LINUX ADMINISTRATION &

AUTOMATION
23SDCS11A/E/R

STUDENT ID: ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

STUDENT NAME:
Table of Contents

1. Session 00: Introductory Session…………………………………………………………………………………..#

2. Session 01: Develop proficiency in fundamental command-line operations and redirection
techniques in a Linux environment………………………………………………………………………………….1-18
3. Session 02: Manage text files, file permissions, and links within a Linux environment-….19-33
4. Session 03: Learn script automation and command processing techniques……………………34-42
5. Session 04: Understand and apply file archiving, compression, and decompression
techniques using tar and gzip in a Linux environment…………………………………………………….43-59
6. Session 05: Learn how to utilize system documentation effectively using man, info, and files
in /usr/share/doc…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..60-73
7. Session 06: o learn how to manage local users and groups in a Linux system……………….74-88
8. Session 07: Understand and manage multiuser environments, handle remote systems, and
manage user accounts in a Linux system………………………………………………………………………..89-97
9. Session 08: Understand and practice disk partitioning and physical volume creation in Linux
systems………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..98-113
10. Session 09: Understand and perform volume group management and logical volume
operations using Linux Logical Volume Manager (LVM)………………………………………………114-126
11. Session 10: Understand and practice creating and managing various file systems, including
vfat, ext4, and xfs………………………………………………………………………………………………………127-141
12. Session 11: Understand and practice mounting and unmounting local and network file
systems, including NFS (Network File System)……………………………………………………………142-152
13. Session 12: Understand and implement configuration and automation for file system
mounting in Linux………………………………………………………………………………………………………153-162
14. Session 13: Configure autofs to handle multiple NFS shares dynamically………………….163-170
15. Session 14: Automate log rotation using a cron job to manage log file sizes and retention
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..171-178
16. Session 15: Automate advanced system tasks using cron for recurring tasks and at for one-
time tasks…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..179-194
 A.Y. 2023-24 LAB/SKILL CONTINUOUS EVALUATION

S.No Date Experiment Name In-Lab (25M) Post- Viva Total Faculty
Pre-Lab Program/ Data and Analysis Lab Voce (50M) Signature
(10M) Procedure Results & (10M) (5M)
(5M) (10M) Inference
(10M)
1. Introductory Session -NA-
Develop proficiency in fundamental
2. command-line operations and redirection
techniques in a Linux environment
Manage text files, file permissions, and links
3.
within a Linux environment
learn script automation and command
4.
processing techniques.
Understand and apply file archiving,
compression, and decompression
5.
techniques using tar and gzip in a Linux
environment
Learn how to utilize system documentation
6. effectively using man, info, and files in
/usr/share/doc
Learn how to manage local users and groups
7.
in a Linux system
Understand and manage multiuser
8. environments, handle remote systems, and
manage user accounts in a Linux system
Understand and practice disk partitioning
9. and physical volume creation in Linux
systems
S.No Date Experiment Name In-Lab (25M) Post- Viva Total Faculty
Pre-Lab Program/ Data and Analysis Lab Voce (50M) Signature
(10M) Procedure Results & (10M) (5M)
(5M) (10M) Inference
(10M)
Understand and perform volume group
10. management and logical volume operations
using Linux Logical Volume Manager (LVM).
Understand and practice creating and
11. managing various file systems, including
vfat, ext4, and xfs
Understand and practice mounting and
12 unmounting local and network file systems,
including NFS (Network File System)
Understand and implement configuration
13. and automation for file system mounting in
Linux

Configure autofs to handle multiple NFS

14.
shares dynamically
Automate log rotation using a cron job to
15.
manage log file sizes and retention
Automate advanced system tasks using cron
16.
for recurring tasks and at for one-time tasks
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Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Experiment Title: 1

Aim/Objective:

To develop proficiency in fundamental command-line operations and redirection techniques

in a Linux environment.
Description:

Use the shell prompt, execute commands with correct syntax, utilize input output redirection
techniques

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

ls

cd

mkdir

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pwd

rmdir

mv

touch

cp

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cat

passwd

head

tail

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grep

Standard
Input
Redirection
(<)

Standard
Output
Redirection
(>, >>)

Standard
Error
Redirection
(2>, 2>>)

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In-Lab:

Create a directory structure for the project:

• Create a main directory named ProjectWorkspace.

• Inside ProjectWorkspace, create three subdirectories: docs, scripts, and data.

Navigate the directory structure:

• Change to the docs directory and create an empty file named project_notes.txt.
• Change back to the ProjectWorkspace directory.

File and directory operations:

• Inside the scripts directory, create two empty files named setup.sh and cleanup.sh.
• Copy the file project_notes.txt from the docs directory to the data directory.

File content operations:

• Inside the docs directory, create a file named instructions.txt and write the first few lines
of text, using any editor or the echo command.
• Display the first 5 lines of instructions.txt using the head command.
• Display the last 5 lines of instructions.txt using the tail command.

Password management:

• Change your user password using the passwd command (if permissions allow).

Search and filtering:

• Create a file named log.txt inside the ProjectWorkspace directory.

• Populate it with some text that includes the words "error", "warning", and "info".
• Use the grep command to filter and display lines containing the word "error".

Directory cleanup:

• Remove the cleanup.sh file from the scripts directory.

• Remove the data directory along with its contents.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2) Write a command that:

• Takes input from a file named input.txt.
• Sorts the contents and removes duplicate lines.
• Saves the sorted, unique output to output.txt.
• Redirects any errors encountered during the process to a file named errors.log.
• If the output.txt file already exists, it should append the new results instead of
overwriting it.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What is a shell?

2. What is Bash Shell?

3. What is the difference when the shell is running hash (#) and ($) character?

4. How to display the contents of multiple files at a time

5. What is a Regular Expression?

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Post-Lab:

1) you are provided with a text file named data.txt containing lines of text with varying formats.
Write a command that:
• Searches for lines that contain a valid email address (an email address is defined
as a string with the format [email protected]).
• Extracts only the email addresses from the lines.
• Sorts the extracted email addresses alphabetically.
• Removes any duplicate email addresses.
• Saves the result to a file named emails.txt.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2) Connect to a remote system using SSH with the username student and the IP address
XXX.XXX.XX.XX. After connecting, create a directory named remote_test in the user's home
directory. Provide the SSH command and the commands used on the remote system.(This lab is
ideal to perform in Redhat Academy)

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 2

Aim/Objective:

To manage text files, file permissions, and links within a Linux environment.

Description:

create and edit text files, manage file permissions and links

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

cat

nano

Vi

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vim

gedit

chmod

chown

chgrp

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In-Lab:

1. Use nano or vim to create a text file named notes.txt in your home directory. Add the text "This
is a test file." Save the file and exit the editor. Display the contents of the file using the cat
command. Provide the commands and the steps taken in the text editor

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2) Create a file named permissions.txt in your home directory. Set its permissions to rwxr-xr--.
Verify the permissions using the ls -l command. Change the permissions to rw-rw-r-- and verify
again. Provide the commands and the output.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. How do you save and exit a file in nano?

2. Explain the numeric mode in the chmod command.

3. How do you change the owner and group of a file?

4. What does the command chmod u+rwx,g+rx,o+rx filename do?

5. How can you change only the group ownership of a file?

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Post-Lab:

1. Create a file named original.txt in your home directory with some sample text. Create a hard
link named hardlink.txt and a soft link named softlink.txt to original.txt. Verify the links by
displaying their details using the ls -l command. Provide the commands and the output

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. Use the man command to find information about the tar command. Use the info command to
find information about gzip. Finally, locate the documentation files for the coreutils package in
/usr/share/doc and list the files. Provide the commands and the output.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 3

Aim/Objective: To learn shell scripting and command processing techniques.

Description:

To develop skills required to conditionally execute code, use looping constructs to process files and
command-line input, and process the output of shell commands within a script.

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

‘if’ statement

‘test’ command

[ ] (test
command
shorthand)

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elif and else

clauses

for loop

while loop

until loop

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In-Lab:

1. Write a shell script to create a file in $USER /class/batch directory. Follow the Instructions
▪ Input a page profile to yourself, copy it into other existing file
▪ Start printing file at certain line
▪ Print all the difference between two file, copy the two files at
▪ $USER/CSC/2007 directory.
▪ Print lines matching certain word pattern.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What is shell?

2. shell program is stored in which file?

3. What is a shell variable?

4. What is ‘./’ and where it is used?

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Post-Lab:

1. Write a shell script that receives any number of file names as arguments checks if every
argument supplied is a file or directory and reports accordingly. whenever the argument is
a file it reports no of lines present in it

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 4

Aim/Objective:

To understand and apply file archiving, compression, and decompression techniques using tar and
gzip in a Linux environment.

Description:

These experiments cover the creation, listing, extraction, compression, and decompression of files and
directories using the tar and gzip commands. Students will gain practical experience in managing
archives and compressed files efficiently.

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

Tar

gzip

pwd

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In-Lab:

1. Create a directory named testdir. Inside testdir, create files named file1.txt, file2.txt, and
file3.txt. Use the tar command to create an archive named testdir.tar of the testdir
directory. List the contents of the testdir.tar archive without extracting it.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. Ensure testdir.tar archive from Question 1 exists. Create a directory named extracted.
Extract the contents of testdir.tar into the extracted directory.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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3. Create a text file named sample.txt with some sample text. Compress sample.txt using the
gzip command. Command: gzip sample.txt. Verify that the file has been compressed by
listing the directory contents. Note the new file sample.txt.gz.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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4. Ensure sample.txt.gz from Question 3 exists. Decompress sample.txt.gz using the gunzip
command. Verify that the original sample.txt file is restored.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. How do you create a tarball of a directory?

2. What does the -z option do when used with the tar command?

3. How do you specify the extraction directory using the tar command?

4. What does the -x option in the tar command stand for?

5. What is the file extension for files compressed with gzip?

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Post-Lab:

1. Create a directory named project. Inside project, create files named doc1.txt, doc2.txt, and
doc3.txt. Use the tar command with gzip compression to create a compressed tarball
project.tar.gz. List the contents of the compressed tarball without extracting it.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 5

Aim/Objective:

To learn how to utilize system documentation effectively using man, info, and files in
/usr/share/doc.

Description:

These experiments involve using man and info commands to access system documentation and
exploring the documentation files available in the /usr/share/doc directory.

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

Man

info

ls

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In-Lab:

1. Use the man command to access the manual page for the ls command. Navigate through
the manual page using the arrow keys, and search for specific keywords using / followed
by the keyword. Exit the manual page by pressing q.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. Use the info command to access the documentation for the grep command. Navigate
through the info page using the arrow keys and follow links by pressing Enter on the link
text. Use the n and p keys to move to the next and previous nodes, respectively. Exit the
info page by pressing q.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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3. Navigate to the /usr/share/doc directory. List the contents of the directory to see the available
documentation. Choose a software package directory (e.g., bash) and navigate into it. Open
and read the README file or other documentation files using a text editor like less or nano.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What are the main differences between man and info pages?

2. When would you prefer to use info over man, and vice versa?

3. How do you exit from man and info pages?

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Post-Lab:

1. Access the man page for the cp command. Access the info page for the cp command. Compare
the structure, detail, and navigation of the man and info pages. Note any differences in the
content provided by man and info.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 6

Aim/Objective:

To learn how to manage local users and groups in a Linux system

Description:

Creating, modifying, and deleting users and groups, managing user permissions, and
configuring password policies
Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

useradd

passwd

userdel

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usermod

chage

chgrp

touch

cp

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In-Lab:

1. Create a new user named user1. Set a password for user1. Verify the creation of user1 by
checking the /etc/passwd file. Delete the user user1.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. Create a new group named group1. Add the existing user user1 to group1. Verify the addition
of user1 to group1 by checking the /etc/group file. Delete the group group1.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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3. Change the home directory of user1 to /home/newuser1. Change the login shell of user1 to
/bin/bash. Change the full name of user1 to "User One". Verify the changes by checking the
/etc/passwd file.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What command is used to create a new user in Linux?

2. How do you create a new group in Linux?

3. What command is used to modify user account details?

4. What command is used to configure password aging policies?

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Post-Lab:

1. Set the minimum password age for user1 to 7 days. Set the maximum password age for user1
to 90 days. Set a password expiration warning for user1 to 7 days. Verify the password aging
settings.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 7

Aim/Objective:

To understand and manage multiuser environments, handle remote systems, and manage user
accounts in a Linux system.

Description:

These experiments involve managing user accounts and environments in multiuser systems,
handling remote systems via SSH, and performing user management tasks on both local and
remote systems.
Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

ssh

groupadd

useradd

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passwd

chage

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In-Lab:

Practice disk partitioning and physical volume creation in Linux systems

• On a local system, create a new group named localgroup.

• Create a new user named localuser and add them to localgroup.
• Connect to a remote system using SSH.
• On the remote system, create a new group named remotegroup.
• Create a new user named remoteuser and add them to remotegroup.
• Verify the group memberships for both local and remote users.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. How do you create a new user on a remote system using SSH?

2. What is the command to set a password for a user on a remote system?

3. How do you remove a user from a remote system?

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Post-Lab:

***This lab is ideal to be done in Redhat Academy Portal***

1.You set a default local password policy, create a secondary group for three users, allow that group
to use sudo to run commands as root, and modify the password policy for one user.

• From the workstation machine, open an SSH session to the serverb machine as the student
user and switch to the root user.
• On the serverb machine, ensure that newly created users must change their passwords
every 30 days.
• Create the consultants group with a GID of 35000. Configure administrative rights to enable
all consultants group members to execute any command as any user.
• Create the consultant1, consultant2, and consultant3 users with the consultants group as
their secondary group.
• Set the consultant1, consultant2, and consultant3 passwords to redhat. Set the consultant1,
consultant2, and consultant3 accounts to expire in 90 days from the current day.
• Change the password policy for the consultant2 account to require a new password every
15 days.

Additionally, force the consultant1, consultant2, and consultant3 users to change their passwords
on the first login

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 8

Aim/Objective:

To understand and practice disk partitioning and physical volume creation in Linux systems.

Description:

These experiments involve partitioning disks, creating physical volumes, and preparing them for use
with logical volume management. Students will gain practical experience in disk management and
volume preparation

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

ls

fdisk

parted

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vgcreate

vgextend

vgdisplay

dd

mount

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In-Lab:

1. Create, list, and delete partitions on a disk using the fdisk utility.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. How to use the parted utility to create, modify, and delete disk partitions.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

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3. Initialize a disk partition or entire disk as a physical volume using the pvcreate command.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

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4. Create a volume group from physical volumes and creating a logical volume within that group.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

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5. Format a logical volume with a filesystem and mounting it to make it accessible.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What command is used to format a logical volume with a filesystem?

2. How do you mount a logical volume in Linux?

3. How can you verify that a logical volume is successfully mounted?

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Post-Lab:

***This lab is ideal to be done in Redhat Academy Portal***

1.Create partitions on a new disk, formatting some with file systems and mounting them, and
activating others as swap spaces.

• The serverb machine has several unused disks. On the first unused disk, create a 2 GB GPT
backup partition. Because it is difficult to set an exact size, a size between 1.8 GB and 2.2 GB
is acceptable.
• Configure the backup partition to host an XFS file system. Format the 2 GB backup partition
with an XFS file system and persistently mount it to the /backup directory.
• On the same disk, create two 512 MB GPT partitions called swap1 and swap2. A size
between 460 MB and 564 MB is acceptable. Configure the file-system types of the partitions
to host swap spaces.
• Initialize the two 512 MiB partitions as swap spaces and configure them to activate at boot.
• Set the swap space on the swap2 partition to be preferred over the other.

To verify your work, reboot the serverb machine. Confirm that the system automatically mounts
the first partition onto the /backup directory. Also, confirm that the system activates the two swap
spaces.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 9

Aim/Objective:

To understand and perform volume group management and logical volume operations using Linux
Logical Volume Manager (LVM).

Description:

Creating, managing, and operating on volume groups and logical volumes using LVM
commands. Students will gain practical skills in volume group management, logical volume
creation, resizing, and removal.
Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

vgcreate

lvcreate

mkfs

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lvcreate

lvremove

lvresize

Create

cp

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In-Lab:

1. Create a new volume group named vg2 from a physical volume (e.g., /dev/sdb1). Verify the
volume group creation. Extend the volume group vg2 by adding another physical volume (e.g.,
/dev/sdc1). Verify the volume group extension. Reduce the volume group vg2 by removing a
physical volume.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. Create a new volume group named vg2 from a physical volume (e.g., /dev/sdb1). Verify the
volume group creation. Extend the volume group vg2 by adding another physical volume (e.g.,
/dev/sdc1). Verify the volume group extension. Reduce the volume group vg2 by removing a
physical volume.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What command is used to create a backup of a logical volume?

2. How do you restore a logical volume from a backup?

3. How can you verify the data in a restored logical volume?

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Post-Lab:

***This lab is ideal to be done in Redhat Academy Portal***

1) resize an existing logical volume, add LVM resources as necessary, and then add a new logical
volume with a persistently mounted XFS file system on it.

• On the serverb machine, the serverb_01_lv logical volume mounted on the /storage/ data1
directory is running out of disk space and needs to be extended to 768 MiB.
• You must ensure that the serverb_01_lv LV remains persistently mounted on the
/storage/data1 directory.
• The serverb_01_lv LV is present on the serverb_01_vg volume group. Unfortunately, it has
insufficient space to extend the existing logical volume.
• A 512 MiB partition exists on the /dev/vdb disk. Create a new partition using the successive
512 MiB size on the /dev/vdb disk. Create the serverb_02_lv LV with 128 MiB.
• Create the XFS file system on the newly created volume. Mount the newly created logical
volume on the /storage/data2 directory 1. Create a 512 MiB partition on the /dev/vdb disk.
• Initialize this partition as a physical volume, and extend the serverb_01_vg volume group to
use this partition. 2. 3. 4. Extend the serverb_01_lv logical volume to 768 MiB.
• In the existing volume group, create the new serverb_02_lv logical volume with 128 MiB.
Add an XFS file system and mount it persistently on the /storage/data2 directory.
• Verify that the newly created LV is mounted with the desired size

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 10

Aim/Objective:

To understand and practice creating and managing various file systems, including vfat, ext4, and
xfs.

Description:

Creating, formatting, and managing different types of file systems, including vfat, ext4, and
xfs.
Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

vfat

df

mount

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umount

lsblk

ext4

xfs

cp

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In-Lab:

1. Create a partition for the vfat file system (e.g., /dev/sdb1). Format the partition with the vfat
file system. Create a mount point directory. Mount the vfat partition to the mount point. Verify
the mount and file system type. Unmount the partition.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. Create a partition for the ext4 file system (e.g., /dev/sdb2). Format the partition with the ext4
file system. Create a mount point directory. Mount the ext4 partition to the mount point. Verify
the mount and file system type. Unmount the partition.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What are the main differences between vfat, ext4, and xfs file systems?

2. How do you compare the performance of different file systems?

3. What commands can be used to verify the file system type and disk usage?

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Post-Lab:

1. Create a partition for the xfs file system (e.g., /dev/sdb3). Format the partition with the xfs file
system. Create a mount point directory. Mount the xfs partition to the mount point. Verify the
mount and file system type. Unmount the partition.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. Create three partitions for vfat, ext4, and xfs file systems (e.g., /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2,
/dev/sdb3). Format each partition with its respective file system. Create mount point
directories. Mount each partition to its respective mount point. Perform basic file operations
(e.g., create, copy, and delete files) on each file system. Compare the performance and features
of each file system using commands such as df -Th and lsblk.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 11

Aim/Objective:

To understand and practice mounting and unmounting local and network file systems, including NFS
(Network File System).

Description:

Mounting and unmounting various types of file systems, including local file systems and
network file systems via NFS.
Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

1) How do you configure a directory to be shared via NFS?

2) What command is used to mount an NFS share on a client?

3) How can you verify that an NFS share is mounted correctly?

4) What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file?

5) What steps would you take to troubleshoot a mount failure?

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In-Lab:

1. Create a partition or use an existing one (e.g., /dev/sdb1). Create a file system on the partition
if it does not already exist (e.g., ext4). Create a mount point directory. Mount the partition to
the mount point. Verify the mount. Unmount the partition. Verify the unmount

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. How to mount and unmount network file systems using NFS.

On the NFS Server:

▪ Install NFS server package.
▪ Configure an NFS export by editing /etc/exports.
▪ Create the shared directory and set permissions.
▪ Export the shared directory.
▪ Start the NFS server service.

On the NFS Client:

• Install NFS client package.

• Create a mount point directory.
• Mount the NFS share to the mount point.
• Verify the NFS mount.
• Unmount the NFS share.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

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Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1) How do you configure a file system to mount automatically at boot?

2) What command can be used to apply changes made to /etc/fstab?

3) How can you verify that an NFS share is mounted correctly?

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Post-Lab:

1) To configure persistent mounts for local and network file systems using the /etc/fstab file.

For Local File Systems:

• Open the /etc/fstab file in a text editor.

• Add an entry for the local file system (e.g., /dev/sdb1).

• Save and close the file.

• Test the new /etc/fstab configuration.

• Verify the mount.

For NFS File Systems:

• Open the /etc/fstab file in a text editor.

• Add an entry for the NFS share.

• Save and close the file.

• Test the new /etc/fstab configuration.

• Verify the mount.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

Marks Secured:_____out of 50
Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

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Experiment Title: 12

Aim/Objective:

To understand and implement configuration and automation for file system mounting in Linux.

Description:

Configuring file systems for automatic mounting at boot and automating file system management
tasks using scripting and configuration tools.

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

systemd

crontab

Systemctl, df

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In-Lab:

1. Create a shell script to mount a file system

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

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• Analysis and Inferences:

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2. Create a shell script to unmount the file system.

Procedure/Program:

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• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

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Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1) How can you test a shell script for mounting and unmounting file systems?

2) How do you schedule tasks using cron in Linux?

3) What is the purpose of the cron job entry for a daily backup?

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Post-Lab:

1. Create a shell script for a file system management task (e.g., a backup script)

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 162 of 197
 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Experiment Title: 13

Aim/Objective:

To configure autofs to handle multiple NFS shares dynamically.

Description:

Setting up autofs to automatically mount and manage NFS shares on-demand. Students will gain
experience with configuring autofs for automatic and on-the-fly network file system mounting.

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

1. What is autofs, and what is its primary purpose?

2. How do you configure autofs to manage NFS mounts?

3. How can you verify that multiple NFS shares are mounted correctly?

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 163 of 197
 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

In-Lab:

1. How to set up autofs to manage multiple NFS shares by updating the configuration to handle
various network file systems.
Hint:
• Open the auto.master File
• Edit the Map File /etc/auto.nfs
• Restart the autofs Service
• Verify the Configuration

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Analysis and Inferences:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. How do you configure autofs for different types of file systems?

2. What are the required options for mounting a CIFS share using autofs?

3. How can you verify that different file systems are mounted correctly using autofs?

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 167 of 197
 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Post-Lab:

1. If an NFS share path on the server is updated from /oldshare to /newpath, how would you
modify the autofs configuration to reflect this change? Include the necessary steps and any
considerations for minimizing disruption to users.

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 170 of 197
 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Experiment Title: 14

Aim/Objective:

To automate log rotation using a cron job to manage log file sizes and retention.

Description:

Creating a cron job to rotate log files periodically, ensuring that log files do not consume excessive
disk space.

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

1. What is crontab.

2. What is the purpose of log rotation, and how does it benefit system maintenance?

3. How do you create a cron job to run a script at a specific time?

4. How can you verify that a cron job is executing correctly?

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 171 of 197
 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

In-Lab:

1) Create a Cron Job for Log Rotation

Hint:
• Create a Log Rotation Script
• Make the script executable
• Schedule the Script Using cron
• Verify the Cron Job

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 173 of 197
Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Analysis and Inferences:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. How can you combine multiple maintenance tasks into a single cron job?

2. What are the benefits of using a single script for multiple tasks?

3. How can you verify that a cron job performing multiple tasks is working correctly?

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 175 of 197
 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Post-Lab:

1. Create a cron job to back up important directories or files at regular intervals.

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 178 of 197
 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Experiment Title: 15

Aim/Objective:

To automate advanced system tasks using cron for recurring tasks and at for one-time tasks.

Description:

These experiments focus on managing complex system deployment and maintenance tasks.

Pre-Requisites:

Basic knowledge of what Linux is and its common distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora).

Pre-Lab:

Describe the functionality and usage of the following commands

ls

Cron

at

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

In-Lab:

1. How to set up scheduled tasks using cron for regular maintenance and at for one-time job
scheduling.

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Analysis and Inferences:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

2. How to manage and troubleshoot system services using systemctl for service control and
monitoring.

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

3. How to configure and manage boot options and boot loaders for customized system startup.

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Sample VIVA-VOCE Questions (In-Lab):

1. What is the difference between cron and at in Linux?

2. How do you schedule a script to run daily using cron?

3. How can you use at to schedule a one-time task?

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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 Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

Post-Lab:

1. How do you modify GRUB boot parameters in /etc/default/grub?

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

2. What is the purpose of running update-grub after editing the configuration?

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

• Analysis and Inferences:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

3. How can you add a custom boot entry in GRUB?

Procedure/Program:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Data and Results:

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

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Experiment # <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student ID <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>
Date <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT> Student Name <TO BE FILLED BY STUDENT>

• Analysis and Inferences:

Evaluator Remark (if Any):

Marks Secured:_____out of 50

Signature of the Evaluator with Date

Course Title Linux Administration and Automation ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

Course Code(s) 23SDCS11A/E/R Page 194 of 197