thus far on the waves ? A)1( j ca jj m p eter w t h him, he ascended to Mark k j l î V t <;! them into the bark r and, ivhen they were come % * DX aboard, they that were there received him with
^ ^ protection,
.
when
'
..',?
[John, they
t ]ie
utmost pleasure, as the great pledge of their

:
found h^fandSw common safety. his And they quickly the turythe ot presence for happy effects of
ceased [John, and immediately the ship the
:
all
ceased at once ; and, what was yet was at the land orc surprising, the ship was immediately at the whither thev went: J ? , , , ,* , , r and they were sore pointoi land to whwh they were going. And they amazed in them- ivere all exceedingly amazed in themselves, and selves beyond measas f on j sne d beyond measure, as if thev had never J ure, and wondered. r r rM\r. XIV. 32. before seen any exertion of his miraculous
.
wind now
'
John
their heart was so hardened, and 52 so insensible, that they considered not the >' ct more wonderful and glorious [miraadTof loaves" for their heart was c/e of the] loaves, which but the day before they hardened. had seen multiplied in so extraordinary a manMat. XIV. 33. ner as to display even a creating power. k Then tlievtliat were ' ,, i . in ..i . I hen they that were about him, even all that Mat. in the ship came and
VI. 21.]
power.
For
52 For they con- their
mind
"
worshipped him, say-
were
came and worshipped him, as in a rapture of wonder, devotion, and joy, falling
in the ship,
xiv>33
Into the bari.~\ Though tlie evangelists & As to display even a creating power. generally use the word na-xtiov, which sig- Had not this been done, it is hard to minifies any vessel in which men sail on the agine how twelve haslets full of fragment.. sea, I have sometimes varied it a little, in could have been taken up it was therefore order to prevent that ill effect which the in itself (a.st\\e evangelist plainly intimates) repetition of it so frequently as it occurs a more certain and glorious miracle than would have on the ear in reading and the ceasing of the wind immediately on his have here called it a bark, that it may coming into the ship. Their speedy land not he imagined like our modern ships, ing after this must also have increased Accordingly John calls it mr\oi*pioyj or a their astonishment. Considering this inlittle vessel i chap. vi. 22. Compare John stance, and that of Philip, Acts vi'ii. 39, 40. XXI. 3, 8. we have room to admire the condescension Exceedingly amazed and astonished he- of Christ, in submitting so often to the yond measure."] The words >.j*v tx. tvtpio-tnt fatigues ofjourneying on foot from one place tfystLrlo, z&i &ctvfjut.gw are too emphatical to another, when he could at pleasure t to be exactly rendered but this is plainly have commanded angels to transport him, the sense of them and the accurate With equal case he could have walked reader will observe that I suppose the ashore from the waves of the sea, but words x/*v tx. nrtpwo-tt to be equally eon- with a most edifying modesty lie avoided nected with &*vfA*fa and i*suv7e the ostentation of it.
:
442
sect, XX1X
"
They land at Capernaum, and he cures
all that
touch him.
ing,
with the utmost reverence, are now convinced that thou art indeed the Son of God, and hast an unlimMat siv.33 te(l power over the whole creation. And, xvhen they had thus passed over the lake, 34 they came to a part of the landofGenncsareth, j r and put to shore not far from r^ Capernaum, to which, it was observed before (p. 438,) their Mark course was tending. And xvhen they came out vi. 54 r +j oj the vessel, as it was a place where 't Jesus had often been, they that were present when he landed immediately knew him ; and, though it was so early in the morning, the news of his arrival quickly spread through all the neighbour^ 55 ing parts. For they were readv to inform each other of his coming and the men of that place, %v no knew mm, no sooner were apprized of his arrival, but presently they sent out, and ran to every place in all that country round about, to J ,i r give notice to their neighbours that Jesus was there, and that they now again should have the privilege of his preaching and working miracles among them and they began to carry about the sick in beds, and brought unto him all that rvere diseased, to the place where they heard he 56 was. And this was indeed the general custom . xvherever he came as soon as he was entered into any towns, or cities, or country [villages,] they laid the sick in the most public streets through which they expected he would pass,
at his feet
down
and saying;
i
We
Of a truth thou
Son of God.
art the
34 And when they

into. Uie lane! of Genhesavet, [and drfc w to the shure.]
,-
*l p came
re
^7ft
eA
^
And
RK VL Mark J?^ VI.

when"
54.
they were come out of

tlie
shl P>
straight-
^gSXZSi men
of
that place
had knowledge of
SRSCSSi whole
region round
about, and began to *?UT V about in beds those tnat were
-
'
sict>
r_
and bT0Ught
all
unto
him
Mat
were
diseased,]
ht^L [Mvt.'xi^
35.]
56
And
whither-
soevei
i
he entered,
u into villages, or cites, or country, they

laid the sick in the
streets >
and
be-
and entreated him

the fringe
that they
might
at' least
of
his
i
garment;
and
touch were but the border as many as of his garment: and

-
3f tS?iF?
^
i
.
how extreme
touched him, believing in his power and' his ? s man v as t0 h * J were made him \> ~^,r, ,i i readiness ^ u to heal them,were perfectly recovered, fc
,
soever their illness had been.
[pel feCt i y]
w l0
36.
[Mat. XIV.
IMPROVEMENT.
A
VI
17,18
Thus it still pleases Christ to exercise the faith of his people. that he may strengthen their dependence on him, and demoiir
1 To the land of Gennesareth, and put to there, it is plain, from John's account, that shore not far from Capernaum.] The land Jesus at his landing came to Capernaum ; Gennesareth was a large tract of ground for it was there the people found him that ef
on the taestern shore of the l(ike\ in part of which Capernaum appears from hence to have been situated. For, though Matthew and Mark only speak of their coming to the land of Gennesareth, and putting to shore
followed him in the morning from the Compare John vi. other side of the sea. 22, 24, 25, in the next section, and vcr
59, sect,
lxxxii.
Reflections on Christ's readiness to help us in our troubles.
44o
sect
lxxix *
~~
Thus are storms trate at once his compassion and his power. permitted oftentimes to rise around them, and for a while they are left in darkness and are tossed with tempests : but he is near at hand, even when they think him at the remotest distance and when he seems to be passing by them, as regardless of their danger and distress, he has designs of grace and mercy to them, and acts in such a way on purpose to quicken and excite them. to a greater earnestness and fervour in their applications to him. Happy would the Christian be, could he always discern his Lord, and always conceive of him aright ! but alas, how often does he appear to the disordered mind as the object of terror rather than of confidence ! and, in a dav of darkness, while he may seem to treat his suffering people with neglect, instead of seeking him with a more earnest importunitv, how are they ready to be overwhelmed with/ears, and to conclude he has forgotten them I At the command of Jesus, Peter ventured to go to him on the sea. And through what storms and dangers mav we not safelv
;
j^.^
V i.48
49
Mat.
XIV
*
"venture, if
we are sure that our Lord calls us ! Yet the rebuke ~ which he suffered may warn us not rashly to throw ourselves on 30 unnecessary trials, lest our excess of confidence end in fear and disgrace. Modesty and caution will adorn our other virtues, and render us amiable in the eyes of the humble Jesus.
In
to his
how many circumstances of life does the Christian appear own imagination like Peter beginning' to sink in the waves
!
30, 31
But
help
in the
;
time of our distress, like him, let us cry to Jesus for and, while we are lifting up the hands of faith wad prayer,
52,
!
we may humbly hope that Christ will stretch forth his omnipotent arm for our rescue. Let every experience of this kind, and all
the seasonable aid he
is
from time to time imparting to us, establish our dependence on him, and enforce our obedience to him, May Divine Grace deliver us from that Mark as the Son of God. hardness of heart, that stupidity and insensibility of mind, which v sometimes remains unconvinced in the midst of evidence, and unaffected under the most moving illustrations of V\s abilities and
'
''
willingness to help us
SECT. LXXX.
Our Lord, being followed
bi/ the multitude to Capernaum, cautions them against those worldly views with which they sought him, and declares himself to be the bread of life. John VI. 22 40.
INitably employed in healing those thus charwho were

the
John VI. 22. mean time, while Jesus was
brought to him in the places near the shore.
444
sect,
lxxx.
The people cross
the sea,
and find Christ
at Capernaum.
vi 22
from whence he soon went forwards to Capernaum, on the morrow after he had fed the five thousand, great search was made for him by tnose whom he had sent away the night before for they were so affected with the miraculous entertainment he had given them, that there ' ? were many of the multitude, xvho, though they might withdraw to a little distance on his dismissing the assembly (Mark vi. 46, p. 437,) .{j ., j J j7 yet still continued on the other side oj the sea
: . ,
THHE day follow peVSh^tood

on the other side of tne sea sa w that
tlie
John
VI. 22.
..
j.1
that night, hoping to have

;
with him in the morning there was no other vessel there on the coast, but that one into which his disciples entered when they departed in the evening, and knew that yesus did not go with his disciples into the vessel, but that his disciples went axvay by themselves, leaving him there to spend the night alone, they made no question of his being still But in the morning 03 on that side of the sea. they perceived that he was gone, and presently determined to go after him and, though there were no vessels there the night before, yet were they quickly furnished with an opportunity of following him for there came other vessels verv rr,., r early jrom 1 iberias, and put to shore nigh to the place where they had eat the bread and fishes after the Lord had given thanks, and commanded such a miraculous blessing upon them. The
: ;
er ^ boat there, save that one whereinlo his disciples were entered > and that Jesus went not with 8 disciples into another interview the boat, hut that and, as they saxv n ^ disciples were gone away alone
wasnoneoth -
23(Howbei(, there
came
otn er
boats
^the^'Jafe
they did eat bread after that the given ; ., thanks :)

,
w here
24
When the peo-
04 multitude
theu saw that neither Ple therefore saw that Jesus was not j'.j -j or ii î fesus nor his disciples xvere there on that side, tnel e neither his went also themselves immediately aboard the disciples, they also vessels that were now arrived, as many of them took shipping, and 11 7 r< lr came toCapernaum, ". as could, and came to Capernaum, seeking Jor fol j esus "Jesus with all the appearance of the most eager And when And, xvhen they had found him 25 25 importunity. on the other side of the sea, in the svnaerogue of tu< -y had found him J ~ , on the other side of -n \ the Capernaum (see ver. 59,) as soon as *u wor- thc sca> they sai(l ship was over, and before they quitted the place, Unto him, Rabbi, they accostedhimwith the greatest respect, and when earnest thorn said unto him, Rabbi, xvhen and how earnest thou lulliel hither ? for, as thou didst not go last night with thy disciples, we expected to have found thee ri the other side of the sea, and know not when thou coulde.st come, or what imaginable way thou couldest have of crossing .the
therefore,
1
when
j.
'
"
water.
He
tells
them of their xvordly views
in
seeking him*
445
sect. lxxx
-
But fesus, modestly waving- the recital of 2 Jesus answered them and said, Ve- those extraordinary circumstances which atrily, verily, I say tinten{i e( i his passage, "diverted thediscourse to a unto von. Ye seek ' . ,. r me, not. because ve yetmore important nnd editymg subject; and, saw the miracles, knowing, by an intimate penetration of their but because ye did very hearts, that they were governed onlv by ccirna ^ motives in this attendance upon him, and were filled. humble and zealous as it might appear, he ansxvered them with great solemnity, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto yon, Ton seek vie, not because you have seen the miracles that I perform, and are convinced by them that I am a Divine Teacher, but because you have eaten of
]
.
John
,
0(S
'
J7 Labour not for
the meat which per1 1 1 * ishetb, but for lint meat which endur: eth unto everlasting therefore so to procure the meat xvhich life, which the Sou .v , j i * i of man shall give P erifi 'lefi ano- can only support the mortal part unto you nature a but rather be solicitous to obfor him of your hath God the Father tain Divine knowledge and instruction, that,
,
1
and xvere filled, and have from thence concluded that vou shall make vourselves rich am p-reat bv following me. But these are mean 07 r j r r anc mav " e * ata views; and 1 would form you to nobler and wiser sentiments labour not
the loaves
i
'
much
;
->
meat which endures to eternal life, and will nourthis is that ish vour souls to endless felicity xvhich the Son of man xvill most readily give you ; for him has God the Great Father of all,
:
world and sealed with this miraculous power, which he daily displays, b as an authentic proof of his Divine mission. 28 Then said they They therefore, that thev might appear will- 28 unto him. What m to rece V e his instructions as well as his shall we do, that Tr/ we mig-ht work the bounties, said unto him, What must xve do, that works of God xve may so xvork the xvorks of God as to secure
in
mercy
to his creatures, sent into the
for this blessed purpose,
'
his favour to eternal life

a
perishes.']
Labour not to procure the meat which- allude to a custom which princes might Hardly any one ca.i imagine our have when making- grand entertainments, Lord intended to prohibit men's labouring to give a commission under their hand and Most seal, or perhaps to deliver a signet, to those for the subsistence of their bodies. of those who attended him probably had whom they appointed to preside in the no other support than their labour : but his management of them :) see Eisner, Vol. intent was plainly to declare how much I. p. 311, 312.) Though it may possibly be the interest of the soul was to be preferred sufficient to say that to seal is a general on Mat xii. phrase for authorizing by proper credentials, to that of the body. See note 7, p. 283.) E 7 a ^50-3-st/ fiô-iv is to labour whatever the purpose be for which they or for marring a, person out as are given to procure meat. b Him has God the Father sealed.] Some wholly devoted to the service of him have ingeniously conjectured that this may whose seal lie bears.
;
VeV.
T.
'
&&&
sect. i.wx.
The
Jews
ask a sign,
and
boast of their
,
manna
j 'eSUS replying said unto them Think not of 29 Jesus answered meriting the Divine favour bv any thing you can and said unto them. s * *e ** rf 77 do yourselves for this is the .. great work of God, God, that ye believe , John 1-t.i which he requires above all things, and which he Qn um w h om he vi 29 will be ready to accept, that you believe on him hath sent. whom he has sent, crediting his message, and venturing your souls upon his power and grace. Then, though they just before had seen such 30 They said 50 an astonishing miracle, and several of them therefore unto him, What sign shewest lived in the neighbourhood of Capernaum, thou then, that we t Where he had so long multiplied those wonders, may sec, and believe What dost yet some of them were so unreasonable, that thee they said to him after all the miracles that he had tll0U wort wrought, If thou wouldest have us to regard thee as invested with so high a character, that far exceeds whatever has been claimed by any one before, thou shouldest produce some signal evidence of a superior kind to all that has been done by others what sign therefore shewest thou from heaven, that we may see [it,] and believe thee P What dost thou perform more than others, or even equal to what Moses did, that 51 we should treat thee with so extraordinary a regard ? Thou didst indeed yesterday feed some 51 Our fathers did' thousands of us in an extraordinary manner ^ at manna ni the desert; as it is writ _ , with baney bread but our fathers, who were ter)5 j.je gave them incomparably more numerous than that assem- bread from heaven. bly, did, under the conduct of Moses, eat man- t0 eat na, a far more delicious food, in the wilderness, even forty years'; as it is written (Psal. lxxviii. :.4s) " He gave them breadfrom heaven to eat ," and, when thou shalt give us as glorious a demonstration of thy mission, we will pay thee an equal regard. Then Jesus said to them again, Verily, verily, 32 Then Jesus J2 I say, and affirm it unto you, how strange soever said unto them, Veve it may appear, Moses pave you not that bread ,?' ty * sav u "to you, Moses 1, r V- 1.1 heaven, which best deserves so honourable n ave ' Jrom not t rU a name but this you are supplied with by my bread from heaven Father, who, sending me among you as your bl t ni v Father giy;
1111
>
Instructor and Redeemer, giveth you now the Jo true and most excellent bread from heaven.
- Some of them were so unreasonable that they sail! to him."] The sentiments of those that speak to Christ in this dlscourse arc so various (compare ver. 34, 41, 42,) and the evangelist so expressly declares that there was a debate between
brea/fi^hea^
think
to
some and others of them, ver. 52, that I it would be wrong- to imagine these
have been the perverse and ungrateful sentiments of the whole multitude, who had followed him with so much eagerness from place to place for several days.
But
S3 Eor the bread
is
yesi(S
tells
them he
is
the bread
of life.
44,7
For that is indeed the bread of God, and may sect :;x?v he which most justly claim the title, which descendeth ~ eometh down from f the highest heaven* whereas manna fell heaven, and giveth-/ only Irom the clouds or the interior region ol fife unto the world, the air ; and which giveth life and true happiof G-kI
' . .
.
ness
to the whole world of believers, whereas what Moses gave only relieved the temporal
necessities of one particular nation.

said they unto linn, ]. ord, cvrmore give us tins
-1
Then
*
i,
rL a( j.
.
therefore, when they heard him speak- 34 Q ^SQ exce vi ent a erift, were presently desirij 11 ^ û and, though as yet they did ous to obtain it by this not fully understand what he intended bread, some of the wiser and better part oi
They
rj
...
them e had such a notion of
its
excellence, that
thev said to him, Lord, give us evermore this bread, on which our life depends, and let us always live upon this heavenly manna. 35 And Jesus said Then, for a farther explication of this im- 3,5 unto them, I am the portant truth, Jesus said to them, lam indeed bread ot life: he \, rrr f * the bread of Ife ^ nor is bread so necessary to that cometh to me shall never hunger; the support ot your bodies, as a believing reand lie that believ- ar(l to me is to the life of your souls he thereg Sh "11 QeV iore tll(lt comes t0 me andmakes his application r t)Tr<r aright, shall never hunger ; and he that truly but believes in vie shall never thirst any more may depend upon it that he shall find the most restless desires of his soul satisfied, and, conscious of the noblest refreshment and nourishment already received, shall grow up to a state of everlasting complete satisfaction and enjoyBut, valuable as these blessings ol my 3G 3G But I said unto ment. grace are, you are little disposed to pursue and
,
"
That
is
indeed
the bread
of God, which
the soul,
endethjratn heaven, 9*c3 It is necessary to translate e nefl*&Ltvmi, c2V. in this ambigiious manner, that we may not superthe explication which our Lord gives
;
and to compare them to delicious and nourishing diet (see Psal. xix. 10;
cxix. 103; Prov. ix. 5; Job xxiii. 12; Jer. xv. 16; and Heb. v. 12, 14 ;) yet I can recollect no instance in which the in ver. 35. Dr. Clarke has justly observed Instructor himself, as such, is called Food, this and it is of great importance to apply or any are said to eat him ; much less in it to many other passages, where too clear which, as below, they are exhorted to eat and full a paraphrase of what is explained hisjlesh, and drink his blood : so that Dr. professedly in some subsequent verses Clarke's laboured and ingenious criticism would only serve to flatten the whole, on this passage (in the xiith of his Seventeen Sermons J is far from being satisfaetoCotnpare note c on Mark iv. 3, sect. lxv.
of the wiser and belter part of See before, note c on ver. 30. f 1 am the bread of tife."\ Though indeed it is very usual with the sacred writers to represent Divine instructions as thefoodof
Some
l
ry
In
in
and, however clear it may be of any such design, 1 fear it has misled many to a neglect of that great doctrine of Christ's
;
atonement, to which there seems ih CMS context so express a reference.
448
sect, accept
All that the Father gives him will come to him.
txxx
,
them : for I have already told you (ver. you, thai ye also 26,) that you have even seen we, and beheld the ha f.e seen Ine > a d believe not "V f miracles that T perform ; and yet are so per1
,
vi. 36
verse and obstinate that you believe not [in me,] and will not be prevailed upon to come to me 37 All that the Nevertheless, though 37 for life and happiness. th you reject me, yet I shall not be universally Father lve to me J ', shall come \ me; ii c rejected, nor shall the purposes or my mission andhimthatcoaieth be entirely frustrated for all that the Father to me I will in no has graciously chosen to himself, and whom he W1SC ca3t oai giveth to me in consequence of a peculiar covei
3.8
nant to be sanctified and saved by me, will certainly at length come to me ,-s and, on the other hand, if any of you find yourselves disposed to such a believing application to me, you have no reason to be terrified with any suspicion that you are excluded from hope by any secret transactions between the Father and me for I declare it to you as an universal truth, and perfectly consistent with the former, That him that cometh to me, whoever he may be, I will by no means cast out,* nor shall he be rejected or refused on any consideration whatsoever. And you have sufficient reason to 38 For I came believe this, because J came down from heaven down iVorn heaven, not t0 do mine own into this lower world, not to do my own will, or to seek any separate interest of my own, but
;
1
to me.~\
All that the Father giveth vie will come I have given that sense of this
text,
I
celebrated and important

serious, and
h And him that cometh to me, whoever he may be, / mill by no means cast out.~\ which on To limit this latter clause by the former is
hope impartial consideration, appeared to me most agreeable to the words themselves, and to the general tenor of scripture. (See especially John xvii. 2, 6, 9, 11, 24.) Mr. Le Clerc's gloss upon them appears to me unnatural, and Dr. Whitby's frivolous. I do not
in these notes to enter largely into any kind of controversy; but dare not suppress or disguise what I am in my con science persuaded to be the sense of scripture, merely because it is not agreeable to the general taste of the age to take it in that view. I render >i%u, will come, because the word does not necessarily imply any thing more than the certainty of the event; and I would not lead any, merely in dependence on a translation, to build a weak argument on the word SHALL, which it is well known has sometimes been done.
not only missing- but contradicting the design of Christ, and destroying' the wise and beautiful turn of this text than which I think few more important for stating some great doctrines of the gospel whicli
1
have
mean
unhappily been the foundation of uncharitable dispute, /* k*?.o> e is extremely beautiful and emphatical. It represents an humble supplicant as coming into the house of some prince or other great person to cast himself at his feet, and to commit himself to his protection
much eager and The expression cu
He might fear his petition and care. might be rejected, and he thrust out of doors: but our Lord assures him to the contrary. His house and heart are large enough to receive, shelter, and supply, all the indigent and distressed. God only knows how many thousand souls have been sensibly supported by these gracious words
defections on the encouragement

will,
lufla
we have
to
come
to
Christ*
449
that sent
but the will of to do the will and to seek the glory of him that sect. me. And this is the will oj the Father who LXXX sent me.
39 And this is the Fathers will winch hath sent me That of all which he hath given in.-, 1 should iiotliinir, hut lose should raise it up againatthe hist day. nd tins is the
tne whole bod\- of m\ j * John he has given me, and committed to V1 39 my care, I should lose none, not even the meanest member, but should assuredly raise it up at _i happiness. complete glory and t. the hlst daV Or, to express it in more general terms, even 4Q ffrfa j s the will of him that sent me, That every will ofbkn that sent vho v iews the Son with an attentive eye, 1 andy / me, rbat every one .. .. ,. c consequence 01 that view, cordially believes which seeth the Son, andbelievethonhim on him, receiving him bv faith, and trusting in may have everlast- \{xm as an allsufficient Saviour, should have etermglite: and I will ... .. , ,. r T an{^ * xm " accordingly raise him up at raise him up at the na * "J c last day. the last day, and make him completely happy, both in soul and body, in the enjoyment of a nor are there any secret glorious immortality purposes and decrees of God inconsistent with
sent
,
mg p/lat f a u
,
,
pl e
whom
>
~ peo-
..
'
m
.
,.
>'
the sincerity of such a declaration.
IMPROVEMENT.
we acknowledge the Divine goodness, Verse breadfrom heaven for the life of the world ; and 32, >$ how solicitous should we be, that by a true faith we may feed upon it! In the midst of so many insnaring circumstances, let us be strictly watchful over ourselves, that the vigour of our pursuits and labours may not be laid out on the meat which perishes, 27 to the forgetfulness of that which endures to eternal life: but acknowledging those authentic seals by which Christ is marked out to that important trust, may we apply to him as sent of God 49 the Father to be the author of eternal salvation, and come to him to be partakers of his saving benefits It must surely grieve us to observe the neglect and contempt with which he is too frequently treated; but it may comfort us that there yet remains a remnant according to the election of grace, (Rom. xi. 5.) All that the Father giveth him, xvill come to 37 him ; and blessed be God that this appears to be no inconsiderable number. Secret things belong to the Lord our God (Deut. xxix. 29 ;) let it therefore be our care to make first our callingy and then, by a happy consequence, our election sure (2 Pet. i. Whatever discouragements may arise in our way, may 10.) we fly to cast ourselves at the foot of Christ ; and then we may
gratefully should
in giving this true
!
'
How
Every ore
ivJio
attentive eye.]
ch&f&>v
Thus
views the Son with an the words <&*; o
tion.
where Siapuv signifies to view with atienCompare Mat. xxvii. 55 Luke x.

; ;
rev uiov,
rendered.
should undoubtedly he There are many thcr places
18; xxi. 6 John and Heb. vii. 4.
xvii.
21
Acts
iii.
16;
450
7 he Jeivs
murmur
at his saying
He came down from heaven.
sect, be sure lxxx. receive
he will never on any consideration cast us out, but will in the arms of his almighty compassion, and, having sheltered and maintained us in his house on earth, will at length conduct us safely to the presence of his glory, and to the blessed abodes of complete felicity
vis
!
SECT.
VI. 41
LXXXI.
Christ having represented himself as the bread of life, enlarges on. the necessity aid benefit of feeding upon him as such. John
58.
.sect.
Ixxxi.
^"^"
vi 41
42
43
JOHN VI. 41. John VI. 41. did our Lord declare himself to be rT* HE J cws th n A the bread of lif uhich God had o iven nun murmured at occnusc lie them from heaven but then, as this agreed said, I am the bread not ^'ith their worldly views, the Jervs who which came down m ueaven were about him were so far from receiving the declaration with a becoming regard, that, on the contrary, they took offence and murmured at it, because he said, I am the bread which came down from heaven, to feed and support the Divine life in the soul. And, being strangers to 43 Andlhevsaiu, the doctrine of his miraculous conception and Is not this Jesus the Divine nature, theii said \mox\v- themselves, fe son of Joseph, whose ^ tatner and mother cy r r c-t ?i u not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father we k, mv mv s ; t and mother we have long known, 9 having lived then that he saith, I many vears in the neighbourhood ? Horv is it came down from iea;en therefore^ that this man should claim so high a character ? or how does he presume to say, that I came down from heaven f Jesus therefore, who well knew all their secret 43 Jesus therefore suspicions, how artfullv soever they might answered and said be whispered and concealed, replied 'and said u " t0 them Murmur r J
"THHUS
>
'
unto them, Do not murmur among yourselves on this occasion ; but rather set yourselves seriously to reflect on your present state, and
~.
'
not
among'
your-
se ives.
44 your true
interest.
know indeed
that
your
prejudices against me are strong, and without the influences of Divine grace will prove invinfor such is the moral blindness cible and fatal
:
Whose father and mother <ae have long* Dr. Weils argues from hence that Joseph was jet alive ; but it may signify only, We inovj who his father and It is at least certain that mother were. for if he had Joseph died quickly after
a
been
cross,
living",
Jesus,
when dying on
b
the
tnown."}
would not have
mother to the care of John.

26, 27.
(Compare
and Mat.
note
xiii.
consigned his John xix. on John ii. 1,
sect, xxiii.
55. p. 403.)
jtfo
mdn can come
to Christ,
unless the Father draxv him.
451
44
No man
to
come
can and degeneracy of human nature, that no man sect. me, except can b v a saving faith come and make his applica- lxxxi
-
hath ênt me'dSt him: and I will raise him up at the last
?'
45
It is
written
in
SyTSfVs!
taughtofGod. Every
man
therefore that
hath heard, and hath e ther, eoraeth unto me.
46 Not that any

the save lie which is of God he hath seen theFather.
man hath seen

rather,
4,7
Verily, verily,
M" 7*** *A /V" /"" r "*? te* **** WC (lnnv j7m7 f f him hy the sweet but powerful influences ot his yi.44 h Holy Spirit on the heart ; and [then] I will raise him up at the last day, and finally make him a partaker of the complete felicity and blessedness For so it is written in the 4,5 f mv kingdom. P r i)heu ( Isa - liv - 13 ' aad J er- xxxi - **o " they shall all be taught by God, c by Divine influences on their minds ;" and there are many otner passages much to the same purpose; (see 5 Mic " iv - 1 Isa - 2 Therefore * & c. every one who has not only been instructed in the true nature of God, but has both heard and learned from the Father himself, by virtue of these internal and efficacious teachings of his grace, comes unto me, and cordiallv receives me under the character I profess. I speak this of 46 an mwarcj Divine teaching, and not to insinu/ __ j; , ate that an U one on earth nas s ^n the Father, and been taught by him, as one man is by the converse of another no one has enjoved such an honour, except it be he who is come to men as the great Ambassadorfrom God: He indeed, being statedly resident with him, and inseparablyunited to him, has seen the Father, and conversed with him to a degree of intimacy and endearment which no creature can pretend to have known. In virtue then of those ample in- 47 structions I have received from him, verily,
tion
sent me draw have given in the paraphrase seems so natural from a view of the words themselves and of their connection, as well as so agreeable to the whole tenor of scripture, that I wonder so many learned and ingenious men should have laboured to disguise it by other interpretations. Dr. Clarke explains it as an intimation, that to be well grounded in
6
Unlets the Father
who has
tin ]
The
sense
action of the person said to draw, or of the person drawn , and unhappily produces,
strongly against such a. truth is, God's drawing does not exclude our consent to follow, and our activity in doing it but it always includes a Divine agency. Compare Judg. iv. 7. (See Df. Clarke's Sermons, VoL III. No. 3.)
lie
John xii. 32 all which

sense.
Jer. xxxi.3
and Hos.
xi.
The
natural religion is the best preparative for receiving the Christian religion. But this, though an apparent truth, falls far short of the sense ol the passage especially considering what is afterwards said of being taught b; God, and not merely of him, ver. 45. The doctor observes here, that when in scripture one person is said to draw epother, '.he word may signify cither the
;
Taught by God; Jifaxlu t e.] The signifies, they shall be the disciples or scholars of God, who shall humbly sit down, as it were, at his feet, and receive instructions from him. This, in the latter text referred to in the para* phrase, is expressly distinguished from human instructions relating to the nature of God. Compare 1 Thess. iv. y.
<=
word properly
4a2
The flesh of Christ
is to
be eat as living bread.
lxxxi.
sect, verily,
I say unto yon, and testify it as a most I say unto you, He sure an d important truth, that this is the only thatbelievethonme, method of salvation ; and that it is he, and he hathe ^-la S tinglife.
who
believes in
VI 47 alone,
me, and reposes himself

life.
43 on me, that hath everlasting

therefore, that
it is
Remember
you,
48
am that bread
in this respect I tell
7 of
life -
not only as a Teacher of ; and a Messenger from God to men but as the Great Redeemer, whom you must receive into your hearts, and on whom you must, as it were, feed by faith, if you indeed would have your life to be supported and secured.
truth,
;
am
the bread of life
49
And
far
those
who
thus regard
me
will receive
49 Your fathers did

*
more important blessings than Moses, of eat manna in the wil whom you have now been boasting, could pos- S^JJ? 8 "^ For though indeed your fathers, sibly give.
under the conduct of that illustrious prophet//?*-/ eat manna in the wilderness, yet it was not sufficient to
5X)
maintain their
life,
and they are long
50 This is the since dead: [But] this, of which I now speak, read which cometh is the true bread, which cometh down from *j heave?i, and is of such a nature that any one may [j^ n^ may e'u eat of it, and have his life so nourished and thereof, and not die.
supported by it, that he shall not die, but be assuredly delivered from the condemnation and ruin to which the breach of God's righteous law has subjected every offender. 51 Thus then I plainly tell you, how incredible 51 I am the living soever you may think it, That Lwho came down read which came down from heaven *!_ j r c +i from heaven lor this gracious purpose, am the ;f any man eat f t |,; s living bread, or a principle of Divine life and bread, he shall live an<1 the eternal happiness to all who shall faithfully refor evcr eeive me so that if any one eat of'this bread, in [^ s my êsh, spite of death and the grave, lie shall live for ever, which I will" give for And,iha.t you mav more distinctly conceive this the life of the world important truth, and see the propriety of this language, I add, That the bread which I will give to such a one, is my own flesh, which I will give as an atoning sacrificejfor the forfeited life d of the whole "world of Jews and Gentiles, of which every true believer shall partake.
'
d Which I will give for the life of the whole Moses did when he fed the whole camp of world, &c] There seems to be a beautiful Israel ; but our Lord declares the purposes gradation in this verse, compared with ver. of his grace and bounty to be far more ex31. They had insinuated that feeding afew tensive, as reaching the ivhole ivortd, and thousands with the Jive loaves was an incon- giving ife, immortal life, to all that should siderable thing, when compared with what believe in him.
His flesh
52
is
meat indeed, and his blood drink indeed.
45*3
the fetus, whose stupidity often occathem to mistake, and whose perverseto wrest h s wor d s did not, or How can tins man negs led them r and therefore us his flesh to .would not, understand him give each other, the generality of them contended with eat saying,' as if what he had said was to be taken in a literal sense, How can this man possibly
The Jews therestrove
But
fore
against sioneel themselves, saying,
"
sect. lxxx '-
John vl 52
give ns [his] flesh
to eat f
What
is
a monstrous
?
and
53 Then Jesus said
<
unintelligible doctrine
this
T/ien yems
replied in the
same
figurative 53
Syfray Sto language he had used before, and, without conto any farther explication, said to > on, 'Except ye eat descending the flesh of the Son them, However vou may censure it as unintelof man, and drink y.^ , j say unto j absu f d '. t J? jerU o
his
no
There is no truth more certain in itseir, for unless, by a and more important to you cordial dependence on the atonement I shall make, and by the powerful influences of Divine grace upon your hearts, you eat, as it were, the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his bloody yon have no principle of spiritual life in yen, and 54 Whoso eateth can have no c \ a m to eternal happiness. For mv flesh, anddnnkr r *i_ . thls 1S so important a part ot laith m me, that, oth my blood, hath
life in
blood, ve nave you.
vU
v'
you,
1f
54,
eternal life, and I to declare the necessity will raise him up at sucn an alteration of the last day. 4Q a Cj t /wt cafs
of
it,
may
say (with
^ He
my
.
former words, ver.
m y flesh, and drinks my

and I
blood, hath eternal life
meat
55 For my flesh is indeed, and
will most assuredly raise him up at the last day, and shew by his complete deliverance how just a confidence he has reposed in me amidst all the contempt
;
th yfafch
you
treat
indeed.
meat indeed, and
my
me . or nvf flesn is blood is drink indeed ,-s and

to his hearers, to
55
this
Tlie generality of them saying."] Had been the language of.all, there could
unknown
unwarrantable
have been no contention between them, chiefly referring nothing' can be more precarious than many which yet is expressly asserted. * Eat the flesh of the Son of man, and consequences which have been drawn drink his blood"] This phrase naturally ex- from it in that view, though some of them presses a lively and habitual regard to be authorized by very great names. Christ as the great support of the spiritual My Jlesh is meat indeed, and my blood is The mention of his Mood naturally life. leads to the thought of his atonement, as drink indeed.] It might more literally be we are elsewhere told. We haveredemp- rendered, Is truly meat, and is truly drink; tion through his blood (Eph. i. 7.) and bold- but the sense in which the word [indeed] nets to enter into the holiest by the blood of is often used, gives a kind of paraphrase im (Heb. x. 19.) JFhte sacrament of the on the words. Just in this sense, the true eucharist is plainly intended to affect OUT light is the most excellent light (John i. 9 ;) minds with a sense of these important the true vine is the most noble vine (John truths, and our hard might probably think xv. 1;) and the true bread is the most .Sec ftbpvej of that intended institution while he spoke excellent and nourishing bread. hut as this was a future thing, and utterly ver. 32. 3 I Vol. T.
:
it seems to me interpret this text as to that ordinance; and
454
sect,
lxxxi.
'
'
The breadfrom heaven
is
more
excellent than
manna.
nothing deserves the name so well, as nothing i s worthy of being called life in comparison of " that For this 56 He that eateth which is hereby supported. " feeding upon me is such, that he who thus eats my flesh, anddrinkg e blood,dwell-
mu flesh, and drinks mu J v-i

'
.
an intimate and inseparable union, a;z i abide imi in him h by the unalienable tokens of my favour / and love to nourish the Divine life in his soul 57 I say by the unalienable tokens of it for as 57 As the living the living Father, the great source of life, has Father hath sent me,
j
blood, abides in me bv 11 j T l-j eth in me, and
J^
1 111
1 1 sent me into the world, and I live fy the proJJ^. tection and care of the Father, 1 who is contin- eate th me, even he uallv dwelling in me, and communicating of shall live by me. his Spirit in the richest abundance to me ; so
.^ *!?^
j8
he that thus eateth me, even he shall live by me, through the Spirit which I will also commu- 58 This is that nicate to him. And if you attend to these im- b read which came down trom heaven ^ t i. portant t* hints that I have given, you may not as your fathers I meant, by saying as I did eat manna, and general know what have done, This is the bread that came do-am are dead he that from heaven; and by adding (ver. 49, 50,) that it is not in this case, as it was with your fathers, who did eat manna in the wilderness, and yet are dead^- without having found any efficacy in it to communicate a spiritual or secure an eternal life ; [but\ he that eats this
*.
.
J^J?^
bread, shall live for ever.

h Abides in me, and I in him-'] After he that qualifies Christ by Ids Spirit for the these words, the Cambridge manuscript, great work for which he sent him into the and one of Stephens's, add, As the Father world and he accordingly is elsewhere is in me, and I in the Father, verily, verily, represented as upholding him in it. Isa.xlii.l. J say unto you, Except ye receive the body of Compare John viii. 29, and xvi. 32. the Son of man as the bread of life, ye have k Not as your fathers did eat manna, and Dr. Mill (in his notes here) no life in you. This version of the words is seems to approve the addition ; but I think are dead. ] Dr. Whitby has so fully proved it to be spu- perfectly agreeable to the original a kBoc<; But I rious, that I centent myself with referring tqnyov 01 <-7egsc v/netv to juu.vvx. the reader to him (see his Ex amen Milli, should not perhaps have taken too great a (Cur. liberty, had I avoided the ellipsis in the p. 49,) and to Wolfius on this text. Greek, and ventured to reduce it to a Philol. Vol I. p. 865, 866.) I live by the protection and care of the plainer form, by rendering it, Not like that The human and derived nature manna which yourfathers did eat,and are dead. Father."] of Christ had, no doubt, the same depend- So Grotius has explained this passage ence on the providence and influence of and though it does not so exactly answer God thatothercreatures have and though to the Greek, and cannot pass for a literal Christ as Mediator has /j/e in himself (vis it translation, it plainly expresses the sense was said before, John v. 26, sect, xlvii,) of the place, and the words run more nat:
-
'
yet
was
it
given
him of the Father, and
it is
ural
ad easy.
See
Grotius, in loc.
Refections on the necessity offeeding on Christ by faith,
4^
IMPROVEMENT.
The hearers of Christ murmured, and perversely objected Let not ministers now wonder, if the like against his doctrine. capricious humour sometimes prompts their hearers to seek let them learn of their occasion of offence where there is none great Master in meekness to instruct those that oppose themselves, if God peradventure will give them repentance to the acknoxvledgOur Lord expressly ing of the truth ; (2 Tim. ii. 25.) asserts the necessity of being taught and drawn by the Father, in order to our knowing him, and coming to him. Let us there:
sect.
Ixxxi
41
^
45
44,
fore humbly seek these influences ourselves, and fix our dependence upon them in all our attempts upon others for their conversion and edification. Christ here gives us line upon line, and precept upon precept, 48, 51 to illustrate and enforce this important doctrine of the necessity 53, 54 of regarding him as the bread of life, and of feeding by faith on his fesh and blood, which he has given for the life of the -world. Let us, as we desire any part in his saving blessings, most thankfully receive hisfesh&s meat indeed, and his blood as drink indeed. May God be merciful to those that call themselves 55 Christians, and yet are strangers to such a believing intercourse with Christ, and to the derivation of spiritual life from him If this be enthusiasm, it is the enthusiasm of scripture ; and the 55 5? denial or forgetfulness of these important doctrines, is like a fatal palsy to the soul, which chills, as it were, all its nerves, and destroys at once its sensibility and vigour, its pleasure and
!
usefulness.
To represent and inculcate these great truths, our Lord afterwards instituted the sacrament of his supper, in which we not
his sufferings, but our own concern in them. language of every intelligent approach to it, that we acknowledge the life of our soids to depend on the merit of his This is eating atonement, and the communications of his grace. his flesh, and drinking his blood : may we be nourished by it to eternal life ! Then though this mortal part of our nature drop 58 into the dust, our souls ivill live and triumph nor shall our bodies finally perish, but be raised up by Christ in the great day to take their part in the fuWjoy of our Lord. There these intermediate ordinances shall cease, and copious uninterrupted streams of Divine teachings, and Divine infuences, shall sweetly flow in upon our ever improving, active, rejoicing
only
commemorate
It is the
minds
456
Many of his disciples
murihur at what Jesus had said.
SECT.
in a spiritual sense,
is
LXXXII.
to be
Christ having declared that theforegoing discourse ivas
taken
forsaken by many of his disciples ; and while the apostles assure him of their continuedfidelity , he intimates the treachery of Judas. John VI. 59, to the end.
John IV.
sect.
-*
59.
CT^HESE things, which had
been now deliv,
HPHESE
JoHN
V I.
59.
things
ered by our Lord, he spake before all sorts -* saifl ne in "* '" .i synagogue, as lie iri. ot hirers in the synagogue, as he xvas teaching ta ht John Caper . in vi .59 at Capernaum :* and, for wise reasons, he naum. involved a part of his discourse in figurative and mysterious language as in particular, that which related to eating his flesh, and drinking his blood. Many therefore of those who followed him 60 Many there 60 as his disciples, having heard \it,~\ said, This is f*ofhis disciples, L ,J J 6 ,' when they had , ,.jr ,. a difficult and strange discourse ; and who can ^ eax ^ t jlis sa ;j hear or understand it ? In its literal sense it This is an hard' who can is plainlv absurd, and we know not what other saying, interpretation to give it. 61 When Jesus' But, Jesus knowing in himself'that his disci61 j j J v *-*." *x: i. a j- j .knew in himself, pies murmured about it, though they did not that his disciple ^ speak out their objections and scruples, said murmured at it, he unto them, Does this which vou have just now SJud imto them, tl,is offbnd heard so much offend tjou P 'and do you stumble at it as incredible ? \JVhat] then if ye shall 62 62 What and if ye see the Son of man ascending up into heaven, shall see the Son of ascer><l up where he xvas before P b would you then under- m fn u where he was be* ,', stand what was meant by the bread ot hie fore coming down from thence, as the food of the world ? Or would you then believe that I came from heaven, notwithstanding the objection you have made as to the meanness of my c Thus our Lord intimated his 63 It is the spu--. 63 parentage ? intended ascension ; and in the mean time, as a key to his former discourse, he added, As
fa
,.
'
lriT
1 As he was teaching at Capernaum 3 Probably (as was hinted above, ver. 25, p. 444) the foregoing discourses were introduced after the reading of the law and prayer. We are not to wonder at the dialogue which passed here: there are many other instances of estates which
his appearing to him thus in vision was no more an argument of his being there at the
time of that appearance, than the appearance of the symbols of the Greek and Roman empires was an argument of their
existence at that time,
c Would you then believe that I came from heaven, isfc. ] What Christ here says of his ascension may be farther intended to intimate the necessity of taking
-
either Christ or his apostles had with the
Jews
cxvii.
b
in their synagogues.
See Mat.
10,
xii. 9,
jf seq. sect. 1.
Luke
Acts xiii. 44, seq. and xvii. 17. Ascending up into heaven, where he was his discourse in a figurative sense, as it very celebrated writer thinks would so soon be evidently impossible to before.'] this refers to the Son of man appear- eat his flesh, which was to be received ing to Daniel in the clouds of heaven : but into heaven-.
&
xiii.
isf seq.
sect,
He asks
if
the twelve
whether they
also
wouldforsake him.
457
that
qui, kcnctli, in
the
human frame
it is
ilie
tlcsli
:
profiteth
that quickens every part of
the indwelling Spirit sectand the flesh, lxxxu it

;
nothing
that
I
von
the words h exactly soever organized and adorned, r unto . - . . nothing, but is they zee spirit, separate from that, profits
if
speak
and
they are life.
insensible and inactive corpse ; xvords which I speak unto you are spirit, that is, they are to be taken in a spiritual sense, and then you will find they are life to your souls ;
Jolm an Vl gg so also the
whereas
(54
to take
them
in a literal sense,
would
64
;
It is Bui there are he most unprofitable and monstrous. some of yon that be- indeed strange that you should think of it but Ik ve not. For Jesus j k now there are some of you who believe not. J
an " would shelter your infidelity under these mean and disingenuous cavils. This he plainly not, and who should to \^ t lem or esm knew from the beginning, who they were that believed, and who did not ; and even knew the very person who it was that at last should so baselv betray him. And he farther said, For this reason I told you, 65 65 And he said, Therefore said Inn- ver . 44) that no man can come unto me, except ( to you, that no man Ai lather d because I know <> J ? can come unto me, except it were given thatthe prejudicesor corruptnature lies strongly unto him of my Fa- against such a doctrine as I publish, and that lnL r nothing but Divine grace will subdue them. From this time many who had borne the name 66 66 From thatf/we many of his disciples Q f hls disciples^ abusing and misrepresenting went back,and walkdelivered, as if it had been hat hfi had 7 ...... , edno more with him. either absurd or utterly unintelligible, 7i>ent back and -walked no more with him ; plainly perceiving that their true character was now discovered, as well as that their secular views were disappointed. 67 Then said JcJesus therefore said unto the twelve apostles, 67 16 tWelve m/l you also go away ? The multitude are gone, w^r* ? and will you also follow them, and leave me entirely alone ? Choose for yourselves for I de68 Then Simon sire not to detain you against your will. Then GH Peter answered Simon Peter, with his usual zeal, answered him, him, Lord, to whom T ,, ,. , r shall wc thou Lord, to whom should we go, it we were really hast the words of disposed to quit thee? or what advantage could eternal life. we expect by it ? Thou hast the words of eternal life, and hast even now been directing us in the way to it and God forbid that any other hopes
] .
knew iron) the beginning, who they were that believed
x'
..
j J
,-
'
'
'
Except
it
be riven
him of my
Father."}
and shews
To be drawn by
the Father (vcr. 44,) and to i arc faith given him by the Father, arc evir
dently synonymous terms 5 w hich plainly vindicates the interpretation given above.
how far the loose and general flosses of Dr. Clarke and Dr. Clagget are from expressing the true and determinate sense of our Lord's won! -
458
xxx "
Jie declares his knowledge of the treachery of Judas.
69 And we beviews should ever be preferred by us to However others mav be governed by eve f' 1ci are su re > these .j. l -ij that thou art that j j i , their carnal prejudices, and a deluded multi- Christ, the Son of John vi. 69 tude may treat thee with contempt, we firmly the living God. believe, and assuredly know, on the most convincing evidence, that thou art the Messiah, the Son of the living God; in which persuasion we
sect. ancj
are determined to hazard
all
in thy service,
even our lives to thee. 70 Jesus then answered them, Such a resolution 70 Jesus answered might reasonably be expected from vou all for them, Have not I have I not chosen you twelve to the honour of a ch sen you twelve, u t r and one of you is a ' peculiar intimacy with me, and to a station or êvil the most distinguished eminence and importance in the church ? e And yet I know, that one of you is a devil, and, under the influence of that malignant spirit of darkness, will turn my accuser and betrayer/ This he spake concerning J>/das Iscariot [the 71 He spake of 71 soil] of Simon ; for it was he who at that time Judas Iscariot, the began to harbour in his breast this execrable f on Sirn )n f01 ^ it was that should . , , j .v r , purpose, and had then thoughts of betraying De trav him beinhim,% though he was one of the twelve apostles, one of the twelve. and therefore under peculiar obligations to fidelity and duty.
and
to sacrifice
'
'
11
,
IMPROVEMENT.
Verse
We have, through the Divine goodness, been made acquainted 60 with those gospel truths, in their full evidence, and mutual connection, which were more obscurely hinted to those who attended on Christ's personal ministry may we therefore hearken to the spiritual sense of this sublime and excellent discourse And as 63 the credible account of his ascension into glory is now added to the
:
' Have I not chosen you twelve, iSfc-l I see not the least reason with Eisner to "xpunge the note of interrogation, and render it, / have not chosen you all which would entirely enervate the spirit of the following clause. f My accuser and betrayer.] According to Mr. Locke, our Lord intimates that this was the reason why he had not more plainly declared himself to be the Messiah, because he knew Judas would have accusedfiim of rebellion against the Romans (for so the word //aC&Aoc does sometimes signify a false accuser,- see 1 Tim. iii. 11 2 Tim. iii. 3j and Tit. ii. 3.) But I can see no proof that Judas, from the beginning, intended to betray Christ It is more proba;
ble he at first engaged with him in expecand finding tation of secular advantage
;
those views disappointed, he might now begin to form that detestable scheme which he afterwards executed. If this was the occasion on which lie first entertained the thought (as I think it probably might,) one would imagine that such an intimation of his secret wickedness must have struck him to the heart,
r
Had thoughts
nfiekktv
of betraying him.~\
The
properly, though not necessarily, import thus much and, I think, had not this been actually the case, Christ would not have said he is a devil, but rather that he would
ati/Jov iiret^S'iS'ovai,
;
words
may
become
one.
Reflections on the firmness of our adherence to Christ.

"rest, let
459
us receive the whole of his doctrine with the most hum- sect. earnestly entreating the influences of Divine lxxX11 grace, that we may not only be drawn to Christ, but be so firmly attached to his interest, that whoever else forsake him, we may r-Z never go axvaij. On the contrarv, may we rather collect an argu- c ment from their ingratitude and folly, more strenuously and fi7 more affectionately to adhere to him Indeed to whom shoiddwe go but to him ? He has thervords of eternal life. From him 68 therefore, in all lowly subjection of soul, may we learn those lessons on which our everlasting happiness depends May we never, like Judas, conceal a treacherous and disaf- 70 fected heart, under the specious appearance of piety and goodness ? This would be only imposing on ourselves; for his 64, 71 penetrating eye can never be deceived. May we approve the integrity of our souls in his sight, and repose an unlimited confible
submission
'
dence
in
him, as one
whom we believe and know
to be a Divine
69
Saviour, Christ the Son of the living God !
SECT.
LXXXIII.
Our Lord vindicates his disciples in neglecting the traditions of the Pharisees, and condemns those corrupt teachers for preferring such traditions to the precepts of the Divine law. Mat. XV 19. Mark VII. 113.
Mark
VII.
'
1.
MARK
VII.
1.
miracles which Jesus wrought, and sect. 1 gether unto which have been mentioned above, a be- lxxxiii iSs^d cert^Hng i:ep0r dat thC ensuin S Passover," gave a the scribes, whieli iarther alarm to the Jews, and especially to i [were of, and] came their established teachers; so that to obviate em the effect of them, and to Je prevent the success AT x v ol his ministry, there were then gathered unto Jesus the Pharisees, and some of the scribes,
came
to-
'THHEN
'"I"1
HE
~
^
[7
Tf
we re stated inhabitants of Jerusalem, [and] came [from thence] on purpose to watch, and
xvho
before related, is expressly determined(see John vi. 4, and the- note there, p 432' and compare chap. vii. 2.) But theaa! crossing the sea to Capernaum., when he but gelists do not exactly determine whether just before had fed the Jive thousand, and Christ did or did not attend it. If he did John determines the debates' in the fireced- not, we may conclude he had proper ,ng sections to that time, there can be no reasons for not doing it but to be sure reasonable doubt about placing- this section, such numerous and public miracles as he and severa more that are expressly con- had lately performed would be the subncctcd with it, in this order. jeet of a great deal of discourse at JcruAt the ensuing passover. ] That a salem. Compare John vii. 11, 12, and p.assover followed quickly after the events jp. 56.
'
V1 h ve been Tnentio,K tI ? w ."w both Matthew and Mark introduce the tallowing discourse immediately after lus
A As
"We]
460
The disciples are blamedfor eating with unzvashed hands.

him. And, as they look;
sect, if possible to insnare

ixx.Mu e(j
And when they

of
his
on a u
j-jjg
ac tions with a
most malignant eye, saw some
thev soon found an opportunity to cavil for dis<-iples eat bread seeing some of his disciples eat bread with what tTsay^khXasi! they counted polluted (that is, zvith unwashed) en) hands, they hands, they foundfault with them among them- found fault
selves.
sees,
.
For this was a favourite tenet of the Phari- 3 For the Pharion which they laid a particular stress, and sees, and all the
.
indeed almost all'the J Jevjs pav a considerable Jewf' except they . - .1 .1 washtheir handsoft, j t regard to it,< that they do not allow themselves eat not> hoWiTlg th < to eat without zvashing their hands often with tradition of the abundance of exactness,*1 and particularly just elders before their meals and this they observe, not in consequence of any express Divine command, but as holding the tradition of the elders, who thought this scrupulous care a decent expression and memorial of their concern to keep themselves free from whatsoever might pollute 4 them. And especially [when they come] from 4 And when t/iev the market, or any other place of public con- come from the markexcept they course, lest they should without their knowlet edge have touched any thing unclean, they eat JjJnot, till they have xvashed their hands at least, things there be, if not their whole body. And there are many which they have other things, besides the washing: of their hands, received to ,10 d as the washing of cups 1 1 */ / which they in like manner receive and maintain and pots, brazen vesby the authority of the same tradition, [as] the sels, and of tables. washing of cups and pots in which their food is put, and of the brazen vessels made use of in preparing it, and even of the very couches on which they lie at their meals. Then the Pharisees and scribes, after they had 5 Then the Phar5 censured the disciples of Christ among them- isees and scribes selves (as was observed before,) came to Jesus,
.
i 1
-
'
** f^g
.
}.
Almost
all the
it.]
Jews pay a considerTheir rabbles carried

;
able regard to
this to a
Gruy/un is
Washing their hands often."] The word ambiguous, being very seldom
most ridiculous height

neglect of
sin
them determining the

to be
one of used. Theophylact's gloss would incline washing one to render it, as L'Enfant does, up te
the elbows;
fist.
and Be za translates it, with the (See Godwyn's Moses and Aaron, better to die than to omit it. Many in- lib. i. cap. 10, p 39.) Not being able stances of this kind maybe seen in Dr certainly to determine the point, I thought Whitby and Dr. Hammond, in loc. and it sufficient to add in the paraphrase, with in Synag. Jud. cap. Buxtorf. xi. p. abundance of exactness. Camero, and Lud. It is plain that other nations Capellus (in loc.) explain it of holding up 236. commonly used to wash before their their hands closed while the water was meals. See Athenxus, p. 408, Edit. Ca- poured upon them and I have nothing t saub. 1675, and Eisner, Observ. Vol. I. object to the reasons they give for that
than
a greater
and another saying
it
whoredom; would be much
B-
73-.
interpretation.
Christ vindicates their neglect of human traditions.

asked him, Why walk not thy discipies accordingto the
461
2^cSS
i
for they] eat it, bread with tin wash- xva .shed hands ? e Can they he so ignorant as not en hamls? C Ma r are to know the traditions that forbid it ? Or they so profane as not to regard them.
-
and asked him, Why do not thy disciples waB and behave themselves according to the traai^^ f t^ e e ijrrs as other pious and regular Mapk o1 vn 5 b,:t tr * res& 3 in a veiT m J ews d material instance, for they eat with nnand
,
;
he
3. But answered and them, said unto
Mat. XV.
And he
a [ sQ tranSg ress what is infinitely more saout of SsgrtsCcom* crea, even the command of God himself, tramandment of God regard to your own vain and superstitious bv \our tradition dition ? And this in several instances you run
?
ay with
much
answering, said unto them, Nay, but I Mat; greater reason ask you, Why do xv. 3
Full well ye reject command the commandment tfuit you of God, that ye may
.
youfairly make void the of God, and render it insignificant, may observe your tradition ; though perhaps from whence it cons jder not .,' kfi-i> \our own tra. ,k,:,. /1 comes, or may easilv know that it was derived clltlon Mat. Mat XV. 4. For only from a fallible man. I will give you one xv ; God [by Moses] notorious instance of it, which you cannot discommanded, sayror vou wt \\ know that God has com)Ute mandefriy) Moses, saying, "Mnovr thyfatter precept written with his and, He that and thy mother :" ther
LM
m\ p Jvn 3?
to such a length, as that
feî:
:
curseth father or own finger cm the tables of stone, and guarded mother, let him die hoso curseth his/afuj sanction h the death. Mark { ; j m. * tlur, or his mother, let Inm surely die without VII. 10.]
-
mercy." (See Exod. xxi. 17 Lev. xx. 9 and compare Prov. xx. 20, and Deut. xxvii. 16.) Now for any one to suffer his parents to languish in want of the necessary supplies ol lite, must certainly be a yet more aggravated wickedness, than any impious word which may possibly escape a man's lips in a sudden transMauk VII. 11. port of passion/ But what you teach is contra- Mark and an un-yii.ll But>e say, Whoso- dictory to this Divine command
; ; ;
grateful child
lect of
they eat -with
is,
it,
justify himself in the negin consequence of your tradition

:
may
unwashed
hands.']
1
It
have lined the Hebraism, but did son* think it necessary always to do it. Every attentive reader must have observed that food in general is called bread in a multitude of places and bread is sometimes put even forthe provisions of a royal table, 2 Sam. ix. 7, 10, and xii. 20. 'In a sudden transport of passion.] Dr.
in
the original, eat bread; and
well observed, that is it probable a child must be in a transport of very imdutiful passion when he made the rash vow afterwards mentioned, that he would never in any instance relieve his parent, so that it was a kind of cursing him , but had it been said ever so coolly and deliberately, the
argument
taken
pi:
here
ce,
suggested would have and would have justified the
connection..
(in
his ffor.
tteb.
in
(oc.J
has
'Vol.
I.
462 The xvordxvas made of none

sect,
effect
through the elders' tradition.

to
for
you assert
[that]
anyone may say
his ever] shall say to his
Ixxdu father or mother, [Let that be] corban, that
\wy, let it be reckoned as a devoted ^^Tft/byVha? Mark be considered as a gift dedicated to the altar, 5 soe ver thou mightby which thou mightest otherwise receive advant- est be profited by e [and honour not age / from me* and he shall then be free from his t'lt ncr 01* Ins moo the command, and not be under any obligation ther,] he shall be to honour and relieve his father or his mother, free. [Mat. XV. 5, in this manner, out of regard to such a 6-~] _ to *& And And ye suffer rash and impious vow, you not only suppose he him no mo c t0 do may innocently omit this evident duty of nat- ought for his father ural as well as revealed religion, but will no or lus mother. Mat. more permit him to do any thing for the relief xv. 6 even of his father or his mother. Mat. XV. 6. And [thus] then it is evidently to be seen, according to the T lmrs havf yc made the rwoi-claMJjcomi cnarge which 1 advanced against you, that, mandment f God none effect through a gross and impious superstition, you of have even invalidated the zvord [and'] as it were, [through your traannihilated the command of God, by means of have delivered: and your tradition, xvhich you have delivered as a many such like do ye. rule of life to be observed with the most scru- things ARK * pulous exactness and it were easy to be shewn, *
>
'
is to father or mother, it is corban, that is to thing, or say, a gift, by what-
,12
j,
i-iti
'
in other instances, that
many
such
like
things
you
?-
do.
say,
[Let that be~] corban, if so, they should be rendered, I swear by So I choose with Els- corban, or the sacred treasury, thou shalt receive no benefit from me. But as both the tier fObserv. Vol. I. p. 74) to render the words in Matthew, as n tinti, though, I evangelists insert the particle o, which in But I this construction has no force, I cannot confess, not without some doubt. think it is best to leave as little as possible wholly approve this version, and therefore Perhaps some of these to be suppVei in order to make up the did not insert it. sense and on that principle I should pre- pretended vows of theirs amounted to n fer the addition in our own translation of more than an obligation to leave some pro-
Any one may

is to
that
say; a gif.~]
this place, he shall be free, to that
which portion of the overplus of their estates
to
Norton Knatchbull proposes, who the temple treasury after their death, would render it, Ybusay, [a man honours his which might in a thousand instances be parents,'] if he say it is corban, isfc. thus sup- made the cloak of avarice and cruelty, posing the passage to imply a repetition The indeterminate manner of speaking, it From the verse before. But such a con- must be owned, would lead to such a supSir
Capellus with immense labour struction seems to me quite unparalleled, position. and very unnatural. Grotius makes n, (and, I think, beyond all farther controredundant, and would render it, You teach, versy) has asserted the interpretation of that whosaever shall say to his father or mo- this text as given in the paraphrase,- and let him not honour his has produced a vast variety of passages ther, It is a gift, 'Cfc. father and mother : but in the way that I from the Talmud, to shew the superstihave rendered it, the sense is in effect the tious regard the Jews had to such rash same, and the common sense of xst/ is re- and unnatural vows, as well as the riditamed. Some considerable critics, parti- culous ways they sometimes took to evade cularlv Drusius (de Tribus Scctis, lib. ii. them. See Lud. Capell. in Mat. xv. 5. Advantage from me. Sir Norton cap. 17,) and Godxvvn f Moses and Aaron, lib. Knatchbull would render s ejux, of my vi. cap. 6,) give a very elegant turn to the following words, Ja>ov o s*v i* $(/.& axj>eA)t&;, substance, or possession but had this been and would suppose them to be an oath ex- the exact rendering, it would have been pressed in the elliptical manner, which sx. tk sk, of which instance's occur "h Greek authors. was very common among the Hebrews
'
~\
They taught doctrines that were only human

7 Ye hypocrites,
well
,
injunctions'
463
sect.
*
Yet these are the things
in
Esaius pride yourselves, did prophesy of you,
as proofs of
which you vainly your religion
XXX1 ' 1
.saving-,
is [is it written,] [Mark VII. 6]
hupocritcs, well did Isaiah prophesy ' ' -'I ' y of such as you, and very fatly may those words which he delivers in the name of God be appli-
11
"
Miit.
^v
ed
to you,
tious
8
where he is saying of the superstiJews of his own time, what may be eviit is
dently seen to agree to you, (as
written,
people Isa. xxix. 13.) " This people draweth near to 8 This cth nigh unto j honoureth me with jx mg wi(/l thc j.r me .. their , . with r their lips ; they make a pompous profession, mouth, and honourdevotion and eth me with their and pretend to a great deal of
mmt
am
lips
but their heart
p le ty
**
but
it
plainly appears, that their heart
ntlARK Vll^ ^51
Mark
VII.
7.
Notwithstand- Mark ar tgtranSee^ rom e." ing all your talk, then, of strictness in religion vlI -
manduients of men. (as
it is
added
there,)
" In vain do
the?/
worship
[Mat. XV.
or lessons [that are] merely human inventions and injuncbeing only the precepts of men, that tions, have no stamp of the Divine authority upon them," which yet they would insist upon as necessary parts of religion, and would impose 8 For, laying- aside them on the consciences of others. And this s the commandment as j h ave s ^l( \\ vou may be charged with, not ( of God, vc hold the > i I i r in one sin Sle "Stance only, but in many for, tradition of men, as the washing of pots leaving the commandment oj"God, you maintain the and cups and many tradition of men, [relating to] the washing ofpots llke s " ch and cups : and many other such like things you do, tu!n^. with a zeal by no means required, and on which at best you lay a very disproportionate stress.
^
9.]
me
xv ]x \lc they teach doctrines
..
IMPROVEMENT.
How miserable is the case of those who, while they earnestly Mat. contend for the forms of Divine worship, are losing both the xv 9
'
man
While they teach doctrines that are Jiu- which the evangelist here follows, the injunctions. ~\ So I render iWctcrx sv7:c sense of which is much the same with
rflxh/juLl*.
#t$tur%&xuLt
avS-fcvru'v.
The what we
1.3,
words seem
to allude to Isaiah xxix.
where, though the present Hebrew copies read the text to our translation of the (as Bishop Hopkins contends) a doctrine of place, Their fear toward;; me it taught by faith ; and that the purpose to which our eceptofmen, Grotius has shewn how Lord here applies it, plainly shews that small variation in the original might it must refer to ritual injunctions. Sec version of theirs, Bishop Hopkins's Works, p. 150, 151.
i
retain in that place. I would only ohserve farther, that fifcta-mtux. in general signifies any lesson, and not merely
464
Reflections on a zealfor imposing
human
inventions..
sect, improvement and reward which might be expected from a lxxxm re U l ar attendance upon it This is the case of all who draw g "~~ near to God with their lips, while their hearts are far from him. May we abhor the vanity of such hypocritical behaviour in the 8 presence of Him who searches the heart and tries the reins of
!
the children
S,
of men. Let us learn from
this
just
se1'
Lord passes on these superstitious Pharisees, to avoid he condemns in them. It much less becomes us as
and especiallv
as protcstants,
to
and severe sentence which our the temper

Christians,
impose on our brethren with rigorous severitv those doctrinal decisions, or those ritual observances, which have not their express foundation in the word of God, to which we so constantly appeal as to our common rule. Happy had it been for the church in all ages and nations, had men exerted that zeal for the truths and the institutions of God in the beauty and glorv of their native simplicity, which has carried them on to defend and propagate their own inventions, till religion itself has almost sunk under the weight of the ornaments in which thev have dressed it, and the unwieldy armour which thev have hung about it Let children learn from the command which Christ has vindi6 cated, to honour their parents by a tender care of them in their declining davs remembering, that as no filial duty and gratitude can ever fullv repay our obligations to such friends, so an affectionate regard to th is a proper and necessary expression of our filial piety to the great Father of our spirits. Justly may he esteem his temples profaned, rather than adorned, by the most c< stly gifts, which are the spoils of nature, and the trophies of inhumanity.
!
SECT.
VII. 1423.
sect.
Ixxxiv
LXXXIV.
Mat. XV. 10
Christ pursues his discourse against the Pharisees,

the necessity of"inward purity.
and
inculcates
20.
Mark
__
Mark
rii.14
VII. 14. had thus condemned JJ>| the Pharisees to their face, for the unwar,..-.. ,, j nm tuble strcs the >' laid on their vam and P re "
VTOW when our Lord

ii-i
.
MARK
Mark VII. 14. A ND when he

called al! |"f the people unto him, he said unto them,
f*
carious traditions, he took this opportunity to Hearken unto me undeceive the people, and to let them see how every one of you,
insignificant this outward which the Pharisees insisted
strictness
;
was on and having called
all the multitude together to him, he pursued his discourse, and said to them, Let me, charge every one of you attentively to hearken to me in what
What goes
and
understand. I
10.]
into the
mouth does not

give
all
defile
a man.
465
sect. lxxx iv
"~
vii
[Mat. XV.
now deliver, "and mav understand it

;
out of regard to
15 There is nothing from without # man, that, entering into him, can defile that [not him; v hich goeth into lUth.j hut the
you want of doing it, vour admired teachers, you

diligence that
lest for
.
~
14
impose on vour own

greatest importance.
pollute
i souls in a matter ol the
JVlaric
There
-
him in the sight ot God it is not, 1 say, that which is originally from without, and goes a but intQ the mouth t Klt renclers him polluted ... +i ^ e things xvhich come out ojr a man are those thing-s which come out of him, those that actually defile him [even] that which comes are they that defile And I would have you to 16 out f [his]' mouth.
: i
;
,
.
....
is nothing which without that can reallv l5
remember them therefew important words [Mat. XV. 11.] and if any one of you fore, and think of them 16 If any man to hear, and a heart to consider, let have cars to hear, i htm hear these things, and reflect seriously let him hear. upon them. 17 And, when he And when he was come into the house apart 17 was entered into the r yom the multitude, his disciples came to nim, house from the peo-*' ,. r 7 asked /urn pie, his disciples according to their usual custom, land]
of
the
"J, ^rve, ^
mouth.]
, .
that
much
is
:
comprehended
;
in these
in
?-\
[came, and] asked concerning the meaning of this parable, or senhim concerning the tentious, and to them obscure, saying. And they Mat. parable; [Mat. xvJ2 ]jj cewise gai(j fQ him at tnc same t j me ^ KnOWe'st thou, and art thou sufficiently aware of it, that 12. Mat. XV. And say unto him, the Pharisees, who heard this saying, zverehighly Knowest thou that fc m/ec/. xt it as wnat appears to strike directly j i the Pharisees were dl both at the offended, after they (as they represent the matter) heard this saving?' authority of the oral and of the written law ? 13 But he answerBut he answered and said, As for their dis- 13 ed and saul, Every pleasure, I am very little concerned about it,
Father nor sna ^ * ever labour to ingratiate myself with heavenly' planted persons of their character : for I consider them hath not shall be rooted up. and f men doomed to destruction as a set
:
"C
indeed every plantation which my heavenly Father has not planted, and every thing in religion, which, like the vain traditions they advance, is not founded in Divine institution, but human invention, shall sooner or later be rooted up, and cast out of the vineyard, as an incumbrance to
into the mouth, &c] eating what was forbidden by the Moaai\ very true a man may bring law, which still continued in force yet in the pollution would all these instances fiiilt "upon himself by eating what is pernicions to his health, or by exeminthe arise from the wickedness of the heart, and quantity of food and liquor; and a Jew be just proportionable toil; which
a
Not that which goes

it is
Though
have done
it
by presumptuously our Lord asserts.
4-66
Christ explains this saying, by shelving
sect.
Ixxxiv
^~
.w. 14
Let them alone, and do not trouble or con- 14 Let them alone cern yourselves about their censures; they are they be blind leaders blind guides of the blind populace, that implicitly J,* blind li? the
it.
:
commit themselves to their conduct and it is blind, both shall fali very easy to foresee the consequence ; for, if into the ditch. the blind shall undertake to lead the blind, they will both fall into a ditch together, and incumber instead of helping each other (compare Luke vi. 39, p. 303 ;) and so will these perverse Pharisees, and their careless followers,perish together. 15 But Peter answering said unto him, We would 15 Then answereddesire thee, however, to explain more clearly to &eter,apii,Brid unto him, Declare unt .-. ,, ^ > us what is the meaning oi tins parable which us ^-l5 parable, they are so much offended at for even we
, . .
. .
.
_,
ourselves are at a loss to reconcile it, not only with the Pharisaic traditions, but with the injunctions of the law of God, which hath so expresslv injoined a difference of meats. .Mark And jfesus said to them. Are you likewise still Mark VII. 18. VUm 18 so void of understanding, as not to apprehend And [Jesus said] tothem, Are ye the sense of what I said ? bv which you might a so ve tJ so with" ., , i i t j-j i have easily perceived that 1 did not intend out understanding immediately to supersede any precept of the Dove not [yet] perceive that whatsolaw relating to the distinction of clean and everthingtromwith-^ -i i r j but only to declare that it is the out cntei* th int0 tlie food u unclean temper of the mind which God regards, and man, it cannot defile that no external accident separate from this ,lim ? [Mat. XV. ~* ' and, after can render a man offensive to him all the instructions I have given you, do you not yet perceive that it must needs be so, that zvhatsoever enters from without into a man cannot 19 defile him f And that for this obvious reason, 19 Because [wbat
'
l
>
*.
a.
'
because whatsoever enters in at the mouth enters ... vot into his heart, or mind, in which sin or holiness is seated, and which alone is capable of moral excellence or pollution but eves into the 7 77 ^t! i i v. i helly,and, passing through the bowels, by the course of natural digestion and evacuation, is
...
;
...i
....
..!,.
socvcr entereth u> at the mouth J enter.eth not Jn to h ls heart but [goeth] int0 the belly, and lis cast out I into the \ rging dl meats. [Mat. XV.
-
^^
throzvn off into the vault, a place which cleanses, as it were, and carries off the grosser dregs ot all the food that a man eats. 20 And he said, But, said he, It is indeed that which comes out That which cometh
17.]
of a man thai really dfiesa man, and makes him

sinful in the sight ol
originally pro- those thillg s w hi c h ceeds from within : [foi~] the things proceeding proceed out of the for c me forth J from the heart; and out of the mouth come J J trom the heart, and , .1 , w j man, as they tiney defile theraan.] these are they that actually defile a must thus be tainted with a great deal of [Mat. XV. 1#3
as
it
.
God,
SSfiSSSS-gg
that the evils from within are
what
defile
a man.
46t
in,
of men, proceed evil adulterthoughts,

ies,
21 For from with- moral guilt and malignitv. For from out of the heart out f t h e heart of men, proceed all such
i
fornications,
xvithm, seci. corrupt lxxxU .1 L c and evd reasonings* as those of î. til. the Pharisees which you have now been hearing, and all those '.^j
^^
[Mat. selfinvented sophisms which exclude wisdom at the first entrance and from hence also proceed adulteries and fornications, and all sorts of sensuality and uncleanness all acts of vio22 [Thefts, covet- lence, and murders ; And thefts, and insatiable $g wicked- des i res an(J malevolent affections of inhumanity ousness, ness,[lalsewitness,l ^v , an " cruelt V to mankind the injuries arising lasciviousdeceit ness, an evil eye, from false rvi tnessings, and deceit; the vile abompnde, inations of lasciviousness and intemperance blasphemy, ; S AT an evd env *ous g rua< ging e y e an( tnat odious 191 Xv' temper which discovers itself bv such a look (compare Prov. xxiii. 6 xxviii. 22 and xxii. 9;) the horrid outrages of blasphemy, and pride; and, in a word, all kind of folly. c wild imaginations, ungoverned passions, and many other All these evils, and many 23 23 All these evil moral irregularities. things come from more which I might mention, come from withwithuv-and [these and these are the things which do indeed are the things ,. which] defile the pollute a man, and render him an object odious man [but u> eat to the infinite purity of the Divine nature but vltll unwashen tne oare undesigned violation of a ceremonial ? hands dchleth not a JT, and much more evident man.] [Mat. XV. P rece pt cannot do it it is, that to eat with unwashed hands, which lias no moral impurity in it, and no authority
murders,
J
;
; ,
1
'
'
->
-l
but a vain tradition to forbid it, does not, and cannot, defile a man : and it must have a very
bad tendency
to teach people to place religion

it.
in things so entirely foreign to
IMPROVEMENT.
May
issues
b
over our
we be all taught of God to maintain a constant watch My own hearts, as remembering that from thence are the xv. n of life, and from thence the sources of sin and death !
and sophistical reasonings, on the subtlety
of which they
c
Corrupt wndevil reasonings, o< ifwwto. I choose to render it 01 x<*o/.] evil reasonings, rather than merely evil thoughts, as Better suiting both the original and the occasion, and as containing a more universal and important truth for those thoughts only dtjile the heart, which it willingly admits, and docs, as it were, hold a parley and converse with. And, I fear, there are multitudes in the present
yi<ruoi
; 1
may highly selves and eacli other.

et<ppiruvn here,
value thera-
All kind offolly."] I apprehend that stands directly opposed to
ao>$fi<ruvh,
or sobriety of thought und diecourse; and therefore does particularly signify the wild sallies of the imagination,
and extravagant passions and appetites, and consequently must include a great age, like these Pharisees, who are con- many immoralities not touched on in the ranting immense guilt by those corrupt preceding enumeration
468
sect.
Reflections on the necessity of inward purity.
All the secret motions and sentiments of them Divine examination and inspection. There then " may we begin our cares, to purify ourselves from all Jilthiness both of the flesh and spirit, as ever we would perfect holiness in the fear of God. (2 Cor. vii. 1.) see what secret abominations our Lord has here discoverMat. xv. 19 ecl ancl marked out. It is a matter of much lamentation, that our corrupted nature abounds with such poisonous productions : let us earnestly pray that they may be rooted out by Divine grace, lest we ourselves be rooted out of God's vineyard, as at once incumbering and deforming it May the blessed Spirit of God create in us a clean heart, and Mark ^vn. implant in our souls a temper opposite to all these enormities ! ~ May candour and purity, integrity and tenderness, piety and generosity, humility and wisdom, prevail in our hearts, and shine in our conduct And, in a word, whatsoever things are true and honest, just and pure, lovely and of good report, if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, let us think on these things, and practise them (Phil. iv. 8.) Let those who are employed to guide others be especially Mat. xv. 14 solicitous to knoxv and pursue the right way themselves lest, instead of saving themselves, and those that hear them, they both of them at last perish together. We are in danger of it if, like these Pharisees, we inculcate on our hearers a zeal for the circumstantials and appendages of religion, while its essentials are neglected and perhaps some of the greatest enormities of the mind are consecrated under an honourable name, and profanely listed under the banner of the God of holiness and love.
iv.
(Prov.
23.)
t | ie
Ixxmv
are Qp en to
We
'
SECT. LXXXV.
'Jesus
withdraws to the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, and there expels a demon from the daughter of a Canaanitish woman ; and afterwards, in his return to Galilee, cures a man who was deaf and had an impediment in his speech. Mat. XV. 21 29. Mark VII. 24, to the end.
sect.
lxxxv. -tl
V
1:U
^
'
from t ne place where these invidious ene- "^ [Jesus] arose, * anti [ili'iurledl m. f ii i mies were continually lying in wait lor him, to t0 t ]ie k or( crs [or the borders [or] coasts of Tyre and Sidon : ami, coasts] ot* Tyre and when he was come into those parts, he entered Svdon, and enter.. .! ;7 c d into an house, 7 into a house as privately as lie could, and would ancl woujd h ave no have had no one know [it] that he was there man know it ; but but he had so many byes upon him wherever
.
AN D
VII. 24. jfesus arose from thence,

i
MARK
Mark
andWithdrew
VII. 24.
A
-
NDframthence
iii
A woman
lie
of Canaan begs help of Jesus for her daughter.
469
could not be hid.

21.]
he went, that he could not long be concealed in SECT

that retirement.
[Mat. XV.
25 For
a
woman
[behold, of Canaan
.-oasts,]
Yea, an occurrence quickly happened, that Mark S p reaci t h e fame of his arrival there through all vu.25 for behold, a Canaanitish whose the neighbourhood
:
young daughter had

an
woman came
out oj'those coasts ,to
whom, though
unclean spirit, an a ii en from the commonwealth of Israel, he , heard of him, and ,. , , j ,. goodness in a very came, [and cried displayed his power and this was one whose unto him, saying, remarkable manner. Have mercy on me, young daughter, for she had a most tender Lord, thou Son of a ffect i on was possessed by an unclean and malip-David; mv daughter /. i i i threw her into violent is grievously vexed nant spirit, which oiten
Now
whom
withadevil.j[MAT. agonies : and, as the fame of Jesus, and of the -^ 22 J miracles that he had wrought, was known in all
those parts, the afflicted mother was no sooner told of his arrival, but, having now an expectation of relief from the great things she had heard of him, she came immediately to the place where he was, and cried unto him at some distance with the most humble importunity, saying, Have mercy upon me, Lord, thou Son a of David ; consider mv distressed case, and extend thy compassion to me, though a stranfor my poor unhappy daughter is grievger ously tormented by a cruel demon, that delights in the misery of my child ; and I well know that thou art able to cure her. 26 (The woman it is here to be observed as somewhat 2G jy Ck Sy a singular,that (as we just now hinted)^- woman by na". i, enKân P tion ) and she be- was not a Jew, but a Greek, a native of Syr osought him that he phttnicia* or of that tract of Canaan in which would cast forth the th ^ therefore, though she thus now were her devil out oi earnestly besought him to cast out the demon daughter. from her daughter, and the case seemed so compassionable, our Lord thought it proper not to take such immediate notice of it as Mat. XV. 23. But he had commonly done in the like instances; Mat. he answered her not But turn np from her, as if he were regard- xv 23 a word. And his , c , , , disciples came, and less oi ner case * he ansruered her not a word. besought him, say- And his disciples came to him on the occasion, ing, Send her away, and entreated him, saying, Dismiss her with the
;
'
O Lord, thou Son of David.'] Some have it as a title of respect without thoroughly argued from this expression that she was understanding its meaning. b A native a. proselyte ; but perhaps she might have of Syrophanicia.'] This part of learned it from some of the Jews (cither Phoenicia was so called, as it had beer immediately or by report,) and might use formerly conquered by the Syrians.
;i
Vol.
I.
3 l
470
Her
importunity andfaith.
:
sect, grant of her request for she is so overwhelm- for she lxxw. e j w ith her affliction, that she crieth after us u wherever she sees us c and not only gives us
;
crieth after
xv23 trouble, but ~

'"
make thy abode here more public than thou wouldest have it. But he replying mid, I am not sent, but to seek and recover the lost sheep of the house of Israel, and ' ", J ,. am charged with no immediate message to the Gentile nations, to whom you all know this
is
like to
24 But beans wered unci said, I am

but " ot 8e , lost sheep ot the the , f\ house of Israel.
x l
'
woman
25
,
.
belongs.
25
feet,]
Then, perceiving her case was the subject of

their discourse, she 7
y
.
Then came
fell at his
at lusjeet in \ him, saving, worshipped him, saying; Lord, I beseech thee Lord, help me. to help me, though a stranger for surely none [Ma.hk VII 25] ever needed thy help more. Mark J^ u f Jesus said to her (vet farther to exercise Mark VII. 27. vu 27 and illustrate her faith,) Let the Jews, the But Jesus said unto Let children in God's family, first he satisfied ; for JjJ it is not proper to take the children's bread, and for it is not meet to throxv it to the dogs ; and such you know that take the chddren's you Gentiles are commonly deemed by our bread, and to cast tt oS nation, on account of those impurities and r' M vT xv 26"l abominations that prevail among you. And she replied and said to him, True, Lord, 2S And she an28 swer d am* said it would not be fit to put both on a level ; yet f unto him, [Truth, Ti even the clogs under their master s table are Lor(j yet Lt]ie do ^ allowed to eat the children s crumbs xvhich fall under the table eat from it : d may I not then humblv hope, that, of thc children's J ' .i crumbs [which fall t j unworthy as I am, I may also receive some from master g fragments of that mercy which is so liberally table.] [Mat. XV. bestowed on the Jews, and may have been in 27.] some instances wantonly abused : Mat. XV. 28. Mat. Thenfesus answering said unto her, Oxvoman,
"
came nearer, andJ fell down a most importunate manner, and

;
she, [and
and worship-
'
ê^'
'
i^)i
^
:
xv. 28
great
fa thii
faith
and
it
was
my
design to
ilius-
Then Jesus answer^cl 'inci siicl
trate, rather
for
this
than to overbear it; now therefore, q \vomai1 great is lively saying, which argues so much thy faith [fortius
unto
l\ci*
c For she criet/i after us wherever she from some distance, and then drew near and sees us.] As Mark tells us Chri&t was enter- threw herself at his feet. Compare Mat. :tnd that the application of xv. 25, and Mark vii. 25. ed into a house, Tine, Lord, yet the dogs, 5*c] Both this woman to him prevented his beingconcealed as he desired to have been-; it Matthew and Mark use the word vxi, should seem that she, having learned that which we have rendered in the former Jesus was there, watched for the. disciples Truth, and in the laiter, Yes. It is someas they went in and out and, iiai ihg aied times a form of assenting, and sometimes of Compare Philem. ver. 20, and after them some time, she at lehgth got entreating. admittance into the house and, with the see Blacktuall's Sacred Classics, vol. I. p. profoundest respect, accosted him at first l4o.
''
;
Christ cures one that
was deaf and almost dumb.
4>T1
kindest sect. saying po thy way, humility and piety, #0 thy way with the " and] be it unto thfee answer thou conldcst wish, [and] be it unto thee
Tor the demon is already xv>3g outofthydauglife"] plislicd in all its extent, And her daughter (rone out oj thy daughter, and 1 assure thee that was made whole he sha u torment her no more. And accordingly
'
fT"
lis
'<m.-
even ]usi as thou wilt: thy desire shall he accom- M&t
rSi^VS^J.]
Mark
And,
'"
l,
*'
VII. 30. when she was

";
isc
':
i'"'' found the de\il eone out, and her
her da "S' ,lter was cured from that very hour. And, returning back to her house, fully persuaded Mark ulo f tne accomplishment of what Jesus had told her, she found the demon was gme out, and her
,
daughter was lying on the bed composed and daughter laid upon quiet, which of late she had very seldom heen. the bed. ^ j n(j'.Jems afterthis departed'again\from thence, Mat. XV 29 And* [again]' Je- cven j rom thc eoasts f TU re and S*don, ond sua departed from came near to the sea of Galilee, passing through
, , ,
'
'
thence
[from
the
om vhen SBSfS-JS " * 'f brought multitudes to "* ftme follow rum the of had formerly
seV eral places
in his
way
that lav in the midst of

:
D "'if*>
'
";
nigh unto
sea
Galilee [through sce Mat. iv. 25, note \ sect. SO :) and on a cer( the midst of the t j n c[a 7 ; n h ; s ourne y }ie wen t ill) to the top of coasts ot Decapo, .i if *. lis,] and went up a mountain, and sat down there, to rest himself,
j ,
into a mountain, and sat down there.
[Mark
VII. 31.]
VII. 32. And they bring unto tJ lum one that was deaf, and had an so
:
Mark
and to teach the people, who in great multitudes rcs0 rted to him to attend upon his preaching, brought thcir sick to be healcd b y him. And, among many other diseased persons, Mark
^
,
brought him one who was very deaf, and had d j. i u . u great an impediment in ms speech that he was impediment in his almost dumb too and, making known his case speech and they be- to f es us, they besought him that he would laii his '? seech him toput/i , th " hand nP on hvn i as he u ad " one in man v ..v. ^ r hand upon him. cases, making no doubt that he would upon this be perfectly restored to his hearing and speech.
'
. ,
vii -
32
,.
"
..l
33
And
he took
him
aside from the multitude, and put his lingers into his
ears.andhe spit, and tquchedhis tongue

:
And, taking him aside from the multitude, which. 33 was very numerous, he put his fingers into his w here there was a great,.obstruction, which . ... hindered him from hearing distinctly and,spitting on his finger, he touched his tongue: 6 And,
, ,
.
,-
<
He put
his fingers into his ears, and, spit-
ting, touched hit tongue-]
If any should ask,
our Lord used these actions, when a word alone would have been sufficient and such means (if the y may be called means J
;
Why
ner, that we are not to pretend to enter into the reasons of all his actions and that, where we are sure that any observance
;
whatever is appointed by him, we are humbly to submit to it, though we cannot could in themselves do nothing at all to see why it was preferred to othi rs which answer the end I frankly confess / can- our imagination might suggest. HiidChrisPs not tell, nor am I at all concerned to know, patients, like Naaman (2 Kings v. 11, 12,) Yet I am ready to imagine it might be been too nice in their exceptions on these intended to intimate, in a very lively man- occasions, I fear they would have lost
>
472
Reflections on Christ's treatment of the
woman
of Canaan.
sxct. looking lib, as to his Father in heaven, he groaned, 34 And, looking Ixxxv to icen of his earnest desire that these disor- U P t0 heaven, he
ders might be removed ; and the* said unto him, v ii.34 as with a voice of Divine authority, Ephphatha ; that is, Be opened. 5 35 that is, Be opened. And immediately the word 4 lld stI !lt way h is had its effect and his ears ivere accordingly opened, earf w '' e and the , i i i opened, and the string oj his tongue, which had string of his tongue hindered it from moving freely, was loosed, and was loosed, and he he spoke distinctly and in an articulate manner, s P ake P lain
->
'
^ Wî
;ti
which from
his birth he
36 And he charged'the C( i t hem that they were near, that they should tell no one of it but, should tell no man the more he charged them to conceal it, the niore but the more lie they were charmed with his modesty and humil- mucfPthe niore^ ity, and consequently so much the more abund- great deal they pub;
:
had never done before. man himself, and them that
37 antly did they proclaim [the cure :] And all they lished it, A were be3 who heard of it rvere struck with exceeding vond measure aston^ tt it astonishment, and said, He has done all things i SD ed, saving, He well, and performed the most extraordinary hath done all things maketl1 ,,e cures in the most amiable and graceful man- wel1 both the deaf to ? j ner making, in this and many other instances, ]icar an(1 t ie dumb both the deaf to hear and the dumb to speak. to speak.
.
IMPROVEMENT.
Mat. xv. 23
If there be any thing in the whole history of our Lord which might have a tendency to discourage and terrify the humble penitent, it would surely be his treatment of this poor Canaanitish woman, when she made so humble and so affectionate an applica04 tion to him first keeping silence ; then intimating in words a coldness, not to say an aversion ; and at last representing her but Surely such an answer had câ as a dog in comparison of the fews. almost broke her heart, had it not been secretly supported by
;
seemed so unkind. Happy are they her (who, though a Gentile, did in this instance approve herself a true daughter of Abraham,) can against hope believe in Happy they who can thus extract arguhope ! (Rom. iv. 18.) lg?nents even from discouragements / f They will finally conquer and triumph, as this pious woman did ; and the honours of their faith will be commemorated even by Christ himself,
his grace, while his conduct
that, like
which I refer the reader with pleasure; ; and the indulgence of a curious or a petulent mind would have been but a and take this opportunity of observing that (allowing something for the peculiarpoor equivalent for such a loss ities of the age in which he lived) I have f Happy are they, &c-3 The pious, met mthno devotional writings on the historluoderate, and eloquent Bishop Hall, has ical part of scripture which have generally a fine contemplation on this subject, to given me so much entertainment as h>their cure
Many
who soon
her of
all
lame, blind,
fcfc.
are brought
to
Jesus, and healed,
473
the applause he bestows

that she
indulges the overflowing tenderness of his heart in sect. upon her, and the ample grant he makes lxxxv.
asked
in its
utmost extent.
story of the deaf man, whose ears were opened and his Mark tongue loosed, is one additional instance, among many more, of vii.32 He retired from the * e? Christ's humility, as well as of his power.
"
The
admiring multitude ; he used means when he could easily have wrought without them he solemnly addressed his heavenly Father, virtually acknowledging, while he looked up to heaven, that as man he derived his miraculous power from above ; and he was so far superior to the sentiments of vanity, that he commanded men to conceal the most glorious and benevolent actions. May all his followers, and especially his ministers, learn of him who was thus meek and lowly ! (Mat. xi. 29) neither acting as in their ozun strength, when they attempt a spiritual cure ; nor proclaimThen will ing their own praises when they have effected it. they likewise do all things ivell ; and there will be that beauty in the manner, which no wise man would entirely neglect, even in those actions which are in themselves most excellent
;
33 34
36
37
and great.
SECT. LXXXVI.
Our Lord, after many amazing miracles, feeds above four thousand with seven loaves and a few small fishes ; and then goes over to Dalmanutha. Mat X V. 30, to the end. Mark VIII.
110.
AND
unto with
that blind,
ers,
feet,
Mat. XV.
titudes
30.
great mul-
came
having
him,
them those wenlame, dumb, maim-
which he went up (Mat. xv. 29,) there j .i_ j r u camr t0 htm * besl 4 es he deaf man of whom we Mat have just been speaking, great, multitudes, hav- xv. 30 \ng brought along with them persons who were
to
.
-^ iUn
A ND
Mat. XV.
>.
i
30.
Vl
while Jesus was seated on the mount- SEe * '.
<;
and cast them

at
down
Jesus's
and he healed
31 Insomuch that the multitude wondered, when they

speafc io be
, Qr maimedhy the loss j Qr f a limb, and many others \x\\o had different complaints and they cast them at the feet of yestts, entreating his compassion, which failed not to operate on such occasions, and he healed îem a U And so many and various were the 31 displays of his miraculous power in the cures ne wrought, that the whole multitude was per-
fa
^.
the maimed' whole, the
i )J
amazed when they beheld the dumb speakthe praises of God and of their great Deliverer the maimed made xvholc by the recovery of hands and arms which thev had lost.
êct
^V
g forth
474
SECT
The people having been with him
three days, he pities them,
Ixxxvi the
.
mat.,
or which were grown quite useless to them ; a lame walking with vigour and agility, and the blind seeinsr every object distinctly, and ,* ,. t , immediately bearing, without any inconvenience, the full force of unaccustomed light b and, struck with such various and pleasing
. .
.
ame to walk, and the blind to see: an d they glorihec the God of Israel.
i
wonders, they glorified the God of Israel, who had raised up so illustrious a prophet to his people, and sent help to so many afflicted creatures whom no human power could have restored. Mark VIII. 1. In This concourse of people continued with him Mark " t los e d viii. 1 much longer than could have been imagined ^ s tile mul very titude bein % and, the season being favourable, they were so (?1 eat} an(i having intent on hearing Christ and seeing his mira- nothing' to eat, jeis disci cles, that they lodged two nights together in 9US called '\ the fields c and therefore, in those days, the ^j^ unto l 1em multitude being very great, and having spent the [Mat. XV. 32. provision they had brought out with them, so that now on the third day they had nothing to eat, fesus having called his disciples to him, says 2 unto them, /cannot but have compassion on the 2 I have compas; !
.
'|
multitude ol
my hearers, who flock

, ,
,
thus eagerly
,
about me, and express such zeal in their attendr ance, as to expose themselves thereby to many inconveniences; for they have continued with me noxv three days, and I well know that they 3 have nothing left to eat ; And therefore I will not send them away fasting to their own houses,
sion on the multie ' because t,iev

,
have
now been with

and
me
[
three days
have nothing to eat:
Mat
XV. 32.
send "thdiT' away

fasting to their
own
* The maimed made whole-"] The word all the stories of the blind restored to sight, -/jxk&, which we render maimed, does, which occur in the gospels, this was uniand I could not forbear in the strictest propriety (as Festus ob- versally the case serves,) signify one whose hand or arm has pointing out so wonderful a circUmbeen cut off (see Mark ix. 43 ;) but it is stance, sometimes applied to those who only were (See Beza and -They lodged two nights together in disabled in those parts. And though in some the fields.] This we may infer from the Casaitb. in loc.J rare instances it may be used to signify a next verse. The season of the year was lameness in the feet (see Eisner. Observ. pleasant, it being, as we have observed, (See sect. Vol. I. p. 77, and Albert. Observ. p. 109,) quickly after the passover. yet, as it is here opposed to xa>h*s lxxxiii. note b , p. 459.) And besides, that vrtpiTrzlxflxc, the lame walking, it must un- the great number of cures which had been doubtedly be limited as in tire paraphrase, wrought but just before might animate It is reasonable to suppose that among them, perhaps they might conclude that the many maimed, who were brought on the miraculous power of Christ, which was such occasions, there were some whose displayed in so many glorious instances limbs had been cut off; and, I think, hardly around them, would either preserve their any of the miracles of our Lord were more health from being endangered by the large illustrious and amazing than the recovery dews which fell in the night, or restore them from any disorder they might conof such. Bearing the full force of unaccus- tract by their eagerness to attend on his ''omed light.] So far as we can judge by ministry.
;
t>
andfeeds four thousand with seven

houses, [lest faint] by the
loaves
andafexv
fishes.
47a
Ido, they should some of them faint by the sect\ lxxxvi for our Lord knew that several of them lVe rom a considerable distance, and were "-om *?. <*** c amc [Mat. XV.32.] but illturnished for procuring accommodations yiii 3
they lest,\
:
way
w(l y
abroad
And his disciples, not reflecting on the miracle answeredhim.From he had lately wrought for the relief of the five whence can a man thousand, or not imagining he would repeat it, ... these men satisfy y. nope answered him, I rom whence can anyone u with bread here [Whence should w to satisfy these men xvith bread and other food hate so much bread /len this desert country, if he had ever so
4 And his disciples
\
4.
in
wilderness, h as to hit so great a multitude ? [Mat. especially

the
'
f
,
the
?
l
^
L
.
whence should we, whose stock is so XV. o$~\ small, have so much bread in the wilderness as might suffice to fill so great a multitude, whose appetites are many of them sharpened by so long a fast ? We cannot but wonder to hear thee mention such a design. And he asked them, How many loaves are you 5 5 And he asked them, How many provided with, or what have you at hand to eat ? loaves have ye And j[ n j f/, ei said. We have only seven loaves among CJ J J Seven. tllCV S S rand a fe whittle fish- us au ana> a few little fishes, which is a very es.] [Mat.XV.34] trifle to the present purpose. And, having or- g 6 And he com- dered them to bring out what they had, he commauded the multitude to sit down in ranks on the tudel to" sit down on the ground and ground, that they might be served as before, in he took the seven an orderly manner d and then having took the an loaves, S- lve seven loaves, and solemnly given thanks to his thanks, and brake, u and gave to his dis- heavenly r ather, acknowledging his goodness ciples to set before ils the great Author of all mercies, when he had
?
.
'
511(1
them- and they did blessed set them be tore the

pettple.
'
them before them _

.
v\\,he brake t\\zm into

.
.
[Mat. XV. proper pieces, and gave \them\ to his disciples to set before them ; and they accordingly set them 36.] 7 And they^hada fof ore the people. And, as they likewise had a r w small fishes, he took them also in the same and he Messed and f commanded to set manner and, having blessed [them] as he had them also before done the bread, he commanded his disciples to before oe .1 nr in *** them also ,,, [the multitude. ] riSothevdid [allj ^ they aid all eat, and were abundantly satis- g eat, and were filled. And they took up of fied : and the disciples afterwards collected what the broken meat w;ls [e ft (lH( / t jlc t00 j^ u ^ nQ j ess t ian seven that was Ictt sevr n r r r en baskets [full.] baskets Jii/l oj wluii'remained oj the J ragments which Jesus ordered them to gather up, that [Ma 1. XV. .57]
>,
'
i-
111
]
,
in
That they might bo served as before, file, bywhich means ihc Jour thousand men orderly manner.] See note on would be exactly disposed as the five Mark vi. 40, p. 43.5. Probably here they thousand had been, might sit an hundred in rank, and forty in
'
an
!l
476
sect,
lxxxvi
Reflections on the
number and variety of his miracles.
mmmm"
he might thus convince them in the strongest manner of the greatnessofthe miracle, and teach them also, at the same time, to use a prudent
frugality in the midst of plenty.
Mark
vi -
And theij who had eaten of these loaves and 9 And they tha wel"^ 9 fishes xvere about four thousand men, beside a h *d t aten y , about tour thousand. , , r , considerable number ot women and children, men beside women
.
there in companv with them, and partook of the same entertainment. And, the repast being over, he dismissed the Mat. xv.39 multitude : and immediately after this, entering ** 7. ,. ii into a ship with his disciples, he crossed the sea, and came into the parts of Dalmanutha (which, with several neighbouring cities, stood in the coasts of Magdala, not far from Gadara, on the eastern shore of the sea of Galilee ;) and there he had an interview with some Pharisees, which will be related in the next section.
all
who were
and children. [Mat. xv 38 3

-
Mat.
the multitude [and straightway he entered into a ship

:
nd h e
.
.
se nt
.
XV. 39. awa

^
wlth C
llls
disciple-,,:
j^ts
f Dalmanu-
tha,] into the coast
of Magdala. VIII. 9,
[Mark
j
IMPROVEMENT.
Mat. xv. 00,3
With what a circle is our blessed Lord surrounded e Let us pause a little, and endeavour to paint him to our imagination on this mountain, where the astonished multitudes so justly extolled all these mingled wonders of power and of grace. Let us reflect
!
on the dumb speaking, the maimed made whJe, the lame walking, the deaf hearing, and the blind seeing, that with them we may glorify the God of Israel. But who can describe the sentiments of these happy creatures, who, without any dangerous or painful operation, found themselves, in a moment, restored bevond all the efforts of nature, and bevond all the prospects of hope With what pleasure did the ear, which had just been opened, listen to the pleasing accents How did the lame leap around him of his instructive tongue
! !
and the maimed extend their recovered hands in grateWhile the ful acknowledgments of his new creating power voice of the dumb sang forth his praises in sounds before unknown and the eve of the blind hccktd the curiosity which would have prompted it to range over the various and beautiful objects of unveiled nature, to fix its rapturous regards on the gracious countenance of him that had given it the day
for jov
!
our blessed Lord greatest part of this ; and choose here to indulge a devout meditation on the number four thousand is so very much the same with and variet) of those cures which Christ perwhal we had in sect, lxxviii. I refer the formed, which constitutes the whole of reader to the improvement of that section this improvement, having been elsewhere (p. 437) for practical reflections on the but transiently touched upon.
e
With what
!]
a circle is
surrounded
As
this story of feeding the
The Pharisees ask him for a sign from heaven.
477
Let us farther reflect with what correspondent pleasure must sect. our Lord survey these grateful and astonished creatures, while lxxxvi ~~~~ his benevolent heart took its share in all the delight which he trophies of his greatness, how unlike to those of the * xy gave These Trophies, 30, 31 field, the monuments of desolation and slaughter for which the hero must have struggled with the man, and might sit down and weep over his own success Whose heart is so insensible as not to feel an humane as well as devout pleasure in the history of these and the like miracles, though the subjects on which they were wrought are long since mouldering in the dust But let us farther recollect that our Divine Leader has other yet more noble and more permanent trophies ; those immortal spirits, which he has redeemed, and blessed sanctified, and saved! So may our transported souls, fesus, in the consciousness of health, vigour, and salvation, behold thee as our Deliverer ! So mayest thou view us with satisfaction, as the travail of thy soul, in that mountain of God'where we hope to offer thee nobler praises, and for ever to consecrate to thy service those powers which thou hast recovered from weakness, dishonour, and ruin !
' ! ! ! !
SECT.
The Pharisees again demand a
xvith hijpocristj in
LXXXVII.
sign, and Christ upbraids them and, having crossed the lake again, he cautions his disciples against their leaven, and that of the Sadducees. Mat. XVI. 1 12. Mark VIII. 1121.
doing
it ;
_Mat.
XVI.
\vJth'
1. S
also
thc
came, Sadducees [and began toquestiii with him,] and [tempting- him J desired him that he would shew them a c sign from heaven. Mark VIII. 11] M
-
opposite sect. shore of the sea of Galilee, in the coasts of lxxxvu Magdala, the Pharisees and Sadducees, not- JT~ withstanding the difference of their principles, SV i J d th alienation of their affections from each other, agreed to join in an attempt upon him : and accordingly they came, and began to exam \ ne /l j m a very crafty and ensnaring man ' . , , , ner and, to try him yet farther, desired him that he zvould shew them a sig)i from heaven ; a pretending that they could not acquiesce merely
"
a ^tjt)
Mat. XVI. 1. w hen Jesus was landed on the
....
'
Desired him that he would shew them a promised they would shew them from under the character of (nt/xtta. from heaven.] On the whole, I am God ready to think the two things mentioned sxei^sg/*?, signs of liberty, or some miracuin note 1 on Mat. xii. 38, p. 346, arc to lous appearance from heaven, to assure he united and that what they here de- them of deliverance from the Roman yoke. manded was the very thing which Jose- And on these principles they continued phus tells us. (BclLJud. lib. ii. cap. 13 their demands in the apostles' time (1 Cor. fal. 12,J4). Impostors of those times i. 22,) though so many sign* from ketntn
*
;
-
Vol.
I.
478
sect,
No
in
sign should be given them, but the sign of Jonah.
lxvxvii earth,
'
as he had wrought upon where there was much more room for artifice and deceit, and evil spirits might have at some greater influence than in the upper re1 gions. (Compare Mat. xii. 38, sect, lxiii.) But he, ansxvering, saidUnto them, It is most o apparent vou ask this out of a desire to cavil, J
such miracles
'
*"<* sai cl
.
He answered * mt0 th em
When it is evening, , . r î rather than to learn the Divine will for in other ye sayj It will be fa^ up with degrees of evidence weather, fur the sky cases you take as 1S re(*far short of those which you here reject for instance, you readily say in an evening, [It xvill be~\fair weather tomorrow, because the sky 3 is this evening of a bright and fiery red: And 3 And in the morain the morning, [It xvill be'] tempestuous weather* in .?' If TO*# be foul today, for the sky is red and lowring. ye
1
',
, , .
.,,
hypocrites, you ofthe heavens,
know how
and
to
to
distinguish the face lowring.
*f^ * ^
O
ye hy-
form from thence probable conjectures concerning the weather and j

;
pocrites, ye can discern tne face of the
skv but
,r
n\
can you not [distinguish] the signs of the present times, and see by the various miracles which are dailv performed among you, and the other tokens which attend mine appearance, that this is indeed the period which you profess to desire with so much eagerness, and which you might discern with much less sagacity ? Mark And, sighing deeply, as being touched in his viii.12 own sp'ir it with a most compassionate sense of their guilt and miserv, he said, Why does this generation seek after a farther sign ? Verily, as '5 _ c iI said once before on this occasion, (Mat. xii. 39, sect, lxiii.) /now say it again to you, This is an evil and adulterous generation which de. V , viands a sign, and no such sign as it requires shall be given it, unless it be the sign of the prophet Jonah, who lay three davs and nights in the belly of the great fish, and then came out alive to which a most remarkable resemblance will be quickly manifested in the resurrection of the Messiah on the third day, that will more.
i
discern the
vc not signs ef
the times
Mark
And
deeply
he
saith '
yill 12 sighed
-
in his spirit,
/;*
" !l v d ? seek after a s ign Verity I sav unto you, [A wicked and adulterous generation seeketb |fter a gign> and there shall no sign be 8"Iven unt it.
f" generation this

?
J "^jj^
[Mat. XVI.
4.
had then been given in the voice from thence in the preternatural darkness at in the descent of our Lord's crucifixion and in that angels in repeated instances of the Holy Spirit, in a visible form, as the most sensible effects. See well as
; ;
;
Tempestuous weather."] So %uuuv prop-
erly signifies. Dr. Lightfoot justly observes that the Jews used to value themselves highly on their skill in prognosticating the weather. And Grotius has well
Dr. Lardner's Credib. Vol. I. p. 291.
book
i.
chap.
5,
2,
observed, in his note on this place, what a of signs marked out that time for the arrival of the Messiah.
varltety
The
disciples are cautioned against the leaven
of the Pharisees.
479
over be attended with the appearance of an sect. lxxxvii angel coming down from heaven. ~ And, having said this, he staid no longer to 13 And he loft them; and, entering debate the matter with persons of so perverse anto the ship again, ant disingenuous a temper, but left them ; and, entering again into the ship which brought him sther side. [Mat. over the sea, he departed to the other side of XVI. 4]
\--'..-,
i
the lake.
they were concerned to find xvi. S that thc'J had orK otten to t(,kc **% bread; and, tne otber8 ideê used ail the fragments which they carhad forgotten to having take bread, [neither ried over with them in the baskets, they had had they in the ship noW no morc than one loafxvith them in the ship. with them more cv -ir ^ ^ nd, J esus wining to improve *i circum- 6 this one than loaf.1 [Mark VIII. 14.] stance, considering what had lately passed, 6 Then Jesus gave them a solemn charge, saying, Be very [charged them, say\ aut \ om lu on your guard* against the leaven of 7 -\ ^ ... mg,J rake heed and n i beware of the leaven the Pharisees and ixtdducees, and particularly of the Pharisees and take heed of the leaven of Herod : intending of the Sadducees, thereby to caution them against those corrupt .* [and f/the leaven of ., \ 7*T j j i Herod"! [Mark mixtures which these sects had introduced, to which tended, like the depraving of religion VIII. 15.] leaven, to overspread and sour, and pull up the mind, and so to prevent the efficacy of Divine
side of the sea,
Mat. XVI. 5. And when his disci-
dnd when
his disciples xuere
come
to
the other Mat.
,<
->
tl
'
7 And they reasoned among themselves, saying,

It is
6
taken*
no^
bread.
upon it. But the slowness of their understanding 7 shewed itself on this occasion, as it had done and they debated privately on many others a ong themselves, saying, [It is] surely because
instruction
;
[Mark
when 8 which Jesus perceived, he said unto them, O ye
have taken no bread with us that our Lord tnus cautions us against the leaven of these men, as if they polluted whatever they touched. [Which] xvhen Jesus perceived, as he knew all 8 of little faith, why workings of their minds, he said unto h ' o reason ve among ye oj little Jaith, xvhy do you reason in yourselve"s because them,
Vlll. 16.]
.
we
ye have brought no this

bread!
manner xvith yourselves ? and why is it [MakkVUI. t ^ at OU are un(j er suc h concern because y on y
perceive,
you not yet consider, ye not vet h&oe brought no bread ? [neither] after all that you have seen and heard, nor understand! [have lcrstand what has so latelv passed before ye your hearts yet ,r *'-i> l [Mark >' our e >' es ? and \ havc V ou stlU V\ ir hearts so hardened
9_Do
Do
nm
->
<]
\.
VIII. 17.]
c
hardened, and your minds so stupified, as not
sufficiently
d Leaven This of Herod..] Those Sadducees, the sense of the who were also Herodians, might with words c^tlt K*t -,'t>fft%t]t, which are re- peculiar propriety be singled out by our peated in the original, to urge the caution Lord, to caution his disciples against them. See Grotius, in loc. and note f on .vith the greater force and emphasis,
Be
very cautinucly on your guard.']
expresses
Mark
iii.
6, p. 287.
480
sect,
By
to
leaven
was meant, not
bread, but their doctrine,
lxxxvii re p eated
viii.
those natural powers of memory and reflection, an(j j not ye do ye not remember what vou were witnesses to remember [Mat. XVI 9 19 but a few days ago ? Let me refresh your 19 When I brake memories, and ask J you, When I broke the five ' .;' thefive loaves among ,. , , , loaves, and you with your own hands distribut- llve tnousan d, how ed them among the five thousand men till they many baskets full
'
(
-
so easy a consequence from such miracles, as to be free from any anxious concern on this account, because you have Mark VIII. 18. 18 b ut one loaf ? Are you like so many senseless images? Having eyes, do you not see with them ? Having eyes, see ye and not havin S and, having ears, do / you not hear ? and, with * o ?
draw
'
'
cjirs
licur
vc not
were
all satisfied,
how many
baskets full of frag-
ot
fragments
took
vients took
ye up f
They say unto him,
And, 20 well remember that we took up twelve. added he, when in like manner [I divided] the seven [loaves] among the four thousand, and fed them to the full, how many baskets full offragments did you then take up ? e And they said, Lord, we know we took up seven. And he farther said to them, Since you re21
We ^tXim,
Twelve*
[Mat. XVI. 9.] 20 And when the
ôSand^wman^
baskets full of fragments took ye up ?
An
cn.
l iey X v ? rM at. \
t
f-i" 1.10.
21 And lie said member these facts, how is it that you do not unto them. How is it understand by them that I did not speak to you that you do not understand [that I , , r ,.11 concermng bread, so as to blame you for having spake h no^ to V0ll meant that you concerning bread, brought no more bread, but should be on your guard against the leaven o^t-hat ye should be
Mat.
xvi.12
those erroneous notions and corrupt principles SSS&&J5SB which are so common among the Pharisees, of the Sadducees ?] [Mat. XVI. 11.] Herodians, and Sadducees P Then they were sensible of their mistake, and Mat xvl 12 understood that he did not charge them to bexvare they how that he of the leaven of bread ; butt\\z.t he intended to bade them not bewam them of the evil doctrine and example ware ofthe leaven of of the Pharisees and Sadducees, against which ^neofthePharisees so many of his discourses were most justly and of the Saddu-
levelled".
cees
c How many baskets full of fragments been smaller baskets with handles, and did you take up .?] The learned Dr. Daniel such as consequently might easily be It is observable that Scott, on Mat. xvi. 10, with his usual carried on the arm. accuracy has observed that two different our Lord did not affect to rise in the circumwords are used in this and the preceding stances of the two miracles here menThe latter, though in some parverse for baskets, xoqtvou; and o5ri/gf*c. The tioned. former signifies larger baskets ; and there- ticulars inferior to the former, was equally fore is translated paniers by the French a demonstration of the Divine power of we have borrowed the word from them, Christ, and therefore equally to the purand it seems from its etymology first to pose for which it is here mentioned ; not have been given them from their being to urge that it was of the two the more used by bakers to carry about large quan- fresh in their memories,
:
tities
of bread.
The
other
seem
to
have
Reflections on the peroerseness of the scribes
and Pharisees.
481
IMPROVEMENT.
is it that the circumstances of a scripture story sect. be remembered, where the design of it is overlooked or lxxxv " ~ forgot It is much to be wished, that those which we have been instances. surveying, may not increase the number of such In all those cases wherein the arm of the Lord has been made is, 21 bare in our favour, let us seriously reflect on the Divine power 19,20 and-goodness, and learn from past experience to trust it lor the Never let us fall into the perverse suspicions of time to come. the Israelites, Can Godfurnish a table in the wilderness f (Psal. lxxviii. 19.) But let us be strong in faith, giving glory to God, and cheerfully repose ourselves on his care, who can never want * ' wisdom to judge aright of the necessities of his people, ox power to relieve them, even in the greatest extremities. see a new instance of the perverseness of these scribes and 1 Pharisees. They tempted Christ by unreasonable demands ; and he justly suffered them to go away without the additional 4 demonstration they sought. It is not for us to prescribe to God what degrees of evidence he shall give us. Let us impartially pursue and improve what we have and be very careful that our sagacity, and openness to conviction, in other matters of 2, 3 much less importance, may not condemn our stupidity, or obstinacy, where the truths of God and the salvation of our souls are concerned. It is our concern to bervare of erroneous principles in religion, g 12 } and of every corrupt leaven which might be ready to insinuate itself into our minds especially of that, which, like the leaven of the Pharisees, would exalt our confidence in ourselves ; 01% like that of the Sadducees, would impair our persuasion of a future judgment, and our solicitous concern to live as in the views of it. May the oracles of Divine truth ever appear to our minds as the rule by which all doctrines are to be tried and let us, in the spirit of love, contend earnestly for that faith which we believe to have been once delivered to the saints ; that both our sentiments and actions may finally be found blameless, unto praise, and honour, and glory, at the appearing of Jesus Christ I Amen.
So evident
!
may
We
SECT.
LXXXVIII.
Christ gradually heals the blind man at Bethsaida ; and orvns to his disciples that he is the Messiah, applauding Peter for expressly
acknowledging him under that character. Mark VIII. 22 30. Mat. XVI. 1320. Luke IX. 1821.
VIII. 22. our Lord had thus crossed the *** sea, he came to Bethsaida ; and his fame
Mark
A N D when
mahk VIII 23 A * ^ D lic r o m eUi

to Bethsaida,
482
sect,
Christ cures a blind
man
at Bethsaida.
lxxxTiii
being well known there, as soon as he entered and they bring a the place, then brought him a blind man, and bVxr} d man unto him > entreated him that he xvould be pleased only to JJtouSSlf* touch him, as being well assured that this would ^2 03 be sufficient for the recover)' of his sight. And, 23 And he took as he chose to work this miracle in private, he the blind man by thfe ,,and aild led him took hold of the blind man's hand, and led him J out * e town r l a i out oj the town in the most tender and conde- a ,,d when he had scendingmanner and having spit upon his eijes, spit on his eyes, and and laid his hands upon him, he asked him he nt hi hands upon
^
;
'
if
04,
saw any
thing.
And looking
up, he said,
/do
' '
jf j ie
saw 0UQ
.]
lt
indeed discern the forms of things, in an imperfeet manner, and see men xvalking before me, but it is so obscurely, as that I am hardly able to distinguish them from trees, any otherwise Then he laid his hands 25 than by their motion. b again upon his eyes, and caused him to look up a second time and upon this he found his sight
; '
24
And
he looked
U P> and said > * sec n as trees walk "
7vas perfectly restored, so that he aaxv every
7,7
25 After that he put Aw hands again upc h s e ves and
and thing about him clearly and 26 And he sent him axvau direcdv to his oxvn house, man clearly. ,26 And he -ii and him awav t0 which lay in some neighbouring village
,
.
made / nun look up an d he was restordistinctly, ed, and saw every

:
'
man
>
'
sent
his
said unto him, Enter not into the ungrateful house,say"ing,Neiditoxvn of Bethsaida, to proclaim what has now er S n into the town, in t0 been done for thee ; neither tell the circum- jjj J^* stances of it to any man dwelling in the toxvn, for they are unworthy the knowledge of such a miracle ; but content thyself with returning thy acknowledgments to God for his favour to thee ; for I assure thee, that in what I do I am animated only by a sincere regard to the glory of him that sent me, and to the relief of
afflicted creatures.
27
And Jesus, with his disciples, went out from 27 And Jesus went 1S d,sci " the citv of Bethsaida, in the neighbourhood of out ancl ^ J pies, into the towns , c 1 1 which this miracle had been performed, and came into the towns belonging to a city in the northern part of Canaan, (near mount Lebanon,) which had formerly been called Laish,
.
1111
>
<
b I see men walking, as trees.'] Probably * And led him out of the town. ~\ Grotius thinks it was an intimation of his just dis- they might not be far from the wayside, pleasure against the inhabitants of Beth- and these might he passengers who hapfor it seems saida, for their ingratitude and infidelity, pened then to be going by that he would Dot permit them to be eye- by the story, that our Lord, when he took witnesses of this miracle, or even suffer him oat of the town, permitted none of hie the person who received the cure to go company to attend him. Compare back thither to proclaim it.
;
Mat.
xi.
21. sect. lix.
He
asks his disciples,
Whom
do
men say
that
I am P
483
ofCesarcaPhilippi: but now bore the name of Cesarea Philippi, secj. and [Like, it came having lately been rebuilt by Philip the lxxxviii to pass] by the way, tetrarc h.c na> || came tQ 1 ass fo. tne way a? p J V> [when Jesus came , . Mark into die coasts of they were on their journey, when Jesus was
vili
2r
it,']
was
Ins
/ *M />? disciples apart, he inquired oj them, sayaski. d his disciples, i/z^, Whom do men say that I, who have so long saymg unto them, conversed among them as the Son of man, am f m S What notions do you find that men generally rthe son of that man] am? [Mat. form of me XVI. 13. Luke IX. And they, replying, said, Some [say that thou
.
as he just come into [those'] parts, i alone praying, an(j zv /len he for c cvot i on . . .. disciples were .
.
[Luke,
he retired awhile had been prauinsr

-^
with him, and] he
Luke ar t\ John the Baptist risen from the dead, with ix IS* A r < .. , 1 r an additional power or working miracles ; but They, said, [Some say that others [say~\ that thou art Elijah the prophet, thou mt] John the w ^ art come to prepare the wav of the Mesl l J but some Baptist -. . t. d sial1 and others say that thou art Jeremiah a say Fliis- [-uidoth ers Jercmias,] and and others, in a more general way, that one of others say, that one f/ie ancient prophets is risen again. And^ after the >T had tolcl him what were the Mark Arisen again^MAx! Mark thoughts of others, he then said to them, for viii.29 XVI. 14. VIII. 28.] the trial of their faith, But tell me truly and Mark VIII. 29. pi am j v vour own sentiments whom do you * J J ... And he saith unto l , , a And, them, But whom say yourselves think and say that I am f And Simon Peter immediately answered, with his ye that I am [Simon] Peter an- usua j zea j ancj forwardness, and said to him. ., ... swereth and saitli c T ' . unto him Thou art in tne name or tn e rest, Lord, we well know the Christ, [the Son that thou art the great expected Messiah ; and of the living God.] art not only the Son of man, the worthy Heir * t iat S^ orious and extensive kingdom prom201' I ike IX but art, in a proper and incomised to him municable sense, the Son of the ever living God ; and we believe in thee as such, and adore thee under that Divine character.
t Luke
tv IX. 10 19. answering,
j_
ii'
'
'.
'
c Philip the Cesarea Philippi, &c] tetrarch, called the chief city of this tract
insults of his
enemies elsewhere.
Sec*
VEnfant's
of land Cesarea,
in
honour of Tiberius
Introduction, p. 27. A Others s^y that thou art ye;em/fl/z.]
Mr.
Cesar
and Philip's own name was add-
ed, to distinguish it from that Other Cesarea so often mentioned in the Acts (chap, viii.40; ix. 30; x. 1 xii. 19 xxi. 8 ; xxiii.23, 33, and xxv. 4, 13,) which was a fine port on the Mediterranean sea, and had been rebuilt by Herod the Great, and named in honour (if Augustus Cesar. Josephus give s Philip so good a character, that some have thought our Lord retired into his territories for security from the
; ;
Cradock has observed, that the Jews seem to have had a tradition among the m, that Jeremiah the prophet would appear among them, when the Messiah came, to recover the art of the covenant, which they fancied he had hid 2 Mac. ii. 5. (See Cradock's Harmony, Part. ii. p. 12.) And Dr. Whitby imagines, they might
:
farther
notion,
encourage themselves in that from Jer. i. 5, 10. (See his note om
Mat.
xvi. 14.)
484
sect.
Ixsxviii
And applakds
Peter's confession that he
is
the Messiah.
^~
xvi.lV
And Jesus, replying, said unto him, Thou Mat. XVI. 17. hast confessed a truth, and a truth of the And i esus answerutmost importance blessed art thou, therefore, hW" Blessed* vnon B ar Jonas, (or the son of Jonas,) in thou, Simon Bar Jo. S' being brought thus firmly to believe it for na for flesh and bl d hath " ot reflesh and blood hath not revealed [if] to thee, thou J vealed it unto thee, hast not learnt it by human report, or the but my Father which
;
.ii
unassisted sagacity of thine own mind but my Father in heaven has discovered it to thee, and
;
is In
heaven.
wrought
in thy soul this cordial assent in the
midst of those various prejudices against it, which present circumstances might suggest. 18 And, as thou hast been so ready to make this is Andlsavalso acknowledgment, / also in return say to thee, unto thee, That thou Thou art indeed Peter, (see Tohn i. 42^ p. 130,) art Pet 7'T and "P. v .< this rock I will build î r thou art, as thy name signifies, a substantial my cnurc h anci tne rock and, as thou hast shewn it in this good gates of hell shall confession, I assure thee, that upon this rock 7 not prevail against
, l
.
.
church ; e faith in me as the Son of God shall be its great support, and I will use thee as a glorious instrument in raising it yea, so immoveable and firm shall its foundation be, and so secure the superstructure, that though earth and hell unite their assaults against it, and death, in its most dreadful forms, be armed for its destruction, the gates of hell, or the unseen world, shall not finally prevail against it to its ruin f but one generation of Christians
will build
:
my
'
(see Eph. ii- 20, and Rev. xxi. 14.) as they did also in the power of binding and loosing. (See Mat. xviii. 18, and John xx. 23.) On the whole, how weak the arguments are which the Papists draw from hence, to support the supremacy of Peter in their wild sense of it, is sufficiently shewn by Bishop Burnet on the Articles, p. 180; Calvin, Institut. lib. iv. cap. 6 Dr. Barrow on the Creed, Serm. xxviii. Dr. Patrick in his Sermon on this text, and a multitude more, whom I need not name. There seems a reference in this expression to the common custom of building citadels upon a rock. { The gates of hell shall not prevail against It is most certain that the it to its ruin.] phrase here used ^vk-jh sttTs, does gene rally in the Greek writers signify, the entrance into the invisible world; as Eisner (Vol. I. p. 77, 78,) and Albert (Observ. p. Ill, 112,) have abundantly proved. So the seventy use and Job xxxviii. 17it, Isaiah xxxviii. 10, So that foundation in this sense, was not his honour (Compare TVisd. of Sol. xvi. 13.) alone his brethren shared with him in it, it is equivalent to the gates of death^Vsal,
*
;
Upon this rock I'will build my church."] I look upon this as one of those scriptures the sense of which might be most certainly fixed by the particular tone of voice and gesture with which it was spoken; and therefore have paraphrased it with a latitude, which an intelligent reader will easily observe. If our Lord altered his accent, and laid his hand on his breast, it would shew that he spoke, not of the person, but of the confession of Peter (as most protestant divines have understood it,) and meanedto point out himself as the great Foundation, Compare 1 Cor. iii. 10, 11. But if lie turned to the other apostles, and pointed to Peter, that would shew, he meaned to intimate the honourhe would do him, in making him an eminent support to bis church. This is the sense which Grotius, Le Clerc, Dr. Whitby, Dr. Clarke, and L 'Enfant defend, and it seems to suit best with the connecBut to be a tiom (see Whitby, in loc.J
:
'
The
ketjs
of the kingdom of heaven are promised
to
Peter,
485
19 And I will Rive unto thee the keys of the kingdom of
heaven
:
and what-
soever thou shalt bind on earth, shall be bound in hcav-
en i and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, shall be loosed in heaven.
shall arise after another, even to the very end sect. l xxxvi ," of time, to maintain this truth, and to venture their lives and their souls upon it, till at length Mat the whole body of them be redeemed from the xvi.18 power of the grave. In the mean time, I will 19 raise thee, O Peter, and thy brethren, whose faith herein agrees with thine (compare John , distinguished honours in my > o. V church and I rvill give unto thee, in particular, the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and make thee the mstrumen\ f opening it both to the W ,, ., i*. T r >._ i_ .a. Jews and Gentiles 8 yea, so fully shalt thou be instructed in my will, and in the constitution of my kingdom, that whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth, shall be bound in heaven ; and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, shall be loosed in heaven ; h that is, thou shalt have authority to
.
'
and elsewhere. The plainest and sense seems to be what I have givon in the paraphrase ; for the vindication of which, see Dr. Moore's Theological Works, p. 110, and Dr. Whitbv'snote on this place. Grotius also supposes it refers to the final triumph of the saints over the grave at the general resurrection. This does inImply a victory over the power and policy of infernal spirits ; but I cannot apprehend a reference to this to be chiefly intended; as it is certain, that the Greek word *J..c [hades'] does very seldom signify the state of the damned, but generally
cvii. 18,
Fullest
But I apprehend it more fully explained by the power of binding and loosing ailerwards mentioned.
h Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth, shall power to bind be bound in heaven, Sec.] and loose may signify, in general, great anwhich sense it thority in a family or state
A
;
plainly lias, both in Josephus and Plutarch. (See Eisner. Observ. Vol. I. p. 80.) applied to judges in criminal cases, it signities
When
to absolve or condemn {see. Raphe!. Annot. ex Herod, page 169;) and when used of teachers, especially in the Jewish language, it refers to their explications of
fas ?*{ in
in general.
II
Hebrew,)
(lie
invisible vjorld
the
Sec Mr. Ifawe's Works, VoL son
lam ; and thus to hind is to oblige a perto do or forbear any thing in question,
pag. 61, 62.

B
or to declare a thing
;
commanded
or for-
I will give
unto thee the keys
of the king-
stewards of great families, especially of the royal household, bore a tey t probably a golden one (as the lord of the bedchamber do,) in token of their office, the phrase of giving a person the key naturally grew into an expression the greatest characters for criticism in of raising him to great power : (compare our own country and abroad have followed Isa. xxii. 22, and Rev. iii. 7.) And this him ; and among the rest the present eelseems more natural and certain than bishop ebrated Bishop <f Winchester, in his gloriBurnet*s supposition, that Christ refers ous controversy on the subject of Church to the custom of giving a key to the Jewish Authority. I have included that sense, and rabbles when they were admitted into taken the words in a yet greater extent, their office, in token of the power given as the learned Puftcndorf also does ( De them to expound the scripture. (See Grotius Habitu Relig. Christ, Sec. 22 25 ;) and I on Luke xi. 53, and bishop Burnet?* four shall, with great pleasure, submit to those Discourses, p. 241, 242.) Peter's opening ecclesiastical rulers who shall prove, as the the kingdom of heaven, as being the fist apostles did, their power to explain the laws that preached it, both to the Jews, (Acts of Christ in a decisive way, and their authorii.)andto Gentiles, (Acts x.) may be con- ity efficaciously^to absolve or condemn, menj sidered as an illustration of this promise : according to tho sense t>Uey give f them*
fhedOen, &&.J
As
bidden and to loose is to declare the thing to be indifferent, or the person at liberty with respect to it. (See Lightf. Hor. Heb. The learned Selden lias endeavin loc.J oured to shew that the clause before us must be interpreted in this sense (see Seld. cle Synod, lib. ii. cap. 7' ;) and many of
Vol. K
3n
486
sect, xvn
Reflections on the sure foundation of the
Church of Christ.
Mat
xvi. 19
declare what precepts of the Mosaic religion are superseded, and what are continued, and what things are allowed cr forbidden to my disciples and I will myself confirm those decisions, whether general or personal, as made by the influences of mv unerring Spirit communicated to thee and thv brethren, and will determine men's final state in a manner agreeable to them.
;
Luke
iX 21
-
And upon this he strictly charged and commandedhis disciples that they should tell no man, ., '. / I'll at present, this thing concerning htm, which he had 60 expressly acknowledged to them, that he was Jesus the Messiah, and that he actually professed and owned the title because he knew it was like to be interpreted in a very unjust and unnatural manner, which might have rendered him and his followers obnoxious to the Romans, who would unreasonably look on such a profession as a claim to regal power, and utterly inconsistent with the rights
.
Luke
lle
.
IX. 21.
And
to
sti-aitly
^^^ gm
riiis
t
charged disciples, n and

no
tell
thing im,] 5 Icsus the
man thar [Mark, of

1
j
l?* ?* Olirist.
XVI.
VLII.
20.
30.~\
[Mat.
Mark
of Cesar.
IMPROVEMENT.
Mat.
T'
jg
ever(tieh. xiii. 8,) who is Christ the Son of the living God. Othei On him may our foundation can no man lay (l Cor. iii. 11.) souls rest, and the fiercest tempests shall rage in vain \ Our Lord foretold that the gates of hell should not be able to pre1 vail against his church as thus founded and behold, even to this day, the accomplishment of the prediction. As Christians of one age have sunk into their graves, a new harvest has sprung up in and, in spite of all the artifices of Satan to pervert the next young minds, and all the advantages with which he attacks them, instead of the Fathers have been the children, to be accounted to (Psal. xlv. 16, and xxii. 30.) the Lord for a generation. Let us thankfullv adore the Divine goodness herein and be 19 very sensible how much we are indebted to that goodness in those powers communicated to the apostles, on whom, as subordinate foundations we are built (Eph. ii. 20.) As they received so ample a commission, and obtained gracefrom the Lord to befaithful to it, as well knowlet us pav the humblest regard to their teachings ing, that what they have bound on earth, is bound in heaven, and what they have inculcated, was solemnly confirmed by a Divine
; ;
even 8
\\' here behold the great Foundation of our faith and hope, ^fegus, die Rock of ages, the same yesterday, today, and for
authoritv.
Christ plainly foretells his sufferings
and death.
487
If we have listened with attention to those immortal writings sect. of theirs, by which, being dmd, they yet speak ; and have found lxxxviil them the effectual means of revealing Christ in our hearts, in all ~~~~* rse his Divine glories and saving powers let us remember, that we
;
owe
it
not to jlcsh
and blood, or the most excellent human
instru-
'
me/its, alone, but to the influences of our
Father in heaven.
That efficacious grace is freely exercised, and operates in Mark various methods ; on some, in a more instantaneous way; on vm. others, like the power of Christ on the blind man, of whom we 23 ^5 have been reading, by more gradual advances. Let us be thankful for whatever light we receive, and press on to brighter discoveries and join with them proportionable degrees of gratitude to Christ, and veneration for his gospel.
;
SECT. LXXXIX.
Christ prophesies of his approaching sufferings ; rebukes Peter for being offended at them; and exhorts his disciples to selfdenial, and a readiness for martyrdom in his cause. Mat.
XVI. 21, to Luke IX. 22
the end.
Mark VIII. M,
to
the end;
IX.
1.
27.
Mat. XVI. 21. T? ROM that time jrrQ

s
of Peter 0* recorded L STfJariS iV n expressly declared thereby shew

j
W w hen Jesus had applauded the confes-
Mat. XVI.
21.
lem, and suffer ma- to ,m aisciples, that he, the Son oj man, who was ay things, [and be indeed the Christ of God, must in a few months rejected] of the eld- more Q to Jerusalem ; and there, instead of crs and chief priests . 11 and scribes, and be bein & owned under the royal character he bore, killed, and [after and submitted to by princes and people, must three days] be rais- suffer many most injurious things, and be dis,
above,) and to all the apostles unto his disciplea, how that he, that he was the Messiah, he from that time [the Son of man,] began more plainly than ever to teach [and] shew J mustgountojerusaj/.
,
W*
*'
seci
^^
111
11
*
play
51.
Gainfully rejected by the elders, and chiefpriests, FMark VIII Luke IX. 22.] and scribes of their nation, and be killed in a most cruel and outrageous manner but he went on and added, to encourage them under this gloomy prospect, That after having lain part of three days under the power of death, he
:
Mark
And he
VIII. 32.
spake that
saying openly.
should Ue raised again on the third day. And, as he now spake that saying plainly and And freely,* Whereas he had before only given disin
xi.
w&vl.
viiLSs
Plainly and freely] So mi.îrnt. evidently signifies, and is often rendered

J!
our version
(compare John
ibis sense
it is
1. 24,
and
1
H;1 and
in
opposed
488
Ixxxix
He rebukes Peter jor

ingly surprised
the offence he took at hearing him.
sect, tant
vhi.32
and obscure hints of it, they were exceed- Peter took him and and troubled and Peter, ele- be Kan 1o bke yated with what our Lord had before been saySroKhefi^d! in gi and unable to reconcile it with what he this shall not be unnow heard, took him [by the handJ ] and began, t0 thee.] [Mat. with a mixture of tenderness and surprise, to XV1 22 'J chide him for this melancholy discourse^, saying, Cod, in his infinite mercy, forbid,^ that thou, Lord, shouldst ever be thus treated This injury and violence, I persuade myself, shall not by any means be done unto thee.
:
'
33
looked
.
But [Jesus,] when he had turned about, and 33 # ut w ien round him on his other disciples, whose had turned about,
j
j lf>
sentiments he knew to be much the sîme, rebuked anc look ^ cl o;i ll,s clls ctplcs, lie rebuked . , -i n 7 Peter with an unusual severity and said to him, Peter rand said unGet thee behind me, Sat an, d for thou actest the to him,'] Get thee part of a devil, rather than a friend and art a behind me, Satan. [thou art an offencc scandal to me, in thus endeavouring to obstruct the great end of mine appearance in the world ;
-
d Get thee behind me, Satan.'] Conipaiv speaking' in proverbs : John xvi. 25, 29. Christ had before g-iven obscure hints ofthis, Luke iv.8, p. 120. The word S'aftxn, which iii. 14 vi. 51 Mat. x. 38 is originally Hebrew, and has from thence John ii. 19 and elsewhere. xii. 40 been taken into several languages, is often b Took him by the hand.] So I render the used in the Old Testament to signify an word .zrpcT\*o/uivJ Compare Rom. xv. adversary (see Numb. xxii. 32 2 Sam. xix. 1 Kings v. 4, and xi. 14 ;) and the 7, Gr. which may help to illustrate the 22 sense of it. expression iias appeared so harsh to some, c God, in his infinite mercy, forbid !] as coming from the mouth of Christ to one Dr. Fuller supposes that lKta>; o-oi should be of his apostles, that they have rather chosrendered, May God have compassion upon en to translate it, O mine adversary. But thee f (See Fuller's Miscel. Sccr. lib. ii. as the evangelists h&vc both made use of the cap. 2.) Hemsius, Grotius, andLe Clerc, word IclI&vu., which must be owned to give the same interpretation; which is have a sound as odious in the Greek as it also asserted at large by the learned Mr. has now with us, we may conclude that it Wasse. ( Biblioth. Liter. Vol. I. p. 30.) was tised by Christ, or his rebuke to Peter And the accurate Dr. Scott renders it, would have been otherwise expressed by Mercy on thee ' which is more literal than some Greek word that signifies an adverany of the rest. I think the phrase, as used sary. Nor can the word appear at all too by the seventy, generally signifies, God for- harsh, when we consider that the tendenbid ; or, as we render it, Far be it from, cy of Peter's saying, though it was spoken thee ! (See 1 Sam. xiv. 45 ; 2 Sam. xx. out of a singular affection to his Master, 20 ; 1 Kings xxi. S 1 Chron. xi. 19 and was to obstruct the great design for which compare 1 Mac. ii. 21.) But as the accu- he came into the world, and none but Satan rate critics 1 have mentioned above sup- could desire to prevent what he was ready pose there is a particular tenderness in to submit to for the salvation of lost sintheir interpretation, I have endeavoured ners. Dr. Young (in his Sermons, Vol. II. to preserve it in the paraphrase. Some p. 137) rendering Ias&s act, Favour thyself, would render it, Have compassion on thy- supposes that our Lord calls Peter, Satan, self; but I cannot recollectany place where because he now fell on that advice which though 2 Sam. xxiii. 1", Satan uses the most successfully of all his it has that sense that of selfindul* and Gen. xliii. 23, Septuag. have been artifices to undo liken especially alledged as instances of it. See gence: and so makes this scripture an inU'0 duction to his discourse on selfkniai. j!sncr. Obserix. Vol. I. p. 81.
;
We must
unto
be ready to take up our cross
and follow
Christ*
489
me
j]
for thou
for by
this
it
plainly appears, that thou dost not sect.
not the farourest things that be of God, but the things thai be of men. [Mat.
regardmH
,
relish the things

.,.%
i
tv 1 . ***** and losest thy zeal for the Divine glory, and the salvation ol souls, in a mean solicitude
r
'
of God, but those of lxssix

1
:
k M ^ -Xlll
XVI.
23.]
for the enjovments of this temporal
life,
and the
grandeurs of an earthly kingdom, of which thou art vainly dreaming. Then having called'the multitude, xvith his dis- 34 34 And [then] when lie had culled ciples, to him, he said unto them all, You must the p pie unto him b t t share ff With his disciples t also, he said unto with me in my afflictions and sorrows, it; ever them, [L; ice, all,] you would hope to obtain a part in the glories " ul " of rav kingdom if any one therefore is xvillhig come utter me. let ^ p to come after me, and to attend me as a raithful hi deny himself, and take up his cross servant and disciple, let him learn to deny himFL ikb, daily,] and scjf n t h e dearest pleasures and interests of XV1*24 1 lkeIX t 1 s P resent life, and habituate himself dif/zVi/ to take up his cross : let him submit to whatsoever 23.] trial Providence may lay before him, and be ready to folloxu me, even to crucifixion itself ; for till he is taught a readiness to meet death, even in that dreadful form, for my sake, he has attended my other instructions in vain.
,
.
'
:i
'
'
(Compare Mat.
H5 For whosoever
will
And
it is
v * the has taken X. surest my j andthe gospel's, the way to lose it ; as he will another day incur the same shall [find and] sentence of the second death, and meet a far save n. [. a r.x I. more dreadful punishment from God, as an -J. 1.1'K.E 1A. ^4. apostate, than he could have borne trom men as my servant but whosoever shall lose or expose his life for my sake and the gospePs, shall find it with far greater advantage in the future state, [and] so shall have reason to acknowledge that he took the truest method to save it.
even to this : but /t j s [jf from persecution, J c whosoever shall lose V w j his life for Y g os P el sha l find he sake
save
his
it
life,
x. 38, p. 420.) well worth your while to submit 3j for whosoever will attempt to save
""
shall
lose
bv forsaking me and
1
'
(Compare Mat.
ZO For what
shall
x. 39, p.
420.)
it
And
therefore,
on these principles,
will
be *S
certainly
your highest wisdom
to forego the
greatest advantages, or to bear the utmost extremities, rather than to forsake me : for it
c Thou dost not regard and relish the things of"God, be."] To relish, or savour, is but I did not think it plainly included proper to limit it by such a version for rd <!>:--, often signifies to fix a gov:
crning regard on any tiling SO as to make it the chief object of our pursuit which seems tho plain sense of it here. ComPhil. iii. 19 pare Rom. via. 5 and Col.
1
iii.
2.
490
lxxxix
To gain
all the
world
is
no amends for the
loss
of the
sold.
kind of proverb among you, What would it it profit a man, if ho shall gain the whole profit a man, if he should gain the whole world, and be punished with the loss of his life and so JJJ^" Marfc viii.36 ma y I sa 7, what would all that gain, added to that is, lose himself, or be CiXS \ away?] his present security, signify, if he thereby bring
sect, is a
^
Luke T ^ IX.
l
r
'
a sentence of death on his soul, lir j r 11 a? o7 himself, or be finally cast away /

o>r
\and~\ so lose
l'-f
'
Or what
life
}.
shall
a
,,
25.J
man give
as a ransom
for his
?8
What
37 Or what shall man give in ex6

lS S
gains
would he not be willing
to resign, to quit
himself of that foolish bargain by which he had sold it ? Yet in this case, what would be accepted as an equivalent for it ? " Its redemption
is
rM^
xvi
fi
"
precious, and
it
ceaseth for ever." (Psal.
xlix. 8.)
38
Now assure yourselves that this thought may 38 whosoever with the utmost propriety be applied to the case therefore shall be ashamed of me, and before us for xvhosoever is ashamed of me and of my words, in this j r my words, in this adulterous and j n r 1 sinful gene- adulterous and sinful of ration, shall find, to his cost, that of him also rvill generation, of him the Son of man be ashamed, and him will he with also sh U lhe Son of man be ashamed scorn disown, and with inexorable justice conwhen he cometh ; / demn, when he comes in his own glory, (that is, n n ns own glory, in all the pomp and grandeur in which he was and] in the glory of old represented to the prophets,) and shall of hls Father witl appear upon his throne invested with the glory ofhis Father^ as commissioned by him,tobe the great executor of his judgment, as well as the
:
;*/
f and would to God it If he should gain the whole ivorld, and be the present case punished with the loss of his life ? x.*/ ^fjuceBu might seriously be considered in this awful Though the force of this view See .Raphe!. Annot. ex Herod, p. 171. tv -fv^v *.vlx.~\ ? As a ransom for his life.'] maxim, taken by itself, appears best by So the word rendering -^.v^tiv, soul, which it does un- &fla.KKT[A% properly signifies and in this doubtedly on the whole signify here yet connection leads us to reflect how willing as the same word had been rendered life, a condemned malefactor would be to give ver. 35, and its meaning is sufficiently all he had got by his crimes to buy his plain from what follows, I thought it bet- pardon, and how vain the attempt would ter to retain the same version here like- in this case be. h In his own glory, and the glory wise ; which, taken in its connection, lias of his How these are distinguished it (as Dr. Tillotson observes, Vol. III. p. Father.*] 528. 529) an additional spirit, which con- is not easy to say. Mr. Bragge explains it sists in the application of a. proverb relating of the lustre of his own glorified body, surto the worth of life (compare Job ii. 4 j) to rounded with such a circle offire as that in the soul, which is in the highest sense the which (according to him) God the Father life of the man, or the man himself (Luke had appeared, particularly on Mount Sinai. Tax -{v'/m î/utaBar^-xt does not ( Bragge on the Parables, Vol. II. p. 181.) VS.. 25.) merely signify to lose the life, which might I think it sufficient to say that, besides be applied to a man who accidentally met the glory which the human nature of Christ death in the pursuitof gain (as amerchant habitually wears in heaven, some additional who should be lost in his voyage ;) but it splendor shall now be given to him by the properly imports undergoing a capital execu- Father, when he sends him with his comfio,whichisanideaof much greater terror, mission on so august an occasion as the u% well as of much stricter propriety in universal judgment.
:
!
Some of them should

the
live till
Christ came in his kingdom.
491
[Luke
holy angels, dispenser of his grace, attended xviih the bright sect. lxxxix IX. 26.] shall wait on retinue of the holy angels,
who
as his servants to grace the solemnity- of For you may certainly depend xv i 07 XVI. 27. that awful day. Mat. For the Son of man upon it, that howsoever he be now despised
him
shall
en, there is a day appointed, anc| rej ecte j f and when the Son of man shall thus come in his Fawith hen he shall reward therms glory, and be encircled in the most pompvery man accord- ous manner 7V ith his holy angels ; and then
his angels*;
come
in
the
shall he
that he
convene the whole world before him, may determine the final happiness or misery of each, and recompense every man ac-
cording to his actions. And he said farther to them, Verily I tell it Mark 1X you as a most certain truth, that there are some I Verily, [Luke, lem /l0 stand here among us that shall live fiJ tell you ot a truth,! J r 1 i_i r *u: awful emblem ot this important that there be some to see *ost me shall not taste for some that now hear of them that stand day here, which shall death, that is, they shall not die, till they have the kingdom of God come to be established u^Tlfave'seen'the *' kingdom of God far and near, xvith a divinely efficacious power; come with power, [and~\ have beheld so eminent an appearance c [and the Son of man Q p rov id ence to promote the triumphs of my eomnur "1 lus king:* t 1 U dom.] [Mat XVI. g os P c M an d to avenge the cruel injuries 1 shall 28. Luke IX. 27.] receive from this ungrateful nation, that they may be said even to see the Son of man coming in his kingdom, and leading on his victorious armies against those who would not admit him to reign over them.
IX. 1. And he said unto them,
Mark
'
IMPROVEMENT.
Alas! how prone
are our foolish souls to relish
and regard the Mark

viii.3
things of men rather than those of God! justly do we deserve the rebuke of our Lord, who, while he speaks to Peter with such abhorrence, after all the encomiums he had just been giving
1
How
The son of man coming in his kingdom."] exact parallel. I choose therefore to adRaphclius ( Annot. ex Polyb. in loc.J and here to our received version, which may llhcrt fObserv. p. 113, 114) have indeed include a reference to the giving the spirit, proved that t^y-uat is sometimes used for and propagating the gospel, but chiefly refers iurfgo/u*(, and ev for ei; (compare John v. to that providential appearance of Christ for i and therefore they, with some other the destruction of Jerusalem, so often called >itics, would render this text, Some here the coming of the Son of man (Mat. x.\iv. 3. present shall not die, till they see the Son of 27, 30, 37,) and the day in which he shall be nan going into his kingdom, that is, ascend- revealed (Luke xvii. 24, 26, 30.) This sense ing to heaver., which the apostles did (see is the more natural here, especially as our .Acts i. 9.) But it increaseth the difficulty Lord's manner of speaking intimates that to suppose both these uncommon senses of most of the company should be dead before the words in question to occur together the event referred to; yet Ids ascension not will Lttke xxiii. #2, be allowed as an happened in a few months after this.
'
492
sect,
Ikxxix
Reflections on a readiness to suffer for Christ.
him, shews us with what indignation we should reject even motion that would lead us to prefer our own ease or temporal interest, to the glory of God and the happiness of man.
We shall never act so mean a part, if we cordially digest the 36 lessons which Christ hath here taught us, and consider of how much greater importance the salvation of the soul is, than the gain of the xvhole world when opposed to it. Let us steadily pursue this maxim of Divine wisdom, and with cheerfulness sacrifice every other interest to the views of an eternal felicity. Does Jesus call us to deny ourselves for him ? What difficult 34 ties should we not be ready to submit to, what pleasures should we not renounce for him, who pleased not himself that he might shew his love to us ; and took upon him the form of a servant, Does he that he might make us kings and priests unto God ! require us to take up our cross andfollow him f What sufferings should we not be willing to endure for him ; and whither should we not consent to folloxu him, who has borne the cross for us, and willinglv expired on it for our sakes sense of gratitude for past favours might bear us triumphantly through all the opposition we might be called to encounter in his cause how much more then may we be animated by the pleasing hope that we shall another day be confessed by Let Christ in the presence of his Father and of his holy angels. us represent to ourselves that august presence, that awful day, 38 whenever a regard to an adulterous and sinful generation would So shall we lead us to be ashamed of Christ and of his words. Mark ce rtainly be brought to see the kingdom God in its glory ; and of if it opens to us in the visions of the future state, we shall have no reason to be anxiously solicitous, though death should remove us from these lower regions before the gospel hath that universal triumph which the word of God encourages his church
Verse
!
t"o
expect.
END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
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A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR,

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