Nature of Inquiry and through graphs, charts,

tables, and statistical tools.

Research
Quantitative Research Strengths
1. Definition of Research: and Weaknesses
○ Research is a systematic ● Strengths:
process of collecting,
analyzing, and 1. Objective and conclusive.
interpreting information
to understand phenomena. 2. Quantifiable data.
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2013) 3. Generalizable findings.
○ Research aims for objective 4. Fast data analysis.
and systematic creation of
knowledge. (Cresswell, 5. Replicable for validation.
2013)
● Weaknesses:
2. Purpose of Research:
1. Limited depth.
○ Knowledge-building and
learning tool. 2. Not ideal for exploring
human experiences.
○ Helps in social, political,
and business issues. 3. Inflexible design.

○ Proves lies, supports truths, 4. Costly with larger sample

and solves social or health sizes.
problems.
Types of Quantitative Research
Types of Research
1. Descriptive Research: Observes
1. Qualitative Research: and describes phenomena without
experimental manipulation.
○ Methods: Focus groups,
unstructured interviews, 2. Correlational Research:
reviews of documents. Investigates relationships between
variables.
○ Process: Inductive,
subjective, and explores 3. Quasi-Experimental Research:
problems from the Studies cause-and-effect
participants' viewpoint. relationships without random
selection.
○ Characteristics:
Non-statistical, less 4. Experimental Research:
generalizable, unstructured Manipulates variables to establish
responses. cause-and-effect relationships with
high internal validity.
2. Quantitative Research:
Variables in Research
○ Methods: Surveys,
structured interviews, 1. Independent Variable: The
measurements, and variable that is manipulated.
document reviews for
○ Example: Amount of
quantifiable information.
sunlight affecting plant
○ Process: Deductive, growth.
objective, structured
2. Dependent Variable: The
responses, and statistical
measured outcome affected by the
tests for analysis.
independent variable.
○ Characteristics: Requires
○ Example: Plant growth
large sample sizes,
measured by height or
objective, data is presented
biomass.
 3. Control Variable: Variables held ○ Tests the effectiveness of
constant to ensure accurate new treatments or scientific
results. advancements.

○ Example: Soil type and ○ Example: Investigating

water supply in a plant antidiabetic properties of
growth study. herbs.

4. Confounding Variable: 3. Agriculture and Fisheries:

Unaccounted variables that may
affect results. ○ Enhances crop yields and
prevents livestock diseases.
○ Example: Pests affecting
plant growth alongside ○ Example: The effectiveness
sunlight exposure. of fertilizers on crops.

5. Extraneous Variables: Other 4. Sports:

external factors not manipulated ○ Improves athletic
by the researcher. performance through
○ Example: Environmental studies on diet and exercise.
stressors like weather. ○ Example: Techniques to
Levels of Measurement enhance performance in
specific sports.
1. Nominal Level: Categorical data
without a specific order. 5. Business:

○ Example: Gender ○ Helps in decision-making

(male/female), race, or through market analysis.
medical diagnosis. ○ Example: Assessing the
2. Ordinal Level: Ordered data, but impact of Facebook ads on
intervals between ranks are not sales.
equal.

○ Example: Grading systems

(A, B, C) or sports rankings. Developing a Research
3. Interval Level: Equal intervals
Topic
between values but no true zero. 1. Characteristics of Good
○ Example: Temperature in Research:
Celsius or Fahrenheit. ○ Inspiration and
4. Ratio Level: Equal intervals with Creativity: Requires
a true zero point. innovation and an inspired
mindset.
○ Example: Measurements like
weight, height, or income. ○ Energy and Time:
Research involves significant
Application of Quantitative focus, effort, and resources.
Research in Various Fields
2. Qualities of Good Research:
1. Social Sciences:
○ Anchored on a Good
○ Helps understand social Research Question: A
behavior and cultural well-defined question is
conflicts. essential for structuring the
research and determining
○ Example: The effects of a scope.
pandemic on social
behavior. ○ Systematic Research
Methodology: The quality
2. Natural and Physical Sciences: of a study is dependent on
 the methods used for data following a clear flow from
collection and analysis. data collection to
conclusions.
○ Reliability and Validity:
Ensures that research 9. Precise:
results are consistent,
objective, and applicable in ○ Provide exact answers to
varied settings. the research questions with
a comprehensive
Characteristics of a Good investigation.
Research Paper
10. Original:
1. Rigorous:
○ Ensure originality, avoiding
○ Research should be plagiarism.
thorough and involve
11. Coherent:
detailed study, ensuring no
uncontrolled variables affect ○ The research should present
the results. a unified and consistent
argument or theme
2. Controlled:
throughout.
○ The study should maintain
12. Academic Style of Writing:
control over variables to
prevent external influences. ○ Use clear, straightforward
language without
3. Accurate:
unnecessary complexity.
○ Accuracy in data collection,
analysis, and interpretation Research Process
is key for reliability and 1. Steps:
replicability.
○ Question: Define the
4. Clear: research question.
○ Clarity in the research ○ Method: Choose
question, objectives, and appropriate methodologies.
results is critical to avoid
ambiguity and ensure ○ Result: Analyze data to
understanding. reach results.

5. Concise: ○ Interpretation: Relate the

findings to existing
○ Avoid unnecessary details; literature.
focus on relevant and
original content. ○ Conclusion: Draw
conclusions based on the
6. Valid: data and analysis.
○ Research should measure Example: Investigating the impact of
what it intends to measure, feedback on student achievement.
ensuring the results are
applicable to the subject Steps in Refining Research Topic
under study.
1. Background Reading:
7. Verifiable:
○ Conduct initial reading to
○ The data and findings understand the scope of the
should be provable and topic.
backed up with sources.
2. Narrow/Adapt Topic:
8. Sequential:
○ Refine your topic by
○ The paper should be adjusting its scope, based
logically structured,
 on the amount of approach, methodology, or
information available. perspective.

3. Contemporary Research: Components of a Strong Research

Background
○ Investigate current issues or
developments related to the 1. Current State of the Field:
topic for up-to-date insights.
○ Explain the significance of
Research Problem and its the field and why it
Rationale continues to interest
researchers.
1. Research Title and
Background: 2. Research Problem:

○ The title should be clear and ○ Clearly define the issue or

concise. gap that your study aims to
address.
○ The background provides
context and explains the 3. Current Practices:
significance of the study.
○ Discuss existing
2. Background of the Study: methodologies and
approaches within the field.
○ Discuss the general
statements currently 4. Research Gap:
accepted in the field and the
available data. ○ Highlight what previous
studies have missed and
○ Highlight any gaps in where your research fits in.
existing research that your
study will address. 5. Contribution of the Study:

3. Introduction vs. Background: ○ Show how your research

will fill the gap, potentially
○ Introduction: Gives an offering new insights or
overview of the research approaches.
topic and ends with
research questions, aims,
and objectives.

○ Background: Provides a FRAMEWORK

more detailed context and
This presentation focuses on conceptual
rationale for the study.
frameworks and research
Research Gap hypotheses, crucial elements in
conducting research. Here's a detailed
1. Identifying the Research Gap: summary with key points:
○ Explore areas that previous 1. Conceptual Frameworks
studies may have
overlooked or failed to ● Definition: A basic structure that
address. organizes concepts and theories in
a research study.
○ Ensure that the gap is
relevant and has not been ● Analogy: A framework is like the
filled by recent research. "skeleton" of a research study,
providing a foundation and guiding
2. Contributing to the Field: the research process.
○ Explain how your study will ● Types:
address the identified
research gap through a new ○ Theoretical Framework: A
foundational review of
existing theories that serves
 as a roadmap for developing ○ Flow charts
arguments.
○ Tree diagrams
○ Conceptual Framework: A
graphical or narrative ○ Shape-based diagrams
representation of concepts, ○ Triangles
ideas, and their
relationships within the ○ Concentric circles
study.
○ Overlapping circles
● Key Features of a Conceptual
Framework: ○ Mind maps

○ Visual or Written Product: It ● Uses/Importance of

can be a diagram, chart, or Conceptual Frameworks:
written explanation.
○ Provide a comprehensive
○ Graphical or Narrative Form: understanding of the
It explains the main things phenomenon and the
to be studied. underlying theory.

○ Key Factors, Concepts, or ○ Justify the methods used

Variables: It identifies the and the assumptions made.
key elements of the study. ○ Refine objectives and
○ Presumed Relationships: It develop relevant research
shows the expected questions.
relationships between ○ Guide data exploration and
variables. interpretation to achieve
○ Includes the Research desired results.
Problem: Formulating the
research problem is
essential for designing a 2. Research Hypotheses
study.
● Definition: A specific, clear, and
● Common Conceptual testable proposition about the
Frameworks or Models: possible outcome of a research
study.
○ IV-DV Model: Used in
experimental research to ● Purpose:
describe the relationship
between the manipulated ○ Provide a tentative answer
variable (independent) and to research questions.
the measured variable ○ Propose a relationship
(dependent). between two or more
○ PC Model: Identifies variables.
variables where one ● Types of Research
(predictor) is used to Hypotheses:
estimate or predict the
outcome of another ○ Simple Hypothesis: Predicts
(criterion). the relationship between
two variables.
○ IPO Model: A structured
methodology for capturing ○ Complex Hypothesis:
and visualizing inputs, Implies the relationship
processes, outputs, and between two or more
outcomes in a system or variables.
study.

● Specific Forms of Conceptual

Frameworks:
 ○ Null Hypothesis: An initial ○ Enable objective
claim that the researcher investigation of new areas.
aims to disprove.
○ Provide directions for
○ Alternative Hypothesis: conducting research.
Contradicts the null
hypothesis, suggesting a ○ Set clear goals for
real effect. researchers.

○ Directional ○ Link theories to practical

Hypothesis: States research.
the direction of the ○ Provide an understanding of
effect (e.g., increase, expected results.
decrease).
○ Non-directional
Hypothesis: States 3. Problem Statement and Research
that there is an effect Questions
but doesn't specify
the direction. ● Problem Statement: A clear and
concise description of the issue to
○ Associative Hypothesis: be addressed.
Establishes a relationship
between two variables. ● Key Features of a Good
Problem Statement:
○ Causal Hypothesis: Predicts
that changes in one variable ○ Clear, specific, feasible,
will cause changes in relevant, and aligned with
another. research objectives.

○ Empirical Hypothesis: Tests ● Components of a Problem

a theory through Statement:
observation and experiment. ○ Background: Briefly
○ Logical Hypothesis: A describes the current state
proposed explanation based of knowledge.
on limited evidence. ○ Problem: Identifies the
○ Statistical Hypothesis: An specific issue or gap.
examination of a portion of ○ Significance: Explains why
a population or a statistical the problem matters.
model.
○ Research Questions:
● Guidelines for Writing a Specific inquiries to address
Research Hypothesis: the problem.
○ Testable and falsifiable. ● Research Questions: Specific
○ Able to state an expected inquiries that guide data collection
relationship between and analysis, helping to clarify and
variables. specify the research problem.

○ Consistent with existing ● Crafting Effective Research

knowledge. Questions:

○ Stated simply and concisely. ○ Be specific.

○ Clear with no ambiguity. ○ Be measurable.

○ Relevant and specific to the ○ Be relevant.

research question. ○ Be feasible.
● Importance of Research
Hypotheses:
 ● Linking Problem Statement ■ Key word:
and Research Questions: The Weakness
research questions should directly
relate to the problem statement. ○ Delimitations:
Self-imposed boundaries
● Examples of Problem that determine the study’s
Statements and Research scope and focus (e.g.,
Questions: The presentation geographic region, specific
provides examples from various demographics).
fields (biology, chemistry, physics)
to illustrate the process of ■ Key word: Boundary
developing problem statements ● Components of Scope and
and research questions. Delimitation:

○ Topic of the study: What

4. Scope and Delimitation variables are included and
excluded?
● Scope: Specifies the coverage of
the study, including variables, ■ Clearly define the
population, and timeline. variables being
investigated, as well
○ Variables: What is as those deliberately
included/excluded. excluded.

○ Population/Participants: ○ Objectives of the study:

Who will be involved in the Why is the study being
study. conducted? What issues is
the study addressing?
○ Timeline: When the study
will take place. ■ Identify what the
research seeks to
○ Locale: Where the study accomplish and the
will be conducted. issues it addresses.
Focuses on the extent of the ○ Time frame: When will the
study, ensuring the research does study be conducted?
not exceed reasonable limits.
■ Specify the time
● Delimitation: Describes the period during which
boundaries set by the researcher the study will be
for the study, including things not conducted.
being done and literature not
reviewed. ○ Locale or area: Where will
data be gathered? Where is
○ Areas or variables not
the study being conducted?
covered.
■ Indicate the
○ The scope of literature to
geographical area or
be reviewed. community where the
These choices reflect what the data will be collected.
researcher has opted not to ○ Method and research
do and why. instruments: How will data
● Key Difference: Limitation refers be collected?
to weaknesses or constraints,
■ Outline how data will
while delimitation refers to
be collected (e.g.,
boundaries set by the researcher.
surveys, interviews,
○ Limitations: Constraints experiments).
that cannot be controlled by
Practical Application of Scope and
the researcher (e.g., sample
size, external influences).
Delimitation:
 ● Scope and delimitation should not ○ Ensures clear
be set arbitrarily but should have understanding.
solid reasons based on the nature
of the study. For example: ○ Clarifies the purpose and
direction of the study.
○ Delimit Participants: You
might limit participants to a ○ Facilitates shared
specific community due to understanding.
the large population or ○ Provides a mini-glossary for
logistical considerations. readers.
○ Limit Objectives: Time ● Guidelines for Writing
constraints may require you Definitions:
to limit the objectives of the
study. ○ Define only terms with
special or unique meanings.
Sample Phrases:
○ Define terms operationally.
● "This study covers…"
○ Develop your own definition
● "This study focuses on…" based on characteristics.
● "This study is limited to…" ○ Use reliable sources and
● "This study does not cover…" acknowledge them.

Key Points on Writing Scope and ○ Keep definitions brief, clear,

and unequivocal.
Delimitation:
○ Spell out acronyms fully.
● Ensure clarity on why certain
elements are included or ● Examples of Definitions: The
excluded in the study. presentation provides examples of
definitions of terms used in
● Clearly state what variables,
different research contexts
population, timeline, and
(micro-trend fashion, STEM
methodologies are part of the
education, 4A's approach).
study.

● Define any limitations that may

affect the findings but are outside
the researcher’s control.

● Use precise language to

communicate the boundaries of
the study effectively.

5. Definition of Terms

● Purpose: Provides readers with an

understanding of key concepts and
terms used in the study.

● Types of Definitions:

○ Conceptual Definition: The

basic dictionary definition or
universal meaning.

○ Operational Definition: How

the term is applied or used
in the specific research
study.

● Benefits of Defining Terms: